Age BR Are Creat Iva

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20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Present
acin}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yako
v Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Entre las numerosas obras de divulgacin cientfica, escritas por
el clebre matemtico sovitico}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Yakov Perelman, figura el "Algebra Recreativa".}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Este libro no es un manual elemental de l
gebra para principiantes. El lector, al que destinamos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la presente obra, debe poseer ciertas noc
iones de lgebra, aunque las haya asimilado}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {superficialmente o las tenga sermiolvidadas. El libro
"Algebra Recreativa", en primer lugar,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pretendo despertar en el lector el Inters por los ejercicio
s de lgebra y el deseo de cubrir, con}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {ayuda de los manuales, las lagunas de que adolezca.}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El libro contiene problem
as confeccionados basndose en temas originales que despiertan la}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {curiosidad en el lector, permite
hacer entretenidas excursiones por la historia de las matemticas,}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {muestra inesperadas aplicaciones
del lgebra a cuestiones de la vida prctica, etc.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El nombre de Yakov Perelman es ampliamente conoci
do en todo el mundo. De su pluma han}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {salido muchas obras de divulgacin cientfica como: "Fsica Recrea
tiva", "Matemticas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Recreativas", "Astronoma Recreativa", "Algebra Recreativa", "Geometra Recreativa"
y muchas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {otras.
Perelman ya no vive. Falleci en 1942, durante el bloqueo de Leningrado. Pero l
os libros}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {escrito
s por l siguen siendo reeditados, habiendo sido, muchos de ellos, traducidos a di
stintas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lenguas e
xtranjeras. En los aos pasados fueron introducidos en ellos, solo pequeos cambios
a}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {causa del rpido
desarrollo de las ciencias y la tcnica, considerndose ejemplares en el arte de}\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {divulgacin cientfica.
Estos libros siguen siendo los predilectos de millones de lectores de}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {diferentes pases.}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En las pginas de los libro
s de Perelman se puede encontrar extractos de obras conocidas, leer}\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {relatos amenos sobre ilustres
personajes y distintos fenmenos de la naturaleza, presentando, el}\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {autor, en cada uno de ellos, pr
oblemas de diferentes campos de la fsica, matemticas,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {astronoma, que exigen detenida meditacin con en
seanzas fructferas.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Los libros de Perelman son ledos con inters por estudiantes y especialistas, hall
ando en ellos,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to
do lector, algo interesante y til.}\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186

\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pa
tricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\p
ghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols2\colno1\colw8066
\colsr-0\colno2\colw3373\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Del Prefacio del Autor}\b0
\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {a la Te
rcera Edicin Rusa}\b0 \i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840
\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El presente libro no es un manual
elemental de lgebra para principiantes.}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Algebra
Recreativa,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {al}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {igual que otras obras mas de la misma serie, es
, ante todo, un libro de estudio libre y no un texto.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El lector al que destinamos el presente vol
umen debe poseer ciertos conocimientos de lgebra,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aunque los haya asimilado superficialmente o los
tenga semiolvidados. }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Algebra Recreativa}\i0 { }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {propone refrescar y afianzar estos conocimientos dispersos e incon
sistentes, pero en primer lugar,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {pretende despertar en el lector el inters por los ejercicios de lg
ebra y el deseo de cubrir, con}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {ayuda de los manuales, las lagunas de que adolezca.}\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A fin de hacer ms atrayente el t
ema y elevar el inters por l, me valgo de mtodos diversos:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {problemas a base de temas originales que
despiertan la curiosidad, entretenidas excursiones por la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {historia de las matemticas, inesperadas
aplicaciones del lgebra a cuestiones de la vida prctica,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {etc.}\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \

l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marg
lsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\
margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols2\colno1\colw8066\colsr-0\colno2\colw337
3\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {INDICE}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Del prefacio
del autor a la tercera edicin rusa}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Captulo prime
ro. La quinta operacin matemtica.}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {La quinta operacin}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Cifras astronmicas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Cunto pesa el aire?}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Combustin sin llama ni calor}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las variaciones del tiempo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La cerradura secreta}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ciclista supersticioso}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Resultados de la duplicacin
consecutiva}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Millo
nes de veces ms rpido}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {10 000 operaciones por segundo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Cantidad posible de partidas de ajedrez}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El secreto de la mquina de jugar al ajedr
ez}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los tres doses
Los tres treses}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Los tres cuatros}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Con tres cifras iguales}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Los cuatro unos Los cuatro doses}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Captulo segu
ndo. El idioma del lgebra}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {El arte de plantear ecuaciones}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La vida de Diofanto}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El caballo y el mulo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los cuatro hermanos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las aves de la orilla}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E1 paseo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E1 artel de segadores}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-29
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las vacas en el prado}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El problema de Newton}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E1 cambio de las manecillas del
reloj}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Coincidenci
a de las saetas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E
1 arte de adivinar nmeros}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Un supuesto absurdo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {La ecuacin piensa por nosotros}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Curiosidades y sorpresas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En la peluquera .}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El tranva y el peatn}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El barco y la balsa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dos botes de caf}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Velada}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f

s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Exploracin marina}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En el veldromo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Carrera de motocicletas .}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Velocidad media}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\
slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
20\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
s18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\sl
20\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margb
sxn213\cols2\colno1\colw8066\colsr-0\colno2\colw3373\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mqui
nas de clculo rpido}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Captulo tercero. En ayuda de la ar
itmtica}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Multip
licacin abreviada}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Las cifras 1, 5 y 6}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Los nmeros 25 y 76}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Nmeros infinitos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Compensacin}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Div
isibilidad por 11}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{El nmero del automvil}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Divisibilidad por 19}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Teorema de Sofa Germain}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Nmeros compuestos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Acerca de los nmeros primos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E1 mayor nmero primo conocido}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\

slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un clculo muy laborioso}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En ocasiones es preferible no recurrir
al lgebra}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Captulo cuarto. Las ecuaciones de Diofanto
}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Compra de un
a bufanda}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Una rev
isin en la tienda}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Compra de sellos de correos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Compra de frutas .}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Adivinar el da de nacimiento}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Venta de pollos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dos nmeros y cuatro operaciones}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cmo ser el rectngulo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-29
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dos nmeros de dos cifras}\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los nmeros de Pitgoras}\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ecuacin indeterminada de tercer
grado}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cien mil ma
rcos por la demostracin de un teorema}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Captulo quinto.
La sexta operacin matemtica}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Sexta operacin}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Qu raz es mayor?}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Resulvase al primer golpe de vista}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Comedias algebraicas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Captul
o sexto. Ecuaciones de segundo grado}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El apretn de manos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El enjambre de abejas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La manada de monos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Previsin de las ecuaciones}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El problema de Euler}\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los altavoces}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El lgebra del vuelo a la Luna}\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {"Ejercicio complicado"}\pa
r\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}
\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0

lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P
atricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\
margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols2\colno1\colw8066\colsr-0\colno2\colw337
3\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Qu nmeros son?}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Captulo sptimo.
La magnitud mayor y la menor .}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Dos trenes.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Dnde construir el apeadero?}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cmo trazar la carretera al embarcadero?}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cundo alcanza el producto su mximo valo
r?}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Qu suma ser la me
nor?}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E1 tronco de
mayor volumen}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Do
s parcelas de tierra}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {La cometa .}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L
a construccin de una casa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {La parcela}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{El canaln de seccin mxima}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {El embudo de mayor capacidad}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {La iluminacin ms intensa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Capitulo
octavo. Progresiones}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { .}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La progriesin ms antigua}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra en papel cuadriculado}\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E1 riego de la huerta
}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La comida para l
as gallinas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Briga
da de cavadores}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L
as manzanas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La co
mpra del caballo .}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{La recompensa del soldado}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Captulo noveno. La sptima
operacin matemtica}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {La sptima operacin}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Los rivales de los logaritmos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Evolucin de las tablas de logaritmos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Curiosidades logartmicas}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los logaritmos en escena}\par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los logaritmos en el corral}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los logaritmos en
la msica}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las estr
ellas, el ruido y los logaritmos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Los logaritmos y el alumbrado elctrico}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Legados a largo plazo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Inters continuo .}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El nmero "e"}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Comedia logartmica}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Expresar cualquier nmero tan slo con tres do

ses}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Pe
relman}\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\sl
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscale
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60\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\pard\l

i760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\b \i {Capitulo Primero}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {LA QUINTA OPERACION MATEMATICA}\b0 \par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\b {Contenido}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\i {1.}\i0 { }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {La quinta operacin}\i0
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\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3.}\i0 { }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex1
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0\f0\charscalex100\i {4.}\i0 { }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Combustin sin l
lama ni calor}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {5.}\i0 { }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Las variaciones del tiempo}\
i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {6.}\i0
{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {La cerradura secreta}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {7.}\i0 { }\fs20\cf1\f0\chars
calex100\i \ul {Ciclista supersticioso}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {8.}\i0 { }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Res
ultados de la duplicacin consecutiva}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {9.}\i0 { }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i {Millones d
e veces ms rpido}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {10.}\i0 { }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {10.000 operaciones por segundo}
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0 { }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Cantidad posible de partidas de ajedrez}\
i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {12.}\i0
{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {El secreto de la mquina de jugar al ajedrez
}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {13.}\
i0 { }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Los tres doses}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {14.}\i0 { }\fs20\cf1\f0\charsca
lex100\i \ul {Los tres treses}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {15.}\i0 { }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Los tres cu
atros}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
16.}\i0 { }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Con tres cifras iguales}\i0 \ul0 \p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {17.}\i0 { }\fs20\
cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Los cuatro unos}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {18.}\i0 { }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \u
l {Los cuatro doses}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\b {1. La quinta operacin}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\s
lmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\p
gwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Con frecuencia se denomina al lgebra la aritmtica de las s
iete operaciones, queriendo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {subrayar con ello que a las cuatro operaciones matemticas conocidas por
todos, el lgebra aade}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {tres ms: la elevacin a potencias y sus dos inversas.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Comencemos nuestras plticas algebraicas por
la quinta operacin: la elevacin a potencias.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Responde esta operacin a una exigencia de la vida prctica?
Indudablemente. Con ella}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {tropezamos a menudo en la vida. Recordemos los innumerables casos en qu
e para calcular}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s
uperficies y volmenes se precisa elevar los nmeros a la segunda o tercera potencia
. Otro}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ejemplo: l
a fuerza de gravitacin universal, la accin recproca electrosttica y magntica, la luz}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y el sonido son i
nversamente proporcionales al cuadrado de las, distancia. La continuidad de la}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {traslacin de los pl
anetas alrededor del Sol (o, de los, satlites alrededor de los planetas) viene}\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {expresada tambin en

forma de una potencia dependiente de la distancia que les separa de su}\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {centro de traslacin: la rel
acin entre los cuadrados de los tiempos de traslacin es igual a la}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {relacin entre los cubos de las di
stancias.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Es un e
rror pensar que en la prctica tropezamos tan slo con segundas y terceras potencias
, y}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que no existe
n exponentes de potencias superiores ms que en los manuales de lgebra. Cuando}\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un ingeniero busca el
grado de solidez de un cuerpo se ve obligados operar a cada instante con}\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuartas potencias; y en
otros clculos (para hallar el dimetro de tubo conducto de vapor, por}\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ejemplo) llega a operar inclu
so con la sexta potencia. Asimismo los tcnicos hidrulicos se valen}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de las sextas potencias cuando t
ratan, de averiguar la fuerza con que son arrastradas las piedras}\par\pard\li83
\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-360\s
lmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
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60\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\column
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {por el agua: si la corriente de un ro es cuatro veces ms rpida que la de
otro, el primero es capaz}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {de arrastrar por su lecho piedras 4", es decir, 4.096 veces ms pesadas
que el segundo ro}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Al estu
diar la relacin que existe entre la luminosidad de un cuerpo incandescente - el f
ilamento}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de una lm
para, por ejemplo - y su temperatura-, se opera con potencias an mayores. Cuando
la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {incandescencia
es blanca, su luminosidad general aumenta en relacin a la decimosegunda}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {potencia de su temperatur
a; cuando es roja, en relacin a la trigsima potencia de su temperatura}\par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(siendo sta absoluta, es decir,
a partir de \uc1\u8211X273C). Esto significa que si calentamos un cuerpo}\par\pa

rd\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de 2.000' a 4.000 absoluto
s, por ejemplo, o sea, si elevamos su temperatura al doble, la}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {luminosidad de dicho cuerpo aument
ar en 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
, es decir, en ms de 4.000 veces. En otro lugar}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nos ocuparemos de la importancia que tienen para l
a tcnica de fabricacin de lmparas elctricas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {estas proporciones tan singulares.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\b {2. Cifras astronmicas}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Es probable que nadie haga tanto uso de la quinta operacin mat
emtica como los astrnomos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Los exploradores del firmamento manejan sin cesar cantidades formadas por
una o dos cifras}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{significativas seguidas de una larga fila de ceros. Sera muy incmodo expresar con
los medios}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ordin
arios tales cantidades, llamadas con razn astronmicas y, sobre todo, operar con ella
s.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los kilmetros q
ue nos separan de la nebulosa de Andrmeda se representan con la siguiente}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cifra:}\par\pard\li4040\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4040\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {95 000 000 000 000 000 000.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por aadidura,
al efectuar clculos astronmicos, muchas veces hay que operar no con kilmetros}\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {u otras unidades an may
ores, sino con centmetros. En este caso, la distancia antes referida lleva}\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cinco ceros ms:}\par\par
d\li3680\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3680\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {9 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {La masa de las estrellas viene expresada en cifras todava ms considerables, sob
re todo si hemos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
de registrarla en gramos, como exigen muchos clculos. La masa del Sol, en gramos,
es igual a:}\par\pard\li3053\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3053\ri0\s
l-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 983 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
000 000.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Huelga ocuparse de los inconvenientes que re
presentara operar con nmeros tan desmesurados y}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de lo fcil que sera incurrir en error en tales casos.
Adems, las cantidades referidas estn muy}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lejos de ser las mayores en la astronoma.}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La quinta operacin matemtica aliger
a los clculos. La unidad seguida de varios ceros se}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {expresa con el nmero 10 elevado a una determina
da potencia}\par\pard\li3453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3453\ri0\sl
-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100 = 10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {; 1.000 = 10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {; 10.000 = 10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {; etc.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Los enormes nmeros citados anteriormente pueden representarse como sigue:}\pa
r\pard\li4493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4493\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el primero 950*10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {22}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-426\s
lmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {En mi libro}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Mecnica Recreativa,}\
i0 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {captulo IX, trato con ms detalle de esta cuestin}
\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-346\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn

12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
3\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols3\colno1\colw4373\colsr-0\colno2\colw3880\colsr-0\
colno3\colw3186\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebr
a Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el segundo 1.983*10}{\super \fs18
\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {30}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsx
n15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Se expresan as no slo para ec
onomizar espacio, sino tambin para facilitar los clculos. Si}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hubiera, por ejemplo, que multiplicar
ambos nmero entre s, bastara hallar el producto de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {950*1.983 = 1.883.850 y tras l colocar el factor 1
0}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22+30}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 10}}\f
s18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {52}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { de la forma siguiente:
}\par\pard\li3520\ri0\sl-520\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {950 * 10}{\supe
r \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { * 1.983 10}{\
super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {30}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 188.385
*10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {53}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Es evidente que esto resulta ms cmodo que escribir un nmer
o seguido de 22 ceros, otro de 30}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {ceros y, por ltimo, un tercero acompaado de 53 ceros. Y no slo ms s
encillo, sino tambin}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {ms seguro, por cuanto al escribir tal fila de ceros puede ser omitido alguno,
obteniendo un}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {res
ultado errneo.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \u
l {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3.Cunto pesa el aire?}\b0 \par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Para comprobar hasta qu pu
nto se facilitan los clculos al representar lo nmeros en forma de}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {potencias, pongamos el siguiente
ejemplo: hallemos cuntas veces la masa del globo terrestre es}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mayor que la del aire que lo rodea.}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El aire presiona
sobre cada centmetro cuadrado de superficie terrestre con la fuerza de un}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kilogramo aproximadament
e. Esto quiere decir que el peso de la columna de aire que se apoya en}\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 cm}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0

\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { es igual a 1 kg. La capa atmo
sfrica de la Tierra se forma, por decirlo as, del conjunto de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dichas columnas de aire, que son tant
as como centmetros cuadrados forman la superficie de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nuestro planeta, y como cantidad de kilos pes
a la atmsfera en su conjunto Si consultamos los}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ndices correspondientes, averiguaremos que la super
ficie terrestre mide 510 millones de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {kilmetros cuadrados, es decir, 51* 10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {7}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { km}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Veamos cuntos centmetros cuadrados hay
en un}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kilmetro cu
adrado. E kilmetro lineal se forma de 1 000 metros y cada uno de stos tiene 10}\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {centmetros, o sea, un
total de 105 cm, por lo cual, el kilmetro cuadrado lo formarn (10}{\super \fs18\u
p4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {10}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
cm}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. De a
qu que la superficie del globo terrestre ser igual a}\par\pard\li4040\ri0\sl-466\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {51*10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{7}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 51 * 10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
17}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { cm}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Esta cifra representa ta
mbin la cantidad de kilogramos que pesa la atmsfera de la Tierra.}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Transformando los kilogramos en t
onelada resultarn:}\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2893\
ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {51*10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {17}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { /1.000 = 51*10}{\super \fs18\up4\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {17}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 51*10}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {17 - 3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 51*10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {14}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mientras que la masa del globo terres
tre es de 6 *10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {21}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { toneladas.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Para conocer cuntas veces es ms pesado nuestro planeta que la capa de aire que
lo rodea,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {efectue
mos la siguiente divisin:}\par\pard\li4400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li4400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6*10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {21}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/51*10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {14}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8776X}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 { 10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-360\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde se deduce que la masa atmosfrica es, a
proximadamente, la millonsima parte de la del}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {globo terrestre}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf
1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El signo}{ }\fs20\cf0\f1\charsc
alex100 {\uc1\u8776X}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { significa la igualdad aproxima
da}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\p
ar\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\
sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\m
argbsxn213\cols2\colno1\colw8253\colsr-0\colno2\colw3186\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\s
lmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213

\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {4. Combustin sin llama ni calor}\b
0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Pere
lman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn13
3\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si se pregunta a un
qumico por qu la lea o el carbn arden nicamente a elevada temperatura,}\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {contestar que la combinacin del c
arbono y el oxgeno tiene lugar a cualquier temperatura, pero}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que cuando sta es baja, dicho proceso
transcurre con excesiva lentitud (es decir, en la reaccin}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {toma parte un nmero insignificante de molc
ulas), y por ello escapa a nuestra observacin. La}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ley que rige la velocidad de las reacciones qumic
as ensea que al descender la temperatura en}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10, la velocidad de la reaccin (el nmero de molculas que t
oma parte en ella) se reduce a la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {mitad.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Apliquemos dicha ley a la reaccin que se produce al oxigenarse la madera,
esto es, al proceso de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {combustin de la madera. Supongamos que un gramo de madera sometido a una te
mperatura de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {600 s
e consume en un segundo. Cunto tardar en consumirse 1 g de lea a la temperatura de}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20? Es sabido que c
on una temperatura 580=58*10 grados menor, su reaccin ser 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {58}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { veces}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ms lenta, o lo que es lo mismo, un gramo
de lea se consumir en 2}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {58}}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 { segundos. A cuntos aos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {equivale este lapso? Podemos calcularlo sin efectuar 57 multip
licaciones consecutivas en las que}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {el multiplicador sea 2, y sin recurrir a la tabla de logaritmo
s. Es notorio que}\par\pard\li4600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4600\
ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {10}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 1.024}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8776X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de lo que se de
duce que}\par\pard\li2840\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2840\ri0\sl-34
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
58}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 2}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {60-2}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 { = 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {60}}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {/2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { = ()*2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {60}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { = ()* (2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8776X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ()*10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {18}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es decir, a
proximadamente la cuarta parte de un trilln de segundos. El ao tiene cerca de 30}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {millones de segund
os, o, lo que es igual, 3*10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {segundos; por esto}\par\pard\li3600\ri0\sl-520\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { * 10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {18}}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 { / 3*10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 { = (1/12) * 10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11}}\f
s24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8776X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 10}{\super \f
s18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Diez mil millones de
aos! Este es aproximadamente el tiempo que tardara en consumirse un}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gramo de madera sin llama ni c

alor.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {As, pues, la
madera y el carbn arden a la temperatura ordinaria, sin encenderlos. La invencin}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de instrumentos p
ara obtener el fuego aceler este proceso, de enorme lentitud, en miles de}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {millones de veces.}\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5. Las variaciones del tiempo}\b0 \par\pard\li760\r
calex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {Fijemos nuestra atencin slo en un elemento: si el tiempo es nubla
do o despejado; es decir,}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {distinguimos los das por el hecho de si en el cielo hay nubes o no
. Qu piensa el lector? En}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {estas condiciones, habr muchas semanas con diferente combinacin de das
nublados y}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
despejados?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{Puede parecernos que stas sern pocas y que pasados unos dos meses se agotarn todas
las}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {combin
aciones de das nublados y despejados, repitindose entonces a la fuerza alguna de l
as}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {combinac
iones ya observadas. Mas, probemos a calcular exactamente el nmero posible de}\i0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {combinaciones
que pueden darse en estas condiciones. Este es uno de los problemas que nos}\i0
26\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
one\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgws
xn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols2\colno1
\colw8253\colsr-0\colno2\colw3186\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {conducen inesperadamente
a la quinta operacin matemtica. En fin, de cuntas formas}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {diversas pueden combinarse los das nubl
ados y despejados en una misma semana?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\
b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El primer da de
la semana puede ser despejado o nublado; lo que quiere decir que por el}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {momento se tienen dos com
binaciones.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En el
transcurso de dos das son posibles las siguientes combinaciones de das nublados y}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {despejados:}\par\
pard\li4253\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4253\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Despejado y despejado}\par\pard\li4253\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {despejado y nublado}\par\pard\li4253\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nublado y despejado}\par\pard\li4253\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nublado y nublado.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {En dos das se tienen ya 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 { combinaciones diferentes. Al tomar tres das, a cada una de l
as cuatro}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {combina
ciones correspondientes a los dos primeros das, se une alguna de las dos combinac
iones}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del tercer
da, de esta forma obtenemos un total de variantes igual a}\par\pard\li4920\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4920\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
* 2 = 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.
}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En cuatro das, el nmero de combinaciones ser de}\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 { * 2 = 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Al llegar al quinto da se producirn 2}
{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { combinac
iones; al sexto, 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {, y, por ltimo, en la semana}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {habr 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 { = 128 combinaciones.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De todo esto se deduce que hay 128 semanas con diferentes
variantes de das despejados y}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {nublados. Al cabo de 128 * 7 = 896 das se repetir inevitablemente una
de las combinaciones}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {anteriores, aunque dicha repeticin puede surgir antes, pero 896 das constituy
en el perodo a}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {par
tir del cual esta repeticin es completamente inevitable. Y, por el contrario, pue
den transcurrir}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d
os aos e incluso ms (dos aos y 166 das), sin que el estado atmosfrico de una semana s
e}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {parezca al de l
as otras.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {V
olver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6. La cerradura secreta}\b0 \par\par
\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {En cierta institucin sovitica fue hallada una caja fuert
e de tiempos anteriores a la revolucin.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Hallse la llave de la misma, mas para poder abrirla s
e precisaba conocer el secreto de la}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {cerradura: sta se compona de cinco rodillos, en torno a
los cuales haba un alfabeto con 36}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {letras; los rodillos deban combinarse de tal manera que fo
rmasen una determinada palabra}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {desconocida. Para evitar forzar la caja decidise probar con d
ichas letras todas las}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {combinaciones posibles. En cada una de estas combinaciones se inverta
n tres segundos. Poda}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {abrirse la cerradura en 10 jornadas?}\i0 \par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghs
xn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}

\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn1
5840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Calculemos el nmero total de combinaciones posibles. Cada una de las 36 le
tras del primer}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r
odillo puede unirse a cada una de las 36 letras del segundo rodillo. As pues, el
nmero de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {combinaci
ones posibles con dos letras de los dos rodillos ser:}\par\pard\li4813\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4813\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{36 * 36 = 36}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {A cada una de estas combinaciones podemos aadir cualquiera de las 36 letras
del tercer rodillo,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {con lo cual, el total de variantes con tres letras de los tres rodillos equiv
aldr a:}\par\pard\li4733\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4733\ri0\sl-346\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {36}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2
}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { * 36 = 36}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De esta misma maner
a hallemos la cantidad de combinaciones posibles con cuatro letras de los}\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuatro rodillos, que ll
egarn a 36}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ ; y con cinco letras de los cinco rodillos tendremos 36}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {5}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, o sea,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {60.466.176. Para practicar estas 60 mil
lones y pico de combinaciones, dedicando tres segundos a}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cada una, se necesitarn}\par\pard\li4013\
rscalex100 {3 * 60.466.176 = 181.398.528}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {segundos, es
decir, ms de 50.000 horas, lo que equivale a casi 6.300 jornadas de trabajo de o
cho}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {horas, ms de 20
aos!}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Esto quiere
decir que existen 10 casos favorables entre 6.300, o 1 entre 630, de que la caja
sea}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {abierta en 1
0 jornadas de trabajo. Por lo tanto, la probabilidad es muy reducida.}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i {Volver}\i0 \par\pard\li76
arscalex100\b {7. Ciclista supersticioso}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Pro
blema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {H
asta hace poco cada bicicleta deba tener una matrcula igual que el automvil. Esta m
atrcula}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {tena
seis guarismos.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {Cierta persona muy supersticiosa adquiri una bicicleta con el propsito de apr
ender a}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {man
ejarla. Cuando supo que a cierta avera, propia de stas mquinas, se le denomina "och
o",}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {se crey
condenado a algn contratiempo si en el nmero de su matrcula figuraba algn ocho.}\i0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Al ir por sta, l
e tranquiliz la siguiente reflexin: cualquiera que sea el nmero de la matrcula,}\i0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {debe formarse c
on guarismos del 0 al 9. De stos, tan slo el 8 es "aciago", por lo cual, de cada}\

i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {10 casos exi
ste uno en que la matrcula resulte "infausta". Es acertada esta deduccin?}\i0 \par\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Solucin}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {El nmero de las matrculas se compone de seis guarismos. Por lo tanto,
habr 999.999}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {difer
entes, desde el 000 001, 000 002, etc. hasta el 999 999. Calculemos ahora cuntos
nmeros}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {"afortunado
s" podramos encontrar. El lugar de las unidades del nmero puede ser ocupado por}\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alguna de las nueve
cifras "felices": 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9. En el segundo lugar tambin puede}\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {encontrarse una de
estas cifras. De ah que las dos primeras cifras den lugar a 9 * 9 = 9}{\super \fs
18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {combinaciones "favorables". A cada una de estas combinaciones pue
de agregarse una tercera}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {cifra de las nueve "bienhadadas"; por lo tanto las combinaciones "felice
s" de tres cifras llegan a}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {9}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 { * 9 = 9}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {.}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\sl
\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd
\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
scalex100 {De esta misma manera se deduce que el nmero de combinaciones "satisfac
torias", compuestas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {de seis cifras, es igual a 9}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. No obstante, hay que tener en cuenta que este nmero comp
rende la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {combinac
in 000 000, que no sirve para matrcula. Por consiguiente, la cantidad de matrculas}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {"afortunadas" es
de 9}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-1 =
531.440, lo que constituye algo ms del 53% del total de nmeros}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {posibles, y no el 90%, como supona el
ciclista en cuestin.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1

00 {El lector se convencer de que en la serie de nmeros con siete cifras, hay ms "i
nfaustos" que}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {"bi
enhadados".}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul
{Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {8. Resultados de la duplicacin cons
ecutiva}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En la
famosa leyenda en la que se habla de la recompensa concedida al inventor del aj
edrez}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {puede encontrarse un ejemplo demostrativo del rpi
do incremento que se obtiene al duplicar}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {repetidamente un nmero por pequeo que sea. Sin detenerme e
n este paradigma clsico, me}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {remitir a otros menos conocidos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Proble
ma}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Cada
27 horas, como trmino medio, el infusorio paramecio se parte en dos. Si todos lo
s}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {infusorio
s surgidos de esta suerte quedaran vivos, cunto tiempo sera necesario para que los}
\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {descendient
es de un paramecio llegaran a tener el volumen del Sol?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Los datos necesarios para este clcul
o son: la 40 generacin, si se conservan todas desde la}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {primera, ocupa despus de su desdoblamie
nto, un volumen igual a un metro cbico. El volumen}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {del Sol es de 10}\i0 {\super \fs18\up3\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {21}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { m}\i0 {\super \fs18
\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li76
arscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {La tarea consiste en determinar cuntas veces 1 m}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { debe multiplicarse por dos para
llegar a 10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {27}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{3}}\par\pard\li4200\ri0\sl-493\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}{\super
\fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {27}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = (10}{\super \
fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs18\up
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8776X}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 { (2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 { =2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {90}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-360\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {puesto que 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{10}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8776X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { l 000
.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De esta forma,
la cuadragsima generacin debe sufrir 90 nuevas divisiones sucesivas para}\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alcanzar el volumen del So
l. El nmero total de generaciones, incluyendo la primera, es de}\par\pard\li4746\
rscalex100 {40 + 90 = 130.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {No ofrece dificultad algun
a precisar que esto tiene lugar el da 147.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El microbilogo Metlnikov observ 8.061 divisiones sucesivas
del paramecio. Que calcule el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {propio lector el colosal volumen que tendra la ltima generacin si no
hubiera muerto ni uno}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {solo de estos infusorios...}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {La cuestin examinada en este problema puede ser presentada, como
si dijramos, desde el lado}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {opuesto.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Imaginmonos que se ha dividido el Sol en dos mitades, que una de estas mitades t
ambin se ha}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dividi
do en dos, etc. Cuntas operaciones semejantes seran precisas para que resultara el}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tamao de un infuso
rio?}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Vase mi libro}{ }\fs20\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {Matemticas Recreativas,}\i0 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
cap. VII}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-34
6\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
ne\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
scalex100 {Aunque el lector conoce ya la contestacin, 130, no por eso deja de aso
mbrar lo reducido de este}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {nmero.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A
m me fue planteado este problema en la siguiente forma:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Una hoja de papel es dividida en dos, y un
a de las mitades obtenidas es, a su vez, dividida por la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mitad, etc. Cuntas divisiones seran precisa
s para llegar a la dimensin del tomo?}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Supongamos que la hoja de papel pesa 1 gramo y que tomamos 1/
(10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {24}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) de
gramo como peso del}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {tomo. Como quiera que 10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {24}}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 { puede sustituirse por 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {80}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, de valor aproximado, se hace evidente}\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que, se necesitan ta
n slo unos 80 desdoblamientos, y no millones, como se contesta con}\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {frecuencia cuando se da a conoc
er este problema.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\
i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {9. Millones de veces ms rpido}
\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El aparato elc
trico, llamado basculador, contiene dos lmparas electrnicas}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. La corriente puede}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entrar en el basculador slo
a travs de una lmpara: bien por la de la "izquierda" o por la de la}\par\pard\li76

0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {"derecha". El aparato tiene dos
contactos, a los que puede enviarse desde afuera una seal}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elctrica instantnea (impulso) y dos conta
ctos a travs de los cuales transmite el basculador la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {seal de respuesta. En el momento en que llega
el impulso elctrico exterior, el basculador}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cambia el contacto: la lmpara por la cual ha pasado la
corriente se desconecta y la corriente}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {comienza a pasar por la otra lmpara. El basculador enva el
impulso de respuesta al desconectar}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {la lmpara de la derecha y conectar la de la izquierda.,}\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Veamos ahora cmo funcion
ar el basculador si le enviamos varios impulsos consecutivos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fijemos la situacin del basculador ba
sndonos en la lmpara de la derecha: si la corriente no}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pasa por ella convengamos en que el basculad
or se encuentra en la "posicin 0"; y si la corriente}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pasa por ella (la derecha), el aparato se hal
la en la "posicin 1".}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Supongamos que el basculador se encuentra en la posicin 0, es decir, que la c
orriente pasa por la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {lmpara izquierda (fig. l). Despus del primer impulso la corriente entra por la
lmpara derecha,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e
s decir, el basculador pasa a la posicin 1. Entre tanto, el aparato no emite el i
mpulso de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {respues
ta, por cuanto sta se produce slo cuando se desconecta la lmpara derecha (no la}\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {izquierda).}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Despus del segundo impulso
, la corriente entra ya por la lmpara izquierda, es decir, el}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {basculador toma de nuevo la posicin 0
. Mas en ese instante, el basculador lanza la seal de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {respuesta (impulso).}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs20\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si en vez de las lmparas electrnic
as uno va a utilizar transistores o, los as llamados, circuitos slidos (de capas)}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no se cambiar el r
esultado.}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-3
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s18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\i {Figura 1.}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15
840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A continuacin (despus de los dos
impulsos), el aparato torna de nuevo a su posicin inicial. Por}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {eso, despus del tercer impulso, el
basculador vuelve a la posicin 1, como lo hizo despus del}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {primero; despus del cuarto vuelve (como de
spus del segundo) a la posicin 0, enviando al}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mismo tiempo la seal de respuesta, y as sucesivamente.
Cada dos impulsos se repite la situacin}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del basculador.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Supongamos ahora que tenemos varios basculadores, y que los
impulsos del exterior se envan}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {slo al primero de ellos, los impulsos de respuesta del primer bascu
lador se transmiten al}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {segundo, los del segundo al tercero, etc. (en la fig. 2}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {se presentan los aparatos conectados en serie}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de derecha a izquierda). Veamos cmo fun
cionar esa cadena de basculadores.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Supongamos que en el momento inicial, todos los basculadores se
hallan en la posicin 0. Por}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char

scalex100 {ejemplo, para la serie de cinco basculadores tendremos la combinacin 0
0000.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Despus del p
rimer impulso el primer basculador (el del extremo de la derecha) toma la posicin
}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1, mas como en e
ste caso no se da el impulso de contestacin, todos los dems aparatos}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {permanecen en la posicin 0, es
decir, la combinacin se caracterizar por la posicin 00001.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Despus del segundo impulso, el primer basc
ulador se desconecta (vuelve a la posicin 0), pero}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ste da la seal de respuesta, en virtud de la cual
se conecta el segundo basculador sin producir}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cambios en el resto de los aparatos, es decir, obt
enemos la posicin 00010. Despus del tercer}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {impulso se conecta el primer basculador; los dems no camb
ian de posicin. Tendremos la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {combinacin 00011. Con el cuarto impulso se desconecta el primer bascul
ador; ste da la seal}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{de respuesta que sirve de impulso desconectador del segundo basculador que tam
bin da el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {impulso
de respuesta; finalmente, con este ltimo impulso se conecta el tercer basculador.
El}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {resultado de
todo esto ser la combinacin 00100.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Si se continan estos razonamientos resultar}\par\pard\sect\sectd\s
bknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw5680\col
sr-0\colno2\colw2693\colsr-0\colno3\colw3066\pard\li4346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li4346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4346\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4346\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {I
mpulso}\par\pard\li4613\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\par
d\li4613\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li4613\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\li4613\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\pard\li4613\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {5}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
i0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Combinacin}\par\pard\li333\ri0\sl-2
93\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {00001}\par\pard\li333\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {00010}\par\pard\li333\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {00011}\par\pard\li333\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {00100}\par\pard\li333\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {00101
}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard
\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\se
ctd\sbkpage{\shp
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s4\colno1\colw4613\colsr-0\colno2\colw1400\colsr-0\colno3\colw2240\colsr-0\colno
4\colw3186\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Rec
reativa}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
l-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {8}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {00110}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {00111}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {01000}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\mar
glsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Se aprecia cmo esta serie de basculado
res "cuenta" el nmero de seales recibidas del exterior y}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lo "anota" a su manera. No es difcil advert
ir que la anotacin del nmero de impulsos recibos no}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se produce de acuerdo con el sistema de base di
ez, sino con el sistema de base dos.}\par\pard\li5040\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li5040\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5040\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5040\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5040\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5040\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5
040\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Figura 2}\i0 \par\pard\li76
arscalex100 {En este sistema, la numeracin se forma mediante unos y ceros. La uni
dad del segundo lugar no}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {es diez veces mayor que la del primero, sino slo dos veces. La unidad que
en el sistema de base}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {dos ocupa el ltimo puesto (el de la derecha) es una unidad ordinaria. La un
idad del siguiente}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{orden (la que ocupa el segundo lugar contando desde la derecha) representa un
dos; la siguiente}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{unidad, un cuatro; la otra, un ocho, etc.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f

s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por ejemplo, el nmero 19=16+2+1 se registra en el siste
ma de base dos en forma de 10011.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Quedamos pues en que la serie de basculadores "cuenta" el nmero
de seales recibidas y las}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {anota con el sistema de numeracin de base dos. Obsrvese que el cambio de pos
icin del}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {basculado
r, es decir, el registro de uno de los impulsos llegados, dura en total algunas}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {millonsimas de segu
ndo! Los contadores de basculador modernos pueden "contar" decenas de}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {millones de impulsos por se
gundo, lo que abrevia la operacin unas 100.000 de veces en relacin}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con dicho clculo hecho por una pe
rsona que no disponga de aparato alguno: la vista humana}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {puede distinguir con claridad seales que
se sucedan con una frecuencia que no sea superior a 0,1}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {segundo.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si se forma una serie de veinte basculadores, es
decir, si se registra la cantidad de seales dadas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en nmeros que no tengan ms de veinte cifras del si
stema de base dos, entonces se puede}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {contar hasta 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20}}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-1 o sea, ms de un milln. Y si se forma una serie de 64 b
asculadores, se}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p
uede registrar la famosa cifra del ajedrez.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La posibilidad de contar centenares de miles de seales e
n un segundo reviste gran importancia}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {para los trabajos experimentales relacionados con la fsica n
uclear. Puede ser registrado, por}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {ejemplo, el nmero de partculas de uno u otro tipo que salgan desp
edidas en la desintegracin}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {del tomo.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\
60\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {10. 10.000 operaciones por s
egundo}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Merece
destacar que los esquemas de basculadores permiten tambin realizar operaciones c
on}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cifras. Veamos
, por ejemplo, cmo se efecta la adicin de dos nmeros.}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\sl
00 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsx
n666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst
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D451401FFFD9}
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Figura 3}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Supon
gamos que tres series de basculadores se encuentran unidas como se indica en la
fig. 3. La}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {serie
superior sirve para registrar el primer sumando; la segunda serie, para el segun
do sumando,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y la
inferior, para la suma. En el momento de conectar el aparato, a los basculadores
de la serie}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {infe
rior llegan impulsos de los basculadores de la serie superior y de la media que
se encuentran}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en
la posicin 1.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Admi
tamos que, como se seala en la fig. 3, las dos primeras series presentan los suma
ndos 101}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y 111 (c
on el sistema de numeracin de base dos). En este caso, cuando conectemos el apara
to}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {llegarn al prim
er basculador de la serie inferior (el del extremo de la derecha) dos impulsos:
los}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del primer ba
sculador de cada uno de los sumandos. Es sabido que al recibir dos impulsos, el}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {primer basculador
queda en la posicin 0, pero responde con un impulso que enva al segundo}\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {basculador. A ste llega, ad
ems, una seal del segundo sumando. De esta forma, al segundo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {basculador llegan dos impulsos; con es
to queda en la posicin 0 y enva el impulso de respuesta}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {al tercer basculador. Asimismo, al tercero
llegan otros dos impulsos de cada uno de los}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sumandos. En consecuencia, a cada una de las tres sea
les, el tercer basculador pasa a la posicin}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 y despide un impulso de respuesta. Este ltimo impulso
traslada el cuarto basculador a la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {posicin 1 (al cuarto no llegan ms seales). As es cmo en el aparato
representado en la fig. 3}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {se ha realizado, mediante el sistema de numeracin de base dos, una suma
de dos nmeros "en}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{columna":}\par\pard\li5573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5573\ri0\sl346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {101}\par\pard\li5440\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100\ul {+}\ul0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {111}\ul0 \p
ar\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1100}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {o, segn la suma del sistema decimal, 5 + 7 = 12. Al darse la seal de
respuesta en la serie}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale

x100 {inferior de basculadores parece como si el aparato "llevara una unidad" de
la columna anterior y}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {la pasara a la siguiente, es decir, hace lo mismo que cuando sumamos en "c
olumna".}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si en ca
da serie hubiera en lugar de cuatro, 20 basculadores, por ejemplo, podramos reali
zar}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sumas de nmero
s inferiores a un milln y, si se aumentara todava ms el nmero de}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {basculadores, sera posible sumar cant
idades mayores.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {D
ebemos advertir que en la prctica, el esquema de este mecanismo debe ser mucho ms}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {complicado de lo
que aparece en la fig. 3. Entre otras cosas, la mquina debe tener un aparato}\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {especial que asegure
el "retardo" de las seales. En efecto: en la mquina representada en el}\par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {esquema, las seales de los do
s sumandos le llegan simultneamente (en el instante que se}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conecta la mquina) al primer basculador
de la serie inferior. Por ello ambas seales se fundirn}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en una sola, siendo registradas por el bascu
lador, no como dos, sino como una seal nica. Para}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {evitar esto es preciso que las seales de los suman
dos no lleguen a la vez, sino unas ms tarde}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666
\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
scalex100 {que las otras. La presencia de este "retardador" determina que en la
suma se emplee ms tiempo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {del necesario para el registro de una seal en el contador de los basculado
res.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si se cambia
el esquema de la mquina cabe efectuar la sustraccin en lugar de la adicin. Puede}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {emplearse tambin pa
ra la multiplicacin (que consiste en la adicin consecutiva de sumandos, lo}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que exige ms tiempo), la
divisin y otras operaciones.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char

scalex100 {Los aparatos a que nos hemos referido se emplean en las mquinas modern
as de clculo. Estas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{pueden realizar en un segundo decenas e incluso centenares de miles de operacio
nes numricas!}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Esta
vertiginosa rapidez operativo puede parecernos superflua. Qu diferencia puede hab
er, por}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ejemplo,
en que la mquina eleve un nmero de 15 cifras al cuadrado en una diezmilsima de}\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {segundo o, supongamos
, en un cuarto de segundo? Lo uno y lo otro nos parecern soluciones}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {"instantneas" del ejercicio...
sin embargo, no hay que apresurarse en las conclusiones. Tomemos}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el siguiente ejemplo: Un buen aj
edrecista, antes de mover una pieza analiza decenas e incluso}\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {centenares de variantes posibles. S
i suponemos que el anlisis de una variante le ocupa algunos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {segundos, para el examen de centenares
de ellas precisar minutos y decenas de minutos. No es}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {raro que en las partidas complicadas, los j
ugadores resulten en zeitnot, es decir, se vean}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {obligados realizar las ltimas jugadas apresuradament
e porque al meditar los planes anteriores}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {han agotado casi todo el tiempo destinado a la partida.
Y si encargamos a la mquina el examen}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {de las variantes de jugada en la partida de ajedrez? La mquin
a, como sabemos, no puede caer}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {nunca en "zeitnot", ya que hace miles de operaciones por segundo y
puede analizar todas las}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {variantes \uc1\u8220Xinstantneamente"...}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Podr objetarse que una cosa es efectuar operacion
es por complicadas que y otra, jugar ajedrez:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la mquina no puede hacer esto! Al analizar las variant
es, el ajedrecista no opera, sino que}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {piensa! Mas no divaguemos ahora; volveremos a esto ms adelan
te.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i {Volver}\i0
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {11. Cantidad posible de partidas de ajedrez}\b0 \pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hagamos el clculo ms o
menos exacto del nmero de partidas de ajedrez posibles. Como}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {carece de sentido la determinacin pre
cisa, ofreceremos al lector un intento de determinar}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aproximadamente el nmero de partidas de ajedr
ez posibles. En el libro}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {La matemtica de los}\i0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {juegos y distr
acciones matemticas,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de M. Kraitchik, matemtico
belga, encontramos el siguiente}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {clculo:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {"Al mover la primera pieza, las blancas tienen 20 jugadas a elegir (16 jug
adas con los ocho}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{peones, cada uno de los cuales puede avanzar un escaque o dos; y dos jugadas de
cada caballo).}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A
cada jugada de las blancas, las negras pueden contestar con cualquiera de esas
variantes.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Combin
ando cada movimiento de las blancas con cada uno de las negras tendremos 20 * 20
=}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {400 variantes
despus de la primera jugada por ambas partes.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Despus del primer movimiento, el nmero de jugadas posi
bles es an mayor. Si las blancas han}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {movido, por ejemplo,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {e2 - e4
}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, para la segunda jugada, tienen ya 29 variante
s a elegir. En lo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100

{sucesivo, el nmero de jugadas posibles es todava mayor. Tan slo la reina, encontrnd
ose, por}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ejemplo,
en el escaque}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {d5}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {, puede hacer 27 movimientos (suponiendo que todas las casillas donde}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {puede ir estn libres). Si
n embargo, para simplificar el clculo, nos atendremos a las siguientes}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cifras medias: 20 variantes
para cada una de las partes en las primeras cinco jugadas; 30 variantes}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para cada parte en todas
las dems jugadas.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Admitamos, adems, que el total de jugadas en una partida normal, como trmino medi
o, sea 40.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Partie
ndo de este supuesto, las partidas posibles sern:}\par\pard\li4320\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4320\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(2
0 * 20)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
* (30 * 30)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {35}}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li83
\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\s
bkpage
7;32768}}
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s2\colno1\colw8253\colsr-0\colno2\colw3186\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12
240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Para determinar la magnitud aproximada de esta expresin
nos valdremos de las siguientes}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {transformaciones y simplificaciones:}\par\pard\li2826\ri0\sl-213
{(20 * 20)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {*}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(30 * 30)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {35}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 20}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {10}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { * 30}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{70}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1
0}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { * 3}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {70}}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { * 10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {80}}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sustituyamos 2}{\super \f
s18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { por 1.000, que es
una magnitud parecida, es decir, por 10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Presentamos la potencia 310 en la forma que sigue:}\par\pard\li
2186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2186\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {3}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {70}}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { = 3}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {68}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { * 3}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u8776X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 10 * (3}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {4}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {17}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8776X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 1
0 * 80}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {17}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=
10 * 8}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {17}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
* 10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {17}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=2
}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {51}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { * 10}{
\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {18}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { =}\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 2 * (2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 { * 10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {18}}\fs24\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u8776X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 2 * 10}{\super \fs18\up4
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {15}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { * 10}{\super \fs18\up4\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {18}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 2 * 10}{\super \fs18\up4
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {33}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por consiguiente,}\par\par
f0\f0\charscalex100 {(20 * 20)}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { * (30 * 30)}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {35}}\
fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8776X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 10}{\super \
fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { * 2 * 10}{\super
\fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {33}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { * 10}{\super \f
s18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {80}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 2 * 10}{\super \
fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {116}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li76

arscalex100 {Este nmero deja muy atrs a la consabida cantidad de granos de trigo p
edida como premio por la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {invencin del ajedrez (2}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {64}}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {- 1}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8776X}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {18 * 10}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {18}}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {). Si toda la poblacin del globo terrestre jugara al}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ajedrez el da entero, movien
do una pieza cada segundo, para agotar todas las posibles partidas de}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ajedrez, ese juego general
y permanente durara no menos de 10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100}}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {siglos!}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f
0\charscalex100\i {Volver}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {12. El secreto de la
mquina de jugar al ajedrez}\b0 \par\pard\li5040\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
8\cf0\par\pard\li5040\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Figura 4}
\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sin duda asombrar al lector enterarse de que en ci
erta poca existan mquinas automticas de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {ajedrez. En efecto, cmo concebir semejantes aparatos si el nmero
de combinaciones de las}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {piezas en el tablero de ajedrez es prcticamente infinito?}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Su explicacin es muy sencilla. No
era una mquina lo que exista, sino la fe en ella. Un aparato}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que goz de gran popularidad fue el del
mecnico hngaro Wolfgang von Kempelen (1734-}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1804), que lo present en las cortes austriaca y rusa y
despus hizo con l exhibiciones pblicas}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros
}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn66
6\margbsxn213\cols2\colno1\colw8253\colsr-0\colno2\colw3186\pard\li760\ri0\sl-41
3\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd
\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e
n Pars y Londres. Napolen I jug con esta mquina creyendo que se enfrentaba de verdad
con}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ella. A medi
ados del pasado siglo el clebre aparato fue a parar a Amrica, destruyndolo un}\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {incendio en Filadelfia
.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La fama de las
dems mquinas fue menos ruidosa. No obstante, ni an en tiempos posteriores se}\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {perdi la fe en la existe
ncia de tales aparatos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {En realidad, ni una sola mquina de ajedrez actuaba automticamente. En su in
terior se ocultaba}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{un adiestrado ajedrecista que mova las piezas. Este seudo automtico lo formaba u
n voluminoso}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cajn
en cuyo interior haba un complejo mecanismo,. El cajn tena tambin un tablero de}\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ajedrez con sus pieza
s que mova la mano de un gran mueco. Antes de empezar el juego se}\par\pard\li760\

ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {permita al pblico que se cerciorara
de que en el cajn no haba ms que las piezas del}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mecanismo. Sin embargo, en dicho cajn quedaba sitio
suficiente para ocultar a un hombre de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {baja estatura (ese papel fue desempeado en su tiempo por lo
s clebres ajedrecistas Johann}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Allgaier y William Lewis). Es probable que mientras se iban mostrand
o sucesivamente al pblico}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {diferentes departamentos del cajn, la persona escondida pasara con sigilo
de un lugar a otro sin}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {ser vista. El mecanismo de por s no tornaba parte en el funcionamiento del
aparato, sirviendo tan}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {slo para velar la presencia}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {del jugador de carne y hueso.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De lo dicho puede concluirse lo siguiente: el nmero
de partidas de ajedrez es prcticamente}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {infinito, por lo cual slo en la imaginacin de personas cndida
s pueden existir mquinas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {indicadoras del movimiento ms acertado. De ah que no deba temerse crisis al
guna en el juego}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
del ajedrez.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {No o
bstante, en los ltimos aos se han producido acontecimientos que ponen en duda la}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {veracidad de tal a
firmacin. Ya existen mquinas que "juegan" al ajedrez. Nos referimos a las}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {complicadas mquinas de clcu
lo que permiten efectuar miles de operaciones por segundo. De}\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ellas hemos hablado ms arriba. Mas, cm
o pueden "jugar" al ajedrez estas mquinas? Claro es}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que ninguna mquina de clculo puede hacer otra co
sa que operar con nmeros. Mas el aparato}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {efecta las operaciones siguiendo un esquema previo y de ac
uerdo con un programa elaborado de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {antemano. El "programa" de ajedrez lo confeccionan los matemtic
os a base de una determinada}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {tctica de juego; entendiendo por tctica el sistema de reglas que permi
te elegir, en cada posicin,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {la salida ms efectiva (la "mejor" desde el punto de vista de la tctica d
ada).}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {He aqu uno d
e los ejemplos de la misma. A cada trebejo se le adjudica un determinado nmero}\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de puntos, que dete
rmina su valor.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666
\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw3986\colsr-0\colno2\colw3626\colsr-0\colno3\colw38
26\pard\li2346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2346\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El rey}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx1466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+200 pu
ntos}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El pen}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+1 pun
to}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\
cols4\colno1\colw4453\colsr-0\colno2\colw1000\colsr-0\colno3\colw2386\colsr-0\co
lno4\colw3600\pard\li2346\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La rein
a}\par\pard\li2346\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La torre}\par\
pard\li2346\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El alfil}\par\pard\li
2346\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El caballo}\par\column\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+9}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+5}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {+3}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {+3}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un pen
atrasado}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un pen aisl
ado}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un pen doblado}\
par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-0,5}\par\par

d\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-0,5}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-0,5}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1
2240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Adems se fija una
determinada valoracin a las posiciones ms favorables (movilidad de las}\par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {figuras, colocacin de stas ms c
erca del centro que de los costados, etc.) que son expresadas en}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dcimas de punto. Del nmero global
de puntos que tienen las blancas, se descuenta la suma de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {puntos de las negras. La diferencia ref
lejar, hasta cierto punto, la superioridad material y de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {posicin que tienen las blancas sobre las n
egras. Si esta diferencia es positiva, la situacin de las}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {blancas ser ms ventajosa que la de las neg
ras; si es negativa, ser menos ventajosa.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La mquina de calcular seala cmo puede cambiar en el curso d
e tres jugadas la diferencia}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {registrada. Indica la combinacin de tres lances ms ventajosa y la regi
stra en una tarjeta}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li837
3\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\
sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sb
kpage
7;32768}}
scalex100 {especial; con ello, la "jugada" est hecha}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {5}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Para ello la mquina emplea muy poco
tiempo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(dependien
do ste del programa y de la velocidad operativo de la mquina), de forma que no hay
}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {motivo para teme
r el "zeitnot".}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E
s cierto que el hecho de "prever" una partida slo con tres jugadas por anticipado
caracteriza a}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la
mquina como "jugador" bastante mediocre}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
6}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Pero podemos estar seguros de que con el rpido}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {perfeccionamiento
actual de la tcnica de calcular, las mquinas "aprendern" a "jugar" al ajedrez}\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mucho mejor.}\par\pard

\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Nos sera difcil exponer con
ms detalle la composicin de programas de ajedrez para la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mquina de clculo. Algunos tipos sencillos de
programas sern examinados esquemticamente}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en el prximo captulo.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \
fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {13
. Los tres doses}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Con seguridad que todos sabrn cmo deben escribirse tres cifras para que se alc
ance con ellas su}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{mximo valor. Deben tomarse tres nueves y colocarlos as:}\par\pard\li5280\ri0\sl-2
00 {9}{\super \fs20\up6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}\
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es decir, escribiendo la potencia de una potencia.}\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Este nmero es tan eno
rmemente grande que es imposible encontrar con qu compararlo. El}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nmero de electrones que forman tod
o el Universo visible es una insignificancia respecto a este}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nmero. En mis}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {Matemticas Recreativas}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { (cap. X) me ocu
p del particular. He insistido en este}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {ejemplo porque me propongo ofrecer aqu otro ejercicio del mi
smo tipo:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Vase la forma de alcanzar el nmero ms a
lto con tres doses sin emplear signo alguno.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {So
lucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El ejemp
lo anterior inducir sin duda a colocar los doses del mismo modo, es decir:}\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs12\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sin embargo, en este caso no se log
ra el efecto deseado. El resultado es incluso menor que 222.}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En efecto, hemos escrito tan slo 2}{\
super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, es decir,
16.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El nmero mayo
r, entre los que pueden formar tres doses, no es 222 ni 22}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { (es decir, 484), sino}\par\pa
rd\li4680\ri0\sl-506\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {22}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 4.194.304.}\par\pard\li760
0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Existen tambin otros tipos de "tctica"
de ajedrez. Por ejemplo, en el clculo pueden tenerse en cuenta no todas las}\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {jugadas con que puede
replicar el adversario, sino slo las ms "serias" (el jaque, la toma de alguna pie
za, el ataque,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la
' defensa, etc.). En otros casos, cuando las jugadas del adversario sean muy pel
igrosas, puede practicarse el clculo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {no slo de tres, sino de un nmero mayor de lances por adelantado
. Tambin es posible el empleo de otra escala}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {distinta para los valores de las piezas. En dependenc
ia de una u otra tctica cambia el ,,estilo de juego" de la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mquina.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-253\slmul
t0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {En las partidas de los mejores maestros de ajedrez se calculan combin
aciones de 10 o ms jugadas por anticipado.}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f

s18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio
Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn
133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\marg
tsxn666\margbsxn213\cols2\colno1\colw8253\colsr-0\colno2\colw3186\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\column\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl
100 {El ejemplo es muy aleccionador, y ensea que en matemticas resulta peligroso s
ervirse de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {analoga
s: stas pueden conducirnos fcilmente a conclusiones errneas.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
calex100\b {14. Los tres treses}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0
\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Despus de e
sto, quiz se proceda con mayor precaucin al resolver el siguiente problema:}\i0 \p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Escrbanse tres tre
ses de forma que adquieran su mximo valor sin emplear ningn signo.}\i0 \par\pard\l
\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par{\trowd\trleft760\trkeep\trftsWidth1\trpaddl0\t
rpaddr0\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone\clbrdrl\brdrnone\clbrdrb
\brdrnone\clbrdrr\brdrnone\cltxlrtb\clNoWrap\clftsWidth3\clwWidth6160\clpadt0\cl
padr0\clpadft3\clpadfr3\cellx7586 \pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\widctlpar\intbl \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {La potencia de potencia no ofrece aqu el efecto deseado porque
}\cell\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone\clbrdrl\brdrnone\clbrdrb\brdrnone\clbrdrr\brdr
none\cltxlrtb\clNoWrap\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3000\clpadt0\clpadr0\clpadft3\clpadfr
3\cellx10546 \pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\widctlpar\intbl \fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\widctlpar\intbl \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {3 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, es decir, 3}\fs18\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {27}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { es menor que}\cell\row}\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {33}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La ltima disposicin de los treses es la que responde a la
pregunta formulada.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex1
00\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {15. Los tres cuatros}\b0
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Escrbanse tres cuatros de forma que adquieran s
u mximo valor sin recurrir a signos.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si se sigue el ej
emplo de los dos ejercicios anteriores, es decir,}\par\pard\li5306\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5306\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4
}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {44}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no se ob
tiene la solucin ms favorable, puesto que en este caso, la potencia de potencia,}\
\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs12\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {proporciona el valor mximo posi
ble. Ya que 4}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 { =256, y 4}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {256}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { es mayor que 4}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {44}}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100
\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {16. Con tres cifras iguales
}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Procuremos p
rofundizar en este intrigante fenmeno y aclarar por qu, cuando con las cifras se}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {establece una pote
ncia de potencia, unas veces se obtienen nmeros enormemente altos y otras,}\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no. Examinemos el caso
general.. Obtngase el nmero ms elevado posible dado por tres cifras}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {iguales prescindiendo de todo si
gno.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Representemo
s la cifra con la letra}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {. A la distribucin}\par\pard\li4920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li4920\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {22}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, 3}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {33}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, 4}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {44}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {corresponde la expresin}\par\pard\li44
13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4413\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {(10a + a)}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 { , es decir}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 {\super \fs18\
up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {11a}\i0 }\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La potencia de p
otencia, en su aspecto general, se presenta as:}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patr
icio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\mar
grsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 }\fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \par\column\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\s
x100 {Determinemos cul ha de ser el valor de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\
i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { para que la ltima variante sea de mayor magnitud
que}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la primera. C
omo quiera que ambas potencias tienen idntica base entera, a mayor exponente}\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {corresponder mayor val
or. En qu caso}\par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4973\ri0\s
l-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {a}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { > 11a?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0

\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Dividamos ambos miembros de la desigualdad por a, y tendremos}\par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a-1}\i0 }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { >}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11.}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Es fcil determinar que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 {\
super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a-1}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { es
mayor que 11 slo en el caso en que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { sea mayor que 3, puesto que}\par\pard\li4986\ri0\sl-213\s
4}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4 - 1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { > 11}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en tanto que las potencias}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\par\pard\
0\charscalex100 {son menores que 11.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Quedan, pues, explicadas las sorpresas con que hemos tropeza
do al resolver los problemas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {precedentes: para los doses y los treses haba que servirse de potenci
as con exponentes de dos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {cifras, para los cuatros y cifras mayores tiene que emplearse la potenci
a de potencia}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i {V
olver}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {17. Los cuatro unos}\b0 \par\pard\li760\r
calex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {Obtngase la cantidad ms elevada posible con cuatro unos sin emple
ar ningn signo.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El nmero 1.111 no responde a las exigen
cias del problema, por ser mucho ms pequeo que 11}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {11}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sera m
uy laborioso encontrar este nmero mediante 11 multiplicaciones consecutivas por 1
1.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sin embargo, p
uede hacerse el clculo con mucha mayor rapidez utilizando las tablas de}\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {logaritmos.}\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Este nmero rebasa los 285 000 mi
llones y, por lo tanto, es ms de 25 millones de veces mayor}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que 1.111.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-240\
slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
100\b {18. Los cuatro doses}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Resolvamos est
e problema tratndose de doses. Cmo deben disponerse cuatro doses para que}\i0 \par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {adquieran su mximo va
lor?}\i0 \par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-21
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn1584
0\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\margls
xn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols3\colno1\colw4400\colsr-0\colno2\c
olw3853\colsr-0\colno3\colw3186\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las combinaciones posibles s
on 8:}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0

\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {2222, 222}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {, 22}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {, 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {222}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{,}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Per
elman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn1
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {((22)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {, ((2)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22}}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {, ((2)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{, (((2)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sup
er \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cul de estos valo
res es el mayor?}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Examinemos la primera fila.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {El primer nmero, 2.222, es a todas luces menor que las tres potencias
que le siguen. Para}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {establecer una comparacin entre las dos siguientes}\par\pard\li4880\ri0\sl-213
{222}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y
22}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\pa
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {transformemos la segunda de ellas:}\par\pard\li3986\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3986\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {22}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 { = 22}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2*11}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = (22}{\s
uper \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \f
s18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 484}{\super \fs
18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\r
calex100 {Esta ltima es mayor que 222}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, ya que tanto la base como el exponente son mayores
que los de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {222}{
\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Comparemos ahora 22}{\sup
er \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { con 2}{\supe
r \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {222}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { . Sustituyam
os 22}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { p
or otra magnitud superior, 32}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22}}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y veremos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {que incluso sta es menor que 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {222}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {.}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En efecto,}\par\pard\li4560\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {32}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22}}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 { = (2}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22}}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { = 2}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {110}}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que es menor que 2}{\super \fs18\up4
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {222}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {.}\b0 \par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-520\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Quedamos, pues, en que el valor ms
elevado de la primera fila es 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {222}}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Comparemos ahora la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mayor potencia de la primera fila y las cuatro de
la segunda:}\par\pard\li3720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3720\ri0\s
l-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {((22)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charsca

lex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, ((2)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2
2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, ((2)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22}}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {, (((2)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
La ltima potencia es slo igual a 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {16}}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, por lo que queda eliminada. Prosigamos. La primera de
}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {esta fila equiva
le a 22}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y
es menor que 32}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { o que 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {, por cuya razn es inferior a las dos que la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {siguen. Quedan slo tres potencias a comparar,
todas de base 2. Es evidente que ser mayor}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aquella que tenga mayor exponente. De los tres}\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {222, 484 y 2}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20+2}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { (= 2}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10*2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 { * 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u8776X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{6}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { * 4)}\par\pard\li906\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li906\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el ltimo es el
mayor.}\par\pard\li906\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por eso, e
l valor ms elevado que pueden tomar los cuatro doses vendr expresado como sigue:}\
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4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22}}\par\pard\
0\charscalex100 {Sin recurrir a la tabla de logaritmos podernos imaginarnos apro
ximadamente la magnitud de esta}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {potencia valindonos de un nmero aproximado:}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl
373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\pa
r\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\s
ect\sectd\sbkpage
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a Recreativa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Y as es, en efecto:}\par\column\pard\li786\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li786\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li786\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li786\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\sup
er \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8776X}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 1 000.}\par\pard\li320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22}}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {=2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20}}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 { * 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f1\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u8776X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 4 * 10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {6}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {((2)}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {22}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8776X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 2}\f
s18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4000000}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { > 10}\fs18\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {1200000}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}}\par\column\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\s
ectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw83
73\colsr-0\colno2\colw3066\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Este nmero consta de ms de un mil
ln de cifras.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i {Vo
lver}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
ard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
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ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213
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0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1224

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\charscalex100\b \i {Captulo Segundo}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {EL IDIOMA DEL ALGEBRA}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-21
\b \i {Contenido}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {1.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {El arte de plantear ecuaciones}\ul0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}{ }\fs24\cf1\
f0\charscalex100 {La vida de Diofanto}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {3.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {El caballo y el mulo}\
ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}{ }\fs24\c
f1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Los cuatro hermanos}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Las aves de
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.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {E1 paseo}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {E1 artel d
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ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\
ul {El problema de Newton}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
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760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscale
x100 {E1 arte de adivinar nmeros}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {13.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Un supuesto absurdo}\ul0 \p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0
\charscalex100\ul {La ecuacin piensa por nosotros}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {15.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Curio
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0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {17.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex1
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r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {19.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\
charscalex100\ul {Dos botes de caf}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Velada}\ul0 \par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {21.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\chars
calex100\ul {Exploracin marina}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {22.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {En el veldromo}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {23.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex
100\ul {Carrera de motocicletas}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf
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rd\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El idioma del lgebra es l
a ecuacin. "Para resolver un problema referente a nmeros o relaciones}\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {abstractas de cantidades, bas
ta con traducir dicho problema, del ingls u otra lengua al idioma}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {algebraico, escribi el gran Newton
en su manual de lgebra titulado}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Aritmtica Univer
sal.}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Isaac}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Newton mostr con ejemplos cmo deba efectuarse la tradu
ccin. He aqu uno de ellos:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\ma
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t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24
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charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-346\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u87
22X}\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx760\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {400}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\column\pard\li266\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\c
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alex100\i {Al ao siguiente volvi a gastar 100 libras}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
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lex100 {ecuacin.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {L
a solucin de una ecuacin es, con frecuencia, tarea fcil; en cambio, plantear la ecu
acin a base}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de los
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aciones}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {consiste,
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del}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lgebra es lacni
co en extremo, por eso no todos los giros del idioma materno son de fcil}\par\par
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s pueden ser muy distintas por el grado de su dificultad, como puede}\par\pard\l
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ista de los ejemplos de ecuacin de primer grado expuestos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
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cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
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Diofanto, notable matemtico de la}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {antigedad. Todo lo que se conoce acerca de l ha sido tomado
de la dedicatoria que figura en}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {su sepulcro, inscripcin compuesta en forma de ejercicio mat
emtico. Reproducimos esta}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\i {inscripcin:}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn1584
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ula}\i0 \par\pard\li1600\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Caminan
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fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Diofanto. Y los nmeros pueden mostrar, oh,}\i0 \par\p
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ue su vida,}\i0 \par\pard\li1600\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{cuya sexta parte constituy su hermosa infancia.}\i0 \par\pard\li1600\ri0\sl-280
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i0 \par\pard\li1600\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {de su vida,
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4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Y la sptima parte de su existencia transcurri en}\i0 \pa
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il.}\i0 \par\pard\li1600\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Pas un
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cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {nacimiento de su precioso primognito,}\i0 \par\pard\li160
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sa existencia, a}\i0 \par\pard\li1600\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {la tierra, que dur tan slo la mitad de la de su}\i0 \par\pard\li1600\ri0\sl
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\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Y con profunda pena descendi a la sepultur
a,}\i0 \par\pard\li1600\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {habiend
o sobrevivido cuatro aos al deceso de su}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {En el idioma del lgebra:}\i0 \par\pard\li11

charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\li1000\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
1000\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x / 6}\i0 \par\pard\li946\
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1000\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x / 2}\i0 \par\pard\li13\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-520\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{\super \fs24\up5\cf0\f0\chars
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alex100\i {x}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{\super \fs24\up5\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {x}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{\super \fs24\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0
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640\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio }\fs20\cf0\f0\charsc
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f0\charscalex100\i {hijo}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f
5840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw2186\colsr-0\colno2\colw9253\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Dime cuntos aos ha
ba vivido Diofanto cuando le lleg la muerte.}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgws
xn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Al resolver la ecuacin y hallar el valor de la incgnita, 84,
conocemos los siguientes datos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {biogrficos de Diofanto: se cas a los 21 aos, fue padre a los 38, per
di a su hijo a los 80 y}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {muri a los 84.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex10
0\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3. El caballo y el mulo}\b

0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\
b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {He aqu un
antiguo ejercicio muy sencillo y fcil de traducir al idioma de] lgebra.}\i0 \par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {"Un caballo y un mul
o caminaban juntos llevando sobre sus lomos pesados sacos. Lamentbase}\i0 \par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {el jamelgo de su enojo
sa carga, a lo que el mulo le dijo: "De qu te quejas? Si yo te tomara un}\i0 \par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {saco, mi carga sera e
l doble que la tuya. En cambio, si te doy un saco, tu carga se igualar a la}\i0 \
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {ma". Decidme, doct
os matemticos, cuntos sacos llevaba el caballo, y cuntos el mulo?".}\i0 \par\pard\l
\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn1584
0\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw6666\colsr-0\colno2\colw4773\pard\li2
226\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2226\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Si yo te tomara un saco}\par\pard\li2226\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mi carga}\par\pard\li2226\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {sera el doble que la tuya.}\par\pard\li2226\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Y si te doy un saco,}\par\pard\li2226\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tu carga}\par\pard\li2226\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se igualar a la ma}\par\column\pard\li560\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li560\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x
- 1}\i0 \par\pard\li533\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y + 1}\
i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y + 1 = 2 (x 1)}\i0 \par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y - 1}\
i0 \par\pard\li506\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x + 1}\i0 \p
ar\pard\li173\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y - 1 = x + 1}\i0
\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pa
0\f0\charscalex100 {Hemos planteado el problema mediante un sistema de ecuacione
s con dos incgnitas:}\par\pard\li4613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li461
3\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y + 1 = 2 * (x - 1)}\par\pard\l
i4866\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y - 1 = x + 1}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2x \uc1\u8211X y = 3}\par\pard\li5040\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y \uc1\u8211X x = 2}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
x100 {Una vez resuelto el sistema vemos que x = 5, y = 7. El caballo llevaba 5 s
acos, y el mulo, 7.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex10
0\i {Volver}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {4. Los cuatro hermanos}\b0 \par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Cuatro hermanos ti
enen 45 rublos. Si el dinero del primero es aumentado en 2 rublos, el del}\i0 \p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {segundo reducido
en 2 rublos, se duplica el del tercero y el del cuarto se reduce a la mitad, tod
os}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {los herm
anos tendrn la misma cantidad de rublos. Cunto dinero tena cada uno?}\i0 \par\pard\l
\charscalex100\b { Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn158
40\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw6480\colsr-0\colno2\colw1893\colsr-0
\colno3\colw3066\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl
-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los cuatro hermanos tienen 45 rublos}\p
ar\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x + y + z + t = 45}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Patricio }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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3\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols3\colno1\colw7093\colsr-0\colno2\colw973\colsr-0\c
olno3\colw3373\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra
Recreativa}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl
-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si al dinero del primero se le agregan
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {rublos}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {al del segundo se restan 2 rublos}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el del tercero se duplica,}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y el del cuarto se divide por dos}\par\column
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x + 2}\i0 \pa
r\pard\li53\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y - 2}\i0 \par\pard
\li160\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2z}\i0 \par\pard\li66\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t / 2}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri
\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw6266\c
{a todos los hermanos les quedar la misma}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cantidad de rublos}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x + 2 = y - 2 = 2z = t /}\i0 \par\pard\li1026
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La lti
ma ecuacin nos permite plantear tres ecuaciones independientes:}\par\pard\li4800\
rscalex100 {\uc1\u63729X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722
X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghs
xn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5680\colsr-0\colno2\colw5760\pa
rd\li4800\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63732X}\fs16\cf0\
f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63732X}\par\pard\li4800\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx5453\fs2
4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63730X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs2
4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
knone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw4800\cols
r-0\colno2\colw133\colsr-0\colno3\colw146\colsr-0\colno4\colw6360\pard\li760\ri0
\charscalex100 {de donde}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u63732X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u63732X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u63729X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u63732X}\fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63732X}\par\column\pard\li200\ri0\
sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2
}}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx373\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\tab \
fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\li200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {z}\i0 \par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl466\slmult0 \*\tx533\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 {+}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx386\*\tx720\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {y}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {4}\par\pard\li373\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }
\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\se

ctd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw561
3\colsr-0\colno2\colw5826\pard\li4933\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u63730X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {=}\par\pard\li4933\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u637
32X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\p
no1\colw5200\colsr-0\colno2\colw6240\pard\li4933\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63732X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx480\fs
24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\sect\sec
td\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5400
\colsr-0\colno2\colw6040\pard\li5053\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5533\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {t}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx453\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {4}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\
margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-440\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Colocando estos valores en la primera ecuacin,
tendremos:}\par\pard\li3653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3653\ri0\sl333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x + x + 4 + (x + 2) / 2 + 2x + 4 = 45}
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {=}\i0
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {A continuacin hallamos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\
i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 12,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 5,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t}\i0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 { = 20. Por lo tanto, los hermanos tenan: 8, 12, 5 y 20}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rublos.}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li
charscalex100\b {5. Las aves de la orilla}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {En las obras de un matemtico rabe del siglo XI
hallamos el siguiente problema:}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {A ambas orillas de un ro crecen dos palmeras, la una frente
a la otra. La altura de una es de 30}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {codos, y la de la otra, de 20. La distancia entre sus
troncos, 50 codos. En la copa de cada}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {palmera hay un pjaro. De sbito los dos pjaros descubren
un pez que aparece en la superficie}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {del agua, entre las dos palmeras. Los pjaros se lanzaro
n y alcanzaron el pez al mismo tiempo.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {A qu distancia del tronco de la palmera mayor apareci e
l pez?}\i0 \par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li83
Patricio }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn
12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
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326467F107A7A115B16BE23B597369A8D9086C8A18D0DAE0BDBFA3297DCC71DD77007D8E080065E6
9A59219349D412E6DE7F99210E51A3907054070324678DB9382292DF5CBAB495ED351B5570AA6378
4DB468C0FA37C818FD320FB8C55C9AC2FADEDAE021B3BF8ADE546D92423CC74752430FE2218007E5
627DC5548AEA0B9B423E7BA811332594CC3CC8867AC5210781C1231C0CE41009A00D2F0B476D0F89
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26393529CA9FAE5E803E5D920B28DA3175A999F031B6D919F681FC397DB8FC322A39AF5236923D3F
CC8A166CFCD8DE47605875F7EC7D3A57D3EFF0A3467FB97DABC63A002E8B81FF007D034D3F08F4C0
309AC6AE9F8C27F9C46803E5D4BABCB19488E69E071C10AEC87F9D364BB7998BDC0F3A53FC723B13
FCEBE9C3F0574B3B88D6351C939F9E3B73FCE2A53F05B4F6001D52638E9BAC2D0FF386803E665167
390A4C96FC0193FBC52DFA103F335AD0DE5E69D009E1D7E27298C5B87998371C0C6DDBF99AFA193E
0CD82723523D08C7F675A7FF0019AAEDF04EC5882353048F5D36D3FF008D5007CDFA8EAD77ABCA92
5E491B4A06D0C23504F3DC8EBF8D1616F14D3ED96DDE68C0C15866546271C6D241CF3D783F857D1F
FF000A46D1873AB277E9A55A75FF00BF751A7C0DB542DFF13646DC31F36976DC1F51F2D007CF8341
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15B235A8FF00E05A4DB1FF00D96A43F0461C8FF899DAE38E3FB1E0E71401F3CCBA5C124A586A1A7D
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FF00D1B2D007FFD9}
0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\pard\li760\
d\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\column\
i0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Figura 5}\i0 \par\co
lumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par
\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mediante la fig. 5}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {y aplicando el teorema de Pitgoras, establecemos:}\par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100 {AB}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 { = 30}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 { + x}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li4400\ri0\s

l-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {AC}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 20}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + (50 - x)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pero}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {AB = AC,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por cuanto lo
s pjaros cubren esta distancia en un mismo tiempo. Por eso,}\par\pard\li4226\ri0\
lex100 {30}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ + x}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { =
20}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + (5
0 - x)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Al quitar los parntesis simplificando la frmula nos enc
ontramos con una ecuacin de primer}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {grado:}\par\pard\li4800\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i4800\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 2 000,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de
donde}\par\pard\li5120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5120\ri0\sl-333\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 20.}\
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El pez apareci a 20 codos de la palmera que tena 30 codo
s de altura.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul
{Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6. El paseo}\b0 \par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li
813\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {- Pase usted maana por mi ca
sa - dijo el viejo doctor a un conocido.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { - Muy agradecido. Saldr maana a las tres. Quiz desee
usted dar tambin un paseo. En este}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {caso salga a la misma hora y nos encontraremos a la mita
d del camino.}\i0 \par\pard\li1453\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {- Usted olvida que soy ya viejo y ando tan slo tres kilmetros por hora, en tan
to que usted,}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {jovenzuelo, cuando ms despacio va, hace 4 kilmetros por hora. No sera ningn delit
o que me}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {co
ncediera alguna ventaja.}\i0 \par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio }\f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn
15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

scalex100\i { - Tiene razn - contest el joven - . Comoquiera que yo recorro un kilm
etro a la hora ms que}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {usted, le doy este kilmetro de ventaja, es decir, saldr de casa un cuart
o de hora antes le ser}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {suficiente?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i { - Es usted muy amable - aprob al instante el anciano. El joven cumpli
lo prometido y sali de}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {su casa a las tres menos cuarto, marchando a 4 kilmetros por hora. El
doctor sali a la calle a}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {las tres en punto y anduvo a tres kilmetros por hora. Cuando se enco
ntraron, el anciano dio la}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {vuelta, yendo juntos a su domicilio.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Tan slo cuando el joven regres a su casa
comprendi que debido a la ventaja concedida tuvo}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {que caminar, no el doble, sino el cudruplo
de lo que anduvo el doctor.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {A qu distancia de la casa del doctor estaba la de su joven conoci
do?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
sxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw6613\colsr-0\colno
2\colw4826\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx6013\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ex
presemos la distancia que separa las casas con la}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(
km). El joven anduvo en total 2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {, y el}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marg
lsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {do
ctor, la cuarta parte, es decir}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 { / 2 . Desde que sali de casa hasta que se encontraron, el doc
tor}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx6360\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reco
rri la mitad de cuanto anduvo en total, es decir,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{x}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/ 4 , y el joven hizo el resto, es deci
r, 3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { /}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4. El anciano camin}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 12 y el joven 3}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 16 horas; ade
ms, sabemos que ste camin de hora}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {ms que el doctor.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Establezcamos la siguiente ecuacin}\par\pard\li4880\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4880\ri0\sl-493\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{\
super \fs24\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{\s
uper \fs24\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\par\pard\li4880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\t
x5360\*\tx5906\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {16}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12
}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {de donde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 { = 2,4 km.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Entre las dos casas mediaba una distancia de 2,4 km.}\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li7
harscalex100\b {7. El artel de segadores}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En los recuerdos acerca de L. Tolsti, el conocido fsic
o A. Tsnguer refiere el siguiente}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {problema que agradaba en extremo al eminente escritor:}\par\pard
f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {"Un artel de segadores deba segar dos prados, uno tena do
ble superficie que otro. Durante}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {medio da trabaj todo el personal del artel en el prado grand
e; despus de la comida, una mitad}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {de la gente qued en el prado grande; y la otra mitad trabaj
en el pequeo. Durante esa tarde}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {fueron terminados los dos tajos, a excepcin de un reducido se
ctor del prado pequeo, cuya}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {siega ocup el da siguiente completo a un solo segador. Con cuntos se
gadores contaba el}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {artel?".}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En este ejercicio, adems de la incgnit
a fundamental - nmero de segadores - que expresamos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con la}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0

\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, es conveniente introducir otra incgnita complementa
ria: la superficie del sector segado}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {por un trabajador en un solo da, que expresamos con la}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aunque el problema no exige que se
halle su valor, contribuye a encontrar la raz de la}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Representemos la superficie del prado grande con}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { e}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Este prado lo segaron durant
e medio da}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { trabajadores, que segaron * (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {x * y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {x * y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 2}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmu
8373\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio }\fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn66
6\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst
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\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Durante la segunda parte del da t
rabaj all la mitad del artel, es decir,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs
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24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 2 * *}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
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segado todo el prado, su rea ser:}\par\pard\li3880\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li3880\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f
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o menor mediante}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1

00 { e}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Dura
nte medio da se ocuparon}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {en l}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { t
rabajadores y segaron una superficie de}\par\pard\li4346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
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cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/ 2 *}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {y = x * y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 4}\par\pard\li7
harscalex100 {Agreguemos a esto el sector que qued sin segar, que es igual a}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { (superficie sega
da por un}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {trabaja
dor en una jornada), y hallaremos la superficie del prado menor:}\par\pard\li390
harscalex100\i {x * y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 4 +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\i {y = (x * y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 4}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {* y )}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 4}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
100 {No nos queda ms que traducir al idioma del lgebra la frase "el primer prado t
iene doble}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {superf
icie que el segundo", y la ecuacin quedar establecida como sigue:}\par\pard\li5080
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l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Patricio }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
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x100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\ch
\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dividiendo por y el numerador y d
enominador del quebrado de la segunda igualdad, se elimina la}\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {incgnita auxiliar, resultando la sig
uiente ecuacin:}\par\pard\li3986\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3986\ri0
\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3x / (x + 4) = 2, 3x = 2x + 8}\i0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde}\par\par
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 8.}\par\pard\li760\r
calex100 {En el artel habla 8 segadores.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Despus de haber sido publicada la primera edicin del}{ }\f

s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Algebra Recreativa,}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
el profesor A.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {T
snguer me envi una informacin detallada y muy interesante, relacionada con este pro
blema.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El efecto
esencial del problema, a su juicio, reside en que "no es algebraico en absoluto
sino}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aritmtico, y
aunque es muy sencillo se tropieza conciertas dificultades en su resolucin debido
a}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que no es de t
ipo corriente".}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {"
La historia del presente problema es la siguiente - contina el profesor A. Tsnguer
- . En la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {facult
ad de matemticas de la Universidad de Mosc, cuando estudiaban en ella mi padre e I
.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Raievski, mi to,
(amigo ntimo de L. Tolsti), entre otras disciplinas se enseaba algo semejante}\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a la pedagoga. A este
fin, los estudiantes deban ir a una escuela pblica urbana, puesta a}\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {disposicin de la universidad, y
en colaboracin con expertos y venerables maestros, hacan}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {prcticas pedaggicas. Entre los compaeros de e
studios de Tsnguer y Raievski haba un tal}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Petrov, que, segn cuentan, era persona muy inteligente y o
riginal en extremo. Este Petrov}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {(fallecido en su juventud, creo que de tisis) afirmaba que en las
clases de aritmtica embrutecan}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {a los escolares con problemas y mtodos estereotipados. Para poner de
evidencia su punto de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {vista, Petrov ingeniaba problemas que por salirse de las normas corrientes
embarazaban a los}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{"expertos y venerables maestros", pero que los alumnos ms lcidos, todava no embot
ados por el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {estud
io rutinario, resolvan con facilidad. Entre dichos problemas (Petrov discurri vari
os) estaba}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el de
los segadores. Los maestros con experiencia, claro, podan resolverlo con facilida
d}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mediante ecuaci
ones, pero no daban con su sencilla resolucin aritmtica. Sin embargo, el}\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {problema es tan fcil que pa
ra resolverlo en absoluto no merece la pena servirse del lgebra.}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si el prado mayor fue segado por
todo el personal del artel en medio da, y por la mitad de la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gente en el resto de la jornada, es n
atural que medio artel seg en medio da 1 / 3 del prado. Por}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {consiguiente, en el prado menor quedaba
sin segar}\par\pard\li4600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4600\ri0\sl333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 / 2 - 1 / 3 = 1 / 6}\par\pard\li760\ri
alex100 { Si un trabajador siega en un da 1 / 6 del prado, y si fue segado 6 / 6
+ 2 / 6 = 8 / 6, esto quiere}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {decir que haba 8 segadores.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tolsti, aficionado de siempre a los problemas que se resuel
ven utilizando algn subterfugio y}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {ofrecen cierta dificultad, conoca desde la juventud ste, de los se
gadores, gracias a mi padre.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Cuando tuve ocasin de hablar de dicho problema con Tolsti, ya anciano,
le agradaba, sobre}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {todo, el hecho de que el problema se hace ms comprensible si, al resolverlo, s
e emplea este}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sen
cillo diagrama (fig. 7)".}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li83

73\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio }\fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\
margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
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3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{Figura 7.}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn
666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-33
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ofrecemos a continuacin algunos problemas q
ue, con cierta imaginacin, son ms fciles de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {resolver por medio de la aritmtica que valindose del lgebra
.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i
0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {8. Las vacas en el prado}\b0 \par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {"Al estudiar las ciencias
, los ejercicios son ms tiles que las reglas",escriba Newton en su}\i0 \par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Aritmtica Universal, y acomp
aaba las indicaciones tericas con una serie de ejemplos. Entre}\i0 \par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {ellos hallamos el de los toros
que pastan en el prado, que gener un tipo especfico de problemas}\i0 \par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {semejantes a ste:}\i0 \par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {"La hierba crece en t
odo el prado con igual rapidez y espesura. Se sabe que 70 vacas se la}\i0 \par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {comeran en 24 das, y 30
, en 60 das. Cuntas vacas se co}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {meran toda la hier
ba en 96 das?".}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {Este problema sirvi de argumento para un cuento humorstico, que recuer}\i0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {da el Maestro}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {particular de Chjov. Dos adultos, familiares del es
colar a quien haban encargado resolver este}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {problema, se esforzaban intilmente por hallar su
solucin y se asombraban:}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i { - Qu extrao es el resultado! - dijo uno - . Si en 24 das 70 vacas se c
omen la hierba, entonces,}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {cuntas vacas se la comern en 96 das? Claro que 1 / 4 de 70, es decir,
17 1 / 2 vacas... Este}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {es el primer absurdo! El segundo todava ms extrao, es que si 30 vacas s
e comen la hierba en}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {60 das, en 96 se la comern 18 3 / 4 vacas. Adems, si 70 vacas se comen la
hierba en 24 das,}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {30 vacas emplean en ello 56 das, y no 60, como afirma el problema.}\i0 \pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { - Pero tiene usted
en cuenta que la hierba crece sin cesar? - pregunt otro.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {La observacin era razonable; la hie
rba crece incesantemente, circunstancia que no puede}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {echarse en olvido, pues en ese caso no
slo no puede resolverse el problema, sino que sus}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {mismas condiciones parecern contradictoria
s.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Cmo debe r
esolverse pues, el problema?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Introduzcamos tambin aqu u
na segunda incgnita, que representar el crecimiento diario de la}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hierba, expresado en partes de las
reservas de la misma en el prado. En una jornada hay un}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {crecimiento de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {; en 24 das ser 24}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Si tomamos todo el pasto como 1, en
tonces, en 24 das las}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {vacas se comern}\par\pard\li5093\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5093
\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 + 24}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {y}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En una
jornada las 70 vacas comern}\par\pard\li4813\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li4813\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(1 + 24}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) / 24}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li83
margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn
133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols3\colno1\colw4493\colsr-0\colno2\colw3573\colsr0\colno3\colw3373\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Alge
bra Recreativa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y una vaca (de las 70) comer}\par\colum
n\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(1 + 24}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) / (24 * 70)}\par
\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\
par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard
f0\charscalex100 {Siguiendo el mismo razonamiento: si 30 vacas acaban con toda l
a hierba del prado en 60 das,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {una vaca comer en un da}\par\pard\li4573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li4573\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 + 60}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / (30 * 60)}\par\pard\li7
harscalex100 {Pero la cantidad de hierba comida por una vaca en un solo da es igu
al para los dos rebaos. Por}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {eso}\par\pard\li3386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3386\ri0\
sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(1 + 24}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) / (24 * 70) = (1 + 60}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) / (30 * 60)}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {de donde}\par\pard\li4946\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y
}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 1 / 480}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cuando se halla}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}
\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { (medida de crecimiento) es ya fcil determinar qu
parte de la reserva inicial se}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {come una vaca al da}\par\pard\li2653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li2653\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(1 + 24}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) / (24 * 70) = (1 + 24 /
480) / (24 * 70) = 1 / 1600}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por ltimo establecemos la
ecuacin para la solucin definitiva del problema: si el nmero de}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vacas es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, entonces,}\par\pard\li4040\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4040\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\{1 + (96 / 480)\} / 96}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { = 1600}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 20}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20 vacas se comeran toda la hierba en 96 das.}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \p

24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {9. El problema de Newton}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Examinemos ahora un problema del mismo ti
po que el anterior: el problema de Newton acerca de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los toros.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El problema, en realidad, no fue ideado por Newton,
sino que es de origen popular.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {"Tres prados c
ubiertos de hierba de una misma espesura y con el mismo grado de crecimiento,}\i
0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {tienen un rea
de 3}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {1}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {/}\i0 {\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i { Ha, 10 Ha y 24 Ha. La hierba del primero es comida por 12 toros durante}
\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {4 semanas;
la del segundo, por 21 toros durante 9 semanas. Cuntos toros comern la hierba}\i0 \
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {del tercero dura
nte 18 semanas?"}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Introducimos la incgnita auxiliar}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, que significa
la parte de la reserva inicial de hierba que crece}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en 1 Ha durante una semana. En el primer prado
crece durante la primera semana una cantidad de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hierba iguala 3}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {; durante 4 semana
s, 3}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/}{\
sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 { * 4 = (40 / 3)*}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 { de la reserva de hierba que haba}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {inicialmente en 1 Ha. Esto equivale a un cre
cimiento del rea inicial del prado igual a:}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
{Patricio }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgws
xn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\
pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols3\colno1\colw472
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
{3}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/}\fs1
8\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ (40 / 3)}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\m
arglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hectreas. En otras palabras: los tor
os comen tanta hierba como se precisa para cubrir un prado de}\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\{3}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ (40 / 3)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\} hectreas. En una semana 12 toros se comen un cuarto de e
sta cantidad, y un}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{toro come en una semana 1 / 48, es decir, la reserva de hierba que hay en un re
a de}\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\{3 1 / 3 + (40 / 3)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\} / 48 = (10 + 40}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) / 144 hectreas.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
x100 {De esa misma manera, con los datos del segundo prado, hallamos el rea de ste
que alimenta a}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {u
n solo toro durante una semana:}\par\pard\li2546\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li2546\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {crecimiento de la h
ierba en 1 Ha durante 1 semana =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \par\par
d\li2546\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {crecimiento de la hierba
en 1 Ha durante 9 semanas = 9}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \par\pard\li2
546\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {crecimiento de la hierba en 1
0 Ha durante 9 semanas = 90}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \par\pard\li760\
d\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La superficie del sector
que contiene hierba suficiente para alimentar 21 toros durante 9 semanas}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es igual a}\par\pard\li5
\charscalex100 {10 + 90}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El rea necesaria para mantener un toro duran
te una semana ser:}\par\pard\li3666\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3666\
ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(10 + 90}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) / 9 * 21 = (10 + 90}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) / 189}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213
{hectreas. Ambas normas de alimentacin deben ser idnticas:}\par\pard\li3786\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3786\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {(10 + 40}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)
/ 144 = (10 + 90}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{) / 189}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Al despejar la incgnita encontramos que y = 1
/ 12. Veamos ahora cul debe ser el rea del}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {prado con hierba suficiente para mantener un toro duran
te una semana:}\par\pard\li3240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3240\ri0
\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(10 + 40}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) / 144 = (10 + 40 / 12) / 144 = 5 / 54}\pa
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hectreas. Ocupmonos, por ltimo, de la pregunta del problema
. Si representamos el nmero}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {desconocido de toros con la}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, tendremos:}\par\pard\li3760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li3760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\{24 + (24 *
18 / 12)\} / 18}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x =}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {5 / 54}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-3
33\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde x = 36.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El tercer prado puede mantener 36 toros d
urante 18 semanas.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100
\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {10. El cambio de las maneci
llas del reloj}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {A. Moshkovski, bigrafo y amigo del famoso fsico Albert Einstein, en su de
seo de distraer a ste}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {durante su enfermedad, le propuso resolver el problema siguiente (fig.
8):}\i0 \par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-21
0 {Patricio }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
sxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst

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C7A9AB137C1DF055EB89F53D3EEF51BC28AB2DE5DEA170F2CC5542EE63BC0CE00E800F400715DE51
401CFD87817C27A67D98D9F86F4A8E4B5D8619BEC886452B8DADBC8DC58601DC4E73CE735D051450
01451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450
01451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450
01451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450
01451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450
01451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450
01451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450014514500145145001451450
01451450014514500145145007FFD9}
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {"Tomemos un relo
j - dijo Moshkovski - que tenga las saetas en las 12. Si en esta posicin el}\i0 \
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {minutero y el ho
rario cambiaran de funcin, la hora marcada sera la misma; pero a otras}\i0 \par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {horas, por ejemplo, a
las 6 esa permuta de las saetas dara lugar a un absurdo, a una situacin}\i0 \par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {que, en un reloj que
marchara normalmente no podra producirse; el minutero no puede hallarse}\i0 \par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {en las 6 cuando el h
orario se encuentra en las 12. De aqu surge la siguiente pregunta: Cundo}\i0 \par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y cada cunto tiempo oc
upan las manecillas de un reloj tal posicin en la cual al cambiar stas}\i0 \par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {de funcin entre s se pro
ducen nuevas situaciones posibles en un reloj normal?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { - S, contest Einstein, este problema e
s muy apropiado para un hombre obligado por su}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {enfermedad a permanecer postrado en el lecho
: despierta bastante inters y no es muy fcil. Me}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {temo, sin embargo, que la distraccin dure poc
o tiempo: he dado ya con la forma de resolverlo.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Se incorpor en el lecho y con unos cuantos
trazos dibuj en un papel un esquema que reflejaba}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {las condiciones del problema. Einstein no
necesit para resolverlo ms tiempo que el que he}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {empleado yo en formularlo..." Cmo se resuelve?}
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Midamos la distancia que recorren las manecillas, val
indonos de 60 divisiones de la esfera, a}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {partir de las 12. Supongamos que en una de las posiciones
buscadas, el horario se encuentra a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fracciones a partir d
el nmero 12, y el minutero, a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { divisiones.}\par\pard\li5040\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
0\i {Figura 8}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como las 60 fracciones son recorrid
as por el horario en 12 horas, es decir, a 5 divisiones por}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hora, entonces,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { partes de la esfera sern recorrida
s por el horario en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 { / 5 horas. Dicho con otras}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {palabras, habrn pasado}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 5 horas desde que el reloj dio las 12. El minutero
recorre}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { fra
cciones}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { minutos, es decir,
en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 60 hor
as. Expresado de otro modo: el minutero ha pasado la cifra 12}\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hace}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 60 o al cabo de}\par\pard\li4866\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4866\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 5 \uc1\u8211X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 60}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ho
ras despus de que ambas saetas se encontraban en las doce. Este nmero es entero (d
esde el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cero al 1
1), ya que muestra cuntas horas completas han pasado desde las doce. Al cambiar l
as}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {manecillas def
uncin encontraremos por analoga que a partir de las doce habrn pasado}\par\pard\li4
\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 5 \uc1\u8211X}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 60}\par\pard\li760\ri
alex100 {horas completas. Este nmero tambin es entero (desde el cero hasta el 11).
}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patri
cio }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240
\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage


\charscalex100 {Planteamos el siguiente sistema de ecuaciones:}\par\column\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect
\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw
5000\colsr-0\colno2\colw6440\pard\li4840\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i4840\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63729X}\par\column\pa
0\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx693\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u87
22X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx453
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 {\s
ub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240
\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li4840\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx5373\fs
16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63732X}\fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63732X}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {60}\par\pard\se
ct\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\co
lw4986\colsr-0\colno2\colw6453\pard\li4840\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u63730X}\par\pard\li4840\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u63732X}\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63732X}\par\column\pard\li
200\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx720\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\tab \fs2
4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\sub \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx413\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {5}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {60}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
one\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { son nmeros enteros comp
rendidos entre el 0 y el 11. En este sistema despejaremos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {las incgnitas:}\par\pard\li4173\ri0\sl-2
00\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = \{60 * (12}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {m}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)\} / 143}\par\pard\li4240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li4240\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = \{60 * (12}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {) / 143}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Asignando a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {m}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{n}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { un valor comprendido entre 0 y 11 determinar
emos todas las posiciones}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {requeridas de las saetas. Como cada uno de los 12 valores que tiene}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, puede ser conf
rontado con}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cada
uno de los 12 de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {, quizs parezca que el nmero de soluciones posibles puede ser 12*12 =}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {144; pero en realidad es
igual a 143, porque cuando}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 { = 0,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 { = 0, y si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 { = 11,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
= 11, las}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {manecil
la ocupan la misma posicin.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Cuando m = 11, n = 11 tenemos:}\par\pard\li5160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li5160\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 60}\par\pard\li5186\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 60}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-

00 {es decir, las manecillas estn en las 12, como en el caso de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {m}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {n}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {No nos detendremos a examinar todas las posi
ciones posibles; ocupmonos de dos casos: Primer}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {caso:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 1,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\i {n}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 1;}\par\pard\li4173\ri0\sl-21
0\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 60 * 13 / 143 = 55 / 11}\par\pard\li
charscalex100 {es decir, seala 1 hora 5 / 11 minutos; en este momento las manecil
las estn en el mismo sitio por}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {lo que pueden cambiar de funcin (como siempre que coincidan).}\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Segundo caso:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 8,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {n}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 5;}\par\pard\li3680\ri0\sl-213
{x = \{60 * (5 + 12 * 8)\} / 143}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8776X}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 42.38}\par\pard\li3680\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = \{90 * (8 + 12 * 5)\} / 1
43}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8776X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 28.53
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los momentos respectivos sern: las 8 horas y 28,53 mi
nutos y las 5 horas 42,38 minutos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {El nmero de soluciones, como se indic ya, es de 143. Para llegar
a los puntos de la esfera}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {donde se encuentran las posiciones requeridas de las saetas, hay que d
ividir la circunferencia de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {la esfera en 143 partes iguales, obteniendo 143 puntos que son los qu
e buscamos. En los espacios}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {intermedios no hay otras posiciones semejantes de las manecillas.}\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul
0 \par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patr
icio }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1224
0\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn
15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols2\colno1\colw8066\cols
r-0\colno2\colw3373\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Al
gebra Recreativa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0
lex100\b {11. Coincidencia de las saetas}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-41
3\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {En cuntas posiciones pueden coincidir el horario y e
l minutero de un reloj que marche}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {normalmente?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Podemos valernos
de las ecuaciones del problema anterior, ya que si las dos manecillas}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {coinciden, pueden cambiar e
ntre s de funcin sin que se produzca alteracin alguna. En este}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {caso, ambas saetas habrn recorrido el
mismo nmero de divisiones, a partir del nmero 12; es}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {decir,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x = y}
\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Por esta causa, los razonamientos del problema
precedente nos brindan la siguiente}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {expresin:}\par\pard\li4653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p

ard\li4653\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 { / 5 -}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { / 60 =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-21
{donde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { es u
n entero comprendido entre 0 y 11. Aqu podemos despejar la incgnita:}\par\pard\li4
\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 60 *}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {m}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 11}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\
De los doce valores de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 { (del 0 al 11) obtenemos en lugar de 12, slo 11 posiciones diversas de}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {las manecillas, t
oda vez que siendo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 { = 11 vemos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { = 60; es decir, ambas saetas han}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {recorrido 60 divisiones y se hallan en la cifra 12; es
to mismo sucede cuando}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {= 0.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\
60\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {12. El arte de adivinar nmero
s}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cada uno de
Uds. se encontraba indudablemente con "prestidigitadores" que pueden adivinar}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nmeros. Como regla
un prestidigitador propone realizar operaciones del siguiente carcter:}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pensar un nmero cualquiera,
adicionar 2, multiplicar el resultado por 3, restar 5, restar el nmero}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pensado etc., en total cinc
o o una decena de operaciones. Luego el prestidigitador pide que le}\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {comuniquen el resultado y, al
obtener la respuesta, en seguida comunica el nmero pensado.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Claro est que el secreto de la "presti
digitacin" es muy fcil y se basa en las mismas ecuaciones.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Supongamos que el prestidigitador le hay
a propuesto a Ud. realizar un programa de operaciones}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {indicado en la columna izquierda de la tabl
a siguiente:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\ma
rgrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw7826\colsr-0\colno2\colw3613\pard\li2093\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2093\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2093\ri
0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {piense un nmero}\par\pard\li2093\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {adicione 2}\par\pard\li2093\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el resultado multiplquelo por 3}\par\pard\
li2093\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reste 7}\par\pard\li2093\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reste el nmero pensado}\par\pard\li
2093\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {multiplique por 2}\par\pard\
li2093\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reste 1}\par\column\pard\l
rd\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x + 2}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3x + 6}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3x - 1}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2x + 1}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {4x + 2}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\i {4x + 1}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\ma
rglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0
\charscalex100 {Luego el prestidigitador pide que le comuniquen el resultado fin
al y - , al obtenerlo, dice al}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {instante el nmero pensado. Cmo lo hace?}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\s

0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margr
sxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
scalex100 {Para comprender esto, hay que mirar la columna derecha de la tabla, d
onde las indicaciones del}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {prestidigitador estn traducidas al idioma del lgebra. Mirando esta column
a se puede}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {compre
nder, que si Ud. ha pensado cualquier nmero x, entonces realizadas todas las oper
aciones}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se obtend
r 4x - 1. Conociendo este resultado no es difcil "adivinar" el nmero.}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Supongamos, por ejemplo, que U
d. haya dicho al prestidigitador que el resultado es 33. Entonces}\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el prestidigitador resuelve men
talmente muy rpido la ecuacin 4x \uc1\u8211X 1 = 33 y obtiene la}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {respuesta: x = 8. Es decir, hace f
alta restar 1 del resultado final (33 - 1 - = 32) y luego el nmero}\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {obtenido se divide entre 4 (32
: 4 = 8), El resultado de esta divisin es el nmero pensado (8). Si}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el resultado final es 25, entonc
es el prestidigitador hace mentalmente las siguientes operaciones}\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {25 \uc1\u8211X 1 = 24, 24 / 4 =
6 y le comunica que Ud. ha pensado el nmero 6.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como se ve todo es muy fcil. El prestidigitador sab
e de antemano qu hace falta hacer con el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {resultado para obtener el nmero pensado.}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Despus de comprender esto Ud. puede
asombrar y desconcertar an ms a sus amigos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {proponindoles a ellos mismos escoger segn su propio parec
er, el carcter de operaciones sobre}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {un nmero pensado. Ud. propone a su amigo pensar un nmero y reali
zar en cualquier orden}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {operaciones del carcter siguiente: sumar o restar un nmero conocido (por eje
mplo: sumar 2,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {re
star 5, etc.), multiplicar}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\

f0\charscalex100 { por un nmero conocido (por 2, por 3, etc.), sumar o restar el
nmero}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pensado. Su
amigo, para embrollarle, va a amontonar una serie de operaciones. Por ejemplo, l
ha}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pensado el nmer
o 5 (el nmero pensado no se le comunica a Ud.) y realizando operaciones le}\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dice:}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - he pensado un nmero, lo he multi
plicado por 2, al resultado he sumado 3, luego he sumado el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nmero pensado, al resultado he sumado
1, todo lo he multiplicado por 2, he restado el nmero}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pensado, luego he restado 3, una vez ms he re
stado el nmero pensado, he restado 2. Por fin, el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {resultado lo he multiplicado por 2 y he sumado 3
.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Al decidir que l
le ha embrollado por completo l comunica a Ud. con el aspecto triunfante:}\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - el resultado final e
s 49.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Para su aso
mbro Ud. le comunica inmediatamente que l ha pensado el nmero 5.}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cmo lo hace Ud.? Ahora todo eso es b
astante claro. Cuando su amigo le comunica las}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {operaciones que l est realizando con el nmero pensado
, Ud. a la vez acta mentalmente con la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {incgnita x. El le dice: "He pensado un nmero...", Ud. repite
mentalmente: "entonces tenemos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {x". El dice: "...lo he multiplicado por 2..." (l de veras realiza l
a multiplicacin de nmeros), Ud.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {prosigue mentalmente; "...ahora tenemos 2x". El dice: "...al result
ado he sumado 3...", Ud. le}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {sigue inmediatamente: 2x + 3 etc. Cuando l le "ha embrollado" completa
mente y ha realizado}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {todas las operaciones mencionadas arriba, Ud. ha llegado al resultado indica
do en la tabla}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {si
guiente (en la columna izquierda est escrito todo lo dicho en voz alta por su ami
go y en la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {derech
a - las operaciones que Ud. ha hecho mentalmente):}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw7346\colsr-0\co
lno2\colw4093\pard\li1813\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1813\ri0\sl-34
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {He pensado un nmero}\par\pard\li1813\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lo he multiplicado por 2}\par\pard\li18
13\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {al resultado he sumado 3}\par\
pard\li1813\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {luego he sumado el nme
ro pensado}\par\pard\li1813\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ahora
he sumado 1}\par\pard\li1813\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el
resultado lo he multiplicado por 2}\par\pard\li1813\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {he restado el nmero pensado}\par\pard\li1813\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {he restado 3}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2x}\i0 \par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2x + 3}\i0 \par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3x + 3}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3x + 4}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {6x + 8}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {5x + 8}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {5x + 5}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghs
xn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw8373\colsr-0\colno2\colw3066\pa
0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Mejor que no le permita dividir, pues la divisin complica mucho la prestidigitacin
.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu

slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pa
tricio }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12
240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghs
xn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols3\colno1\colw7346\co
lsr-0\colno2\colw720\colsr-0\colno3\colw3373\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\pard\li1813\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1813\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ms he rest
ado el nmero pensado}\par\pard\li1813\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {he restado 2}\par\pard\li1813\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{por fin, el resultado lo he multiplicado por 2}\par\pard\li1813\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y he sumado 3}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
{4x + 5}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {4x +
3}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {8x + 6}\i0
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {8x + 9}\i0 \par\
column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\p
0\charscalex100 {Ud. ha pensado por ltimo: el resultado final es 8x + 9. Ahora l d
ice: "El resultado final es 49".}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Ud. tiene ya la ecuacin hecha: 8x + 9 = 49. Resolverla es una fut
ilidad y Ud. le comunica en el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {acto que l ha pensado el nmero 5. Esta prestidigitacin es particularm
ente impresionante}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{porque las operaciones que hace falta realizar con el nmero pensado no las prop
one Ud., sino su}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
amigo las "inventa".}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Sin embargo, hay un caso cuando la prestidigitacin no tiene xito. Si Ud. despus
de realizar}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(con
tando mentalmente) una serie de operaciones ha obtenido, por ejemplo, x + 14, y
su amigo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dice lue
go: "...ahora he restado el nmero pensado y el resultado final es 14". Ud. le sig
ue (x +}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14) - x =
14, de verdad resulta 14, pero no hay ninguna ecuacin y por eso Ud. no puede adi
vinar}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el nmero pen
sado. Qu es necesario hacer en este caso? Obre as: tan pronto Ud. tenga el}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {resultado que no contiene
la incgnita x, interrumpa a su amigo, dicindole: "Pare! Ahora puedo}\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sin preguntar nada comunicarte
el resultado que tienes. Es 14". Esto de veras va a desconcertar a}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {su amigo, pues l no le ha dicho
completamente nada. A pesar de que Ud. no supo adivinar el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nmero pensado, la prestidigitacin ha re
sultado esplndida.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{He aqu un ejemplo ms (como antes en la columna izquierda se encuentra lo dicho po
r su}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {amigo):}\par
\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\c
par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {He pensado un nmer
o}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a este nmero he
sumado 2}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el res
ultado lo he multiplicado por 2}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {ahora he sumado 3}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {he restado el nmero pensado}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {he sumado 5}\par\pard\li1746\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {luego he restado el nmero pensado}\par\column\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x
+ 2}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2x + 4}\

i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2x + 7}\i0 \pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x + 7}\i0 \par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x + 12}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {12}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
ne\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En el m
omento cuando el resultado ha sido 12, es decir, es una frmula que no tiene ms la}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {incgnita}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, Ud. interrumpe al am
igo comunicndole que ahora el resultado es 12.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Despus de practicar un poco Ud. podr fcilmente mostrar
a sus amigos semejantes}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {"prestidigitaciones".}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\ch
arscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {13. Un supuesto
absurdo}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {
Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
He aqu un problema que puede parecer incongruente: Cul es la equivalencia de 84 si
8 * 8 =}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {54?}\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Esta inslita pregunta e
st muy lejos de carecer de sentido, y puede ser resuelta mediante}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ecuaciones.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pruebe a descifrarla.}\par\pard\li760
rscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Probablemente habrn comprendido que los datos del problema no pertenecen
al sistema decimal,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {pues en caso contrario, la pregunta "Cul es la equivalencia de 84?" sera un absu
rdo.}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P
atricio }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1
2240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pgh
sxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols2\colno1\colw8066\c
{Algebra Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marg
lsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Supongamos que la base del sistema des
conocido de numeracin es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {. El nmero "84" equivale}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {entonces a 8 unidades de segundo orden y 4 unidades del primer
o, es decir}\par\pard\li4773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4773\ri0\sl
-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220X84" = 8}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 4.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El
nmero "54" equivale a 5}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 { + 4. Tenemos, por lo tanto, la ecuacin}\par\pard\li4746\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4746\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8 * 8
= 5}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 4,}\par\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es decir, en el sistema de numeracin decimal sera 64 = 5}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 4,}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 12.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Este nmero est expresado en el sistema de base
12, y "84" = 8 * 12 + 4 = 100. Por lo tanto, si 8}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {* 8 = "54", "84" ser igual a 100.}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De esta misma manera se resuel
ve otro de los problemas de este tipo: Cul es el equivalente de}\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100, si 5 * 6 = 33?}\par\pard\li760

\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Respuesta: 81 (sistema de base 9
).}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\
i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {14. La ecuacin piensa por nosotros}\b0 \par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si no cree que las ecu
aciones son a veces ms previsoras que nosotros mismos resuelva este}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {problema:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El padre tiene 32 aos; el hijo, 5. Al c
abo de cuntos aos ser la edad del padre diez veces}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mayor que la del hijo?}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Expresemos el tiempo buscado con}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Al cabo de x aos el pa
dre tendr 32 +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ aos; y el hijo, 5 +}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { aos. Y como el padre debe tener 10 veces
ms aos que el hijo, se establece la ecuacin}\par\pard\li4440\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li4440\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {32 +}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 10 * (5 +}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).}\par\pard\li76
arscalex100 {Al resolverla hallamos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = - 2.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {"Al cabo de menos 2 aos" significa "hace dos aos". Al plantear l
a ecuacin no pensbamos que}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {en el futuro la edad del padre no sera nunca 10 veces superior a la del h
ijo; esa correlacin pudo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {tener lugar slo en el pasado. La ecuacin ha sido ms reflexiva que nosotros,
y nos ha recordado}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{nuestro descuido.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex10
0\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {15. Curiosidades y sorpres
as}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hay ocasio
nes en las que al resolver las ecuaciones tropezamos con soluciones que pueden}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {desconcertar a un
matemtico poco ducho. Veamos algunos ejemplos:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {I.}\b
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Hallar un nmero de dos cifras que tenga las siguie
ntes propiedades:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{La cifra de las decenas debe ser 4 unidades inferior a la cifra de las unidades
. Si ese mismo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nme
ro se escribe invirtiendo el lugar de sus cifras y se le sustrae el nmero buscado
, se obtiene}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {27.
Expresando el guarismo de las decenas con la x, y el de las unidades con la y, f
ormaremos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fcilment
e el siguiente sistema de ecuaciones para este problema:}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl
}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pgh
sxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840
\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols5\colno1\colw4160\colsr-0\c
olno2\colw133\colsr-0\colno3\colw746\colsr-0\colno4\colw3026\colsr-0\colno5\colw
3373\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativ
a}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63729X}\par\column\pard\li186\ri0\sl-2
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li186\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx560\fs24\cf0
\f1\charscalex100 {=}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li0\

ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\column\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\se
\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63730X}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u6373
1X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx453\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+
}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\sl
mult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\
\li4280\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx4960\*\tx5373\*\tx6053\*\tx6520\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0
\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {27}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si el valor que tiene}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}
\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { en la primera ecuacin se coloca en la segunda, r
esultar que}\par\pard\li4013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4013\ri0\sl333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 { \uc1\u8211X 4(10(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 { - 4) +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {) = 27}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {al operar tendremos que}\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {36 = 27.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {No se ha hallado el va
lor de las incgnitas, pero se ha visto que 36 = 27... qu quiere decir esto?}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Esto significa que no ex
iste ningn nmero compuesto de dos cifras que responda a las}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {condiciones del problema, y que las ecu
aciones planteadas se contradicen mutuamente. En efecto,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {multipliquemos ambos miembros de la prim
era igualdad por 9 y tendremos:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {9y - 9x - = 36}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {y de la segunda ecuacin (despus de abrir los parntesis y reducir los tr
minos semejantes)}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{resulta:}\par\pard\li4853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4853\ri0\sl-3
46\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9y - 9x = 27.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\
Segn la primera ecuacin 9y - 9x es igual a 36 y de acuerdo con la segunda equivale
a 27. Esto}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es a
todas luces imposible, por cuanto 36}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8800X}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 27. Una confusin anloga espera a quien resuelva el}\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {siguiente sistema d
e ecuaciones:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\m
argrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw5000\colsr-0\colno2\colw933\colsr-0\colno3\colw5506\
6\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63729X}\par\pard\li4866\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63730X}\par\pard\li4866\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63731X}\par\column\pard\li133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li133\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx760\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\sub
\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs26\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx453\fs26\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \*\tx333\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {y}\i0 { }\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\li160\ri0\sl-266\slmult0

\*\tx693\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}\tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs2
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\m
arglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Al dividir la primera ecuacin por la
segunda obtendremos:}\par\pard\li5040\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5
040\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x * y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { = 2}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y si confrontamos la ecuacin obtenida
con la segunda del sistema veremos que}\par\pard\li5040\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li5040\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x * y = 4}\p
ar\pard\li5040\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x * y = 2}\par\par
\f0\charscalex100 {es decir, que 4 = 2. No hay cifras que satisfagan las condici
ones de este sistema.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {(Sistemas de ecuaciones, seme
jantes a los que acabamos de examinar que no pueden ser}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {resueltos, se llaman no combinados.
)}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {II.}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Si cambi
amos un tanto las condiciones del problema anterior recibiremos otra sorpresa.}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Supongamos que la
cifra de las decenas es menor en 3 unidades que la cifra de las unidades. Las}\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dems condiciones del
problema permanecen invariables Cul ser este nmero? Planteemos la}\par\pard\li8373\
rd\li8373\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio }\fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\margl
sxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
scalex100 {ecuacin. Si expresamos la cifra de las decenas con la}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, la de las unidades ser}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 3.}\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Traduzcamos el problema al id
ioma del lgebra:}\par\pard\li3640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3640\ri
0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10 * (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i

{x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 3) +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\
i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - [10}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { + 3)] = 27.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Al reducir se obtiene 27 = 27
.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Esta igualdad e
s incuestionable, pero nada nos dice de la raz de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Significa esto que no existe}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ningn valor que responda a las co
ndiciones del problema?}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Por el contrario. Esto se debe a que la igualdad dada es una identidad, e
s decir, que es cierta}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {cualquiera que sea la magnitud de la incgnita}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. En efecto, las condiciones del problema
son}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vlidas para to
do nmero compuesto de dos cifras siempre que el guarismo de las unidades sea}\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mayor en 3 unidades q
ue el de las decenas:}\par\pard\li4840\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4
840\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14 + 27 = 41}\par\pard\li4840
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {47 + 27 = 74}\par\pard\li4840\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {25 + 27 = 52}\par\pard\li4840\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {58 + 27 = 85}\par\pard\li4840\ri0\sl-2
93\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {36 + 27 = 63}\par\pard\li4813\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {69 + 27 = 96.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {I
II.}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Hallar un nmero de tres cifras que responda
a las siguientes condiciones:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {1. La cifra de las decenas sea 7;}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2. La cifra de las centenas sea inferior en 4 unid
ades a la cifra de las unidades;}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {3. Si las cifras del mismo se colocan en orden inverso, el nuevo
nmero ser 396 unidades mayor}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {que el buscado.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Formemos la ecuacin sustituyendo la cifra de las unidades con la x:}\pa
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 { + 70 +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { - 4 - [100(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 { - 4) + 70 +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {] = 396.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Despus de reducida esta ecuacin se llega
a la igualdad 396 = 396.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Los lectores conocen ya cmo hay que interpretar los resultados de este t
ipo. Esto significa que}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {un nmero de tres cifras, en el que la primera es menor que la tercera}{\su
per \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { en 4 unidade
s, aumenta en}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {396
si se le coloca en orden inverso.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Hasta ahora hemos examinado problemas que tienen un carcter ms o
menos artificioso y}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {terico; su misin consiste en contribuir a que se adquiera hbito en el planteami
ento y la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {solucin
de ecuaciones. Ahora, pertrechados tericamente, ofreceremos algunos ejemplos}\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {relacionados con la p
roduccin, la vida cotidiana, y la actividad militar y deportiva.}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\l
\charscalex100\b {16. En la peluquera}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Puede el lgebra tener alguna aplicacin en la peluque

ra? Resulta que puede darse esa}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {circunstancia. Me convenc de ello en cierta ocasin, cuando enc
ontrndome en un}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {establecimiento de esa clase, se dirigi a m un oficial con una inesperada peti
cin:}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\s
sl-266\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La cifra de las decenas no juega ningn papel}\par\pard\li8
\charscalex100 {Patricio }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Barros}\par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpag
e
7;32768}}
scalex100\i { - No podr resolvernos usted un problema que no sabemos cmo hacerlo? No se imagina}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {cunta agua oxigenada hemos echado a perder por esa causa! - agreg otro.}\i0 \pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { - De qu se trata? pregunt.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { Tenemos dos soluciones de agua oxigenada: al 30% una, y al 3% ]a otra. Debemos
mezclarlas}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
de tal forma que obtengamos una solucin al 12%. Pero no podemos hallar las propor
ciones}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {corr
espondientes...}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {Me dieron un papel y encontr la proporcin que buscaban. Result ser un problema
muy fcil.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El problema puede ser resuelto tambin por va
aritmtica, pero mediante el lgebra se obtiene el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {resultado con ms sencillez y prontitud. Supongamos
que para formar la mezcla al 12% hay que}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tomar}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 { gramos de solucin al 3% e}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { gramos al 30% . Siendo as, la primera porcin conten
dr}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0,03}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { gramos de agua oxigena
da pura}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, la

segunda, 0,3 y; en total habr}\par\pard\li4853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li4853\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0,03}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 0,3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {y}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Con esto resultar (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {x + y}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) gramos de solucin, en la que el agu
a oxigenada pura ser 0,12 (}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x + y}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {).}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Tenemos la ecuacin}\par\pard\li4160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4160
\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0,03}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 0,3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 0,12 (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x + y}\i0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De esta ecuacin hallamos:}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 2}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, es decir, que deber tom
arse doble cantidad de solucin al 3%}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {que la empleada del 30%.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \
fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i {Volver}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {17. El tran
va y el peatn}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
\i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {Cuando marchaba a lo largo de la lnea del tranva observ que cada 12 minutos m
e alcanzaba}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{uno de esos vehculos, y cada 4 minutos otro de ellos pasaba en direccin contraria
. Tanto los}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{vehculos como yo nos desplazbamos con velocidad constante}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Cada cuntos minutos salan los tranvas
de las estaciones terminales?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si los tranvas salan cada
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { minutos, es
o quiere decir que por aquel lugar donde yo me}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {encontraba con un tranva tena que pasar el siguiente
despus de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { mi
nutos. Si el vehculo iba en}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {mi direccin, entonces en 12 -}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { minutos deba recorrer el camino que yo haca en 12 minut
os.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Eso significa
que el camino que yo andaba en un minuto el tranva lo haca en (12 -}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) / 12}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {minutos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si el tranva iba en direccin contraria nos cru
zaramos 4 minutos despus de haberme}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {encontrado con el anterior, y en el tiempo restante (}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - 4) minutos deba recorre
r el camino hecho}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{por m en esos 4 minutos. Por lo tanto, el camino que yo andaba en 1 minuto lo ha
ca el tranva}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en (}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { \uc1\u8211X 4) /
4 minutos. Tenemos pues la ecuacin}\par\pard\li4320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li4320\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(12 -}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) / 12 = (}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - 4) / 4}\par\pard\li760\ri
alex100 {De donde se deduce que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 { = 6. Cada 6 minutos iniciaban los tranvas su itinerario.}\par
lmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Barros}

\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\par
d\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
scalex100 {Puede proponerse la siguiente resolucin (en esencia es una solucin arit
mtica). Expresemos la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {distancia que separaba a los tranvas entre s con la letra}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Entonces la distancia que media
ba}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entre el tranva
que iba a mi encuentro y yo, disminua en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 4 cada minuto (por cuanto la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {distancia entre el tranva que acababa
de pasar y el siguiente, igual a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {, la recorramos en 4}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {minutos). Si el tranva iba en mi direccin, la distancia ent
re nosotros se reduca cada minuto en}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/12. Supongamos que yo ma
rchara hacia delante durante un minuto y, despus, anduviera otro}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {minuto hacia atrs (es decir, regre
sara al punto de partida). En este caso la distancia que mediaba}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entre el tranva - que iba a mi en
cuentro - disminua durante el primer minuto en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a
}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 4 , y en el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {segundo minuto, en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 12. En consecuencia, en el lapso de 2 mi
nutos, la distancia entre nosotros}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {se reduca en}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 { / 4 +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { / 12 =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 { / 3. Lo mismo habra ocurrido si yo hubiera permanecido inmvil}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en el sitio, ya, que, en fin d
e cuentas, volvera hacia atrs. De esta manera, si yo no hubiera}\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {avanzado, en un minuto (no en dos)
el tranva se hubiese acercado hacia m}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 3 : 2 =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { / 6 , y}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {toda la distancia a la habra recorrido en 6 minutos. Por ello, para

un observador inmvil, los}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {tranvas pasaban con intervalos de 6 minutos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\s
lmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\b {18. El barco y la balsa}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Un barco se desplaza 5 horas sin interrupcin ro abajo desd
e la ciudad A a la ciudad B. De}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {vuelta avanza contra la corriente (con su marcha ordinaria
y sin detenerse) durante 7 horas.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {Cuntas horas necesitar una balsa para desplazarse de la ciud
ad A a la B, yendo a la misma}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {velocidad de la corriente?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {S
olucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Exprese
mos con x el tiempo (en horas) que necesita el barco para recorrer la distancia
que separa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A de B
en el agua estancada (es decir, con la velocidad del barco) y con y, el tiempo
que se}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {desliza la
balsa. Siendo as, en una hora el barco recorre 1 / x de la distancia AB, y la ba
lsa (al}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {igual que
la corriente) 1 / y de esta distancia. Por esta razn, el barco, marchando impuls
ado por}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la corrie
nte, en una hora recorre 1 / x + 1 / y de la distancia AB, y hacia arriba (contr
a la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {corriente) 1
/ x \uc1\u8211X 1 / y . Por las condiciones del problema se deduce que hacia ab
ajo el barco hace}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{en una hora 1 / 5 de la distancia, y, hacia arriba, 1 / 7 . De aqu el sistema:}\
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 /}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 { + 1 /}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 { = 1 / 5}\par\pard\li4586\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {1 /}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { \u
c1\u8211X 1 /}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ = 1 / 7}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Observamos que para solucionar este sistema
no debemos hacer desaparecer los denominadores:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es suficiente con restar la segunda ecuacin de la
primera. Operando resultar:}\par\pard\li4853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li4853\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2 /}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 2 / 35}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
100 {de donde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ = 35. Las balsas se deslizarn desde A hasta B en 35 horas.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i {Volver}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
0\b {19. Dos botes de caf}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
6\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Barr
os}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\
pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

7;32768}}
scalex100\i {Dos botes llenos de caf tienen la misma forma y estn hechos de la mis
ma hojalata. El primero}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {pesa 2 kg y tiene 12 cm de altura; el segundo pesa 1 kg y mide 9,5
cm de altura. Cul es el peso}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {neto del caf en los dos botes?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {S
olucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Exprese
mos el peso del contenido del bote grande con}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x
}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, y el del pequeo con}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. El peso de los}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {botes lo expresaremos con}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {t}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { respectivamente. De donde se obtien
en las siguientes ecuaciones:}\par\pard\li5013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x + z}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 2}\par\pard\l
i5040\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y + t}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 { = 1}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Teniendo en cuenta que los pesos de
l contenido de ambos botes repletos se relacionan entre s}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {como sus propios volmenes es decir, como
el cubo de sus alturas}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {, resulta que}\par\pard\li3773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li3773\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x / y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 { = 12}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {/ 9.5}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f1\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u8776X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 2.02 }{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 2.02}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {y}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-36
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El peso de los botes vacos se relaciona ent
re s como se relacionan sus superficies completas, es}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {decir, como los cuadrados de sus alturas. Po
r ello}\par\pard\li3893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3893\ri0\sl-346\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z / t}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 1
2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 9.5}
{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u877
6X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 1.6 }{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 1.60}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t}\i0 \par\pard\li7
harscalex100 {Sustituyendo los valores de x y de z en la primera ecuacin resultar
el sistema}\par\pard\li4573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4573\ri0\sl-
346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2,02}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}

\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 1,60}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t}\i0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 2}\par\pard\li5040\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {y + t}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 1}\par\pard\li760\ri0
lex100 {Al resolverlo tendremos:}\par\pard\li4173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li4173\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 { = 20 / 21 = 0.95,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t}\i0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 0.05}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por lo tanto,}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 1,92,}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 0,08.}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El peso del caf sin el envase ser:
el del bote grande, 1,92 kg; el del pequeo, 0,94 kg.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\
slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
100\b {20. Velada}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {A una velada asistieron 20 personas. Mara bail con siete muchachos; Ol
ga, con ocho; Vera,}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {con nueve, y as hasta llegar a Nina, que bail con todos ellos. Cuntos mucha
chos haba en la}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {velada?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
scalex100 {3}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Esta prop
orcin puede ser aplicada slo en el caso en que los lados de los botes no sean dema
siado gruesos, por}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{cuanto la superficie, la interna y la externa del bote no son semejantes, y la
altura de su parte interna tiene cierta}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {diferencia con la altura de la propia caja.}\par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {Patricio }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Barros}\par\pard\sect\sec
td\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpa
ge\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols2
\colno1\colw8066\colsr-0\colno2\colw3373\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1224
0\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La solucin del proble
ma es muy sencilla si se elige con acierto la incgnita. Busquemos el}\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nmero de las jvenes, que expres
aremos con la}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn1
33\cols2\colno1\colw3733\colsr-0\colno2\colw7706\pard\li3026\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
er \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\par\pard\li3026\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li3026\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {3}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-33
3\slmult0 \*\tx2453\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mara bail con }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {6 + 1}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {muchachos}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-29
3\slmult0 \*\tx1693\*\tx2453\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Olga bail con}\tab \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6 + 2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {muchachos}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1693\*\tx2453\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Vera bail c
on}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6 + 3}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mucha
chos}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn13
3\cols4\colno1\colw3733\colsr-0\colno2\colw1693\colsr-0\colno3\colw760\colsr-0\c
olno4\colw5253\pard\li3026\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {...}\p
ar\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {...}\par\colum
n\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {...}\par\column\pard\l

i0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {...}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
ne\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3733\colsr-0
\colno2\colw7706\pard\li3026\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\
super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\*\tx1693\*\tx2453\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Nina bail con}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {6 +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {muchachos}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn
{Establezcamos la siguiente ecuacin:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + (6 +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {) = 20, de donde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 7, por lo tanto, el nmero de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {muchachos era 20 - 7 = 13.}\par\pard\li760\
\charscalex100\b {21. Exploracin marina}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Primer problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {El explorador (la nave de reconocimiento
), que marchaba con el resto de la escuadra, recibi la}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {tarea de explorar el mar en una zona
de 70 millas en la direccin en que marchaba la escuadra.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {La velocidad de sta era de 35 millas
por hora; la del barco explorador, de 70 millas por hora.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Cunto tiempo tardar ste en incorpora
rse de nuevo a la escuadra?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Designemos el nmero de hor
as buscadas con la}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {. Durante este tiempo la escuadra recorri 35}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
x}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {millas; y l
a nave de reconocimiento, 70}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {. Esta naveg 70 millas hacia adelante y una parte de esta}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ruta al regreso; la otra pa
rte fue hecha por el resto de la escuadra. Todos juntos recorrieron 70}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { +}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {35}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, lo que es iguala 2 * 70 millas. De aqu la ecuacin}\p
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {70}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 { + 35}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 { = 140,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-3
33\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde}\par\pard\li4506\ri0\sl-213\slmu
}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 140 / 105 horas.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\
La embarcacin exploradora se incorpor a la escuadra, aproximadamente, al cabo de h
ora 20}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {minutos.}\
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Segundo problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {El barco explorador recibi la orden de h
acer el reconocimiento en la direccin que llevaba la}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {escuadra. Tres horas despus, la nave deba
incorporarse a la escuadra. Al cabo de cunto}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {tiempo, a partir del momento en que s distancia
de la escuadra, debe iniciar el barco}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {explorador el regreso, si su velocidad es de 60 nudos
, y la de la escuadra de 40 nudos?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Supongamos que la

nave de reconocimiento deba volver al cabo de x horas; eso significa que se}\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alej de la escuadra}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { horas, y march d
e vuelta, a su encuentro, 3 -}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 { horas. Mientras todos los}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {barcos marchaban en una misma direccin, en}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { horas pudo la embarcacin
exploradora alejarse a}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {una distancia igual a la diferencia entre las distancias recorridas por c
ada uno, es decir, en}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8
\charscalex100 {Patricio }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Barros}\par\pard\sect\sect
e\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols3\
colno1\colw4586\colsr-0\colno2\colw3480\colsr-0\colno3\colw3373\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {60}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - 40}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 20}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x
}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\p
ghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cuando regres el explora
dor haba cubierto, en direccin a la escuadra, una distancia de 60 * (3}\par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {), en tanto que la escuadra haba recorri
do 40 * (3 -}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
). Uno y otra recorrieron juntos 10}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {. Por}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {lo tanto}\par\pard\li3920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3920\
ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {60 * (3 -}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) + 40 * (3 -}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) = 20}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde}\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 2 1/2.}\par\pard\l
\charscalex100 {El explorador tuvo que modificar el rumbo, iniciando el regreso,
al cabo de 2 horas y 30 minutos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {a partir del momento en que abandon la escuadra.}\par\pard\li760\
\charscalex100\b {22. En el veldromo}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Dos ciclistas corren por el veldromo a velocidades
constantes. Al llevar direcciones opuestas se}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {encuentran cada 10 segundos; cuando van en la
misma direccin, un ciclista alcanza al otro}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {cada 170 segundos, Cul es la velocidad que desarr
olla cada ciclista si la longitud de la pista}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {es de 170 m?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si la
velocidad del primer ciclista es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {, en 10 segundos habr recorrido 10}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { metros. El segundo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(yendo al encuentro) recorre el resto

de la vuelta en el intervalo que media entre dos cruces, es}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {decir, 170 - 10}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { metros. Si la velocidad del segundo
es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, esto con
stituye 10}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { metr
os; por lo tanto}\par\pard\li4680\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4680\r
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {170 - l0}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = l0}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si los ciclistas
marchan uno tras otro, en 170 segundos el primero recorre 170}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { metros, y el}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {segundo, 170}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { metros. Si el primero marcha ms de pris
a que el segundo, de un encuentro al otro}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {corre una vuelta ms que el segundo, es decir,}\par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100 {170}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 { - 170}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { =
170.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Al simplificar stas ecuaciones, tenemos:}\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x + y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 17,}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {x \uc1\u8211X y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 1}\par\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 { = 9,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { = 8 (metros por segundo).}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\c
f1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {23. Carr
era de motocicletas}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio }\f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn
15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\ma
rglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols2\colno1\colw8066\colsr-0\coln
o2\colw3373\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Re
creativa}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yak
ov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\mar
grsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {En una carrera de motocicletas, tres mquinas sal
ieron simultneamente. La segunda hace 15}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {km por hora menos que la primera, y 3 km ms que la t
ercera y llega a la meta 12 minutos}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {despus que la primera y 3 minutos antes que la tercera.
Durante el recorrido no se registraron}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {paradas.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Hay que determinar:}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a
. La distancia de la carrera,}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {b. La velocidad de cada motocicleta y}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {c. El tiempo empleado por cada mqui
na.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aunque las incgnitas llegan a siete, se emplean slo
dos para resolver el problema. Formemos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un sistema de dos ecuaciones con dos incgnitas.}\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Expresando la velocidad de
la segunda moto con la}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char

scalex100 {, la velocidad de la primera ser}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 15, y la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de la tercera}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - 3. La distancia se expresa con la}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. En este caso la duracin de la
carrera fue:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para la primera motocicleta}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 15)}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para la segunda motocicleta}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { /}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para
la tercera motocicleta}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 { / (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
\uc1\u8211X 3)}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La segunda mquina hizo el recorrido en
12 minutos (1 / 5 de hora) ms que la primera. Por ello}\par\pard\li4266\ri0\sl-21
0\i {y / x \uc1\u8211X y /}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 15) = 1 / 5}\par\pard\li760\r
calex100 {La tercera emple en la carrera 3 minutos (1 / 20 de hora) ms que la segu
nda. Por consiguiente,}\par\pard\li4293\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
4293\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { / (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 3) \uc1\u8211X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ /}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 1 / 2
0}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Multiplicando por 4 esta ecuacin y restndola de la an
terior, se obtiene:}\par\pard\li3426\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li342
6\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y / x \uc1\u8211X y}\i0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 { + 15) \uc1\u8211X4[}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y / (x}\i0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - 3) \uc1\u8211X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y / x}\
i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {] = 0}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dividimos todos
los trminos por}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u88
00X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 0) y quitamos los denominadores, con lo que se
obtiene:}\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2106\ri0\sl-36
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - 15) * (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {- 3) -}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {* (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 { - 3) - 4}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ * (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 15) + 4
* (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 15) * (}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - 3) = 0}\par\p
f0\f0\charscalex100 {y al abrir parntesis y reducir los trminos semejantes, result
ar:}\par\pard\li4866\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4866\ri0\sl-346\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 { - 225 = 0}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 75. Conociendo la}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { se obtiene el valor
de la}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { en la
primera ecuacin.}\par\pard\li4466\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4466\r
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ / 75 \uc1\u8211X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal

ex100 { / 90 = 1 / 5}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 90.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De aqu que la velocidad de las motocicletas sea
: 90, 75 y 72 km por hora. La distancia ser de 90}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {km.}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio }\fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn158
40\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\margl
sxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols2\colno1\colw8066\colsr-0\colno2\
colw3373\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recre
ativa}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov
Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrs
xn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dividiendo la distancia por la velocidad de cada mot
ocicleta se obtiene el tiempo invertido por}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cada mquina:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la primera: 1
hora}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la segunda:
1 hora y 12 minutos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {la tercera: 1 hora y 15 minutos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De esta forma se h
a encontrado el valor de las siete incgnitas.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0
\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2
4. Velocidad media}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {Un automvil cubri la distancia entre dos ciudades a 60 km por hora e
hizo el viaje de regreso}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\i {a 40 km por hora. Cul fue la velocidad media de su recorrido?}\i0 \p
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {La aparente sencillez del problema confunde a muchos. Sin p
ensar detenidamente en l, hallan la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {media aritmtica de 60 y 40, es decir, la semisuma}\par\pard\li4
\charscalex100 {(60 + 40) / 2 = 50}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Esta "simple" solu
cin sera cierta si la ida y la vuelta hubieran durado el mismo tiempo. Pero es}\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {evidente que el reco
rrido de vuelta (a menos velocidad) requiere ms tiempo que la ida. Si}\par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tenemos esto en cuenta, vere
mos que la respuesta de 50 km es errnea.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Y as es, en efecto. La ecuacin nos da otra solucin. No resul
ta difcil establecer la ecuacin si}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {introducimos una incgnita auxiliar: la magnitud}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {l}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, distancia entre las dos ciud
ades. Expresemos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
con}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { la veloc
idad media buscada y formemos la ecuacin}\par\pard\li4346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li4346\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2 *}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / x =}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 60 +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {l}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 40}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-21
{Comoquiera que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u8800X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 0, podemos dividir la ecuacin por
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, obteniendo
,}\par\pard\li4453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4453\ri0\sl-360\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2 /}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\

cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 1 / 60 + 1 / 40}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde}\pa
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 2 / (1 / 60 + 1
/ 40) = 48}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-3
46\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De esta forma vemos que la respuesta acer
tada no es 50, sino 48 km por hora. Si resolviramos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {este mismo problema con letras (en la ida, el
automvil }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {marchaba a una velocidad de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { por hora,}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y de vuelta, a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\i {b}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { por hora y obtendramos la ecuacin
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { /}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 { =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l / a + l / b}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {de donde al despejar la x resultar}\par\pard\li4680\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li4680\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2 / (1 /}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 1 /}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {b}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li8373\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Patricio }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgw
sxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols2\colno
1\colw8066\colsr-0\colno2\colw3373\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Esto se denomina media harmnica de las magnitudes}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {b}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-4
13\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por lo tanto, la velocidad media del recorrido se e
xpresa, no con la media aritmtica, sino con la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\*\tx5066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {media harmnica de las velocidades. Para}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {b}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {; positivas, la media harmnica ser siempre}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {menor que la media aritmtica}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {a + b}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 2, como se ha visto en el
ejemplo numrico (48 < 50).}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charsc
alex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {25. Mquinas de clculo
rpido}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Al trata
r de las ecuaciones, Algebra Recreativa no puede desentenderse de la solucin de}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ecuaciones en mquin
as de calcular. Ya se ha dicho que las calculadoras pueden "jugar" al}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ajedrez (o a las damas). Ad
ems pueden realizar tambin otras funciones; por ejemplo, la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {traduccin, la orquestacin de melodas, etc.
Basta con elaborar el "programa" correspondiente,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con arreglo al cual debe actuar la mquina.}\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Claro que no vamos a
examinar aqu "programas" para el ajedrez ,o para la traduccin, que son}\par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {difciles en extremo. Examinar
emos tan slo dos "programas" sencillos. Mas en principio hay que}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {decir algunas palabras sobre la c
onstruccin de la mquina de clculo.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {En el captulo primero se ha tratado de dispositivos que permiten h

acer miles y decenas de miles}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {de operaciones por segundo. La parte de la mquina que sirve para la
ejecucin directa de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{operaciones se llama}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {aritmmetro}\i0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {. Adems, la mquina tiene un dispositivo de direccin (que}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {regula el trabajo de toda
la mquina) y el dispositivo de memoria. La "memoria", es un depsito}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de nmeros y signos convencional
es. Por ltimo, la mquina est equipada con dispositivos de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entrada y de salida destinados a introduci
r nuevos datos numricos y ofrecer los resultados}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {definitivos. La mquina registra estos resultados (
ahora ya en el sistema decimal) en tarjetas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {especiales.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Es notorio que el sonido puede ser registrado en discos o
en cinta, y despus reproducido. Pero la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {grabacin del sonido en un disco puede hacerse tan slo una ve
z: para realizar una nueva}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {grabacin se precisa otro disco. La impresin de sonidos en magnetfono tien
e lugar de forma un}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {tanto distinta, mediante el imantado de una cinta especial. El sonido registr
ado puede}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reprodu
cirse las veces que sean precisas y, si la impresin resulta ya innecesaria, puede
}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {"desimantarse" y
efectuar en ella una nueva grabacin. Una misma cinta puede grabarse varias}\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {veces, con la particul
aridad de que cada nueva grabacin "borra" la anterior.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El funcionamiento de la "memoria" se basa e
n un principio anlogo. Los nmeros y signos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {convencionales se registran elctrica, magntica o mecnicamen
te en un tambor, una cinta u otro}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {dispositivo. E1 nmero grabado puede ser "ledo" en el momento opor
tuno; si no se necesita ms}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {puede ser borrado, grabndose otro en su lugar. La "extraccin" y la "lectu
ra" del nmero o el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{signo convencional dura slo algunas millonsimas de segundo. La "memoria" puede co
nstar de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {algunos
miles de celdas y, cada celda, de varias decenas de elementos magnticos, por ejem
plo.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Convengamos
en que para registrar los nmeros por medio del sistema de base dos, cada}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elemento imantado expresa
el 1, y los no imantados, el 0. Supongamos, por ejemplo, que cada}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {celda retentiva contiene 25 el
ementos (o como dicen, 25 rdenes del sistema de base dos) y,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {adems, el primer elemento de la celda
sirve para expresar el signo del nmero ( + - ), los}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {siguientes 14 elementos sirven para imprimir l
a parte entera del nmero y, los ltimos 10, para}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {registrar la parte decimal.}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl
s18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-240\
slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Barros
rd\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst

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81802658D894078041C8F4C632326EB42F14785AF3EC727866EA794C8D87D3ADA4F2E7182000D130
C8239C32F1D0834014352975ED7F4596D27B26B611221B86B866695F01422B0C64B970426EF9F0C4
7DD048F49F844443E2AD56D2097769F776AF7451598C6EDF68745700F4CA8FC401D6B0B41F879E24
D79E2B8BDD2FECB0A214820D41BC9820C8C1C431E1A4F7DDB3393B8357A15A5CDB78723B9D0BC38C
DAC78967C35DCE00F2E0720A8698AFC912AEDC08D79E00031CD0053F83B0CB6B2F8BACD108B1B5D6
64B7B666249013E5DB9EE15427E75EA5587E17D021F0D6890E9D14AD33E5A59A771869A4639773F5
26B72800A28A6E5B7741B71400EA28A2801ACA194839E6A9E93A6C7A468F65A6C323BC76B02408F2
1CB9555C024F73C7A55EA2800A4E73ED4B4500145145001546EB4C82F2FACAEE532F9967234B1057
214B3214391DF86357A8A0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A00A96763158898445CF9D33CCDB8E7E6639
38F6AB7451400514514005145140098E6BCA7C6CFA8787FE246812787EFA3B09BC42CF05E096132C
523461446CCA0820FCC1720838EBD2BD5EBCDFC4365E26D53C75A5EAD65A258DC5BE84D70B1896FF
006199A545009F90EDC0E475E4FB72011F8AAF7E21DA7857501716FE1C91658CDB87B7966573E61D
808560403961D5B1EF5A16577E3EB9D22DC58E93A05927909E51B8BE9A4201031C08FB0ED9A8B52B
9F195ECD6125C783AD2686DA5695EDE3D4D58BB152AA72C80606E62411D76FA731683AAF8E749F0F
D8E9D3F823CE9ED2DD21320D52155936F1C75C1C0A00C6F0FF00C3A8CFC419AE3C497F36B57F676B
0DE032E444B2CB24B82AA4F4063271D01AEA7C6BE16D4754BCD3B5FF000FCD6B0EBBA617101BA5DD
1CC8C30C8DDC7B7A127A6735434AD57C42BE3C864D57C351E9BFDAF6E202DF6F59C2AC1E63F455EA
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1B9B77FBD14F18743F50460D59A4A00E4CF82DF4F1FF0014E6B97FA447C62D46DB8B75FF00752407
67FC04AD52D5B48D76FEC8D8EB9A268BE26B4DD9565CDABAF07E6D8FBC03C9190E0F35DC7F163B53
58719F42319A00F13D57E19E9370EB30F06789ED768F9858EA96F20EB9F943C84F5EC00A55F87DA0
9B6105CF87FC77748A72A26B88F0BEC00703F4CD7B6FAFB53B1401E4367E16F0FDABC51DA7C32D72
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161A3D9A59E9B6915ADBA6488E25DA324E49F727B9EF570F514EA004DBF5A5A28A0028A28A0028A2
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00A28A2800AE125D1352D6F5F4BBB5D726D3ADEC355796EA08171F6B0238B6AB10464601EA0E437B
0AEEEBCF6F346B7FED0BB2973A9421A6925658352B8894B33124ED5703AD0077FDF1DB34B8EBD7F0
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A6FE1597C59A34850B1862B960D8E013E58FE44FF915BD5C15BDA245F107446135DBE6C2E4912DD4
B20FBC83A3311E9F5C0F415DED00145145007FFFD9}
}}}}
7;32768}}
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Figura 9}\i0 \p
ar\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman
0\f0\charscalex100 {En la fig. 9 se presentan esquemticamente dos celdas de memor
ia, con 25 elementos en cada}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {una, los imantados se expresan con el signo + ; los desimantados, co
n el - . Examinemos la celda}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {superior (la coma indica el lugar donde empieza la parte decimal, y
la lnea punteada separa el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {primer elemento - que sirve para fijar el signo - de los dems). En esa c
elda hay escrito (en el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {sistema de base dos) el nmero + 1011,01, equivalente en el sistema decimal
, al que estamos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
acostumbrados, al 11,25.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Adems de los nmeros, en las celdas retentivas se conservan las rdenes que c
omponen el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {"progr
ama". Veamos en qu consiste el sistema de rdenes a tres direcciones. En este caso,
al}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {escribir la o
rden, la celda retentiva se divide en 4 partes (las lneas de puntos en la celda i
nferior,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fig. 9).
La primera parte sirve para indicar el signo de operacin, que va cifrado. Por ej
emplo:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Suma = operacin I,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sustraccin = operacin II,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {multiplicacin = operacin III, etc.}\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las rdenes se descifran
as: la primera parte de la celda es el nmero de la operacin; la segunda}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y la tercera, los nmeros de
las celdas (direcciones), de las cuales hay que extraer las cifras para}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {las operaciones; la parte
cuarta es el nmero de la celda (direccin) adonde debe enviarse el}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {resultado obtenido. Por ejemplo,
en la fig. 9 (fila inferior) hay escritos por el sistema binario los}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nmeros 11, 11, 111,1011, en
el sistema decimal, 3, 3, 7, 11, lo que significa la siguiente orden:}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la operacin III (multiplicac
in) debe efectuarse con los nmeros de las celdas tercera y sptima}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y almacenar el resultado (es decir
, registrarlo) en la celda undcima.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {En lo sucesivo inscribiremos nmeros y rdenes, no con signos conv
encionales, como en la fig.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {9, sino directamente en el sistema decimal. Por ejemplo; la orden exp
uesta en la serie inferior de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {la fig. 9, se escribe as:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {multiplicacin 3
7 11}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Examinemos ahora dos sencillos ejemplos de progr
ama.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Programa 1}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1. Suma 4 5 4}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2. Multiplicacin 4 4}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8594X}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.
OD}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 1}\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4. 0}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5. 1}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\
lex100 {4}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { OD operacin de direccin}\par\pard\li8373\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Patricio }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
one\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgws
xn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols2\colno1
rscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Veamos cmo funciona una mquin
a en cuyas cinco primeras celdas estn almacenados los}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {siguientes datos:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\

b {1}\b0 {\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {a}\b0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\b { orden:}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { sumar los nmeros de las celdas 4
y 5 y enviar el resultado a la celda 4 (en sustitucin}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de lo que figuraba anteriormente). Por cons
iguiente, la mquina escribe el nmero 0 + 1 = 1 en la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {celda 4. Despus de cumplida la orden, en las ce
ldas 4 y 5 se encontrarn los siguientes nmeros:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4. 1}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {5. 1}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2}\b0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\b {a}\b0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { orden:}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { multiplicar el nmero de la celda 4 por s mismo (esto es, elevarlo
al cuadrado) y}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r
egistrar en la tarjeta el resultado, es decir, 1}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { (la flecha significa la salida de un re
sultado}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {obtenido)
.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3}\b0 {\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {a
}\b0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { orden:}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ope
racin de direccin a la celda 1. En otras palabras la orden OD significa la}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {repeticin de todas las rde
nes, empezando desde la primera. De forma que se ejecuta la primera}\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {orden.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
100\b {l}\b0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {a}\b0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\b { orden:}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { sumar los nmeros de las celd
as 4 y 5, y fijar la suma de nuevo en la celda 4. En}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {consecuencia, en la celda 4 estar el nmero 1 +
1 = 2:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4. 2}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5. 1}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2}\b0 {\super \fs18\up3
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {a}\b0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { orden:}\b0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { elevar al cuadrado el nmero de la celda 4 y el resultado,
2}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, regis
trarlo en la tarjeta (la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {flecha indica la salida del resultado).}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3}\
b0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {a}\b0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{ orden:}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { operacin de direccin a la celda 1 (es d
ecir, volver de nuevo a la primera orden).}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {l}\b0 {\
super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {a}\b0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { or
den:}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { el nmero 2 + 1 = 3 enviarlo a la celda 4:}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4. 3}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5. 1}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-21
\b {2}\b0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {a}\b0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\b { orden:}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { registrar en la tarjeta el val
or de 3}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.
}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3}\b0 {\super
\fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {a}\b0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { orden:}\
b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { operacin de direccin a la celda 1, etc.}\par\pard\
0\charscalex100 {Hemos visto cmo la mquina calcula sucesivamente los cuadrados de
nmeros enteros y los}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {registra en la tarjeta. Obsrvese que no es preciso elegir cada vez el nuevo nme
ro: la mquina}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mism
a escoge uno tras otro los nmeros enteros y los eleva al cuadrado. Actuando de ac
uerdo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con este pr

ograma la mquina obtiene el cuadrado de todos los nmeros enteros desde 1 hasta el}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10 000, en alguno
s segundos (o en partes de segundo). Debe hacerse notar que, en realidad, el}\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {programa para el clcu
lo de los cuadrados de nmeros enteros debe ser algo ms complejo que el}\par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mencionado ms arriba. Esto se
refiere, en particular, a la 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { orden. Para registrar el resultado en}\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tarjeta se requiere mucho ms tiempo
que el que precisa la mquina para ejecutar una operacin.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por eso, los resultados se almacenan prime
ro en las celdas libres de la "memoria", y slo despus}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {("sin precipitarse") se registran en las tarj
etas. De esta suerte, el primer resultado definitivo se}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-3
06\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {almacena en la celda la de la "memoria" q
ue se encuentra libre; el segundo en la celda 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {a}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {; el}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
0\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Barr
os}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\
pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
scalex100 {tercero, en la 3}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {, etc. En el programa simplificado expuesto anteriormente, to
do ello haba sido}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
omitido.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por aadid
ura, la mquina no puede dedicarse durante largo tiempo al clculo de cuadrados pues
}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no bastan las ce
ldas de la "memoria", y es imposible "adivinar" cundo ha obtenido la mquina}\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los cuadrados que neces
itamos, a fin de desconectarla, (ya que la mquina ejecuta miles de}\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {operaciones por segundo). Por e
sa razn se prevn rdenes especiales para detener la mquina en}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el momento oportuno. Por ejemplo, el pro
grama puede ser compuesto de tal manera que la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mquina calcule los cuadrados de todos los nmeros ent

eros, del 1 al 10 000, y despus se pare}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {automticamente.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Hay tambin otra clase de rdenes ms complicadas, de las cuales n
o nos ocuparemos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{He aqu qu aspecto tiene el programa para el clculo de cuadrados del 1 al 10 000:}\
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Programa I. a}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1) suma 8 9 8}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2) multiplicacin 8 8 10}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3) suma 2 6 2}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4) OC}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 8 7 1}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {5) stop}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {6) 0 0 1}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7
) 10 000}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8) 0}\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9) 1}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10) 0}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11) 0}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12) 0}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u8230X}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las dos primeras rdenes se
diferencian poco de las que se han expuesto en el programa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {simplificado. Despus de cumplir estas d
os rdenes, en las celdas 8, 9 y 10 habr los siguientes}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nmeros:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8) 1}\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9) 1}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10) 1}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La tercera orden es muy interesante: h
ay que sumar el contenido de las celdas 2 y 6, registrar otra}\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vez el resultado en la celda 2, des
pus de lo cual, ofrecer el siguiente aspecto:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2) multip
licacin 8 8 11.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De aqu que, despus de cumplida la 3a ord
en, cambia la segunda orden, mejor dicho, cambia una}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de las direcciones de la 2}{\super \fs18\up4
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { orden. A continuacin aclar
aremos las razones a que obedece esto.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La cuarta es la operacin de comparacin (en sustitucin de la t
ercera orden del programa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {examinado anteriormente). Esta se cumple as: si el nmero almacenado en la
celda 8 es menor}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{que el de la 7, la operacin de direccin la transmite a la celda l; en caso contra
rio, se efecta la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-360\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { OC =
operacin de comparacin}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li83
margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn
133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols2\colno1\colw8066\colsr-0\colno2\colw3373\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\colu
mn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li76
arscalex100 {orden siguiente, (la 5). En nuestro caso como 1 < 10 000, la operac
in de direccin se le encarga}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {a la celda 1.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Por consiguiente, volvemos otra vez a la orden primera. Una vez cumplida s
ta en la celda 8 se}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {encontrar el nmero 2. La segunda orden, que se presentar como}\par\pard\li760\ri
alex100 {2) multiplicacin 8 8 11,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {consiste en que 2}{\
super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { se enva a l
a celda 11. Ahora queda claro para qu fue cumplida anteriormente}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la 3}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {a}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { orden: el nuevo 2}{\super \fs18\up4\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { no puede ir a parar a la c
elda 10 que ya est ocupada, sino a la siguiente.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Una vez cumplidas las rdenes l}{\super \fs18\up4\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, tendremos los siguientes nmeros
:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8) 2}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9) 1}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10) 1}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {2}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11) 2}{
\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-493\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Despus de ejecutada la orden 3}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {a}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, la celda 2, aparecer as:}\par\pard
f0\charscalex100 {2) multiplicacin 8 8 12}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es decir, la
mquina "se prepar" para anotar el nuevo resultado en la celda 12. Y como en la}\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {celda 8 sigue habie
ndo un nmero menor que en la 9, la 4}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { orden significa que se encarga a la}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {celda 1 la operacin de direccin.}\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ahora, cumplidas ya
las rdenes l}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 { y 2}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
, obtendremos:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8) 3}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9) 1}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {10) 1}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11) 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{12) 3}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-466\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hasta cundo continuar la mquina calculando los cua
drados segn el programa? Hasta que en}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {la celda 8 aparezca el nmero 10 000, es decir, mientras no ha
yan sido obtenidos los cuadrados}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {de los nmeros comprendidos entre el 1 y el 10 000. Despus, la 4}{\
super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { orden ya n
o transmite la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {op
eracin de direccin a la celda 1 (por cuanto en la celda 8 habr un nmero no menor, si
no}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {igual al almac
enado en la celda 7), es decir, despus de la 4}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {a}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { orden, la mquina cumple la 5}{\super \fs18\
up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {orden: cesa de funcionar (se desconecta). Examinemos ahora un proces
o ms complicado de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{programacin para resolver sistemas de ecuaciones. Veamos un programa simplificad
o. Si se}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {desea pu
ede imaginarse el aspecto completo del programa. Supongamos el siguiente sistema
de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ecuaciones:}\
par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols
2\colno1\colw5240\colsr-0\colno2\colw6200\pard\li4840\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li4840\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63729X}\

par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0
\*\tx480\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\p
no1\colw4840\colsr-0\colno2\colw3533\colsr-0\colno3\colw3066\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
scalex100 {Este sistema es fcil de resolver:}\par\column\pard\li120\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \*\tx586\*\tx1066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {ax}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {by}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {c}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-493\slmult0 \*\tx400\*\tx866\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63730X}\fs24\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63731X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\tab \fs24\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx586\*\tx1106\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {dx}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {ey}\i0 \tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {f}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ba
rros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn13
3\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

olno3\colw173\colsr-0\colno4\colw2933\colsr-0\colno5\colw3373\pard\li760\ri0\sl413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li0\
li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u63729X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u63732X}\fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63732X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63730X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\
li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-573\slmult0 \*\tx480\fs24\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li
226\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx666\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {ce}\i0 \tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {bf}\i0 \par\pard\li480\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li213\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx666\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {ae}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {bd}\i0 \par\pard\li5
20\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li226\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx693\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {af}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {cd}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\
marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5360\colsr-0\colno2\colw6080\pard\li482
6\ri0\sl-493\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63732X}\fs24\cf0\f1\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u63732X}{\super \fs24\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 }\fs24\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li280\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx453\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {ae}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {bd}\i0 \par\pard\sect\s
ectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
0 {Este sistema (con los valores numricos de los coeficientes a, b, c, d, e, f) p
odra resolverse en}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{menos de un minuto. La mquina, en cambio, puede dar en un segundo la solucin de m
iles de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tales sis
temas de ecuaciones. Examinemos el programa correspondiente. Consideremos que ha
n}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sido dados simu
ltneamente varios sistemas: con valores numricos para los coeficientes a, b, c,}\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d, e, f, a', b', ..
.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {He aqu el corres
pondiente programa:}\par\pard\li4840\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li484
0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Programa II}\b0 \i0 \par\p
no1\colw3853\colsr-0\colno2\colw1133\colsr-0\colno3\colw1506\colsr-0\colno4\colw
826\colsr-0\colno5\colw1093\colsr-0\colno6\colw760\colsr-0\colno7\colw2266\pard\
li1933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx3146
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1) }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { * 28}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {30}\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3146\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {2) }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { * 27}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {31}\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx3146\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{3) }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { * 26}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {30}\par
\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3146\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4) }\fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { * 27}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {29}\par\pard\li1933\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx3146\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5) }\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { * 26}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {31}\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \*\tx3146\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6) }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { * 28
}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {29}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20}\par\pard\

li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {21}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {23}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {24}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {25}\par\colum
n\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx613
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 3}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx613\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {15)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { + 4}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx613\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {16)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 5}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \*\tx613\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {17)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { +
6}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx626\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {18)}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {OD}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx733\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {19)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\par\column\pard\li0
calex100 {19}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {19}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {19}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {19}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\par\col
umn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {4}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {0}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {26)}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {27)}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {28)}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {29)}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {30)}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {31)}\par\column\pard\li13\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {a}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b}\par\
pard\li13\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e}\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {f}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margr
sxn133\cols4\colno1\colw3853\colsr-0\colno2\colw1133\colsr-0\colno3\colw3426\col
sr-0\colno4\colw3026\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3146\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {7) }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - 20}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
21}\par\pard\li1933\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx3146\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8) }
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - 22}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {23}\par\pard\
li1933\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3146\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9) }\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 { - 24}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {25}\par\pard\li1813\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \*\tx3146\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10) }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 { / 20}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {21}\par\pard\li1813\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\*\tx3146\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11) }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 22}\ta
b \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {21}\par\pard\li1813\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx3146\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12) }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 1}\tab \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {19}\par\pard\li1813\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3146\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {13) }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 2}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {19}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {21}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}
\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx733\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20)}
\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx733\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {21)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx733\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {0}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx733\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {

23)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx733
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {24)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx733\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {25)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {0}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx706\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {32)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a\uc1\u8217X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \*\tx680\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {33)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {b\uc1\u8217X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx706\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {34)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c\uc1\u8217X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \*\tx680\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {35)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {d\uc1\u8217X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx706\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {36)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e\uc1\u8217X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-29
3\slmult0 \*\tx733\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {37)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {f\uc1\u8217X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx626\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {38)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a\uc1\u8217X\uc1\u8217X}\par\pard\sect
0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1}\b0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\b {a}\b0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { orden:}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { plantear la multiplicacin de los nmeros almacenados en las celdas
28 y 30, y enviar}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{el resultado a la celda 20. Dicho en otras palabras: en la celda 20 se almacen
ar el nmero ce.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De
manera anloga sern realizadas las rdenes desde la 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {a}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { hasta la 6}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {a}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Despus de ejecutarlas,}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {desde la celda 20 hasta la 25
encontraremos los siguientes nmeros:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20) ce}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {21) bf}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22) ae}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {23) bd}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {24) af}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {25) cd}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {7}\b0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\b {a}\b0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b { orden:}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 { del nmero de la celda 20, restar el de la 21, y el resultado, (es
decir, ce - bf), volver a}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {almacenarlo en la celda 20.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {De la misma forma se cumplen las rdenes 8 y 9}{\super \fs18\up
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { En consecuencia, en las
celdas 20, 21 y 22}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{aparecern los siguientes nmeros:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {20) ce - bf}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li8373\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio }\fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\margl
sxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst
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f0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {21) ae - bd}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22) af - cd}\par\p
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Ordenes l0}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y 11}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {: se forman los siguientes quebrados:}\par\pard\li4573\ri0\s
ex100 {(ce - bf) / (ae - bd)}\par\pard\li4573\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {(af - cd) / (ae - bd)}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\p
ghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que se registran el la
tarjeta (es decir, se presentan como resultados definitivos). Estos son los}\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {valores de las incgnit

as obtenidas del primer sistema de ecuaciones.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como vemos, el primer sistema ha sido resuelto. Par
a qu hacen falta nuevas rdenes? La parte}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {siguiente del programa (desde la celda 12 hasta la 19) est
destinada a obligar a la mquina a}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {"pasar" al segundo sistema de ecuaciones. Veamos su proceso.}\pa
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4973\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
973\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Figura 10}\i0 \par\pard\li7
pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las rdenes desde la 10
hasta 17 consisten en agregar al contenido desde la celda 1 hasta la 6 lo}\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {almacenado en la celda
19, y los resultados vuelven otra vez a las celdas desde la 1 hasta la 6. De}\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tal manera, despus de
cumplir la orden 17}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {, las primeras seis celdas tendrn el siguiente}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {contenido:}\par\pard\li1120\ri0\sl-213\
i0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1) * 34 36 20}\par\pard\li1120\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2) * 33 37 21}\par\pard\li1120\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3) * 32 36 22}\par\pard\li1120\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4) * 33 35 23}\par\pard\li1120\ri0\sl-29
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5) * 32 37 24}\par\pard\li1120\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6) * 34 35 25}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {O
rden 18}\b0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {a}\b0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\b {:}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { operacin de direccin a la primera ce
lda.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En qu se difer
encian las nuevas anotaciones de las primeras seis celdas de las anteriores? En}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que las dos direc
ciones primeras tienen en estas celdas los nmeros que van del 32 al 37 y no del}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {26 al 31, como ant
es. En otras palabras, la mquina realizar de nuevo las mismas operaciones,}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pero las cifras no sern t
omadas, de las celdas 26 a la 31, sino de la 32 a la 37 donde estn los}\par\pard\
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Barros}\par\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect
\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margb
sxn213\cols2\colno1\colw8066\colsr-0\colno2\colw3373\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-41
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {coeficie
ntes del segundo sistema de ecuaciones. Despus de resolver ste, la mquina pasa al}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tercero, etc.}\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lo dicho hasta aqu pat
entiza la importancia de "programar" con acierto. La mquina, "de por s",}\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no "sabe" hacer nada. Slo p
uede cumplir el programa que se la encomiende. Hay programas}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para calcular races, logaritmos y sen
os, para resolver ecuaciones de grados superiores, etc. Se ha}\par\pard\li760\ri

0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {indicado ya que existen programas p
ara jugar al ajedrez, para la traduccin de un idioma a otro,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {etc. Es claro que cuanto ms difcil sea
el problema a resolver, tanto ms complejo ser el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {programa correspondiente.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aadamos, como conclusin, que existe la prog
ramacin de programas, es decir, aqulla con}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ayuda de la cual la misma mquina puede componer el progra
ma para resolver el problema. Esto}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {facilita en gran medida la programacin, que con frecuencia es b
astante laboriosa.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100
\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsx
n133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
\charscalex100\b \i {Capitulo Cuarto}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {LAS ECUACIONES DE DIOFANTO}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0
lex100\b \i {Contenido}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {1.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Compra de una bufanda}\ul0 \p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\
charscalex100 {Una revisin en la tienda}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Compra de sellos de c
orreos}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}{
}\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Compra de frutas}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Adivin
ar el da de nacimiento}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {6.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Venta de pollos}\ul0 \par\pard\li
100\ul {Dos nmeros y cuatro operaciones}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Cmo ser el rectngul
o}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9.}{ }\fs2
4\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Dos nmeros de dos cifras}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Los
nmeros de Pitgoras}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {11.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Ecuacin indeterminada de tercer grado
}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12.}{ }\fs2
4\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Cien mil marcos por la demostracin de un teorema}\par\par
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1. Compra de un
a bufanda}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i
{Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\margl
sxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {U
na bufanda cuesta 19 rublos, pero el comprador no tiene ms que billetes de tres r
ublos; y la}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{cajera, slo de cinco. Puede en estas condiciones abonarse el importe de la compra
, y cmo}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {hace
rlo?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {La mis
in de este problema se reduce a saber cuntos billetes de tres rublos deben entrega
rse a}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {la ca

jera para que ella d las vueltas con billetes de cinco, cobrando los 19 rublos. L
as}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {incgnitas
del problema son dos: el nmero de billetes de tres rublos (x) y el nmero de bille
tes}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {de cinc
o (y). Slo puede plantearse una ecuacin:}\i0 \par\pard\li4866\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4866\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3x - 5
y = 19}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-34
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Aunque una ecuacin con dos incgnitas tiene
infinidad de soluciones, esto no quiere decir que}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {entre ellas haya alguna en las que x e y
sean nmeros enteros y positivos (recordemos que se}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {trata del nmero de billetes de banco). He
aqu por qu el lgebra ha elaborado el mtodo de}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {solucin de estas ecuaciones "indeterminadas". El
mrito de haberlas introducido en el lgebra}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {pertenece al primer sabio europeo que cultiv esta c
iencia, a Diofanto, clebre matemtico de la}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {antigedad, por lo que estas ecuaciones se llaman co
n frecuencia "ecuaciones de Diofanto".}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En el ejemplo
citado mostremos cmo deben resolverse tales ecuaciones. Hay que hallar el valor}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de x y de y en la
ecuacin}\par\pard\li4880\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4880\ri0\sl-346\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3x - 5y = 19}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sin
olvidar que tanto x cmo y son nmeros enteros y positivos. Despejando la incgnita cu
yo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {coeficiente es
menor, es decir, 3x tendremos:}\par\pard\li4853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li4853\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3x = 19 + 5y}\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\
pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15
840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols3\colno1\colw3640\colsr0\colno2\colw4613\colsr-0\colno3\colw3186\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde}\par\
column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x = (
19 + 5y) / 3 = 6 + y + (1 + 2y) / 3}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\
pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Como x, 6 e y son nmeros enteros, la ecuacin puede ser acertada slo e
n el caso de que (1 +}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {2y) / 3 sea tambin un nmero entero. Expresmosle con la letra t. Entonces}\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x = 6 + y + t,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde}\par\pard\li4760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li4760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t = (1 + 2y) / 3}\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y, por tanto,}\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {3t = 1 + 2y , 2y = 3t - 1}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De la lt
ima ecuacin despejaremos la y}\par\pard\li4133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li4133\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y = (3t - 1) / 2 = + (
t - 1) / 2}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-36
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Comoquiera que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t}\i

0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { son nmeros enteros, (t - 1) / 2 debe ser un nmero e
ntero t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Por}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {consiguiente,}\par\pard\l
f0\charscalex100 {y = t + t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
100 {y, adems,}\par\pard\li4840\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4840\ri0\
sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = (t - 1) / 2}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 { = t - 1}\par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t =
2t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 1}\par\pard\li7
harscalex100 {Sustituyamos el valor de t = 2t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 1 en las igualdades anteriores:}\par\pard\li3986\ri0\
lex100 {y = t + t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 2
t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 1 + t}\fs18\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {l}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 3t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 1}\par\pard\li3133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li3133\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x = 6 + y + t
= 6 + (3t}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { a 1) + (2t}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 1)
= 8 + 5t}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De est
a forma hemos encontrado la expresin para x y para y}\par\pard\li4946\ri0\sl-213\
{x = 8 + 5t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li4946\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y = 1 + 3t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li7
harscalex100 {Es sabido que x e y son enteros y adems positivos, es decir, mayore
s que 0; por lo tanto,}\par\pard\li4946\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
4946\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8 + 5t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { > 0}\par\pard\li4946\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 + 3t}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 { > 0}\par\pard\li8173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
8173\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\se
ct\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd
\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213
\cols3\colno1\colw4480\colsr-0\colno2\colw3773\colsr-0\colno3\colw3186\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\pard\li
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De estas desigualdade
s resulta que}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Con esto el valor t}{\s
ub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { est acotado.}\par\
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5t}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { > - 8 y t}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l}}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { > - 8 / 5}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {3t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { > - 1
y t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { > - 1 / 3}\par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\pa

r\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De aqu que la magnitud t}\fs1
8\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { es mayor que - 1 / 3, (y
claro, mucho mayor que - 8 / 5). Mas, como t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l}\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es un nmero entero, se
deduce que puede tener tan slo los siguientes valores:}\par\pard\li4586\ri0\sl-21
0 {t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
...}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los valores correspondientes de x y de y son:}\p
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x = 8 + 5t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { = 8, 13, 18, 23, ...}\par\pard\li4160\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y = 1 + 3t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { = 1, 4, 7, 10, ....}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Veamos ahora de qu man
era puede efectuarse el pago: o bien se entregan 8 billetes de 3 rublos,}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {recibiendo de vuelta uno
de cinco:}\par\pard\li4826\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4826\ri0\sl346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8 - 3 - 5 = 19}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-21
{o se entregan 13 billetes de 3 rublos, recibiendo de vuelta 4 billetes de 5 ru
blos:}\par\pard\li4573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4573\ri0\sl-333\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {13 * 3 - 4 * 5 = 19}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-21
{Tericamente, este problema tiene infinidad de soluciones, pero en la prctica su
nmero es}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {limitado,
por cuanto ni el comprador, ni la cajera tienen una cantidad ilimitada de bille
tes de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {banco. Si
cada uno dispone, por ejemplo, de 10 billetes, el pago puede efectuarse slo de un
a}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {forma: entregan
do 8 billetes de 3 y recibiendo uno de 5. Como vemos, en la prctica las}\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ecuaciones indeterminadas
pueden dar soluciones determinadas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Volviendo a nuestro problema, proponemos al lector que, en cal
idad de ejercicio, resuelva por su}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {cuenta una de las variantes: concretamente, examinar el caso e
n que el comprador no tenga ms}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {que billetes de 5 rublos, y la cajera, slo de 3. En este caso aparec
en las siguientes soluciones:}\par\pard\li4733\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li4733\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x = 5, 8, 11, ....}\p
ar\pard\li4733\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y = 2, 7, 12, ....
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En efecto,}\par\pard\li4626\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5 * 5 - 2 * 3 = 19}\par\pard\li4626\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8 * 5 - 7 * 3 = 19}\par\pard\li4506\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11 * 5 - 12 * 3 = 19}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pod
ramos obtener tambin estos resultados al tomar las soluciones del problema central
}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mediante un senc
illo procedimiento algebraico. Puesto que entregar billetes de cinco rublos y}\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {recibir de tres rub
los equivale a "recibir billetes negativos de cinco rublos" y "dar billetes}\par
18\cf0\par\pard\li8173\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio B
arros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn1
33\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst
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7D2BC93DC484BB36017727D58F3D7D6B9DB7B5B8BB9961B78649A5738548D4B127D80AFA93C09F0E
5FC1BE0A9EF6DACA36F16DC59BFCD2B8FDDB95CAC408E000719F53DF18A00ABE1FBFB5BCF1EDBF87
6C745BC4D33C360C56E8B8116FDCE8D72EDD188C614004EE790F638EA354F166A9A6F8CE1D31B480
74E9210FF6979D1422EE01E46C12401B82AAE3E76E38A9BC07E1B9B41D29E5BD4F2EFAE767991F99
E618D546154B7F1372CEC7BB3B1E98C599FC24936B779AB7F68DCFDA27D862575468E02A00042E3E
63D71B890A59881934013D867FE137D6F8E3EC9698FCE6AE6D34DB1D435D960B43E5687A5DE1BDD4
6E2494B1BABBC06552CD925631B49C9C65517F84E3A3319BCD675CB38DDEDA57B38545D21F993779
A015E3036E091D7AD65E9BF0E34ED2A4B74B7BED41B4F899257B09A50F0CD328C095B8CEE270E718
05803818A00C7F166A72EB3E35D1349D165816E6DE7B889AF654F323B69FC9DDF2AE46F9026EF50A
5973CD6D5AEA9E1AF04E9EFA4C97F27996CE1A5122BC93CF24A4B16E065D98E490B9EDD051E1EF08
5E68B2F9B717D15E7D8D258AC1366CE246DED24ADC93231C296500601E0EE22B334FF05EBFA1EA73
6B1633E9B7DABEA10E2FAE6FD9C6C9376418F6A962807CBB372E42AF20D0077F0CC93C11CCA1C2C8
A180742AC01F507907D8F353565E8FA6DDE9F68C979A9CFA85CC8DBDE59542A8240E11178551D872
7DEB52800A28A2800A28A28033E2C7F6F5E7AFD9A0CFFDF52D6856642D9F105F0D8C00B583938C1F
9A5AD3A002AB5FFF00C83AEBFEB93FF23566AADFFF00C83AEBFEB93FF23400FB2FF8F1B7FF00AE6B
FCAA7A82CBFE3CADFF00EB9AFF002A9E800A28A2800A28A2801A13073C669D451400514514005145
1400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451401F3FE
BF178C3E206A77526A3F6CD23C290DF5BD9FD9194C4D721AE1232707A9CB6771F94118C715DE9F85
BE11D574EBCD2A5D1A1861B7B8D90CB07CB2A8F2E3FE3C64F3EB9CF7AE93C565574684B0561FDA16
3C3671FF001F5160F07FCFE95A1A77FC7CEA5FF5F5FF00B4D28032BC2BE07D0BC1B68F0E8D69E53C
98F36690EF924C0E3731EDDF0302BA2DBF4A751400DDBEF4EA28A00C8B5684F8835250144A2280B1
18CED3BF6E7BF50D8FD2B5EB16CC0FF84A754C001CDBDBE4EE19C664C0C7E1FA9ADAA0028A28A002
8A28A0028A28A0028A28A00CCB504EAFA812CED8F2C005890A36E781D06727247278CF415A750C76
E91CD2CAA3E6948DDF80C0A9A800AA5A8B14D2EEDB72AE2176DCC320707922AED54BFB66BCD3EE2D
95C466689A3DF8CEDC82338EF401259F36507FD735FE553D47147E5C491F50AA00FCAA4A0028A28A
0028A28A0028A28A0028A28A00C2F14287D2225DBB88BFB2383ED7511FD0735774E3FE93A97FD7D7
3FF7ED29BACE9B26A76296F1C8B195B9B79F2C09188E64908C7B8522AC5BDB1824B97DF9F3A5F307
1F77E503FA5005AA28A2800A28A280302C4B1F1B6B4BBB816769C76CE67ADFACAB6D3A587C45A8EA
2CC862B9B78224009DC0A1909CF1D3E718FC6B56800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2800A28A2
800A4CD145002D145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
5140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140099A
5A28A0028A28A0028A28A00FFFD9}
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {negativos de 3 rub
los", la nueva variante del problema se resuelve con la ecuacin planteada en el}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {problema central:}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3x - 5y = 19}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pero con la
condicin de que x e y sean nmeros negativos. Por eso, de las igualdades}\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {x = 8 + 5t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li4946\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y = 1 + 3t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {1}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sabiendo que x < 0 e y < 0, deducimos:}\par\par
f0\f0\charscalex100 {8 + 5t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 { < 0}\par\pard\li4946\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 + 3
t}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { < 0}\par\par
\f0\charscalex100 {y, por consiguiente,}\par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t}\fs18\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { < - 8 / 5}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
ex100 {Tomando t}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ = - 2, - 3, - 4, etc., obtenemos de las frmulas anteriores, los siguientes val
ores para x}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e y}\
\*\tx5426\*\tx6146\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = - 2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - 3}\tab \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - 4}\par\pard\li4440\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5426\*\tx6
080\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x = - 2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - 7}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - 12}\par\pard\li4440\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx542
6\*\tx6080\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y = - 5}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
- 8}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - 11}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El primer par de soluciones, x = - 2, y = - 5,
significa que el comprador "paga menos dos billetes}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de tres rublos" y "recibe menos cinco billet
es de cinco", es decir, traducido al idioma comn,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {quiere decir que paga con cinco billetes de a ci
nco, recibiendo como vuelta 2 billetes de a tres. De}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {esta misma manera interpretaremos tambin las
dems soluciones.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i
\ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2. Una revisin en la tienda}\b0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b
0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Al revisa
r los libros de contabilidad de la tienda, uno de ellos apareci con borrones de t
inta,}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {prese
ntando este aspecto:}\i0 \par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Figura 11}\i0 \par\pard\li8173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li8173\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Ba
3\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margts
xn666\margbsxn213\cols2\colno1\colw8253\colsr-0\colno2\colw3186\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li
ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {No era posible descifrar el nmer
o de metros vendidos, pero no caba duda de que ste no era un}\i0 \par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {decimal. En el importe de la ven
ta podan distinguirse slo las tres ltimas cifras y establecer}\i0 \par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {que, delante de stas, haba otras t
res. Poda la comisin revisora averiguar qu cifras eran las}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {del libro auxiliar, valindose tan slo
de estos datos?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Representemos el nmero de metros con l
a x y el importe de la venta, expresado en kopeks, con}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el nmero 4.936 x.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las tres cifras cubiertas por el borrn las
expresamos con una y. Esto, sin duda, expresa la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cantidad de millares de kopeks; y toda la suma d
e kopeks ser:}\par\pard\li4800\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4800\ri0\s
l-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.000y + 728.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
0 {Tenemos la ecuacin}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {4.936x = 1.000y + 728. Despus de dividir los dos miembros de la igualdad por
8, resulta}\par\pard\li4640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4640\ri0\sl346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {617x - 125y = 91}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {En esta ecuacin, los nmeros x e y son enteros y, adems, y no es superior a 999,
por cuanto no}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pu
ede tener ms de tres cifras. Resolvamos la ecuacin como indicamos antes:}\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {125y = 617x - 91}\par\pard\li2253\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li2253\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y = 5x - 1 + (
34 - 8x) / 125 = 5x - 1 + 2(17 - 4x) / 125 = 5x - 1 + 2t}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1

00 {(Aqu hemos tomado 617 / 125 = 5 - 8 / 125, ya que nos conviene que haya el me
nor residuo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {posib
le. El quebrado}\par\pard\li4720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4720\ri
0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2(17 - 4x) / 125}\par\pard\li760\ri
alex100 {es un nmero entero, y como 2 no se divide por 125, (17 - 4x) / 125, x de
be ser un nmero entero,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {que representaremos con la t. Despus, de la ecuacin}\par\pard\li4613\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4613\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {(17 - 4x) / 125 = t}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se obtiene}\par\pard\li4773\
rscalex100 {17 - 4x = 125t}\par\pard\li3760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li3760\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x = 4 - 31t + (1 - t) /
4 = 4 - 31t + t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde}\par\pard\li4840\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li4840\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t}{\sub \fs18\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = (1 - t) / 4}\par\pard\li76
arscalex100 {por lo tanto}\par\pard\li5000\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {4t}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=
1 - t}\par\pard\li8173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8173\ri0\sl-360\s
7;32768}}
rd\li760\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Se sabe que}\par\pard\li
charscalex100 {Por consiguiente}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde}\par\column\
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t = 1 - 4t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x = 125t}\fs18\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {1}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X 27}\par\pard\li613\ri0\s
l-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y = 617t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1

}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - 134}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-506\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {100}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {[}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y<
1000}\par\pard\li200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li200\ri0\sl-360\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {[}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 { 617t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ - 134 < 1000,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l}}\
fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 234 / 617 y t}{\sub \f
s18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 1134 / 617}\par\colu
arscalex100 {Es evidente que para t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 { existe solamente un valor entero:}\par\pard\li5186\ri0\sl-293\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l}}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 { = 1,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {de donde x = 98, y = 483; es decir, fueron vendidos 98 metros por una s
uma total de 4.837 rublos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {28 kopeks. E1 libro auxiliar, pues, ha sido restablecido.}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\par
\f0\charscalex100\b {3. Compra de sellos de correos}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Se dispone de 1 rublo para comprar
40 sellos de correos: de 1, 4 y 12 kopeks. Cuntos sellos de}\i0 \par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {cada uno de estos precios debern
comprarse?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En este caso tenemos dos ecuaciones con tr
es incgnitas:}\par\pard\li4520\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4520\ri0\s
l-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x + 4y + 12z = 100,}\par\pard\li4733\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { x + y + z = 40,}\par\pard\li760\r
calex100 {donde x es el nmero de sellos de 1 kopeks; y, el de 4 kopeks, y z, el d
e 12 kopeks. Restando de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {la primera ecuacin la segunda, obtendremos una ecuacin con dos incgnitas:}\
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3y + llz = 60}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Despejemos
la y:}\par\pard\li4613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4613\ri0\sl-333\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y = 20 - 11 * z / 3}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-21
{Es evidente que 3 es un nmero entero. Indiqumosle con la t. Tenemos:}\par\pard\l
i4866\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Y = 20 - 11t}\par\pard\li51
86\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {z = 3t}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Sustituyamos la y y la z en la segunda de las ecuaciones iniciales:}\par\par
*\tx960\fs14\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {1}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Obsrvese qu
e los coeficientes de ti son iguales a los de x e y en la ecuacin inicial 617x 125y = 91, adems, uno}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {de los coeficientes de tl tiene el signo contrario. Esto no es fortuito: pue
de demostrarse que debe suceder as siempre}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs
20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que los coeficientes de x y de y sean primos entre s.}\p
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8173\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio
Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsx
n133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\mar
gtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols3\colno1\colw4360\colsr-0\colno2\colw3893\colsr-0\colno
3\colw3186\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Rec
reativa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\s
ex100 {de aqu que}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\
li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X + 20 \uc1\u8211X 11t + 3t =
40;}\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li573\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x =
20 + 8t}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yako
v Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\marg
rsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como x}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {/}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 { 0, y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 { 0 y z}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 0, no
es difcil establecer los lmites de t:}\par\pard\li4813\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li4813\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f1\charscalex100 {[}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { t}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{[}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { l 9 / 11}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde se
deduce que para t son posibles slo dos valores enteros: t = 0 y t = 1.}\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los valores correspondient
es de x, y y z son:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsx
n666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw4146\colsr-0\colno2\colw1186\colsr-0\colno3\co
lw1173\colsr-0\colno4\colw4933\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pru
eba:}\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-333
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t =}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x =}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {y =}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {z =}\par
\column\pard\li66\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-333\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {20}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20}\p
ar\pard\li66\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\par\column\pard\l
i53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {28}
\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}\par\pard\li53\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
sxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li3813\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li3813\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y = 20 * 1
+ 20 * 4 + 0 * 12 = 100}\par\pard\li3880\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {z = 28 * 1 + 9 * 4 + 3 * 12 = 100}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En la compr
a de sellos, como vemos, son posibles dos variantes (si van a exigir que se comp
re}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aunque sea un
solo sello de cada}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{valor, es posible una sola variante).}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pasemos al segundo problema de este mismo tipo.}\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {4. Compra de frutas}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Por 5 rublos se compraron 100 unidades de
diferentes frutas. Sus precios son los siguientes:}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5173\colsr
-0\colno2\colw6266\pard\li3613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3613\ri0\
sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {sanda}\i0 \par\pard\li3613\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {manzanas}\i0 \par\pard\li3613\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {ciruelas}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{Cunta fruta de cada clase fue comprada?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {50 kopeks cada una}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {10 kopeks cada una}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {1 kopeks cada una}\i0 \par\pard\s
ect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Indicando el nmero de sandas con la x,
el de las manzanas con la y y el de las ciruelas con la z,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {establezcamos dos ecuaciones:}\par\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\coln
o1\colw4933\colsr-0\colno2\colw586\colsr-0\colno3\colw5920\pard\li4400\ri0\sl-21
0 {\uc1\u63729X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx266\fs24\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {+}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
=}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\p
ard\li4520\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5093\*\tx5680\*\tx6146\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {50}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\tab \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {500}\par\pard\li4400\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u63730X}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63731X}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {y}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {z}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100}\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Restando de la prime
ra ecuacin la segunda, obtendremos una ecuacin con dos incgnitas}\par\pard\li8173\r
scalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\
marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {49x + 9y = 400.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\ch
\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5813\colsr-0\colno2\colw5626\pard\li76
arscalex100 {El ulterior desarrollo del problema ser el siguiente:}\par\pard\li35
73\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3573\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx4160\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {400}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
d\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx333\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {1}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par
olno1\colw3373\colsr-0\colno2\colw546\colsr-0\colno3\colw2706\colsr-0\colno4\col
w4813\pard\li3186\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \par\co
lumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\
li66\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx2040\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{\sub \

fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {44}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8722X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \*\tx2000\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}\p
ar\column\pard\li746\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx933\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {44}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {4}\par\pard\li586\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1053\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-493\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0
{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 }\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1
2240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw4573\colsr-0\colno2\co
lw6866\pard\li4440\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t}\i0 \par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \*\tx346\*\tx720\*\tx1200\*\tx1506\fs24\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {=}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8658X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li1360\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1693\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {t}\i0 \par\pard\li373\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}\
2\colno1\colw3933\colsr-0\colno2\colw7506\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De las desigualdades}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se deduce que}\par\pard\li760\ri
alex100 {por consiguiente, t = 0. Por eso.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0
{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {77}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\
u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t}\i0 { }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {4}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {39}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {49}\par\pard\li2986\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {t}\i0 \par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li426\ri0
lex100\i {1 - 9t}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i { 0 y 39 + 49 t}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i { 0}\i0 \par\pard\li680\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li680\ri0\sl-373
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {1 / 9}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { t}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {/}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i { - 39 / 49}\i0 \par\pard\li866\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li866\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x = 1, y = 39}
\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsx
li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sustituyendo los valores de
x y de y en la segunda ecuacin, deduciremos que z = 60.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Se compraron 1 sanda, 39 manzanas y 60 cir
uelas.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Slo cabe es
ta combinacin.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \u
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5. Adivinar el da de nacimiento.}
\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema

}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Las ec
uaciones indeterminadas permiten efectuar el siguiente truco matemtico. Se propon
e a}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {una per
sona que multiplique la fecha del da de su nacimiento por 12, y el nmero del mes,
por}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {31. Con
la suma de los productos de esos datos puede calcularse la fecha del nacimiento
de la}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {pers
ona dada. Si por ejemplo naci el 9 de febrero, se efectuarn las siguientes operaci
ones:}\i0 \par\pard\li3293\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3293\ri0\sl-3
20\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {9 * 12 = 108 , 2 * 31 = 62 , 108 + 62 =
170.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Cmo se deducir el da del nacimiento conociend
o esa suma?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La tarea se reduce a resolver la ecuacin i
ndeterminada}\par\pard\li4680\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4680\ri0\s
l-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12x + 31y = 170}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
100 {en la que los valores de las incgnitas deben ser enteros y positivos; adems,
la fecha del mes,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no es supe
rior a 31, y el nmero del mes,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {, no pasa de 12}\par\pard\li8173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage



0 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
0\i {y}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\marg
rsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw3453\colsr-0\colno2\colw186\colsr-0\colno3\colw1013\col
sr-0\colno4\colw6786\pard\li3280\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\p
ar\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx586\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {170}\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {31}\par\pard\li360\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {12}\par\pard\li226\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li226\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li226\ri0\sl-626\slmult0 \*\tx773\fs24\cf0
\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \*\tx2733\fs24\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}
\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{\super \fs24\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}
\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 {=}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8722X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li2440\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \*\tx2920\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\
i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t}\i0 \par\pard\li1306\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}\par\pard\li213\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {2 + 5y = 12t}\par\pard\li160\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1546\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {t}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t}\i0 \par\pard\se
lw4253\colsr-0\colno2\colw720\colsr-0\colno3\colw200\colsr-0\colno4\colw720\cols
r-0\colno5\colw666\colsr-0\colno6\colw4880\pard\li3680\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx333\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}\par\pard\li160\
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {*}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{1}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{=}}\par\pard\li146\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\par\column
\pard\li546\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t}\i0 \par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
t}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
2}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\
pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li4480\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li4480\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 \uc1\u8211Xt = 5t}
\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, t = 1 \uc1\u8211X 5t
}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li3973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li3973\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y = 2 * (1 - 5t}\fs1
8\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) \uc1\u8211X 2t}\fs18\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 2 \uc1\u8211X 12t}\fs18\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li3440\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li344
0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x = 14 \uc1\u8211X 3 * (2 \uc1\
u8211X 12t}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) +
1 \uc1\u8211X 5t}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ = 9 + 31t}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Se
sabe que 31}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { x > 0
y 12}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y > 0, por lo
que los lmites para t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {:}\par\pard\li4480\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4480\ri0\sl-360\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - 9 / 31 < t}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { < 1 / 6 .}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por lo tanto,}\p

ar\pard\li4613\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {t}\fs18\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {l}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0, x = 9, y = 2}\par\pard\li760\r
calex100 {La fecha de nacimiento es el da 9 del segundo mes, es decir, el 9 de fe
brero. Se puede proponer}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {otra solucin que no exige el empleo de ecuaciones. Nos han dicho la cifra
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a = 12x + 31y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
. Puesto}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {12x + 24y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { se divid
e entre 12, en este caso los nmeros}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {7y}\i0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {, despus de ser divididos entre}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12, tienen restas iguales. Al multiplicar por 7 resul
ta que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {49y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {7a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, despus de se
r divididos entre}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{12, tienen restas iguales. Pero}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {49y = 48y + y}
\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {48y}\i0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { se divide entre 12. Resulta que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{7a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { al ser}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {divididos entre 12 tienen restas iguales.}\par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Con otras palabras, si a no
se divide entre 12, en este caso y es igual a la resta de la divisin del}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nmero}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {7a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { entre 12; pero si a se divide e
ntre 12, entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y = 12}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {. Este nmero}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { (nmero del}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {mes) se determina enteramente. Sabiendo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ya es muy fcil determinar}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un pequeo consejo: antes de determinar la resta de la
divisin del nmero}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {7a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 { entre 12, cambie el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {mismo nmero a por su resta de la divisin entre 12 - ser ms fcil calcular. Po
r ejemplo, si a =}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{170, Ud. tiene que efectuar mentalmente los siguientes clculos:}\par\pard\li3573
arscalex100 {170 = 12 14 + 2 (entonces la resta es 2)}\par\pard\li3386\ri0\sl-21
0 {2 * 7 = 14; 14 = 12 * 1 + 2 (entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 2)}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsx
n15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw4840\colsr-0\colno2\colw6600\par
f0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \par\pard
\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols8\colno1
\colw3653\colsr-0\colno2\colw360\colsr-0\colno3\colw1000\colsr-0\colno4\colw186\
colsr-0\colno5\colw1173\colsr-0\colno6\colw173\colsr-0\colno7\colw440\colsr-0\co
lno8\colw4453\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entonces}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {'}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {170}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {31}\par\pard\li346\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {170}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {31}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {2}\par\pard\li440\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}\par\p

ard\li13\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 { = 9}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {180}\
par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}\par\column\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {9}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn
133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ahora Ud. puede comunicar que la fecha del nacimiento
es el 9 de febrero. Demostremos que el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {truco nunca falla, es decir, que la ecuacin tiene siempre u
na sola solucin, siendo sus valores}\par\pard\li8173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8173\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patric
io Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margr
sxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
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scalex100 {enteros y positivos. Representemos por}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { el nmero que se nos comunica. En este caso,
la fecha}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del nac
imiento vendr expresada por la ecuacin}\par\pard\li4733\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li4733\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {12x + 31y =
a.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Razonemos "por reduccin al absurdo". Supongamos
que esta ecuacin tiene dos soluciones}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {diferentes enteras y positivas, concretamente: la solucin}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {1}\i0 }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {, y}\i0 {\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {1}\i0
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y la solucin}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0
{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {, y}\i
0 {\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {; adems,
tanto}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \f
s18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {1}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { como}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { no son superiores a 31;}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs18
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {1}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 { tampoco son mayores que 12. Tenemos:}\par\pard\li4680\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4680\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {12x}\i
0 {\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {1}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { + 31
y}\i0 {\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {1}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
= a}\i0 \par\pard\li4680\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {12x}\i
0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { + 31y}\i0 \
fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { = a}\i0 \par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Restando la segunda ecuacin de la prime
ra, tendremos:}\par\pard\li4053\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4053\ri0
\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {12 (x}\i0 { }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {l}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { - x}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {2}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {) + 31 (y}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {1}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { - y}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2
}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {) = 0}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De esta igualdad se de
sprende que el nmero}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {12(x}\i0 { }\fs18\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {1}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { - x}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {2}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {)}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
es divisible por 31. Como}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\c

harscalex100\i {1}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {x}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, so
n}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nmeros positivos
que no superan 31, su diferencia,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\sub
\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {1}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { \uc1\u8211X
x}\i0 {\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { es
una magnitud menor que 31. Por}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {eso, el nmero}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {12(x}\i0 \fs18\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {1}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { x}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {2}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {)}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 { puede dividirse por 31 slo cuando}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs1
8\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {1}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { = x}\i0 \fs18\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, es decir, si la primera
}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {solucin coincide
con la segunda. De esta manera, la suposicin de que existen dos soluciones}\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {diferentes conduce a un
a contradiccin}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \u
i0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6. Venta de pollos}\b0 \par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Antiguo problema}\b0
\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Tres herman
as fueron a vender pollos al mercado. Una llev 10 pollos; otra, 16, y la tercera,
26.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Hasta
el medioda, las tres haban vendido al mismo precio una parte de los pollos. Despus
del}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {medioda,
temiendo que no pudieran desprenderse de todos los pollos, bajaron el precio}\i
0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {vendiendo los
que les quedaban al mismo precio. Las tres hermanas regresaron a casa con igual
}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {cantidad d
e dinero, obtenida de la venta de las aves, con 35 rublos cada una. A qu precio}\i
0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {vendieron los
pollos antes y despus del medioda?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Representemos el nme
ro de pollos vendidos por cada una de las hermanas hasta el medioda con}\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Despus del
medioda vendieron 10 -}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {, 16 -}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 { y 26 -}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
pollos. E1 precio que rigi por la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx5653\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {maana lo expresamos con}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{m}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, y el de la tarde, con}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\b {n}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Para mayor claridad confrontem
os estas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {expresio
nes:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn13
3\cols2\colno1\colw7746\colsr-0\colno2\colw3693\pard\li3666\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3666\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Nmero de
pollos vendidos}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Precio}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw5226\colsr-0\
colno2\colw920\colsr-0\colno3\colw946\colsr-0\colno4\colw866\colsr-0\colno5\colw
3480\pard\li2480\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hasta el medioda}
\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par
\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \par\col
umn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i0 \par\column\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 \par\pard\sect\s
00\colsr-0\colno2\colw2986\colsr-0\colno3\colw3453\pard\li2480\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Despus del medioda}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La primera hermana obtuvo:}\par\column\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx933\*\tx1853\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {10 - x}\
i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {16 - y}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {26 \uc1\u8211X z}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {n}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\margls
xn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw2773\colsr-0\colno2\colw5400\colsr-0\colno3\c
olw3266\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la segunda:}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
{mx + n (10 - x);}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { por consiguiente,}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {mx + n (10 \uc1\u8211X x ) = 35}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\
pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbkpage



rd\li760\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la tercera:}\par\column\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {my + n (16 - y
)}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {; por lo tanto,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {my \uc1\u8211X r - n (16 \uc1\u8211X y ) = 35}\i0 \par\pard\li160\ri0\sl-213\
lex100\i {mz + n (26 - z)}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {; de aqu que,}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {mz + n (26 - z) = 35}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\
par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelma
n}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\c
ols4\colno1\colw4586\colsr-0\colno2\colw853\colsr-0\colno3\colw386\colsr-0\colno
4\colw5613\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Transformemos estas tres ecuaciones:}\par\colum
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 { }\fs26\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-493\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li
d\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-506\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {n}\i0 { }\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
-0\colno2\colw6253\pard\li4466\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u63729X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx400\*\tx1000\fs26\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{35}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn13
3\cols3\colno1\colw5453\colsr-0\colno2\colw386\colsr-0\colno3\colw5600\pard\li44
66\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63732X}\par\pard\li4586\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m
}\i0 { }\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\
slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \f
s26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 { }\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\col
w5186\colsr-0\colno2\colw6253\pard\li4466\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charsc
alex100 {\uc1\u63730X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx413\*\tx1013\
fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {16}\tab \fs26\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {35}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666
\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5853\colsr-0\colno2\colw5586\pard\li4466\ri0\sl-44
0\slmult0 \*\tx5426\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63731X}\fs26\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u63732X}{\sub \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {m}\i0 { }\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\tab \fs26\cf0\f1\chars
calex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i

{n}\i0 { }\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1224
0\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li5186\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5600\*
\tx6200\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs2
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i0 \tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {26}\tab \fs26\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {35}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Restando de la tercera ecuacin la primera, y despus la segunda, obtendremos
sucesivamente:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666
66\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63729X}\par\column\pard\
arscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx413\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\sect\sec
\colsr-0\colno2\colw5826\pard\li4386\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx4866\*\tx5493\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {n}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)(}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {z}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li533\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \*\tx293\*\tx893\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{16}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240
\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw5320\colsr-0\colno2\colw10
13\colsr-0\colno3\colw5106\pard\li4266\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \*\tx4693\fs24\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u63730X}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63731X}\tab \fs24\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx4
40\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\pa
r\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\sec
w4386\colsr-0\colno2\colw1253\colsr-0\colno3\colw5800\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o lo que es lo mismo}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \*\tx480\*\tx1133\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {m}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {)(}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{y}\i0 \par\column\pard\li520\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
n}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx280\*\tx880\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\par
olno1\colw5480\colsr-0\colno2\colw5960\pard\li4440\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx4853\
fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63729X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\tab \fs24
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx
440\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\p
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Dividimos la primera por la segunda:}\par\column\pard
\li240\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx640\*\tx1266\*\tx1680\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{m}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)(}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {16}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {n}\i0 \par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \*\tx453\*\tx1093\*\tx1533\
fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63730X}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63731X
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par
\pard\li240\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx640\*\tx1280\*\tx1693\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {m}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{)(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx2000\fs24\cf0\f1\c

harscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard
\colw4973\colsr-0\colno2\colw506\colsr-0\colno3\colw5960\pard\li4253\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \*\tx4600\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {z}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{8}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx760\*\tx1093\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {z}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {z}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\margls
xn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw4773\colsr-0\colno2\colw866\colsr-0\colno3\co
lw373\colsr-0\colno4\colw373\colsr-0\colno5\colw5053\pard\li4413\ri0\sl-346\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li4253\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\*\tx4600\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
z}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{=}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8658X}\par\pard\li200\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x, y, z}\i0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { son nmeros enteros, las diferencias}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {x - z, y - z}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { son tambin nmeros enteros.
Por}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {esta razn, pa
ra que se produzca la igualdad}\par\pard\li4866\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li4866\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx5613\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }
\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i0 \
tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u872
2X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn122
40\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw5373\colsr-0\colno2\colw
400\colsr-0\colno3\colw5666\pard\li5013\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {8}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\
par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\par\pard\s
ect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0
lex100 {es preciso que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x - z}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 { se divida por 8, e}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y - z}\i0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, por 5. Por lo tanto,}\par\pard\li5933\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5933\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc
1\u8722X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrs
xn133\cols2\colno1\colw5786\colsr-0\colno2\colw5653\pard\li4706\ri0\sl-426\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722
X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i0 {\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t}\
i0 }\par\pard\li5213\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx5546\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\
tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3
46\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i0 \
3\colno1\colw4853\colsr-0\colno2\colw1080\colsr-0\colno3\colw5506\pard\li760\ri0
i760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde}\par\column\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\sl
l-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x = z + 8t}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
wsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y = z + 5t}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Observemos
que el nmero}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,
adems de entero, es tambin positivo, por cuanto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
x > z}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { (en caso}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmul

t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {contrario, la primera hermana no hubiera podido c
onseguir tanto dinero como la tercera).}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x < 10}\i0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li8173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8
\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn1
5840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\mar
glsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols3\colno1\colw4880\colsr-0\colno
2\colw3373\colsr-0\colno3\colw3186\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
8\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z + 8t < 10}
\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pg
hsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Al ser}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 { y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { nmer
os enteros y positivos, la ltima desigualdad puede ser satisfecha slo en el}\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {caso en que}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {z = 1}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {t = 1}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Sustituyendo estos valor
es en}\par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-346\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x = z + 8t}\i0 \par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y = z + 5t}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\
resulta que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x = 9, y = 6}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-3
33\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si en las ecuaciones}\par\pard\li4440\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {mx + n (10 - x) = 35,}\i0 \par\par
d\li4453\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {my + n (16 - y) = 35,}
\i0 \par\pard\li4493\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {mz + n (26
- z) = 35}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sustituimos los valores de}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {x, y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {z}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, ya conocidos, tendremos el p
recio por el que han sido}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {vendidos los polluelos:}\par\pard\li3893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li3893\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m = 3 rublos y n
= 1 rublos}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {H
asta el medioda, los polluelos fueron vendidos, como hemos visto, a 3 rublos 75 k
opeks;}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {despus del
medioda, a 1 rublo 25 kopeks.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\cha
rscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {7. Dos nmeros y cu
atro operaciones}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {El problema anterior, resuelto mediante un sistema de tres ecuaciones
con cinco incgnitas, no}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {se ha desarrollado por los procedimientos ordinarios, sino por un r
azonamiento matemtico}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {libre. De esta misma forma resolveremos los siguientes problemas, y se
reducen a ecuaciones}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {indeterminadas de segundo grado.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {He aqu el primero de ellos.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Con dos nmeros enteros y positiv
os fueron realizadas las cuatro operaciones siguientes:}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\
ex100\i {1) los sumaron}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {2) restaron el menor del mayor,}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3) los multiplicaron}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\s

l-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {4) dividieron el mayor por el menor.
}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {La suma de los resultados obtenidos fue 243. Hl
lense esos dos nmeros.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si el nmero mayor es}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, y el menor}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\par\pard\li3773\ri0\s
ex100\i {(x + y) + (x \uc1\u8211X y) + xy + x / y = 243}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\
ex100 {Si se multiplica esta ecuacin por}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, se abren los parntesis y se reducen los trminos semej
antes,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tendremos:
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x(2y + y}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { + 1) = 243y}\i0 \par\pard\li8173\ri
calex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\m
arglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage


a Recreativa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Pero}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\
Por eso}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
i0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2y + y}\i0 {\super \fs18\up3
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { + 1 = (y + 1)}\i0
{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\par\pard\li533\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li533\ri0\sl-506\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x
}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{\super \fs24\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {24
3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \par\pard\li920\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\char
scalex100 {+}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super
\fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs2
pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Para que el nmero x sea
entero, es preciso que el denominador}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {(y + 1)}
\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ sea uno de los divisores}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {de 243 (por cuanto y no puede tener factores comunes con}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {y + 1}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). Sabiendo que 243 =
3}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, se}\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {deduce que 243 es d
ivisible slo por los nmeros siguientes, que son cuadrados: 1, 3}{\super \fs18\up3\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 9}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. As}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pues,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {(y + l)
}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100

{ debe ser igual a 1, 32 o 91. Puesto que y debe ser un nmero positivo, resulta
que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es 8 2.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 { ser igual a}\par\pard\li4200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li4200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {243 * 8 / 81 , 243 * 2 / 9
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los nmeros buscados, por lo tanto, sern 24 y 8 54 y 2.
}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0
\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {8. Cmo ser el rectngulo}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Los lados de un rectngulo viene
n dados por nmeros enteros. Cul ser la longitud de dichos}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {lados para que el permetro y la superf
icie de esta figura se expresen con los mismos nmeros?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
100\b {Solucin}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Representando los lados del rectngulo con}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { e}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { tendremos la ecuacin}\par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100\i {2x + 2y = xy}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde}\par\pard\li5493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\super \fs24\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 }\par\
pard\li5013\ri0\sl-493\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\
f1\charscalex100 {=}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f1\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-4
40\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\
i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { e}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { deben ser nmeros positivos, tambin lo ser el numero}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y - 2}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, es decir,}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { debe ser}\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mayor que 2.}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fijmonos ahora en que}\par\pard
colsr-0\colno5\colw893\colsr-0\colno6\colw4186\pard\li4026\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li4026\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \par\pard\li3546\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {y}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li4280\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {(}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li213\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
\pard\li213\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\column\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-520\slmult0 \*\tx1186\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0
}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li720\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li720\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-480\slmult0 \*\tx333\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charsc
alex100 {+}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\p
gwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw4733\colsr-0\col
no2\colw6706\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { tiene que ser un
nmero entero,}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {y}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {2}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, tambin lo ser. Pero como}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {y > 2}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, slo se}\par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw8173\
colsr-0\colno2\colw3266\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{satisfacen las condiciones del problema si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}
\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { es igual a 3, 4 o 6.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
lex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\mar
glsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666
\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols2\colno1\colw8253\colsr-0\colno2\colw31
86\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El valor correspondiente de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ser 6, 4 3.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
knone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Vemos, pues, que la figura buscada ser un rectngul
o cuyos lados equivaldrn a 3 y 6, o un}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {cuadrado de lado 4.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {9. Do
s nmeros de dos cifras}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Los nmeros 46 y 96 ti
enen una curiosa propiedad: su producto no se altera aunque las cifras}\i0 \par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {que los componen cam
bien de lugar. En efecto,}\i0 \par\pard\li4213\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li4213\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {46 * 96 = 4416 = 64
* 69}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Cmo podr averiguarse si existen otros nmeros
de dos cifras con idntica propiedad?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Representando las
cifras de los nmeros buscados con}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x, y, z, t,}\
i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { tendremos la ecuacin}\par\pard\li3573\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3573\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {(10x + y)(10z + t) = (10y + x)(10t + z)}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Abrien
do los parntesis y reduciendo los trminos semejantes, se obtiene}\par\pard\li5120\
rscalex100\i {xz = yt}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {x, y, z, y t}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { son nmeros enteros m
enores que 10. Para buscar la solucin se forman con las}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nueve cifras significante todas las pareja
s que dan un mismo resultado:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn158
-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 * 4 = 2 * 2}\par\pard\li2413\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 * 6 = 2 * 3}\par\pard\li2413\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 * 8 = 2 * 4}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2

{1 * 9 = 3 * 3}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 *
4 = 2 * 2}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2 * 6 = 3
* 4}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2 * 9 = 3 * 6}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3 * 8 = 4 * 6}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4 * 9 = 6 * 6}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las igualdades son en total 9. De cada una de ellas puede
formarse uno o dos grupos de las cifras}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {buscadas. Por ejemplo, de la igualdad 1 * 4 = 2 * 2 se ob
tiene}\par\pard\li4613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4613\ri0\sl-346\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12 * 42 = 21 * 24}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\
De la igualdad 1 * 6 = 2 * 3 hallarnos dos soluciones:}\par\pard\li3693\ri0\sl-2
00 {12 * 63 = 21 * 36, 13 * 62 = 31 * 26}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Siguiendo el
mismo procedimiento encontraremos las siguientes 14, soluciones:}\par\pard\sect
5826\colsr-0\colno2\colw2346\colsr-0\colno3\colw3266\pard\li3280\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3280\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12
* 42 = 21 * 24}\par\pard\li3280\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1
2 * 63 = 21 * 36}\par\pard\li3280\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{12 * 84 = 21 * 48}\par\pard\li3280\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {13 * 62 = 31 * 26}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {23 * 96 = 32 * 69}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {24 * 63 = 42 * 36}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {24 * 84 = 42 * 48}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {26 * 93 = 62 * 39}\par\column\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio B
33\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst
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colno3\colw2426\colsr-0\colno4\colw3186\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\column\pa
0\f0\charscalex100 {13 * 93 = 31 * 39}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {14 * 82 = 41 * 28}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {23 * 64 = 32 * 46}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {34 * 86 =
43 * 68}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {36 * 84 = 6
3 * 48}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {46 * 96 = 64

* 69}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {10. Los nmeros de Pitgoras}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El fcil y exacto mtodo que los agrimenso
res emplean para trazar lneas perpendiculares sobre el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terreno consiste en lo siguiente.}\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Supongamos que por el punt
o A hay que trazar una perpendicular a MN (fig. 12).}\par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-213
\i {Figura 12}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri
alex100 {En direccin AM, desde el punto A se seala tres veces la distancia cualqui
era (a). Despus, en}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{una cuerda se hacen tres nudos separados por una distancia igual a}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {4a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {5a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Colocando los nudos}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {extremos en los puntos A y
B, se tira del nudo del medio. Con ello se forma un tringulo en el}\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que el ngulo A es recto.}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Este antiguo mtodo, emple
ado ya hace miles de aos por los constructores de las pirmides}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {egipcias, se basa en que los tringulo
s, en los que la relacin de sus lados sea 3 : 4 : 5, de acuerdo}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con el conocido teorema de Pitgoras
sern rectngulos por cuanto}\par\pard\li4866\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li4866\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 4}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 5}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Adems de los
nmeros 3, 4 y 5 existe, como se sabe, infinidad de nmeros enteros y positivos}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a,}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {b, c}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que satisfacen la
correlacin}\par\pard\li4893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4893\ri0\sl-3
46\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + b}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = c}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y reciben la denominacin de nmeros de Pitgoras. De acuerdo c
on el teorema de Pitgoras,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {estos nmeros pueden expresar la longitud de los lados de un tringulo rectn
gulo. Los lados}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {y}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {b
}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { sern dos "catetos" y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {c}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la "hipotenusa".}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Es evidente que si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {a, b, c}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son un tro de nmeros de
Pitgoras, los nmeros}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {pa, pb, pc}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {(donde p es}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {un factor entero) sern tambin nmeros de Pitgoras. Y al contrario, si l

os nmeros de Pitgoras}\par\pard\li8173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li817
harscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn158
40\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\margl
sxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols2\colno1\colw8253\colsr-0\colno2\
colw3186\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recre
ativa}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tienen un factor comn, pueden ser simplificados por st
e, obtenindose de nuevo el grupo de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {nmeros de Pitgoras. Por eso, para empezar analicemos tres nmeros
pitagricos que sean}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{primos entre s (los dems se hallan multiplicndolos por el factor entero p).}\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mostremos que uno de l
os "catetos" de los nmeros}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a, b, c}\i0 { }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {debe ser nmero par, y el otro, impar.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \*\tx7720\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Razonemos partiendo de la red
uccin al "absurdo". Si los dos "catetos"}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0
{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {b}\i0 \fs22\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { son pares, tambin}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lo ser la suma a}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + b}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y, por lo tanto, lo mismo suceder con la "hipotenusa". S
in embargo, esto}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx4893\*\tx5706\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {contradice el hecho de que los nmeros}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {a, b, c}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no tienen un factor comn y
a que 2 divide}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ex
actamente a tres nmeros pares. Por consiguiente, por lo menos uno de los "catetos
",}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a, b}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tien
e}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que ser impar.}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Puede ofrecerse o
tra variante, que ambos "catetos" sean impares y la "hipotenusa", par. No es}\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {difcil demostrar que
esto es imposible. En efecto. Si los "catetos tienen la forma}\par\pard\li4693\r
scalex100\i {2x + 1}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {2y + 1}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la suma de sus cuadrados ser igua
l a}\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-320\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4x}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 4x + 1 + 4y}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 4y + 1 = 4(x}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ x + y}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ y) + 2}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es dec
ir, se trata de un nmero que al ser divido por 4 da de residuo 2. En tanto que el
cuadrado}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de cual
quier nmero par debe dividirse por 4 sin residuo. Por consiguiente, la suma de lo
s}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuadrados de do
s nmeros impares no puede ser el cuadrado de un nmero par; en otras palabras:}\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nuestros tres nmeros n
o son pitagricos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
As, pues, de los "catetos"}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a, b}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {uno es par y otro impar. Por eso, el nmero}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\i {a}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i { + b}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {es impar y, en}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {consecuencia, tambin lo ser la "hipotenusa" c.}\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Supongamos, para mayor precisin, que

}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { es el "cate
to" impar y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {b}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{el par.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De la i
gualdad}\par\pard\li4853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4853\ri0\sl-346
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { + b}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { = c}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {obtenemos fcilmente:}\pa
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i
0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {= c}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {- b}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {= (c + b)(c - b)}\i0 \par\pard\li
charscalex100 {Los factores}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {c + b}\i0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 { y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {c - b}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 { son primos entre s. Efectivamente. Si estos nmeros tuvieran algn}\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {factor comn primo, exc
epcin hecha de la unidad, entonces tambin se dividira por dicho factor}\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {su suma}\par\pard\li4400\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {(c + b) + (c - b) = 2c}\i0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {su diferencia}\par\pard\li4440\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4440
\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {(c + b) - (c - b) = 2b,}\i0 \p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y su producto}\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {(c + b) (c - b) = a}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {,}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-21
{es decir, los nmeros}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2c}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2b}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { tendran un
factor comn. Como a es impar este factor no puede}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ser 2, y por eso, los nmeros}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\i {a, b}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {c}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { tienen este factor comn, lo que, sin em
bargo, es imposible.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {La contradiccin obtenida demuestra que los nmeros}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {c + b}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {c
- b}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { son primos entre s. Pero si el}\par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn


scalex100 {producto de dos nmeros primos entre s es un cuadrado, entonces, cada un
o de ellos ser un}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
cuadrado, es decir,}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsx
n666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5893\colsr-0\colno2\colw5546\pard\li5160\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5160\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx5520\fs24\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {+}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\li4880\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \*\tx5333\*\tx5693\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63732X}\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {c}\i0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {b}\i0 \tab \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\s
bknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li4880\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63730X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgws
xn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw5160\colsr-0\colno2
rscalex100 {\uc1\u63732X}\fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63731X}\par\column\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx360\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\tab \
fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn
666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw4240\colsr-0\colno2\colw1813\colsr-0\colno3\col
w5386\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Al resolver este sistema hallamos}\par\column\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1093\*\tx1453\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {c}\i0 \t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {b}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0
lmult0 \*\tx1013\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {c}\i0 { }\fs24\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{\super \fs24\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 }\fs24\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 {\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {,}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {b}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {=}\par\column\pard\li146\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li146\ri0\sl
arscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {m}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {n}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
-0\colno2\colw5253\pard\li4933\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}
\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li3653\r
scalex100\i {a}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i { = (c + b)(c \uc1\u8211X b) = m}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { * n}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {, a = mn}\i0 \par\p
f0\f0\charscalex100 {De aqu que los nmeros de Pitgoras examinados se representen as:
}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\co
ls3\colno1\colw6040\colsr-0\colno2\colw386\colsr-0\colno3\colw5013\pard\li5186\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5186\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5653\fs14\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li3866\ri0\sl
-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {mn}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {b}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{\super \fs24\up5\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 {\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {c}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li146\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
46\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
2}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\
cols2\colno1\colw6560\colsr-0\colno2\colw4880\pard\li5320\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn66
6\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde m y n son nmeros impares primos entre s.
El lector puede convencerse fcilmente de lo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {contrario: las frmulas citadas, con cualesquiera nmeros
m y n impares, dan los nmeros}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {pitagricos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a, b, c}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {. He aqu algunos grupos de nmeros pitagricos, obtenidos con diferen
tes}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {valores de m
y n:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn13
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3013\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuando}\
\*\tx960\*\tx1826\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m = 3}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {n = 1}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 4}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 5}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\
3\colno1\colw4173\colsr-0\colno2\colw986\colsr-0\colno3\colw6280\pard\li3293\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220X}\par\pard\li3293\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220X}\par\pard\li3293\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220X}\par\pard\li3293\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220X}\par\pard\li3293\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3293\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8
220X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m = 5}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m = 7}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m = 9}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m =}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
0 {m =}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {13}\par\colu
mn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx840\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n = 1}\tab \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {+ 12}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {= 13}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx840\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n = 1}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {7}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {+ 24}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
= 25}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0
\*\tx840\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n = 1}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}{\
super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 40}{\supe
r \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 41}{\super \f
s18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx840\fs24\

cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n = 1}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11}{\super \fs18\up
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 60}{\super \fs18\up4\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 61}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx840\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {n = 1}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {13}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 84}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 85}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn13
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220X}\par\pard\li3293\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220X}\par\pard\li3293\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx960\
*\tx1826\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m = 5}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n = 3
}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {15}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 8}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 17}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx986\*\tx1826\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m = 7}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n = 3}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {21}{\super \f
s18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 20}{\super \fs18\
up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 29}{\super \fs18\up4\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx986\*\tx1826\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m =}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n = 3}\tab \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {33}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {+ 56}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {= 65}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1224
0\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw4173\colsr-0\colno2\colw9
x100 {\uc1\u8220X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {m =}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {13}\par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx840\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n = 3}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {39}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 80}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {= 89}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\sec
w4173\colsr-0\colno2\colw7266\pard\li3293\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {\uc1\u8220X}\par\pard\li3293\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u8220X}\par\pard\li3293\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8220X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx960\*\tx1826\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {m = 7}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n = 5}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {35}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {+ 12}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {= 37}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\s
lmult0 \*\tx986\*\tx1826\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m = 9}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {n = 5}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {45}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 28}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 53}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {2}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx986\*\tx1826\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {m =}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n = 5}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{55}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 48
}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 73}{\s
uper \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {11}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\mar
glsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw4173\colsr-0\colno2\colw986\colsr-0\colno3
\colw6280\pard\li3293\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220X
}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m =}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {13}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx840\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n = 5}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {65}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {+ 72}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100

{= 97}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\p
no2\colw7266\pard\li3293\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u82
20X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx960\*\tx1826\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {m = 9}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n = 7}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {63}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{+ 16}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 6
5}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn
12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw4173\colsr-0\colno2\c
olw960\colsr-0\colno3\colw3040\colsr-0\colno4\colw3266\pard\li3293\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m =}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*
\tx866\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n = 7}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {77}{\su
per \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 36}{\super
\fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 85}{\super \fs1
8\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros
6\margbsxn213\cols3\colno1\colw4173\colsr-0\colno2\colw4080\colsr-0\colno3\colw3
186\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \f
0\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Todos los dems grupos de tres nmeros pitagricos, o tienen
factores comunes, o contienen}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {nmeros mayores de 100).}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Los nmeros de Pitgoras tienen, en general, propiedades curiosas
que enumeraremos a}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {continuacin sin demostraciones:}\par\pard\li1120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li1120\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx1466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1)}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Uno de los "catetos" debe ser mltiplo de tres.}\par\p
ard\li1120\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2)}\tab \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Uno de los "catetos" debe ser mltiplo de cuatro.}\par\pard
\li1120\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3)}\tab \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Uno de los nmeros de Pitgoras debe ser mltiplo de cinco}\par\pa
0\f0\charscalex100 {El lector puede convencerse de la existencia de estas propie
dades al examinar los ejemplos de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {grupos de cifras pitagricas que figuran ms arriba.}\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard
f0\charscalex100\b {11. Ecuacin indeterminada de tercer grado}\b0 \par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La suma de los cubos de tres nmer
os enteros puede ser el cubo de un cuarto nmero. Por}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ejemplo,}\par\pard\li4640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
er \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 4}{\super \
fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 5}{\super \fs18
\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 6}{\super \fs18\up4
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
0 {Esto significa, entre otras cosas, que el cubo, cuya arista es igual a 6 cm e
quivale a la suma de los}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {volmenes de tres cubos, en los que sus aristas sean 3, 4 y 5 cm (fig. 13)
. Segn cuentan, esta}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10

0 {correlacin interes vivamente a Platn.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Intentemos hallar otras correlaciones del mismo gnero, es de
cir, resolvamos la siguiente tarea:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {encontrar soluciones a la ecuacin}\par\pard\li4626\ri0\sl-213\
i {x}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i { + y}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i { + z}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { = u}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Es ms cmodo, sin
embargo, expresar la incgnita}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {u}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { con}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {- t}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {. Entonces la ecuacin ofrecer una}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {forma ms sencilla:}\par\pard\li4480\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4480\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0
{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
+ y}\i0 {\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i { + z}\i0 {\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i { + t}\i0 {\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i { = 0}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Veamos un mtodo que no
s permita hallar multitud de soluciones a esta ecuacin, en nmeros}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {enteros (positivos y negativos).
Supongamos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a, b, c, d}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { y a, , ?, d son dos grupos de cuatro}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nmeros que satisfacen la ecuacin. Sumemos a los nmer
os del primer grupo de cuatro los del}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {segundo multiplicados por un cierto nmero}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {k}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, y busquemos ste de forma que l
os nmeros}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {obtenido
s}\par\pard\li4013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4013\ri0\sl-346\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a + ka, b + k, c + k?, d + kd}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {satisfagan tambin la ecuacin. En otras
palabras: elijamos k de tal forma que sea satisfecha la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {igualdad}\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3080\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {(
a + ka)}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i { + (b + k)}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { + (c + k?)}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { + (d + kd)}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { = 0.}\i0 \par\pard\li8173


d\li760\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Al abrir los parntesis, si
n olvidar que a, b, c, d y }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a, , ?, d satisfacen las
exigencias de nuestra}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {ecuacin, es decir, que tienen lugar las igualdades}\par\pard\li4400\ri0\sl-2
00\i {a}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i { + b}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i { + c}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { + d}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}
\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { = 0,}\i0 \par\pard\li4440\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4440\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i
0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{ + }\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i { + ?}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i { + d}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i { = 0}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {obtenemos:}\par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100\i {3a}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {ka + 3ak}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { + 3b}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {k + 3bk}\i0 {\super \fs18\up
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {}\i0 {\super \fs18
\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { + 3c}\i0 {\su
per \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {k? +
3ck}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {?}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i { + 3d}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {kd + 3dk}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i
0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {d}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {= 0}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\par
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\par\pard\li2600\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {3k[(a}\i0 {\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {a + b}\i0 {\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { + c}\i0 {\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\
i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {? + d}\i0 {\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {d) + k(aa}\i0 {\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { + b}\i0 {\super \fs18\up
3\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { + c?}\i0 {\super
\fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { + dd}\i
0 {\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{)] = 0}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-3
20\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El producto ser cero slo en el caso en que

lo sea uno de sus factores. Equiparando cada uno de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los factores a cero obtenemos dos valores par
a}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {k}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. El primer
o de ellos}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {k = 0}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{, no nos satisface; ello}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {significa que si a los nmeros}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a, b, c}
\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {d}\i0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { no se les agrega nada, los nmeros obtenidos satisfacen}\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nuestra ecuacin. Por
eso tomaremos solamente el segundo valor de k:}\par\pard\li4533\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4533\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\
super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {b}\i0 {\super
\fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u946X}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {c}\i0 {\super \fs14\
up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u61543X}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {d}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u948X}\par\pard\sect\s
x100\i {k}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\s
lmult0 \*\tx466\*\tx1093\*\tx1693\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}{ }\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {b}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 {\uc1\u946X}{ }\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {c}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u61543
X}{ }\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {d}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u948X}{ }\fs14\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\margls
xn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De aqu que, conociendo dos grupos de cuat
ro nmeros que satisfagan la ecuacin de partida,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {puede ser hallado un nuevo grupo: para esto hay que
sumar a los nmeros del primer cuarteto los}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del segundo multiplicados por}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {k}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, donde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {k}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { tiene el valor indicado ms arriba.}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Para aplicar este mtodo e
s preciso encontrar dos grupos de cuatro nmeros que satisfagan las}\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {condiciones de la ecuacin inicia
l. Uno de ellos (3, 4, 5, - 6) es ya conocido. De dnde sacar}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {otro? No es difcil encontrar salida a e
sta situacin; el grupo pueden formarlo los nmeros}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{r, - r,}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {s,
- s}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, que responden, sin duda, a las condicione
s de la ecuacin inicial. En otras palabras,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {supongamos que}\par\pard\li4200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li4200\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a = 3, b =
4, c = 5, d = - 6,}\par\pard\li4200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {a = r, = - r, ? = s, d = - s.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Entonces}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {k}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, tomar la siguiente for
ma:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133
\cols4\colno1\colw5546\colsr-0\colno2\colw533\colsr-0\colno3\colw546\colsr-0\col
no4\colw4813\pard\li5013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5013\ri0\sl-360
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {r}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {s}\
i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {r}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\c

4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {s}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn1
5840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw4333\colsr-0\colno2\colw1626\colsr
-0\colno3\colw5480\pard\li4133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
k}\i0 \par\column\pard\li546\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx986\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {7}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx
840\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u87
22X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\*\tx440\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11}\par\
pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\co
lno1\colw5013\colsr-0\colno2\colw1053\colsr-0\colno3\colw5373\pard\li4893\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {r}\i0 \par\pard\li4773\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx
160\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {s}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}\par\column\pard\li266\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \*\tx573\fs14
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {r}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {s}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn6
{y los nmeros}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a + ka, b + k, c + k?, d + kd}\i0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { sern respectivamente iguales a}\par\pard\sect\sectd\s
\cf0\par\pard\li4880\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {r}\i0 {\su
per \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\l
i4640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {28}\par\column\pard\li466\r
calex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li226\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx760\fs22\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {rs}\i0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {s}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx640\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {3}\par\pard\li146\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8
722X}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\ta
b \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\s
charscalex100 {7}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {r}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {s}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0
x100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\margl
sxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

rscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
harscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666
\margrsxn133\pard\li5520\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx6066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {rs}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {s}\i0 \par\pard\li4640\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \*\tx5133\*\tx5933\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {21}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {r}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {11}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li5306\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \*
\tx5760\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\par
d\li5066\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5653\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {r}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {s}\i0 \par\pard\sect\s
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4893\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx5720\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {r}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{+}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li4653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5
346\*\tx5906\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {35}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {rs}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {s}\i0 \par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li5306\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \*\tx5760\fs14\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li5053\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \*\tx5640\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {r}\
i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {s}\i0 \par\pard\li4586\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\*\tx5813\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
42}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {r}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2
}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\
u8722X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253
\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\
\li5453\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx6000\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {rs}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {s}\i0 \par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u8722X}\par\pard\li5306\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \*\tx5760\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {2}\tab \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li5053\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\t
x5640\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {r}\i0 \tab \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {s}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {De acuerdo con lo expuesto estas cuatro expresiones satisfacen la
s exigencias de la ecuacin de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {partida}\par\pard\li4480\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i { + y}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i { + z}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { + t}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}
\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { = 0}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Comoquiera que esos quebrados tienen el mismo denomin
ador, puede prescindirse de ste. (En}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {consecuencia, los numeradores de estos quebrados tambin satisf
acen las exigencias de la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {ecuacin examinada.) Se ha visto, pues, que la ecuacin indicada es satisfe
cha (cualquiera que}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {sea el significado de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {r}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 { y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {s}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{) por los siguientes nmeros:}\par\pard\li4400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li4400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x = 28r}\i0 {\super
\fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { + 11 rs
\uc1\u8211X 3s}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\par\pard\l
i4480\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y = 21r}\i0 {\super \fs18
\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { - 11rs \uc1\u
8211X 4s}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\par\pard\li4480\r

i0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z = 35r}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { + 7rs + 6s}\i0 {\sup
er \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\par\pard\li4453\ri0\sl-306\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t = - 42r}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { - 7rs \uc1\u8211X 5s}\i0 {\super \fs
18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\par\pard\li
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lo cual puede comprob
arse elevando estas expresiones al cubo y sumndolas. Atribuyendo a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {r}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {s}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {di
versos valores enteros podemos obtener toda una serie de soluciones a la ecuacin
expresadas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en nmer
os enteros. Si en estas circunstancias los nmeros obtenidos tienen un factor comn,
}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {podemos dividir
por l todos estos nmeros. Por ejemplo, cuando r = l, s = l, las incgnitas}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x, y, z,}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {t}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { equivaldrn a 36, 6, 48,
- 54, o, que al dividirlos por 6, darn 6, 1, 8, - 9. Por consiguiente,}\par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100 {63 + 13 + 83 = 93.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {He aqu una serie
ms de igualdades del mismo tipo (obtenidas despus de simplificadas al ser}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {divididas por un divisor
comn):}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn
0 {Cuando}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {r = 1}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx893\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {s = 2}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {38}\i0 {\super \fs18
\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { + 73}\i0 {\su
per \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { = 17
\i { + 76}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\par\pard\sect\se
6\colsr-0\colno2\colw946\colsr-0\colno3\colw3360\colsr-0\colno4\colw3266\pard\li
3160\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220X}\par\pard\li3160
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220X}\par\pard\li3160\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220X}\par\pard\li3160\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220X}\par\pard\li3160\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220X}\par\pard\li3160\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {r = 1}\i0 \par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {r = l}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {r = 1}\i0 \par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {r = l}\i0 \par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {r = l}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{r = 2}\i0 \par\column\pard\li53\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx946\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {s = 3}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {17}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { + 55}\i0 {\super
\fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { = 24}\i0
+ 54}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl
-306\slmult0 \*\tx946\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {s = 5}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {4}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i { + 110}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { = 67}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { + 101}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {3}\i0 }\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx946\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {s = 4}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {8}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4

\fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { = 29}\i0
+ 50}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl306\slmult0 \*\tx946\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {s = - 1}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {7}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i { + 14}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { + 17}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { = 20}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {3}\i0 }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx946\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {s = - 2}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4
\fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {= 9}\i0 {
\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { +
15}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-30
6\slmult0 \*\tx946\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {s = - 1}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {29}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i { + 34}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { + 44}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { = 533}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pgh
sxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840
\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols2\colno1\colw8253\colsr-0\c
olno2\colw3186\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra
Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ob
servemos que si en el grupo inicial 3, 4, 5, - 6, o en alguno de los obtenidos d
espus, se}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cambian
de sitio los nmeros y se aplica el mismo mtodo, obtendremos una nueva serie de}\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {soluciones. Por ejem
plo, tomando decir, suponiendo que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a = 3, b = 5
, c = 4,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d = - 6)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {z, t,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {valores}\par\pard\li4440\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li4440\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x = 20r
\i {+ 10rs \uc1\u8211X 3s}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\
par\pard\li4480\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y = 12r}\i0 {\s
uper \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { \uc
1\u8211X 10rs \uc1\u8211X5s}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0
}\par\pard\li4480\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z = 16r}\i0 {
\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { +
8rs + 6s}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\par\pard\li4466\
ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t = - 24r}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { \uc1\u8211X 8rs \
uc1\u8211X 4s}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\par\pard\li7
pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De aqu que al variar lo
s valores de r}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {s obtengamos una serie de nuevas correlaciones:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw3986\colsr-0\
par\pard\li2826\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuando}\par\pard\
li3133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220X}\par\pard\li31
33\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220X}\par\pard\li3133\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220X}\par\pard\li3133\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220X}\par\pard\li3133\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220X}\par\pard\li3040\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {etc}\par\column\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r = l,}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r = 1,}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r = 1,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r = 1,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r = 2,}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {r = l,}\par\column\pard\li106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i106\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx826\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s = l}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {9}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 { + 10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { = 1}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 { + 12}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li80\ri0\sl-306\
slmult0 \*\tx826\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s = 3}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {23}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { +
94}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 63}{
\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 84}{\sup
er \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li80\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx826
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s = 5}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}{\super \fs
18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 163}{\super \fs18
\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 164}{\super \fs18\up
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 206}{\super \fs18\up4\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li80\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx826\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {s = 6}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 54}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 57}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 70}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {3}}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx826\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s =
l}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {23}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3
}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 97}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 86}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 116}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s = - 3 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {3}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ + 36}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+
37}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 46}
{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De esta manera puede obtenerse un nmero infinito de sol
uciones de la ecuacin dada.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\chars
calex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {12. Cien mil marcos
por la demostracin de un teorema}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Cierto problema de ecuaciones indeterminadas adquiri en sus t
iempos enorme popularidad}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {debido a que al afortunado que lo resolviera con acierto se le ofreca to
do un capital 100 000}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {marcos alemanes!}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {El ejercicio consiste en demostrar la siguiente tesis llamada teorema o \uc1
\u8220Xgran proposicin" de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Fermat.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
La suma de potencias de idntico grado de dos nmeros enteros no puede ser potencia
de un}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tercer nmero
entero. Se excluye slo la segunda potencia, para la que es posible.}\par\pard\li

760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En otras palabras, hay que de
mostrar que la ecuacin}\par\pard\li4933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4
933\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ y}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= z}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {n}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no tiene solucin, tratndose de base entera, para
n > 2.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aclaremos
lo dicho. Hemos visto que las ecuaciones}\par\pard\li4880\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li4880\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super
\fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + y}{\super \fs1
8\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = z}{\super \fs18\up
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\par\pard\li4706\ri0\sl
-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + y}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3
}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + z}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = t}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\p
f0\f0\charscalex100 {tienen, tratndose de nmeros enteros, cuantas soluciones se de
seen. Sin embargo ser imposible}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {encontrar tres nmeros enteros positivos que satisfagan la igualdad
x}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + y}{\
super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = z}{\supe
r \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li8
r\pard\li8173\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\pa
ect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
scalex100 {Idntico fracaso acompaa cuando se trata de las potencias de cuarto, qui
nto, sexto grados, etc.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Esto es lo que afirma la "gran proposicin de Fermat".}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Qu se exige de los aspirantes al premio
? Deben demostrar esta tesis para todas las potencias}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que cumplen las condiciones dadas. El caso
es que el teorema de Fermat no esta an demostrado}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmu

lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y pende, por decirlo as, en el aire.}\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Han transcurrido tres siglos
desde que fue formulado, sin embargo, los matemticos no han}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {logrado hasta ahora hallar su demostra
cin.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las figuras ms
eximias de esta ciencia se han ocupado del problema, mas, en el mejor de los}\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {casos,}{\super \fs1
8\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {consiguieron demostra
r el teorema para algunos exponentes o para ciertos grupos de ellos;}\par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pero de lo que se trata es d
e hallar la demostracin g e n e r a 1, para t o d o exponente entero.}\par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lo interesante del caso es q
ue esta inaccesible demostracin del teorema de Fermat, por lo visto,}\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fue descubierta en cierta oca
sin, y despus se extravi. El autor del teorema, el genial}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {matemtico del siglo XVII, Pierre de Fermat,
afirmaba que conoca la demostracin. Su "gran}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {proposicin", fue escrita por l (lo mismo que toda una s
erie de teoremas acerca de la teora de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {los nmeros) en forma de observacin en los mrgenes de una obra
de Diofanto, acompandola}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {de las siguientes palabras:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {"He encontrado una demostracin verdaderamente asombrosa para est
a proposicin, pero aqu}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {hay poco sitio para desarrollarla".}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En ningn sitio, ni en los documentos del gran matemtico ni
en su correspondencia, ha sido}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {posible hallar huellas de esta demostracin.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los discpulos de Fermat han tenido que ma
rchar por su propio camino.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {He aqu los resultados de estos esfuerzos: Euler (1797) demostrar; el t
eorema de Fermat para}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {potencias de tercero y cuarto grados, para las de quinto fue demostrado por
Legendre (1823);}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{para las de sptimo}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {, por Lam y Lebesgue (1840). En 1849, Kummer demostr el teorema para}\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una serie muy amplia
de potencias y, entre otras, para todos los exponentes menores de ciento.}\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Estos ltimos trabajos r
ebasan con mucho la esfera de las matemticas conocidas por Fermat, y}\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {empieza a ser problemtico el h
echo de que este ltimo pudiera hallar la demostracin general de}\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {su "gran proposicin". Adems es posibl
e que l se equivoc.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Quien sienta curiosidad por la historia y el estado actual del problema de Ferm
at, puede leer el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{folleto de A. Jinchin}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {El gran teorema de Ferma
t.}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Esta publicacin, obra de un especialista, e
st}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dedicada a lect
ores que slo tienen conocimientos elementales de matemticas.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\
760\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {Fermat}\i0 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(1603 - 1665) no era matemtico pr
ofesional. Era jurista y consejero del parlamento; se dedicaba a las}\par\pard\l

i760\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {investigaciones matemticas slo
en los momentos libres. No obstante, hizo una serie de descubrimientos}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {extraordinarios, los cual
es, dgase de paso, no publicaba, sino que, como se acostumbraba hacer en esa poca,
los}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {daba a conoc
er en su correspondencia a los hombres de ciencia, amigos}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\b {suyos:}\b0 { }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pascal, Descartes, Huygens,
Roberval}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y otros
.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 { Para los exponentes compuestos (a excepcin del 4) no hace falta n
inguna demostracin especial: estos casos se}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reducen a los casos con exponentes primos}\par\pard\li
0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
\charscalex100\b \i {Captulo Tercero}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {EN AYUDA DE LA ARITMETICA}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\s

x100\b \i {Contenido:}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {1.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Multiplicacin abreviada}\ul0 \p
charscalex100 {Las cifras 1, 5 y 6}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {3.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Los nmeros 25 y 76}\ul0 \p
charscalex100\ul {Nmeros infinitos}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Compensacin}\ul0 \par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\cha
rscalex100\ul {Divisibilidad por 11}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {El nmero del automvil
}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8.}{ }\fs24
\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Divisibilidad por 19}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Teorema
de Sofa Germain}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {10.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Nmeros compuestos}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\
ul {Acerca de los nmeros primos}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {12.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {E1 mayor nmero primo conoci
do}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {13.}{ }\fs24\c
f1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Un clculo muy laborioso}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {En ocas
iones es preferible no recurrir al lgebra}\ul0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\sl
mult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
wsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La aritmtica
es a menudo incapaz de demostrar categricamente, con sus propios medios, la}\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {veracidad de algunas d
e sus afirmaciones. En tales casos tiene que remitirse a los mtodos}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sintetizadores del lgebra. A es
te gnero de tesis aritmticas, fundamentadas en el lgebra,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pertenecen, por ejemplo, muchas de las reg
las empleadas en las operaciones abreviadas, las}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {curiosas propiedades de algunos nmeros, los carac
teres de la divisibilidad, etc. Este captulo lo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dedicamos al examen de cuestiones de este tipo.}\p
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1. Multiplicacin abreviada}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las personas con grandes hbitos calculato
rios facilitan con frecuencia las operaciones mediante}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-30
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {transformaciones algebraicas poco compleja
s. Por ejemplo, la operacin 988}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { se efecta como}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {sigue:}\par\pard\li1866\ri0\sl-520\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {988 * 988 = (988 + 12) * (988 - 12) + 12}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = = 1000 * 976 + 144 = 976 144}\par\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Es fcil comprender que en este caso se recurre ala siguient
e transformacin algebraica:}\par\pard\li4693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li4693\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = a}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { \uc1\u8211X b}{\super \fs18\up4\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + b}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En la prctica podemos aplicar esta
frmula para los clculos mentales. Por ejemplo:}\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
0 {27}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { =
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(27 + 3) * (27 - 3) + 3}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\ch

arscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { =}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
729}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133
33\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {63}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {66 *
60 + 3}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
=}\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {18}{\super \fs
16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= }\fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {20 \uc1\u8211X 16 + 2}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { =}\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {37}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 { = }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {40 * 34 + 3}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { =}\par\pard\li3533\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {48}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { = }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {50 - 46 + 2}{\super \fs18\u
p3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { =}\par\pard\li3533\ri0\
sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {54}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {58 * 50 + 4
}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { =}\par\
column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3969}\par\pard\li
120\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {324}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1369}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2304}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {2916}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pg
hsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn1584
0\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols2\colno1\colw8066\colsr-0\
a Recreativa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La multiplicacin 986 * 997 se realiza as:}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {986 * 997 = (986 - 3) * 1000 + 3 * 14 = 983 042.}\p
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En qu se basa este mtodo? Supongamos a los factores en for
ma de:}\par\pard\li4320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4320\ri0\sl-320\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(1000 - 14) * (1000 - 3)}\par\pard\li760\ri0
lex100 {y multipliquemos estos factores segn las reglas del lgebra:}\par\pard\li32
charscalex100 {1000 * 1000 \uc1\u8211X 1000 * 14 \uc1\u8211X 1000 * 3 + 14 * 3.}
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A continuacin siguen las transformaciones:}\par\pard\l
f0\charscalex100 {1000 * (1000 - 14) \uc1\u8211X1000 * 3 + 14 * 3 =}\par\pard\li
3733\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 1000 * 986 \uc1\u8211X 10
00 * 3 + 14 * 3 =}\par\pard\li4213\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ = 1000 (986 - 3) + 14 * 3}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f
5840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La ltima lnea es la que expresa
el mtodo de dicho clculo. Ofrece inters el procedimiento}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para multiplicar dos nmeros compuestos de t
res cifras, cuando el guarismo de las decenas es el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mismo, y la suma de las unidades, 10.}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por ejemplo, la multipli

cacin}\par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-333\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {783 * 787}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se efectu
ar de esta manera:}\par\pard\li4173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4173\
ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {78 * 79 = 6162; 3 * 7 = 21}\par\p
f0\f0\charscalex100 {y su resultado es}\par\pard\li5040\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li5040\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {616.221.}\pa
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Este mtodo se deduce de las siguientes transformaciones:}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(780 - 1 - 3) * (780 - 1 - 7) =}\par\pard\li3386\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 780 * 780 - 1 - 7803 + 780 * 7 +
3 * 7 =}\par\pard\li3840\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 780
* 780 + 780 * 10 + 3 * 7 =}\par\pard\li3200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { = 780 * (780 + 10) + 3 * 7 = 780 * 790 + 21 =}\par\pard\li4693\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 616.200 + 21}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
100 {Existe otro medio, todava ms sencillo, para realizar multiplicaciones anlogas:
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {783 * 787 = (785 - 2) * (785 + 2) = 785}{\super \f
s18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - 4 =}\par\pard\li
4253\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 616.225 - 4 = 616.221}\pa
{Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn66
6\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrs
xn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols2\colno1\colw8066\colsr-0\colno2\colw3373\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\co
charscalex100 {En este ejemplo hemos tenido que elevar al cuadrado el nmero 785.
Para elevar rpidamente al}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {cuadrado un nmero acabado en 5, es muy cmodo el siguiente mtodo:}\par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100 {35}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {; 3 * 4 = 12; resultado 1225}\par\pard\li3986\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {65}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {; 6 * 7 = 42; resultado 4225}\par\pard\li3986\ri0\sl-306\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {75}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {; 7 * 8 = 56; resultado 5625}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
0 {Se efecta la operacin multiplicando la cifra de las decenas por otra mayor que s
ta en una}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unidad,
y escribiendo 25 a continuacin del resultado.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El mtodo se basa en lo siguiente: si el nmero de dece
nas es a, todo el nmero puede ser}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {expresado as:}\par\pard\li5066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li5066\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10a + 5.}\par\pard\li7
harscalex100 {El cuadrado de este nmero, como cuadrado de un binomio ser igual a}\
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100a}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 100a + 25 = 100a * (a + 1) + 25}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
x100 {La expresin a * (a + 1) es el resultado de multiplicar la cifra de las dece
nas por ella misma}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{aumentada en urea unidad. Multiplicar el nmero por 100 y aadirle 25 es lo mismo

que colocar}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {25 a
la derecha del producto. De este mismo mtodo se desprende el sencillo medio de el
evar al}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuadrado
los nmeros mixtos en los que la parte fraccionaria es 1 / 2.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por ejemplo:}\par\pard\li3853\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3853\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {(3 1 / 2)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {= 3.5}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {= 12.25 = 12 1 / 4}\par\pard\li3853\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {(7 1 / 2)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {= 7.5}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {= 56.25 = 56 1 / 4}\par\pard\li3853\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {(8 1 / 2)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {= 8.5}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {= 72.25 = 72 1 / 4}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscal
ex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2. Las cifras 1, 5 y 6
}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Quin no ha adv
ertido que al multiplicar por s misma una serie de nmeros terminados en uno o}\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cinco, el producto ac
aba en la misma cifra? Sin duda ser menos conocido que lo expresado se}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {refiere tambin al 6. Por est
a razn, entre otras, la potencia de todo nmero terminado en seis,}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {termina asimismo en seis.}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por ejemplo:}\par\pard\l
i4213\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {46}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 2116; 46}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 97.336.}\par\pard\li760\ri0
lex100 {Esta curiosa propiedad de las cifras 1, 5 y 6 puede ser fundamentada por
va algebraica.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ex
aminmosla en el caso del seis.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Todo nmero terminado en seis se descompone de esta forma:}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10a + 6; 10b + 6, etc.;}\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde a y b son nmero
s enteros. La multiplicacin de dos enteros como stos es igual a}\par\pard\li4213\r
scalex100 {100ab + 60b + 60a + 36 =}\par\pard\li3906\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 { = 10(l0ab + 6b + 6a) + 30 + 6 =}\par\pard\li4040\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 10(10ab + 6b + 6a + 3) + 6}\par\pard\li8
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn122
40\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsx
n15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols2\colno1\colw8066\col
sr-0\colno2\colw3373\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A
lgebra Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\margls
xn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El resultado debe constar, pues, de algu
nas decenas y la cifra 6 en las unidades, la cual, ni que}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {decir tiene, debe reaparecer al final.}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Este mismo mtodo d
e demostracin puede ser empleado para el 1 y el 5. Lo expuesto permite}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {afirmar que, por ejemplo,}\
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {386}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2567}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 { termina en 6}\par\pard\li4533\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {815}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {723}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { termina en 5}\par\pard\li4266\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale

x100 {491}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1732}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { termina
en 1, etc.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {
Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3. Los nmeros 25 y 76}\b0 \par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hay nmeros de dos cifras que
tambin tienen la misma propiedad que las cifras 1,5 y 6: nos}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {referimos a los nmeros 25 y - lo ms so
rprendente al 76. El producto de dos nmeros terminados}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en 76 acaba tambin en 76. Demostrmoslo. La ex
presin comn para tales nmeros es como}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {sigue:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100a + 76, 100b + 76, etc.}\
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Multipliquemos dos nmeros de este tipo entre s y obtendr
emos:}\par\pard\li3693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3693\ri0\sl-346\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10.000ab + 7600b + 7600a + 5776 =}\par\pard\l
i3320\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 10.000ab + 7600b + 7600a
+ 5700 + 76 =}\par\pard\li3560\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
= 100 * (100ab + 76b + 76a + 57) + 76}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El principio ha
sido demostrado: el resultado terminar en 76.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De esto se desprende que toda potencia de un nmero a
cabado en 76, termina en el mismo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {nmero:}\par\pard\li3480\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
3480\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {376}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 141.376, 576}{\super \fs18\up4
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 191.102.976, etc.}\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {4. "Nmeros" infinitos}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Existen tambin grupos de nmeros con mayor can
tidad de cifras que, al figurar al final de los}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mismos, se conservan tambin en su multiplicacin. El
nmero de tales grupos de cifras es}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {infinitamente grande.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Conocemos ya dos grupos compuestos de dos cifras, que pos
een propiedad anloga: el 25 y el 76.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Para encontrar grupos semejantes con tres cifras hay que colo
car delante del 25 o del 76 una cifra}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {tal que nos d un grupo de tres guarismos con la misma propie
dad.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Qu cifra se de
be colocar ante el 76? Expresmosla con k. En este caso, el nmero buscado de}\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tres cifras ser:}\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100k + 76}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La expresin comn para t
odo nmero que termine en este grupo de cifras deber ser:}\par\pard\li3360\ri0\sl-2
00 {1000a + 100k + 76, 1000b + 100k + 76, etc.}\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmul
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\margl
sxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\m
argrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols2\colno1\colw8066\colsr-0\colno2\colw3373
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\p
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Multipliquemos dos nmeros de este tipo entre s y tendremo
s:}\par\pard\li2946\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2946\ri0\sl-333\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.000.000ab + - 100.000ak + 100.000bk + 76000a +
}\par\pard\li3453\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 76.000b + 10

.000k}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { +
15.200k + 5.776}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Todos los sumandos, menos los dos ltimos, t
erminan, por lo menos, en tres ceros. Por esto, el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {resultado acaba en 100k + 76 si la diferencia}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {15.200k + 5.776 - (100k + 76) = 15.100k + 5.700 =}\
par\pard\li3880\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {= 15.000k + 5.000 + 100 (k + 7)}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se divid
e por 1.000. Esto, evidentemente, ocurrir cuando k sea igual a 3. As pues, el grup
o de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cifras busca
do es 376. A esto se debe que toda potencia de 376 termine en dicho nmero. Por}\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ejemplo:}\par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100 {376}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 { = 141.376.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si nos interesa hallar un g
rupo de cuatro cifras que tenga la misma propiedad, debemos colocar}\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {delante de 376 una cifra ms. S
i expresamos esta cifra con l, se nos plantear el siguiente}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {problema: cul debe ser la cifra L para q
ue la multiplicacin}\par\pard\li2893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2893
\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(10.000a + 1000L + 376) * (10.00
0b + 1.000L + 376)}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {termine en 1.000L + 376? Si abrimo
s los parntesis de esta multiplicacin y prescindimos de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {todos los factores que terminan en cuatro c
eros o ms, nos quedar}\par\pard\li4480\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li448
0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {752.000L + 141.376}\par\pard\li
charscalex100 {La multiplicacin termina con 1.000L + 376 si la diferencia}\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {752.000L + 141.376 - (1.000L + 376) =}\par\pard\li4253\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 751.000L + 141.000 =}\par\pard\li
3413\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = (750.000L + 140 000) + 1.
000 * (L + 1)}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se divide por 10.000. Esto, sin duda, t
endr lugar solamente cuando L sea igual a 9.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El grupo de cuatro cifras buscado ser 9376.}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El grupo obtenido puede ser
completado con una cifra ms, para lo cual es preciso seguir idntico}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {razonamiento. Obtendremos 09.3
76. Si damos un paso ms hallaremos el grupo de cifras 109.376}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y, despus, 7.109.376, etc. Una tal ad
icin de cifras a la izquierda del nmero puede ser efectuada}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {infinita cantidad de veces. En consecue
ncia obtendremos un "nmero" con infinidad de cifras:}\par\pard\li4853\ri0\sl-213\
{...7 109 376.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tales "cifras" pueden ser sumadas y mu
ltiplicadas de acuerdo con las reglas comunes: como se}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sabe, escrbense de derecha a izquierda, y e
n este mismo sentido se suman y multiplican los}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nmeros "en columna"; por lo cual en la suma y en l
a multiplicacin de dos de estos nmeros se}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {puede operar sucesivamente con todas las cifras que se qu
ieran.}\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-386\
slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
scalex100 {Y lo ms interesante, por muy raro que parezca, es que ese nmero infinit
o satisface a la ecuacin}\par\pard\li5186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i5186\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = x}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Y
as es, en efecto; el cuadrado de este "nmero" (es decir, el resultado de multiplic
arse por s}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mismo)
termina en 76 ya que cada uno de los factores termina en 76; por esa misma causa
, el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuadrado del
"nmero" escrito acaba en 376, en 9376, etc.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Es decir, operando sucesivamente con cada una de las
cifras del "nmero" x}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {, donde x = ... 7 109}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {376, obtendremos las mismas cifras que tenamos con el nmero x, por
lo cual, x}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 { = x.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hemos ex
aminado grupos de cifras que terminan en 76}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Si se aplica el mismo razonamiento para}\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {grupos de cifras ter
minados en 5 obtendremos los siguientes grupos de cifras:}\par\pard\li3093\ri0\s
l-480\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5, 25, 625, 0625, 90625, 890 625, 2 89
0 625, etc.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-3
46\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por ello podemos escribir otro "nmero" inf
inito:}\par\pard\li4946\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4946\ri0\sl-320\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.890.625,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que ta
mbin satisface la ecuacin x}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {= x. Podramos demostrar que este "nmero" infinito es}\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {"igual" a}\par\pard\li4880\ri
calex100 {(((5}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)
}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\supe

r \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs18
\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {...}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El interesante result
ado obtenido en el idioma de los "nmeros" infinitos se formula de esta}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {manera: la ecuacin x}{\super
\fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = x tiene (adems
de x = 0, x = 1), otras dos races "infinitas"}\par\pard\li3733\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3733\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x = .
.. 7.109.376 y x = ... 2.890.625;}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sin ninguna otra so
lucin (en el sistema de base diez)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\pa
0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5. Compensacin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i
{Antiguo problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {En tiempos remotos ocurri el siguiente hecho. Dos mercaderes vendieron
una partida de toros,}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {recibiendo por cada animal tantos rublos como toros haba en la partid
a. Con el dinero recibido}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {compraron un rebao de ovejas, pagando 10 rublos por cada oveja, y
un corderito. Al repartirse}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {el rebao en dos mitades, uno recibi una oveja ms, y otro, el corde
rillo. El que recibi ste fue}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {compensado por su socio con una suma complementaria correspondie
nte. Siendo dicho pago}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {complementario una cantidad entera de rublos, de cuntos rublos constar?
}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Observemos que el grupo de dos cifras 76 puede ser ha
llado con razonamientos anlogos a los efectuados ms}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {arriba. Basta con resolver la cuestin de qu cifra
debe ser colocada delante del 6 para obtener un grupo de dos cifras}\par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que tenga la propiedad sealad
a. Por eso, el "nmero"... 7 109 376 puede ser conseguido agregando sucesivamente}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cifras ante el 6.
}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 { Los "nmeros" infinitos pueden ser examinados, no slo en el sistema
de base diez, sino tambin en otros sistemas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de numeracin. Estos "nmeros" examinados en el sistema de
numeracin de base p se llaman nmeros de base p}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1
2240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pgh
sxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols2\colno1\colw8066\c
{Algebra Recreativa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\
scalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\cha
marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Este problema no se presta a la traduccin directa al "idioma algebraico", pues
no puede}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {construi
rse la ecuacin necesaria. Es preciso resolverlo mediante un procedimiento especia
l, el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {llamado raz
onamiento matemtico libre. Ms tambin aqu el lgebra presta a la aritmtica una}\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {buena ayuda. El valor en r
ublos de todo el rebao es un cuadrado exacto, por cuanto dicho rebao}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ha sido adquirido con el diner
o recibido por la venta de n toros, a n rublos por cabeza. Uno de los}\par\pard\

li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {socios recibi una oveja ms, p
or lo tanto, el nmero de ovejas es impar. Tambin es impar, por}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lo mismo, el nmero de decenas en la c
antidad n}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{. Cul es la cifra de las unidades? Podemos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {demostrar que si en un cuadrado exacto, la cifra de las
decenas es impar, la de las unidades debe}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ser slo 6.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Efectivamente. El cuadrado de todo nmero compuesto de a decena
s y b unidades, es decir, (10a}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {+ b)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {, ser igual a}\par\pard\li3480\ri0\sl-520\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {l00a}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {+ 20ab + b}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {= 10 * (l0a}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { + 2ab) + b}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li760\r
calex100 {El nmero de decenas en esta cantidad es l0a}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 2ab ms algunas decenas comprendida
s en b}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pero 10a}{\super
\fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 2ab es divisib
le por dos, luego es un nmero par. Por eso, el nmero de decenas}\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {comprendidas en (10a + b)}{\super \
fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { resultar impar slo
cuando en el nmero b}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { haya un nmero impar}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {de decenas. Recordemos lo que representa b}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Este nmero es el cuadrado de la
cifra de las}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {uni
dades, es decir, una de las cifras siguientes:}\par\pard\li3960\ri0\sl-480\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81}\par\pard\li76
arscalex100 {Entre ellas, slo 16 y 36, tienen decenas impares, y ambos terminan e
n 6. Esto quiere decir que el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {cuadrado exacto}\par\pard\li4586\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li4586\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100a}{\super \fs18\up4
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 20ab + b}{\super \fs18\
up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {puede tener un nmero impa
r de decenas slo en el caso en que termine en 6. Ahora es ya fcil}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hallar la respuesta a la pregunta
formulada en el problema.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {Es evidente que el corderito cost 6 rublos. El socio a quien correspond
i ste, recibi 4 rublos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {menos que el compaero. Para que el reparto sea equitativo, el poseedor del cor
dero debe ser}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {com
pensado por su socio con 2 rublos. La compensacin es igual a 2 rublos.}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6. Divisibilidad por 11}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El lgebra facilita en gran medida la bsqueda de
indicios que permiten prever, sin recurrir a la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {divisin, si determinado nmero es divisible por uno
u otro divisor. La divisibilidad por 2, 3, 4, 5,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6, 8, 9 y 10 es ampliamente conocida. El caso d
el 11 es muy sencillo y prctico. Supongamos que}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en un nmero de varias cifras, N, la cifra de las un
idades es a, la de las decenas, b; la de las}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {centenas, c; la de las unidades de millar d, etc., e

s decir}\par\pard\li2306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2306\ri0\sl-333
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N = a + 10b + 100c + 1000d + ... = a + 10 *
(b + 10c + 100d + ...)}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde los puntos suspensivos
representan la suma de las cifras siguientes. Restemos de N el}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nmero 11(b + l0c + l00d + ...), mlti
plo de 11. La diferencia es igual a}\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
rd\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
alex100 {a - b - 10 * (c + 10d + ... )}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn122
40\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que dar el mismo res
iduo que N al dividirla por 11. Si a esta diferencia le agregamos 11 * (b +}\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10c + 100d + ...), mlt
iplo de 11, obtendremos}\par\pard\li4293\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i4293\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a - b - 10 * (c + 10 + ...)
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que dividido por 11, da el mismo residuo que el nmero
N. Al sustraer 11 * (d + ...), mltiplo de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11, resultar}\par\pard\li3386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li3386\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a - b + c - d
+ ... = (a + c + ...) - (b + d + ...)}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que, dividido p
or 11 da el mismo resto que el nmero N. De aqu se desprende la siguiente regla}\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de divisibilidad por
11: de la suma de las cifras que ocupan los lugares impares se resta la suma}\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de las cifras que o
cupan los lugares pares; si la diferencia es cero o mltiplo de 11 (negativo o}\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {positivo), el nmero q
ue probamos ser mltiplo de 11. En caso contrario no ser divisible por}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11. Probemos, por ejemplo, el
nmero 87.635.064:}\par\pard\li4560\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4560\r
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8 + 6 + 5 + 6 = 25,}\par\pard\li45

86\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7 + 3 + 0 + 4 = 14}\par\pard\l
i4933\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {25 - 14 = 0}\par\pard\li760
rscalex100 {En consecuencia, el nmero dado es divisible por 11.}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Existe otro criterio de divisibili
dad por 11, cmodo para nmeros relativamente pequeos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Consiste en que el nmero que probamos se separa
de derecha a izquierda en grupos de dos cifras}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y se suman estos grupos. Si la suma se divide por
11 sin residuo, el nmero probado ser mltiplo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de 11, en caso contrario, no lo ser. Por ejemplo, necesi
tamos probar el nmero 528. Separamos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {el nmero en dos grupos (5 y 28) y los sumamos:}\par\pard\li489
harscalex100 {5 + 28 = 33}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como 33 se divide exactamen
te por 11, el nmero 528 es mltiplo de 11:}\par\pard\li4826\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li4826\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {528 / 11 =
48}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Demostremos este criterio de divisibilidad. Divida
mos en grupos el nmero N, que tiene varias}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cifras. Obtendremos grupo de dos (o de una cifra}{\supe
r \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { que designarem
os de derecha a izquierda con}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {a, b, c, etc., de forma que el nmero N puede ser expresado de la for
ma siguiente:}\par\pard\li2773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2773\ri0\
sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N = a + 100b + 10.000c + ... = a + 10
0 * (b + 100c + ...)}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Restemos de N el nmero 99 * (b +
100c + ...), mltiplo de 11. El nmero obtenido}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
lmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Si el nmero N tuviera una cantidad impar de cifras, el ltimo grupo
(el extremo de la izquierda) tendra una sola}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cifra. Adems, los grupos como 03 tambin deben ser consi
derados como de una sola cifra, cual si se tratara slo del}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {guarismo 3.}\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213
66\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margr
sxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols3\colno1\colw3413\colsr-0\colno2\colw4653\col
sr-0\colno3\colw3373\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A
lgebra Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0
harscalex100 {a + (b + 100c + ...) = a + b + 100 * (c + ...)}\par\column\pard\li
0 {dar, al dividirlo por 11, el mismo residuo que el nmero N. De este nmero descont
emos el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nmero 99 *
(c + ...), mltiplo de 11, etc.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Por todo ello vemos que el nmero N da el mismo resto al dividirlo p
or 11 que el nmero}\par\pard\li4826\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4826\
ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a + b + c + ...}\par\pard\li760\r
charscalex100\b {7. El nmero del automvil}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Prob
lema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Cu

ando paseaban por la ciudad tres estudiantes de matemticas, observaron que el con
ductor de}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {u
n automvil infringi el reglamento de trfico. Ninguno de los estudiantes recordaba e
l nmero}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {(de
cuatro cifras) de la matrcula, pero como los tres eran matemticos, cada uno de ell
os}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {advirti a
lguna particularidad de dicho nmero. Uno de ellos advirti que las dos primeras}\i0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {cifras eran ig
uales. El segundo se dio cuenta de que tambin coincidan las dos ltimas cifras. Y,}\
i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {por ltimo, el
tercero aseguraba que todo el nmero de cuatro cifras era un cuadrado exacto.}\i0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Puede determina
rse el nmero de la matrcula del automvil valindose tan slo de estos}\i0 \par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {datos?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\r
calex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Expresemos la primera y la segunda cifra del nmero buscado con la a, y la t
ercera y la cuarta}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{con la b. Entonces el nmero ser igual a}\par\pard\li2733\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li2733\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1000a + 100
a + 10b + b = 1100a + 11b = 11 * (l00a + b)}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Este nmero
es divisible por 11 y, por eso, (siendo un cuadrado exacto) se divide tambin por
}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11}{\super \fs18
\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Con otras palabras,
el nmero 100a + b se divide por 11. Al emplear cualquier de los}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {criterios de divisibilidad expuest
os, deduciremos que el nmero a + b es divisible por 11. Pero}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {esto significa que}\par\pard\li4973\r
scalex100 {a + b = 11}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por cuanto cada una de las cifr
as a, b es menor que diez.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {La ltima cifra b que es un cuadrado exacto, puede tomar los siguientes
valores:}\par\pard\li4800\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4800\ri0\sl-34
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0, 1, 4, 5, 6, 9}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-21
{Por eso, para la cifra a, que es igual a 11 - b, se encuentran los siguientes
valores posibles:}\par\pard\li4680\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4680\
ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11, 10, 7, 6, 5, 2}\par\pard\li76
arscalex100 {Los dos primeros valores son inaceptables, quedando, pues, los sigu
ientes:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsx
n133\cols3\colno1\colw6000\colsr-0\colno2\colw2186\colsr-0\colno3\colw3253\pard\
\f0\charscalex100 {b = 4}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a = 7}\par\column\pard\li
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\
sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbs
xn213\cols4\colno1\colw4440\colsr-0\colno2\colw1560\colsr-0\colno3\colw2066\cols
r-0\colno4\colw3373\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Al
gebra Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\
li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b = 5}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b = 6}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {b = 9}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0

\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a = 6}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a = 5}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a = 2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
sxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Vemos, en con
secuencia, que el nmero de la matrcula debe ser alguno de stos:}\par\pard\li4320\ri
calex100 {7744, 6655, 5566, 2299}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pero como los tres lt
imos no son cuadrados - el nmero 6655 es divisible por 5, pero no por 25;}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el 5566 se divide por 2,
pero no por 4, y 2299 (producto de 12 * 19) tampoco es cuadrado - no}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {queda ms que 7744, segunda p
otencia de 88, que nos ofrece la solucin del problema.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\s
x100\b {8. Divisibilidad por 19}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {Ocupmonos del siguiente criterio de divisibilidad por 19.}\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un nmero es mltiplo de
19 slo en el caso en que sus decenas ms el doble de sus unidades}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {forme un mltiplo de 19.}\par\pard\l
\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Todo nmero N puede ser presentado como}\par\pard\li4920\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4920\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N
= l0x + y}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-33
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde x es el nmero de decenas (no la cifra
que ocupa las decenas, sino la cantidad de decenas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del nmero); y es la cifra de las unidades. Ten
emos que demostrar que N es mltiplo de 19 tan}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {slo cuando}\par\pard\li4920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li4920\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {N' = x + 2y}\
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es mltiplo de 19. Para esto multipliquemos N' por 10, y
del producto restemos N de donde}\par\pard\li3493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li3493\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10N' - N = 10 * (
x + 2y) - (l0x + y) - 19y}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Con esto se demuestra que s
i N' es mltiplo de 19, entonces}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {N = 10N' - 19y se dividir exactamente por 19 y al contrario, si N s
e divide por 19, entonces}\par\pard\li4706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li4706\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10N' = N + 19y}\par\pard\
0\charscalex100 {ser mltiplo de 19, y en ese caso tambin N' ser mltiplo de 19. Supong
amos que se precisa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {saber si el nmero 47.045.881 se divide por 19. Apliquemos sucesivamente nuestr
o criterio de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {div
isibilidad}\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li81
\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst

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}}}}
7;32768}}
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Figura01}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult
0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn
12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como 19 se divid
e exactamente por 19, los nmeros 57, 475, 4.712, 47.063, 470.459, 4.704.590,}\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {47.045.881 son mltiplo
s de 19. Por lo tanto, tambin se divide el nmero propuesto por 19.}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\
0\charscalex100\b {9. Teorema de Sofa Germain}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {He aqu un problema propuesto por Sofa Germain, con
ocida matemtica francesa: Demustrese}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {que los nmeros del tipo a}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {4}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 4 son compuestos, (con la condicin de que a
no sea igual a 1).}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La demostracin se desprende de las sigu
ientes transformaciones:}\par\pard\li3333\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li3333\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {4}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 4 = a}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {4}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 4a}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 4 - 4a}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = (a}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 2)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - 4a}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { =}\par\pard\li3173\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = (a}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 { + 2)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 { - (2a)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { = (a}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 { + 2 - 2a) * (a}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf

0\f0\charscalex100 { + 2 + 2a)}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-520\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {De aqu se desprende que, el nmero a}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {4}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 4 puede ser expresado en forma de dos f
actores que no}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se
an iguales a l ni a la unidad}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {, es decir, es un nmero compuesto.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213
b {10. Nmeros compuestos}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Los nmeros primos, es decir, aquellos que son mayores que 1 y no se di
viden exactamente ms}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {que por s mismo y la unidad, son infinitos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A partir de 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31
..., su serie es interminable. Intercalados entre los}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nmeros compuestos, dividen la serie de nmeros
naturales en series ms o menos prolongadas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de nmeros compuestos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cul es la continuidad de estas series? Puede encontra
rse alguna que abarque, por ejemplo,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {hasta mil nmeros compuestos sucesivos?}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Puede demostrarse, aunque parezca inver
osmil, que las series de nmeros compuestos, situadas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entre los primos, pueden ser de cualquier exte
nsin. No hay lmites para la prolongacin de tales}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {grupos, ya que pueden estar formados por miles, mil
lones, trillones, etc., de nmeros compuestos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Para mayor facilidad no serviremos del signo convenc
ional n!, que representar el producto de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {todos los nmeros consecutivos, del 1 a n inclusive. Por ej
emplo, 5! = 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Demostremos como la serie}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
t0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Esto ltimo, debido a que}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {a}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {+ 2 - 2a = (a}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { - 2a + 1) = (a - 1)}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 1}{ }\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8800X}\fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 1, si a}{ }\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8800X}\fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 1}\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li8186\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\s
ectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsx
n213\cols3\colno1\colw3306\colsr-0\colno2\colw4760\colsr-0\colno3\colw3373\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\col
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[(n + l)! + 2], [(n + 1)! + 3], [(n + 1)! + 4], ...}\p
ar\pard\li506\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {...hasta [(n + 1)!
+ n + 1] inclusive}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\margl
sxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {est formada por n nmeros compuestos conse
cutivos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Estos nme
ros van sucedindose uno tras otro en serie natural, por cuanto cada uno es superi
or en}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una unidad
al que le antecede. Queda tan solo por demostrar que todos ellos son compuestos.
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El primero}\par\pard\li2666\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li2666\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[(n + l)! +
2] = 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * ... * [(n + l) + 2],}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213

{es par, ya que en sus dos sumandos contiene el factor 2. Y todo nmero par mayor
que 2 es}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {compuest
o.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El segundo}\par\pard\li2600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li2600\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[(n + 1)!
+ 3] = 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * ... * [(n + 1) + 3],}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
0 {consta de dos sumandos, cada uno de los cuales es mltiplo de 3. Por lo tanto,
este nmero}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tambin e
s compuesto.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El tercero}\par\pard\li2640\ri0\sl-213\s
[(n + 1)! + 4] = 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * ... * [(n + 1) + 4]}\par\pard\li760
rscalex100 {es divisible por 4, ya que se compone de sumandos mltiplos de 4. De m
anera anloga}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {estab
lecemos que el nmero (n + 1)! + 5}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {es mltiplo de 5, etc. En otras palabras, cada uno de estos nmeros
contiene un factor, adems del}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {mismo nmero y de la unidad, por lo tanto ser compuesto. Si se desea ob
tener 5 nmeros}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {com
puestos consecutivos basta sustituir la n por el 5 en la serie anterior. De este
modo resultar}\par\pard\li4320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4320\ri0\
sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {722, 723, 724, 725, 726}\par\pard\li7
harscalex100 {Por sta no es la nica serie de cinco nmeros compuestos consecutivos.
Existen tambin, como}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {por ejemplo:}\par\pard\li4613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4613\ri
0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {62, 63, 64, 65, 66}\par\pard\li760\
scalex100 {O nmeros todava menores:}\par\pard\li4613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li4613\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {24, 25, 26, 27, 2
8}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Intentemos resolver ahora un problema: Escribir die
z nmeros compuestos consecutivos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En virtud de lo expuesto
, el primero de los diez nmeros buscados puede ser}\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\sl
alex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\ma
rglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}

ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * ... * 10 * 11 + 2
= 39.816.802}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn66
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por consiguiente, para la serie de nmeros bus
cada, nos sirve}\par\pard\li3493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3493\ri
0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {39.816.802, 39.816.803, 39.816.804,
etc.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sin embargo, existen series de diez nmeros compu
estos consecutivos considerablemente ms}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pequeos. Incluso puede sealarse una serie no de diez, sino d
e trece nmeros, comprendidos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {entre la primera y la segunda centena:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {114
, 115, 116, 117, etc. hasta el 126, inclusive.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\s
sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {11. Acerca de los nmeros primos}\b0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El hecho de que e
xistan infinitas series muy prolongadas de nmeros compuestos consecutivos}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {puede inducir a la creen
cia de que las series de nmeros primos son limitadas. Por ello, no ser de}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ms demostrar que la cantid
ad de dichas series de nmeros primos es infinita.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Esta demostracin se debe al matemtico Euclides, de
la antigua Grecia, figura en sus clebres}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Principios. Pertenece a la categora de demostraciones por
reduccin al absurdo. Supongamos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {que la serie de nmeros primos es limitada y que representamos con
la N el ltimo nmero de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {ella. Desarrollemos la factorial de N:}\par\pard\li3640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3640\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 * 2 *
3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * ... * N = N!}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Al sumarle la unidad
, resultar N! + 1}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Este nmero, al ser entero, debe contener por lo menos un factor primo, es decir,
debe ser}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {divisibl
e, aunque no sea ms que por un nmero primo. Pero todos los nmeros primos, de}\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acuerdo con el supuesto
no superan el nmero N; mientras que el nmero N! + 1 no es mltiplo}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de ninguno de los nmeros menores o
iguales a N, pues su divisin siempre da un resto}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {equivalente a la unidad.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por lo tanto, no puede aceptarse que la
serie de nmeros primos sea limitada: tal suposicin}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conduce al absurdo. Por consiguiente, por muy co
nsiderable que sea el grupo de nmeros}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {consecutivos compuestos que nos encontremos en la serie de nm
eros naturales, puede tenerse la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {seguridad de que al remontarse por ella se encontrarn infinitos nm
eros primos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i {Vo
lver}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {12. El mayor nmero primo conocido}\b0 \par\

pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Una cosa es estar conv
encido de que existen nmeros primos tan grandes como se quiera, y otra}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {saber cules son esos nmeros.
Cuanto mayor sea el nmero natural, tanto ms operaciones hay}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que realizar para conocer si es primo o
no. He aqu el nmero primo ms grande de cuantos se}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conocen:}\par\pard\li5066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
\f0\charscalex100 {2281}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - 1}\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn122

scalex100 {Este nmero tiene cerca de setecientas cifras del sistema decimal. Los
clculos que sirvieron para}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {demostrar que este nmero es primo fueron realizados en las mquinas modern
as de calcular.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(
Vanse los captulos I y II).}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charsc
pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {13. Un clculo muy lab
orioso}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En la
prctica del clculo se encuentran operaciones matemticas cuya realizacin sera}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {extraordinariamente difcil
si para ello no se aplicaran los mtodos simplificadores del lgebra.}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Supongamos que sea necesario e
fectuar las siguientes operaciones:}\par\pard\li5400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li5400\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sec
w4653\colsr-0\colno2\colw893\colsr-0\colno3\colw386\colsr-0\colno4\colw5506\pard
\li4506\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\s
lmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {90}\fs26\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {000}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
.}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {000}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs26\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {000}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666
\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(Este clculo es necesario para establecer si l
a tcnica relacionada con las velocidades de los}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {movimientos de los cuerpos - pequeas en comparacin c
on la velocidad de la difusin de las}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {ondas electromagnticas - puede valerse de las antiguas leyes q
ue regulan la suma de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {velocidades, sin tener en cuenta aquellos cambios que la teora de la relativ
idad ha introducido en}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {la mecnica. De acuerdo con la mecnica antigua, el cuerpo sometido a dos movi
mientos,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {efectuad
os en una misma direccin, con velocidades de v}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs2

4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y v}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 { kilmetros por segundo, tiene una}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {velocidad de (v}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l}}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ v}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {) kilmetros por segundo. La nueva teora aplica la siguiente frmula par
a la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {velocidad de
los cuerpos}\par\pard\li5373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5373\ri0\s
l-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {v}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\ma
rgrsxn133\pard\li5240\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {v}\i0 {\s
ub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li5546
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {v}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrs
xn133\cols2\colno1\colw5426\colsr-0\colno2\colw6013\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-293\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {v}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {1}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {c}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2
}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {kilmetros por segundo, d
onde c es la velocidad de difusin de la luz en el vaco,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aproximadamente igual a 300 000 kilmetros po
r segundo. Un cuerpo sometido a dos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {movimientos, efectuados en una misma direccin, y a una velocid
ad de kilmetro por segundo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {cada uno, segn la antigua mecnica desarrollaba 2 kilmetros por segundo de
velocidad y, segn}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
la nueva,}\par\pard\li5400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5400\ri0\sl-3
33\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1224
\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs26\cf0
\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-453\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {90}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs26\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {000}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {000}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {000}\par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri
alex100 {Cul es la diferencia entre esas dos frmulas? Es perceptible esa diferencia
para los aparatos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ms sensibles de medicin? A fin de aclarar esta importante cuestin es preciso reali
zar el clculo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {indi
cado).}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Empleemos
dos mtodos: primero, el aritmtico, y despus, mostremos cmo se puede efectuar}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mediante el lgebra. Basta
con echar un vistazo a la larga serie de cifras que figuran ms abajo}\par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para convencerse de la indis
cutible superioridad del procedimiento algebraico.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En primer lugar transformemos el quebrado}\par
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sect
e

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el numerador por el denominador:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
8\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Esta operacin resulta agotadora y
laboriosa, siendo muy fcil confundirse e incurrir en error, en}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tanto que para la solucin del probl
ema tiene mucha importancia saber con exactitud dnde}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {termina el perodo del nueve y comienza el de o
tra cifra.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Compres
e ahora con qu brevedad cumple su tarea el lgebra, valindose del siguiente}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {planteamiento: si a es un
quebrado muy pequeo, entonces}\par\pard\li4640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li4640\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 / (1 + a)}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8776X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 1 - a}\par\pard\l
\charscalex100 {donde el signo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8776X}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { significa "aproximadamente igual".}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Es muy fcil convencerse de la veracidad
de este aserto: comparemos el dividendo 1 con el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {producto del divisor por el cociente:}\par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100 {1 = (1 + a) * (1 - a)}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es decir, 1
= 1 - a}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.
}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como a es una fr
accin muy pequea (por ejemplo 0,001), el valor de a}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ser todava inferior}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(0,000001), pudiendo ser despreciado.

\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\s
bkpage

7;32768}}
\charscalex100 {Apliquemos lo expuesto a nuestro clculo}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {5}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\
slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols15\colno1\colw2760\colsr-0\c
olno2\colw733\colsr-0\colno3\colw146\colsr-0\colno4\colw893\colsr-0\colno5\colw2
00\colsr-0\colno6\colw146\colsr-0\colno7\colw333\colsr-0\colno8\colw146\colsr-0\
colno9\colw226\colsr-0\colno10\colw293\colsr-0\colno11\colw186\colsr-0\colno12\c
olw493\colsr-0\colno13\colw720\colsr-0\colno14\colw586\colsr-0\colno15\colw3573\

mult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\col
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
00 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl373\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\c
8\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\par\column\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8776X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
f0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {(}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs26
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {111}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {...}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\par\colum
n\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \*\tx306
\fs16\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\tab \fs2
6\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\m
arglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw4026\colsr-0\colno2\colw493\colsr-0\coln
0\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{ }\fs2
6\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {90}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {000}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {000}\fs26\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {000}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-440\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs26\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {0000000000}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {222}\fs26\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {...}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {9}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\par\pard\
li26\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-440\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs26\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9999999999}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {777}\fs26\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {...}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn66
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Se llega, pues, al mismo resultado, pero el
procedimiento es mucho ms corto.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {(Quizs tenga inters el lector en conocer la importancia que reviste
el resultado del problema.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Por l se deduce que en virtud de la escasa magnitud de las velocidades
examinadas - en}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
comparacin con la de la luz - , no se observa en la prctica ninguna desviacin de la
antigua ley}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de l
a suma de velocidades: esa desviacin se pone de manifiesto slo en la cifra undcima
del}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nmero hallado,
en tanto que las mediciones de longitud ms exactas no rebasan la novena cifra,}\

par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y en la prctica, la
tcnica se limita a 4 o 6 cifras. En consecuencia, podemos afirmar sin ninguna}\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reserva que la nuev
a mecnica, la de Einstein, no altera los clculos tcnicos relativos al}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {movimiento "lento" de los cuer
pos en el espacio (en comparacin con la velocidad de difusin}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lumnica).}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pero existe una rama de la vida actual, donde
esta conclusin incondicional hace falta tomarla}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con cuidado. Se trata de la cosmonutica. Ahora hemo
s alcanzado ya las velocidades de 10 km}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por segundo (durante los vuelos de sputniks y cohetes). E
n este caso la divergencia de la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {mecnica clsica y de la de Einstein se pone de manifiesto ya en la
cifra novena. Hay que tener}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {en cuenta qu velocidades mayores no estn tan lejos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0
lex100\b {14. En ocasiones es preferible no recurrir al lgebra}\b0 \par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Junto a los casos en los que el
lgebra presta un gran servicio a la aritmtica, hay otros en que su}\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aplicacin da lugar a complicacio
nes innecesarias. El verdadero conocimiento de las matemticas}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {consiste en saber emplear los recurs
os matemticos de tal suerte que sirvan para encontrar el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
93\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {camino ms corto y seguro, sin reparar en q
ue el mtodo de solucin pertenezca a la aritmtica, al}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lgebra, a la geometra, etc. Por eso ser til examina
r un caso en que el empleo del lgebra tan}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {solo embaraza la solucin. Como ejemplo aleccionador puede
servirnos el siguiente problema:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Encontrar el nmero ms pequeo entre los que divididos}\par\pard\sec
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{Solucin}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx640\*\tx1066\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por}\tab \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dan de residuo}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx640\*\tx1066\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por}\tab \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dan de residuo}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx640\*\tx1066\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por}\tab \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dan de residuo}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx640\*\tx1066\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por}\
tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dan de residu
o}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx640\*\tx1066\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
por}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dan de r
esiduo}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx640\*\tx1066\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {por}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dan
de residuo}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx640\*\tx1066\fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {por}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{dan de residuo}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx640\*\tx1066\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {por}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {dan de residuo}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\

{4}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {8}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\
margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw8186\colsr-0\colno2\colw3253\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx960\fs14\cf0\f2
\charscalex100 {5}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Nos valemos a continuacin de l
a siguiente aproximacin:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {A / (1 + a)}{ }\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8776X}\fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 { A * (1 - a).}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
8\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barro
s}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\p
ard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn6
66\margbsxn213\cols2\colno1\colw8066\colsr-0\colno2\colw3373\pard\li760\ri0\sl-4
13\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\
Propusironme este problema acompandolo con las siguientes palabras: "Cmo lo resolvera}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {usted? Aqu hay dem
asiadas ecuaciones y resulta muy lioso"}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La cosa es sencilla. Para la solucin del problema no hacen
falta ni ecuaciones ni lgebra. Se}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {resuelve con un sencillo razonamiento aritmtico.}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Agreguemos una unidad al nmero bu
scado. Cul ser el residuo de este nmero si lo dividimos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por dos? Ser 1 + 1 = 2; es decir, el nmero se d
ivide por 2 sin residuo. De esta misma manera se}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {divide sin residuo por 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 y 9. El
menor de estos nmeros ser 9 * 8 * 7 * 5 = 2.520, y}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el nmero buscado, 2.519, lo que es fcil comprobar.
}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0
\ul0 \par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\s
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard

7;32768}}
\charscalex100\b \i {Captulo Quinto}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {La Sexta Operacin Matemtica}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
100\b \i {Contenido}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {1.}\i0 { }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Sexta operacin}\i0 \ul0

\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2.}\i0 { }\fs24
\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Qu raz es mayor?}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3.}\i0 { }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul
{Resulvase al primer golpe de vista}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {4.}\i0 { }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Comedia
s algebraicas}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li7
harscalex100\b {1. Sexta operacin}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs
20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240
\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {La suma y la multiplicacin tiene cada una su operacin inversa, la s
ustraccin y la divisin. La}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {quinta operacin aritmtica, la potenciacin o elevacin a potencias, tiene dos
operaciones}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {inver
sas: la que tiene por objeto encontrar la base y la dedicada a hallar el exponen
te. Cuando la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {incg
nita es la base, tenemos la sexta operacin matemtica, denominada radicacin; si se t
rata}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del exponent
e, efectuamos la sptima operacin, llamada clculo logartmico. Es fcil}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {comprender por qu la potenciacin ti
ene dos operaciones inversas, en tanto que la suma y la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {multiplicacin no tienen ms que una. Los sum
andos (el primero y el segundo) pueden alterar su}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {orden entre s. Otro tanto sucede con la multipli
cacin. En cambio, los elementos de la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {potenciacin, es decir, la base y el exponente, no gozan de es
a propiedad por lo que no pueden}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {invertirse sus funciones (por ejemplo, 3}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {5}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8800X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { 5}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{). De ah que para hallar cada uno de los trminos de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la suma o la multiplicacin se empleen los mism
os procedimientos en tanto que la base de la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {potencia se halla por un procedimiento distinto al u
tilizado para encontrar su exponente.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {La sexta operacin, la radicacin, se expresa con el signo}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8730X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. No todos con
ocen que este signo es}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {una variante de la letra latina}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {r}\i0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, primera de la palabra latina}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {radix,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que significa "raz". En otros}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tiempos (en el si
glo XVI), el signo de raz, no era la}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {r}\i0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { minscula, sino la mayscula, la}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {R,}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y junto}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a ella se escriba la primera letra de las palabr
as latinas}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {quedratus,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {la q,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o la primera de}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {cubus,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {c}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {, sealando con ello que la raz a extraer era cuadrada o cbica}{\super \fs18\u
p4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Escriban, por ejemplo,}\par\pard\li5040\
rscalex100\i {R.q}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.4352}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
0 {en lugar de la moderna expresin}\par\pard\li5293\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li5293\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4352}\par\pard\li
charscalex100 {Si a esto aadimos que a la sazn no eran empleados en general los si
gnos actuales de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {ms}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {y}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {menos,
}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y en su lugar se colocaban las letras}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. (de plus) y}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m.}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(de minus), y
que los parntesis eran}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {expresados con los signos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63728X}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63739X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, comprendere
mos el extrao aspecto que las expresiones}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {algebraicas ofreceran al lector contemporneo.}\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Vase una de ellas tomada, por
ejemplo, de un libro del antiguo matemtico Bombelly (ao}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1572):}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1
}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En el manual de matemt
icas escrito por Magnitski que era libro de texto en Rusia durante la primera mi
tad del}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {siglo XVI
II no existe en absoluto un signo especial para la operacin de la extraccin de race
s.}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-360\slmu
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
sxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

















ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {R.c.}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charsc
alex100 {\uc1\u63728X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {R.q}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {.4352}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.
16}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63739X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
m.R.c.}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63728X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {R.q}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.4352}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}
\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. 16}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63739X
}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perel
man}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133
rscalex100 {Lo que nosotros escribiramos como sigue:}\par\pard\li4040\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4040\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx4373\fs14\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {3}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4352}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100\
ul {+}\ul0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {16}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
00 {3}\par\column\pard\li520\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li520\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li520\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li520

rscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx666\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {4352}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {16}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
{Para la operacin}\tab \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {n}\i0 \ul0 {\sub \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, adems de esta expres
in, emplase la de a}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1/n}}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { , muy cmoda para}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {generalizar grficamente la idea de que toda raz no es otra cosa que una
potencia con un}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
exponente fraccionario. Esta segunda variante fue propuesta por Stevin, notable
matemtico}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {holands d
el siglo XVI.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \u
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2. Qu raz es mayor?}\b0 \par\pard\l
\charscalex100\b {Primer problema}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Qu es mayor}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15
840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5960\colsr-0\colno2\colw5480\pard\l
i4800\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx4960\*\tx5453\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\tab \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {}\i0 \par\column\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Resul
vase ste y los problemas que le siguen a condicin de que no se ha11en 1as races.}\p
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Elevando ambas expresiones a la dcima potencia, obtendremos:
0 \*\tx3933\*\tx5853\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}
\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs1
4\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {5}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {25}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charsc
alex100 {=}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{=}\par\pard\li6506\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx6973\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\
tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {32}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {y como 32 > 25, entonces}\par\pard\li5040\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5040\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx5733\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
ul {5}\ul0 {\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {<}\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Segundo problema}\
b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Qu raz es mayor:}
\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\col
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\t
x146\*\tx653\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx146\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {7}\
ul0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\
pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw8373\colsr-0\colno2\colw306
6\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Elevemos ambas expre
siones a la potencia de grado 28 y tendremos:}\par\pard\li3920\ri0\sl-213\slmult

0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3920\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx4093\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {(}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {28}}\fs24\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {7}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\supe
r \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {*}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {7}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {128}{\sup
er \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li3866\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li3866\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \*\tx4106\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\f
s14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {7}\ul0 { }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {28}}\fs24\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {4}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\s
uper \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {*}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {49}{\s
uper \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como 128 > 49
, resultar que}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0
0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsx
n12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage



























olno3\colw1173\colsr-0\colno4\colw2040\colsr-0\colno5\colw3186\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Tercer problema}\b0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Qu raz es mayor:}\p
x100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
l-466\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {4}\ul0 {\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {4}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {>}{ }\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {7}\ul0
{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}}\par\pard\li373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li373\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\
harscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw4293\colsr-0\colno2\colw1746\colsr-0\colno3\col
w5400\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-373\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx493\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\tab \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {19}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn1584
0\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Elvense ambas expresiones al cuadrado y resultar:}\par\pard\li4240\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4240\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx4493\*\tx4986\*\tx6413

\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {+}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{)}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {17}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {70}\par\pard\li4240\ri0\sl-373
\slmult0 \*\tx4480\*\tx4973\*\tx6413\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\tab \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {3}{ }\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {19}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs12\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
2}}\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22}{ }\fs22\cf0\
f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {57}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-386\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De ambos trminos restemos 17 y tendremos}\par
\pard\li4413\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4413\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\
tx5053\*\tx6240\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {2}\ul0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {70}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{57}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-426\slmul
t0 \*\tx7853\*\tx8840\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si despus elevarnos ambas expres
iones al cuadrado, obtendremos 280 y}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {253}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {57}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-360\slm
ult0 \*\tx6000\*\tx6400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Restando 253 podremos compara
r los resultados 27 y}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {57}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-360\slmult
0 \*\tx1600\*\tx4826\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {57 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { es mayor que 2, entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {20}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {57}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {>}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {40}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {; por co
nsiguiente}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\marg
sr-0\colno4\colw5386\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\
760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\co
lumn\pard\li186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li186\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx493\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {7}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0
x100 {<}\par\column\pard\li160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li160\ri0\s
l-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\
tx480\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {19}\par\pard
\colw8373\colsr-0\colno2\colw3066\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3. Resulvase al primer
golpe de vista}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Problema}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx3013\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Obsrvese la ecuacin}\tab \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0
}\fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { atentamente y dgase cul es el valor
de x.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult
0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Todo el que est familiarizado con los smbolos algebr
aicos deducir que}\par\pard\li5133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5133\r
i0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {=}{ }\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {3}\ul0 {\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{3}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En efecto,}\par\pard\li4960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4960\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx5653\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {x}\i0 {\super \fs14\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {

=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {(}\ul0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {3}\ul0
\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li76
arscalex100 {por consiguiente}\par\pard\li4920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li4920\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs14
\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 }\fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}{\sub \fs24\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {=}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {3}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
kpage




\charscalex100 {que era lo que se buscaba.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsx
n12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Aquellos a quienes esta solucin "al primer golpe de vista" l
es resulte difcil, pueden valerse, para}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {despejar con ms sencillez la incgnita, del siguiente razonam
iento:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Admitimos
que}\par\pard\li5173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5173\ri0\sl-320\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { = y}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ento
nces}\par\pard\li5120\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx5666\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
x}\i0 { }\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\tab \fs
26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por lo que la ecuacin
presentar esta forma}\par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li49
73\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx5240\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs16\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\ul {3}\ul0 \tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 { }\fs26\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {)}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 }\fs26\cf0\f1\chars
calex100 {=}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {elevando
la expresin al cubo}\par\pard\li5120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li512
0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { = 3}\i0 {\super \fs18\u
p4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Es pues evidente qu
e y = 3, y, por consiguiente,}\par\pard\li4853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li4853\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx5400\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\
fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {3}\ul0 \tab \fs26
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 { }\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs16\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\ul {3}\ul0 {\sub \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li7
harscalex100\b {4. Comedias algebraicas}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La sexta operacin aritmtica permite representar autntica
s comedias y farsas algebraicas con}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {los siguientes argumentos: 2 : 2 = 5; 2 = 3, etc. La gracia d
e tales representaciones algebraicas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {reside en un error, harto elemental, pero que, por hallarse
muy oculto, tarda en ser descubierto.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Mostremos dos piezas de este repertorio cmico del lgebra.}\pa
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Primer problema}\b0 \par\pard\li5213\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2 = 3}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En primer lugar a
parece en escena una igualdad indiscutible:}\par\pard\li4760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4 - 10
= 9 - 15}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En el siguiente "cuadro" se suma a ambos mie
mbros de esta igualdad una misma cantidad, 6 }\par\pard\li4173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4173\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4 \uc1
\u8211X 10 + 6 =9 \uc1\u8211X 15 + 6 }\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El ulterior desar
rollo de la comedia se reduce a transformaciones:}\par\pard\li2733\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2733\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2
}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { - 2 * 2
* (5 / 2) + (5 / 2)}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { = 3}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca

lex100 { - 2 * 3* (5 / 2) + (5 / 2)}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(2 \uc1\u8211X 5/2)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = (3 \uc1\u8211X 5/2)}{\super \fs18\up4\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghs
xn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst
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B2822BDEF8F218E58A59F4C99D946C794DC46CD22E1941C18701803DB83B9C1055B6800EDEFF004C
56B7314903492A904C51128C5C04CC909C8C3E51B280E71B8AB724C99F3AA5C6E59E7B764F995AE1
A3004A80EDDB22EDC0232A7E65DA4E78494E073EBF147496B410CFA55F11F290A6E15F605C150ADB
437073824920639C8CD5397E2068D28471617CB2056F31B3190D95D81B6E36EEC601E36B292ACA46
DDA01CDF8DE5275E5B505F65A5B4512EF6662BB97CC61939380D230EA7A753D4AEA023FB1CB1CBF2
3C7611F96BBB39266C8FC0A367F2EF9AA97577A4DCDF49741AF21767DC121851563F40A37700638A
96E751D2EFA69E59DEF5A49638E3C88D005080018F9BD171401CF60FA576BA235BC1E18B9B899C02
2D664C1DC492C19147A632F904770D9ED5CFA268647EF2E3511CE38810FAFF00B5F4AD08AF3478B4
A9ECA3D4B54F26739901B38F0B8652303CDEF819E9F757AF4A00E668AD8FB3F86FFE82BAAFFE0B63
FF00E3F47D9BC39FF414D57FF05B1FFF001FA00A7BA57D2B6997F750CD911FFB4E3923FEFD8AEBFC
0126DB6D690AB61B49D47077719FB31AC28E0D10D9BC4352D436BB8724E9E99F941FFA6DFEDD74BE
0EFB0C6BABDAD9DC5C4DB747D4656335BAC58FF4765C0C3B67F1C5007FFFD9}
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Extrad
a la raz cuadrada de ambos miembros de la igualdad, resulta:}\par\pard\li4680\ri0
alex100 {2 \uc1\u8211X 5/2 = 3 \uc1\u8211X 5/2}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sumand
o 5/2 a uno y otro miembro, llegamos a la igualdad absurda:}\par\pard\li5213\ri0
alex100 {2 = 3}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En
qu consiste el error?}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Soluci6n}\b0 \par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El error consiste en que de la exp
resin}\par\pard\li4413\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4413\ri0\sl-346\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(2 \uc1\u8211X 5/2)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = (3 \uc1\u8211X 5/2)}{\super \fs1
8\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se dedujo que}\par\par
f0\f0\charscalex100 {2 \uc1\u8211X 5/2 = 3 \uc1\u8211X 5/2}\par\column\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sec
td\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213
{Aunque los cuadrados sean iguales, no por eso son idnticas las primeras potencia
s, pues}\par\pard\li5000\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5000\ri0\sl-346
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(-5)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 5}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pero -5 no es igual a 5. Los cuadrados pueden ser ig
uales cuando las primeras potencias tienen}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f

s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {distinto signo. En nuestro ejemplo se ofrece precisame
nte este caso:}\par\pard\li4746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4746\ri0
\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(-1/2)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = (1/2)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pero no es igual a \uc1\u8211X}\par\pard
f0\charscalex100\b {Segundo problema}\b0 \par\pard\li3840\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Figura 14. Una farsa matemtica}\i0 \par\pard\li8373\ri
6\margbsxn213\cols3\colno1\colw5040\colsr-0\colno2\colw3213\colsr-0\colno3\colw3
186\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Nueva farsa algebraica}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2 * 2 = 5}\par\column\pard\li
0 {La accin se desarrolla en forma semejante al caso anterior y se basa en el mis
mo truco. En}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {esce
na aparece una igualad que no despierta ninguna desconfianza}\par\pard\li4613\ri
calex100 {16 - 36 = 25 - 45.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Se suma a cada miembro u
na misma cantidad:}\par\pard\li3880\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3880
\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {16 \uc1\u8211X 36 + 20 = 25 \uc1
\u8211X 45 + 20 }\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A continuacin se hacen las transformac
iones siguientes:}\par\pard\li3066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3066\
ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { \uc1\u8211X 2 * 4 * 9/2 + (9/2)}{\super
\fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 5}{\super \fs1
8\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { \uc1\u8211X 2 * 5 *
9/2 + (9/2)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-21
{Despus, mediante el absurdo razonamiento anterior se llega a}\par\pard\li4680\r
scalex100 {4 \uc1\u8211X 9/2 = 5 \uc1\u8211X 9/2}\par\pard\li5213\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5213\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4
= 5}\par\pard\li5040\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5040\ri0\sl-346\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2 * 2 = 5}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Estos divertidos ejemplos deben prevenir a los matemtic
os con poca experiencia contra toda}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {actitud descuidada hacia las ecuaciones que tengan su incgnita

en el radical.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i
0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pgh
sxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}


\charscalex100\b \i {Capitulo Sexto}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {ECUACIONES DE SEGUNDO GRADO}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0
lex100\b \i {Contenido}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {1.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {El apretn de manos}\ul0 \par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\char
scalex100 {El enjambre de abejas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {3.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {La manada de monos}\ul0 \pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\c
harscalex100\ul {Previsin de las ecuaciones}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {El problema
de Euler}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6.}
{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Los altavoces}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {El lgebr
a del vuelo a la Luna}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {8.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {"Ejercicio complicado"}\ul0 \par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\cha
rscalex100\ul {Qu nmeros son?}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1. El apretn de mano
s}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\s
bknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Las personas que asistieron a una reunin se es
trecharon la mano. Uno de ellos advirti que los}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {apretones de mano fueron 66. Cuntas personas
concurrieron a la reunin?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La cuestin se resuelve con fa
cilidad si recurrimos al lgebra. Cada una de las x personas dio la}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mano a las otras x- 1. Por tan
to, el total de apretones de manos debe ser}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x (
x -}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {l). Adems hay que}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tener en cuenta que cuando Ivanov da la
mano a Petrov, Petrov estrecha la mano de Ivanov; estos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dos apretones de manos deben ser consider
ados como uno solo. Por eso, el nmero de apretones}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de manos contados es dos veces menor que}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x (x -1). }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En conse
cuencia surge la ecuacin}\par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i4973\ri0\sl-506\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\sub \fs2
4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {66}\par\pard\li5160\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o sea, que despus de las correspondientes transformaci
ones se tendr}\par\pard\li4653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4653\ri0\s
l-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { \uc1\u8211X x \uc1\u8211X 132
= 0}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
ard\li5053\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5053\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx
5520\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100\ul {+}\ul0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {528}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margr
sxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5573\colsr-0\colno2\colw5866\pard\li4693\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\co
lumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\se
ctd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li4733\ri0\sl-2
00\i {x}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {1}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {=1
2, x}\i0 { }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {=11.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {como quiera que la raz negativa (-11 personas)
carece de todo sentido, la rechazamos,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conservando nicamente la primera: en la reunin estuvieron 1
2 personas.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul
{Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2. El enjambre de abejas}\b0 \par\




r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i
0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Pere
3\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {En la antigedad est
aba muy extendida en la India una diversin singular: la solucin de}\i0 \par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {rompecabezas en competicio
nes pblicas. Los manuales de matemticas de ese pas contribuan}\i0 \par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a la celebracin de tales campeona
tos de clculo mental. "Aplicando las reglas aqu expuestas -}\i0 \par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {escriba el autor de uno de dichos
libros -, un hombre inteligente puede idear miles de problemas}\i0 \par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {semejantes. As como el Sol
hace palidecer las estrellas con sus destellos, un hombre discreto}\i0 \par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {eclipsa la gloria de otr
o hombre en los concursos populares, proponiendo y resolviendo}\i0 \par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {problemas algebraicos". En
el original, estas palabras presentan un aspecto ms potico, por}\i0 \par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {cuanto el libro est escrito en
verso. Los problemas tambin aparecen versificados. Enunciemos}\i0 \par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {en prosa uno de estos rompe
cabezas.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Un
grupo de abejas, cuyo nmero era igual a la raz cuadrada de la mitad de todo su en
jambre,}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {se
pos sobre un jazmn, habiendo dejado muy atrs a 8/9 del enjambre; slo una abeja del}\
i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {mismo enjamb
re revoloteaba en torno a un loto, atrada por el zumbido de una de sus amigas}\i0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {que cay imprude
ntemente en la trampa de la florecilla, de dulce fragancia.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Cuntas abejas formaban el enjambr
e?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\sl
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si expresamos el nmero buscado de abejas del enjamb
re con la letra}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {, tendremos la ecuacin}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\ma
rglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw5066\colsr-0\colno2\colw1093\colsr-0\coln
o3\colw5280\pard\li4853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4853\ri0\sl-400\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\li4853\ri0\sl-333\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li186\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx373\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\li186\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf
harscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\margl
-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Puede simplificarse la ecuacin introduci
endo una incgnita auxiliar:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\
marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5666\colsr-0\colno2\colw5773\pard\li512
pard\li5120\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\
f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li13\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Entonces}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x = 2 y}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}
\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, por lo que resultar la siguiente ecuacin:}\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {16}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\m
arglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols6\colno1\colw3893\colsr-0\colno2\colw360\colsr-0\coln
o3\colw186\colsr-0\colno4\colw1133\colsr-0\colno5\colw933\colsr-0\colno6\colw493
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18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volve
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6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3. La manada de monos}\b0 \par\pard\li76
arscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
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fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {64}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
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i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Otro de los problemas indios pue
de ser presentado en verso tal y como fue traducido por}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Lbedev, autor del excelente libro Quin
invent el lgebra?}\i0 \par\pard\li3906\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li39
06\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Regocjanse los monos}\i0 \par
\pard\li3906\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {divididos en dos b
andos:}\i0 \par\pard\li3906\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {su
octava parte al cuadrado}\i0 \par\pard\li3906\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {en el bosque se solaza.}\i0 \par\pard\li3906\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3906\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Con al
egres gritos, doce}\i0 \par\pard\li3906\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {atronando el campo estn.}\i0 \par\pard\li3906\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {Sabes cuntos monos hay}\i0 \par\pard\li3906\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {en la manada, en total?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri
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100 {Si el nmero total de la manada es x, entonces:}\par\pard\li5200\ri0\sl-213\s
2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\c
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f0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}{\super \fs24\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i
0 }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63734X}\par\pard\li5093\ri0\sl-320\slmult0
\*\tx5333\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 {+}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\sect\
sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw4
653\colsr-0\colno2\colw3720\colsr-0\colno3\colw3066\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde}\par\column\pard\li146\ri0\sl-306
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63725X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100

{8}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63736X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx266\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {x}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {1}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=
48,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { =}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {16.}\par\par
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Figura 15}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\pa
ect\sectd\sbkpage

scalex100 {El problema tiene dos soluciones positivas: en la manada puede haber
48 y 16 monos. Las dos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {soluciones satisfacen por las condiciones del problema.}\par\pard\li760\r
charscalex100\b {4. Previsin de las ecuaciones}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En los casos examinados y en dependencia de las
condiciones del problema, hemos hecho}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {diferente uso de las dos races obtenidas. En el primer cas
o hemos desechado la raz negativa por}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {no responder al contenido del problema; en el segundo, hemos
renunciado a la raz fraccionaria y}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {negativa y, en el tercero, por el contrario, hemos aceptado la
s dos races. La presencia de una}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {segunda solucin es, a veces, completamente inesperada no slo para q
uien resuelve el problema,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {sino tambin para su autor; pongamos un ejemplo de cmo la ecuacin resulta
ms previsora que}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e
l mismo que la establece.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Una pelota ha sido l
anzada al aire a una velocidad de 25 m por segundo. Al cabo de cuntos}\i0 \par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {segundos se encontrar la
pelota a 20 m de altura?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Para los cuerpos lanzados a
l alto, y libres en su ascensin de toda resistencia, la mecnica}\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {establece las siguientes proporcion
es entre la altura a la que sube el cuerpo sobre la tierra (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {h}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {), su.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {velocidad inicial (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {v}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {), el aceleramiento de la fuerza de grave
dad (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {g}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) y el tie
mpo (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {):}\par\pa
o1\colw5693\colsr-0\colno2\colw5746\pard\li4866\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {h}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {vt}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\column
\f0\charscalex100\i {gt}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard
\li106\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En es
te ejemplo concreto podemos hacer caso omiso de la resistencia area, por cuanto e
s muy}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pequea cuand
o la velocidad no es de consideracin. A fin de simplificar la operacin, demos a}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {g,}\i0 { }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el valor 10 m, en lugar de 9,8 m (el error es tan slo del 2
%). Sustituyendo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {h, v, g}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {por sus}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {valores en la frmula indicada, tendremos la siguiente ecuacin:}\par\pard\li45
charscalex100 {20 = 25}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 { \uc1\u8211X 10}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t}\i0 {\super \fs18\up3\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 2}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-21
{y despus de quitar denominadores y simplificar}\par\pard\li4760\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t

\i { -}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t +}\i
0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4 = 0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {.}\i0 \par\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Resultan las races:}\par\pard\li4866\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li4866\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {t}\i0 \f
s18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {1}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 1}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {, t}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {= 4}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La pelota estar dos veces a la altur
a de 20 m: al primer segundo y despus de cuatro segundos de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {haber sido lanzada.}\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Acaso parezca inverosmil y, al no re
flexionar, puede rechazarse el segundo resultado. Sin}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {embargo, esto sera errneo. El segundo resul
tado es completamente lgico: la pelota puede}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {encontrarse dos veces a la altura de 20 m: una, al as
cender, y otra, al descender.}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\


scalex100 {Se deduce con facilidad que la pelota puede ascender durante 2,5 segu
ndos con la velocidad}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {inicial de 25 m, llegando a una altura de 31,25 m. Despus de alcanzar la alt
ura de 20 m, (al}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
segundo de ascenso) la pelota seguir elevndose durante 1,5 segundos ms, al cabo de
lo cual}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {descender
durante 1,5 segundos hasta la altura de 20 m, llegando al suelo un segundo despus
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5. El problema de Euler}\b0 \par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Al referirse Stendhal en s
u Autobiografa a sus aos de estudiante, escribe lo siguiente:}\i0 \par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {"En su casa (la de su maestro d
e matemticas) encontr a Euler con su problema acerca de los}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {huevos que la campesina llevaba a
l mercado... Esto fue para m un descubrimiento. Comprend}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {lo que significaba valerse de un ar
ma como el lgebra. Pero demonios!, nadie me lo haba}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {explicado antes..."}\i0 \par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {He aqu el problema de la Introduc
cin al lgebra, de Euler que tan fuerte impresin produjera}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {en Stendhal.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Dos campesinas llevaron en total 1
00 huevos al mercado. Una de ellas tena ms mercanca que}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {la otra, pero recibi por ella la misma
cantidad de dinero que la otra. Una vez vendidos todos, la}\i0 \par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {primera campesina dijo a la segu

nda: "si yo hubiera llevado la misma cantidad de huevos que t,}\i0 \par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {habra recibido 15 cruceros".
La segundo contest: "Y si yo hubiera vendido los huevos que}\i0 \par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {tenas t habra sacado de ellos 6}\i0
/}\i0 {\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {,
cruceros". Cuntos huevos llev cada una?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b
0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Supongamos que
la primera campesina tena}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 { huevos. La segunda tendra}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {100 - x.}
\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si la primera}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hubiera tenido}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
100 - x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { habra sacado de ellos 15 cruceros. Eso q
uiere decir que la primera}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {campesina vendi los huevos}\par\pard\li5333\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li5333\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {15}\par\pard\li
5093\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cada uno}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De esta manera vemos que la segunda campesina v
endi los huevos a}\par\pard\li4986\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4986\r
i0\sl-533\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {3}
\ul0 }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{\super \fs24\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20}}
\par\pard\li5133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5693\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0
\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cada uno.}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hallemos ahora la cantidad obten
ida por cada campesina: la primera:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pgh
sxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw4986\colsr-0\colno2\colw560\co
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}\par\
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {15}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {15}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\marg
sr-0\colno4\colw4906\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\
ex100 {la segunda}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx960\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {100}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li306\
d\li306\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20}\par\column\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
i0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\sect\sec
\colsr-0\colno2\colw200\colsr-0\colno3\colw386\colsr-0\colno4\colw440\colsr-0\co
lno5\colw213\colsr-0\colno6\colw5786\pard\li3973\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs32\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {(}\par\pard\li4013\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{100}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u
8722X}\par\column\pard\li120\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs32\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {)}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx213\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \tab

\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {30}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \*\tx1080\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100}\tab \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li506\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \pa
r\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Y como ambas recib
ieron lo mismo, entonces}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\
\sect\sectd\sbkpage
a}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {15
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x
}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li880\ri0\sl-213\s
880\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1080\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {*}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100}\tab \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\column\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\se
lw5813\colsr-0\colno2\colw5626\pard\li4320\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {100}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn122
40\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que despus de las co
rrespondientes transformaciones resultar}\par\pard\li4386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li4386\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\s
uper \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { + 1
60x \uc1\u8211X 8000 = 0,}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde}\par\pard\li45
charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {1}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i { = 40, x}\i0 { }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i { = 200.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La raz negativa carece de senti
do en el presente caso. El problema no tiene ms que un}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {resultado: la primera campesina llev al mer
cado 40 huevos y la segunda 60.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {El problema puede resolverse con ms brevedad. El procedimiento es
ms ingenioso, aunque ms}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {difcil.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Supon
gamos que la segunda campesina llev al mercado k huevos ms que la primera. Ambas}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {recibieron por su
mercanca la misma suma de dinero.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Esto significa que la primera vendi los huevos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {k}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { veces ms caros que la segunda.
Si hubieran}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {camb
iado la mercanca, la primera campesina hubiera tenido}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {k}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { veces ms huevos que la segunda}\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y los habra vendido}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {k'}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { veces ms caros, rec
ibiendo k}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ ms dinero que aqulla. Por lo tanto}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {tendremos:}\par\pard\li4133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li4133\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {k}{\super \fs18\up4\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 15 / 6}{\super \fs18\up4\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 45 /20 = 9/4}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de do
nde resulta que}\par\pard\li5066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5066\ri

0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {k}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {= 3 / 2}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-3
46\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ahora no nos queda ms que dividir los 100
huevos proporcionalmente a 3 y a 2. La primera}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {campesina llev 40 huevos y la segunda, 60.}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \pa
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6. Los altavoces}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {P
roblema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{En la plaza hay instalados 5 altavoces distribuidos en dos grupos: uno de ellos
consta de 2}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{aparatos, y el otro, de 3. La distancia que separa los dos grupos es de 50 m. Dn
de habr que}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
colocarse para que el sonido de ambos grupos se oiga con la misma intensidad?}\i
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si designamos con}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { la distancia que separa el punto buscado del grup
o de dos altavoces,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {entonces, la distancia entre este punto y el otro grupo ser}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {50 - x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { (vase la}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {fig. 16).}\i0 \par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd
{\shp
{\*\shpinst
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}}}}
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Figura 16}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413
\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Puesto qu
e la intensidad del sonido disminuye en proporcin al cuadrado de la distancia,}\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tendremos la siguie
nte ecuacin:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\mar
grsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw5013\colsr-0\colno2\colw546\colsr-0\colno3\colw5880\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\
margrsxn133\pard\li4826\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5226\*\tx5893\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {3}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {50}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {que despus de efectuar las operaciones, aparece como sigue:}\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {200x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {- 5000 = 0.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La ecuacin tiene dos race
s:}\par\pard\li4986\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4986\ri0\sl-346\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {1}\i
0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 22,5,}\par\pard\li4853\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { = - 222,5.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La raz positiva corresponde a la
pregunta formulada en el problema: el punto citado se encuentra}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a 22,5 m de distancia del grupo d
e dos altavoces, y, en consecuencia, a 27,5 m del grupo de tres.}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pero qu significa la raz negativa? T
iene algn sentido?}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Indudablemente. El signo menos significa que el segundo punto de idntica audicin
se}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {encuentra en
direccin o p u e s t a al punto positivo que se tom al establecer la ecuacin.}\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Partiendo del lugar oc
upado por los dos reproductores y en la direccin conveniente llegamos a}\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los 222,5 m, punto en el q
ue el sonido de ambos grupos de altavoces se oye con la misma}\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {intensidad. Este punto dista}\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {222,5 + 50 = 272,5 m}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del grup
o de tres aparatos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {As pues se han encontrado dos puntos de igual audicin colocados en la lnea forma
da por las}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fuente

s de sonido. En esta lnea no hay ms puntos donde coincida la intensidad de sonido
s, pero}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fuera de
ella, s. Puede demostrarse que el lugar geomtrico de los puntos que responden a l
as}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {condiciones de
l problema es la circunferencia que pasa por los dos puntos hallados, cual si fu
eran}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los extremos
de su dimetro. Esta circunferencia, como vernos, limita un espacio bastante}\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {extenso (la parte ra
yada en la figura) dentro del cual la intensidad auditiva del grupo formado por}
one\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

scalex100 {dos altavoces supera la audicin del grupo de tres aparatos; fuera del
espacio indicado se observa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {el fenmeno opuesto.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\ch
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {7. El lgebra del
vuelo a la Luna}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Del mismo modo como se han encontrado los puntos de igual audicin de dos tipos
de altavoces,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se
puede encontrar tambin puntos de igual atraccin del cohete csmico por dos cuerpos}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {celestes, la Tie
rra y la Luna. Busquemos estos puntos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De acuerdo con la ley de Newton, la fuerza de atraccin recp
roca de dos cuerpos es directamente}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {proporcional al producto de las masas que se atraen, e invers
amente proporcional al cuadrado de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\

f0\charscalex100 {la distancia entre ellos. Si designamos con M la masa de la T
ierra y con x la distancia entre ella y}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el cohete, la fuerza con que la Tierra atrae cada gramo d
e masa de la nave area se expresar}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {mediante}\par\pard\li5306\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {Mk}\i0 \par\pard\li5346\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\
donde k es la fuerza de atraccin recproca de un gramo por un gramo a la distancia
de 1 cm.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La fuerz
a con que la Luna atrae cada gramo del cohete en ese mismo punto}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ser:}\par\pard\li5320\ri0\sl-213\
i {mk}\i0 \par\pard\li5106\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs14\up
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {m}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { es la masa de la Luna y}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {1}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { la distancia que la
separa de la Tierra (se presupone que el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cohete se halla en la recta que une los centros de la Ti
erra y de la Luna). El problema exige que}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12
w613\colsr-0\colno3\colw6026\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es decir}\par
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Mk}\i0 {\sub \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}}\par\par
d\li40\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li200\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {mk}\i0 \par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{l}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2
}}\par\pard\li346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
{2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\
cols4\colno1\colw5226\colsr-0\colno2\colw386\colsr-0\colno3\colw600\colsr-0\coln
o4\colw5226\pard\li4600\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {M}\i0 {
\sub \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}}\par\pard\li4626\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\pard\li5120\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5373\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i0 \ta
b \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {lx}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {La relacin}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {M/m}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {, segn la Astronoma, equivale aproximadamente a 81,5. m}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aplicndola tendremos}\par\pard\li5013\
rscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\sect\se
0\colsr-0\colno2\colw1093\colsr-0\colno3\colw200\colsr-0\colno4\colw426\colsr-0\
colno5\colw5200\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-21

{por lo cual}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {l}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {lx}\
i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\
column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {81}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\m
arglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw8373\colsr-0\colno2\colw3066\pard\li4346
arscalex100 {80.5}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { \uc1\u8211X}\i0 { }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {160}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {lx}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 { + 81.5}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros
rd\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
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4B8FAD3A8A0028A28A00FFD9}
scalex100 {Al despejar la incgnita x resulta:}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slm
0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {1}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0,9}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l
}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs18\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {1, 12}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.
}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perel
man}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Al igual que en el problema de los altavoces, se llega a
la conclusin de que en la lnea que une la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tierra y la Luna existen dos puntos buscados donde la atr
accin de ambos planetas acta sobre el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {cohete con idntica intensidad: uno a 0,9 de la distancia que s
epara los planetas partiendo del}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {centro de la Tierra; el otro, a 1,12 de esta misma distancia. C
omo quiera que la distancia 1 entre}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {los centros de la Tierra y la Luna}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u8776X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 384 000 km, uno de los puntos busc
ados se encuentra a}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {346.000 km de la Tierra; el otro, a 430.000 km. Sabemos ya por el problema a
nterior que esa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m
isma propiedad caracteriza a todos los puntos de la circunferencia que pasa por
los dos puntos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ha
llados, tomados como los dos extremos del dimetro. Si hacemos girar esa circunfe
rencia}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tomando co
mo eje la lnea que une los centros de la Tierra y la Luna describir una esfera cuy
os}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {puntos respond
en a las exigencias del problema.}\par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Figura 17}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El dimetro
de esa esfera llamada "esfera de atraccin" de la Luna}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {(fig. 17)}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ser igual a:}\par\pard\li3800\r
scalex100 {1,12}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 { - 0,9}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { =
0, 22}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1

\u8776X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 84.000 km}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mucha
gente piensa errneamente que para acertar con un cohete en la Luna es bastante ha
cerle}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alcanzar la
esfera de atraccin de sta.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {A primera vista parece que si el cohete se halla dentro de la esfera de
atraccin (y su velocidad no}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {es muy grande) l debe caer forzosamente en la superficie de la Luna, p
or cuanto la fuerza de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {atraccin de la Luna "supera" a la de la Tierra.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si fuera as entonces la tarea del vuelo a la
Luna sera mucho ms fcil, pues no hara falta acertar}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a la Luna cuyo dimetro se ve en el cielo bajo un ng
ulo de 1/2', sino a un globo de 84 000 km de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dimetro, la dimensin del cual equivale a 12'.}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Pero no es difcil demostra
r el error de razones parecidas. Supongamos que un cohete lanzado}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {desde la Tierra hacia la Luna,
perdiendo su velocidad por causa de la atraccin terrestre, llegue a}\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la esfera de la atraccin lunar
teniendo la velocidad cero. Va a caer ste en la Luna? De ningn}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {modo!}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slm
sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\
sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{
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31C9E050033690072BC364FD29AEE9E63707A9A71120500E013F76A29131230239C9EF401FFFD9}
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En primer lugar, d
entro de la esfera de atraccin lunar hay tambin la atraccin terrestre. Por eso}\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {al lado de la lnea de
Tierra - Luna la fuerza de atraccin de la Luna no va slo a "superar" a la}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terrestre, sino stas se s
umarn de acuerdo con la regla del paralelogramo de fuerzas y}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {obtendremos una fuerza resultante no
dirigida directamente a la Luna (slo en la lnea de Tierra -}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Luna esta fuerza resultante sera dirigid
a directamente al centro de la Luna).}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {En segundo lugar (y esto es lo principal), la misma Luna no
es un blanco inmvil y si nosotros}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {queremos saber cmo va a moverse con relacin a sta el cohete (si va
a "caer" en ella), hace}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {falta tener en cuenta la velocidad del cohete respecto a la Luna. Mas e
sta velocidad no equivale a}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char

scalex100 {cero, pues la misma Luna se mueve alrededor de la Tierra con una velo
cidad de 1 km/seg. Por}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {eso la velocidad del movimiento del cohete con relacin a la Luna es demasi
ado grande para que}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {sta pueda atraer el cohete o por lo menos detenerlo en la esfera de su atraccin
como un satlite}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a
rtificial. En realidad la atraccin de la Luna empieza a ejercer influencia consi
derable en el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mov
imiento del cohete antes de acercarse ste a la esfera de atraccin de la Luna. En
la balstica}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {celest
e hay que tener en cuenta la atraccin de la Luna desde el momento cuando el cohet
e llegue}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a la esf
era de influencia de la Luna que tiene el radio de 66 000 km. En este caso ya s
e puede}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {considera
r el movimiento del cohete con relacin a la Luna al olvidar por completo la atrac
cin}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terrestre, per
o hace falta tener en consideracin la velocidad exacta (respecto a la Luna) con q
ue}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el cohete entr
a en la esfera de influencia de la Luna. Por eso es natural que el cohete debe
ser}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lanzado a la
Luna por una trayectoria que puede asegurar que la velocidad (con relacin a la}\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Luna) de entrada en
la esfera de influencia de la Luna est dirigida directamente a la Luna. Para}\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {eso la esfera de in
fluencia de la Luna debe chocar con el cohete que se mueve a su encuentro.}\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como se ve no es una c
osa tan fcil acertar a la Luna como a un globo de 84 000 km de dimetro.}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {8. \uc1\u8220XEjercicio complicado\uc1\u8221X}\b0 \par\p
f0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Son muchos los que conocen el cuadro Ejercicio compl
icado, (ao 1895) de Bogdnov - Belski,}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {pero muy pocos se percatan del contenido del ,,ejercici
o complicado" al contemplar dicho}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {cuadro.}\i0 \par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Figu
ra 18}\i0 \par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-2
kpage


\charscalex100\i {Trtase de resolver rpida y mentalmente el siguiente ejercicio:}\
i0 \par\pard\li4146\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4146\ri0\sl-386\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\f
s24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11}{\super \fs14\up4\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {12}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {13}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs2
4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14}{\super \fs14\up4\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li5280\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {365}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Y
akov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\m
argrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {El ejercicio, efectivamente, no es fcil. Sin
embargo, los alumnos del cuadro lo resuelven con}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {facilidad. En la figura del maestro, el p
intor reprodujo a S. Rachinski, profesor de Ciencias}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Naturales, que abandon la ctedra de la u
niversidad para convertirse en un sencillo maestro}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {rural. El inteligente pedagogo cultivab
a en su escuela el clculo mental, basado en el hbil}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {empleo de las propiedades de los nmeros.
Los nmeros 10, 11, 12, 13 y 14 tienen una curiosa}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {propiedad:}\i0 \par\pard\li4133\ri0\sl-213
{10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 1
1}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 12}{
\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 13}{\su
per \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 14}{\super
\fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Comoquiera que}
\i0 \par\pard\li4333\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4333\ri0\sl-333\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100 + 121 + 144 = 365,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
0\i {es fcil hallar mentalmente que la expresin reproducida en el cuadro es igual
a 2.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {El lgeb
ra nos ofrece los medios necesarios para plantear con ms amplitud la cuestin de es
ta}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {interesa
nte particularidad de las series de nmeros. Es acaso sta la nica serie de cinco}\i0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {nmeros consecuti
vos, en la que la suma de los cuadrados de los tres primeros es igual a la}\i0 \
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {suma de los cuad
rados de los otros dos?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si expresamos el primero de l
os nmeros buscados con}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {, tendremos la siguiente ecuacin:}\par\pard\li3440\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li3440\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {
\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {+(
x +}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ (x + 2)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = (x + 3)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {(x+}\i0
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {)}\i0 {\super \fs
18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sin embargo, es
ms cmodo expresar con}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {no el primer nmero de los buscados, sino el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {segundo. Entonces la ecuacin tendr un aspect
o ms sencillo:}\par\pard\li3440\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3440\ri0\
sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {(x \uc1\u8211X}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {)}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {+ x}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ (x + 1)}{\super \fs18\up4\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = (x + 2)}{\super \fs18\up4
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {(x+}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{)}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
0 {Al abrir los parntesis y reducir los trminos semejantes, resultar:}\par\pard\li4
\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {-10x - 11 = 0,}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde}\p
*\tx5560\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {25}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100\ul {+}\ul0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {11}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}\pa
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 { = 11}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = -1}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
mult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\p
gwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}

scalex100 {Existen por consiguiente, dos series de nmeros que tienen las propieda
des exigidas: la serie de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Rachinski}\par\pard\li4613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4613
\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10, 11, 12, 13, 14}\par\pard\li7
harscalex100 {y la serie}\par\pard\li4800\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li4800\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2.}\par\pard
f0\charscalex100 {As es, en efecto,}\par\pard\li4200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li4200\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(-2)}{\super \fs
18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ (-1)}{\super \fs18
\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 0}{\super \fs18\up4\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 1}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {9. Qu nm
eros son?}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Hllense tres nmeros consecutivos e
n los que el cuadrado del nmero del medio sea mayor en}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {una unidad al producto de los dos res
tantes.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-3
33\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si la primera cifra es x, tendremos la ecuacin
:}\par\pard\li4346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4346\ri0\sl-333\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 { + 1)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 { =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 { (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 2) +
1.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Abriendo los parntesis resultar la siguiente ecuacin
:}\par\pard\li4240\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4240\ri0\sl-333\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 2x + 1 = x}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 2x + 1,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de la cual no
puede deducirse la magnitud de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {. Esto muestra que la igualdad formulada por}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nosotros es una identidad; y la i
dentidad es efectiva, no slo cuando sus letras encierran un valor}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {determinado, como ocurre en la e
cuacin, sino para cualquier valor de las mismas. Por ello, tres}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nmeros consecutivos, sean los que
fueren, poseen dicha propiedad. En efecto, tomemos tres}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cifras al azar:}\par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {17, 18, 19}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y
nos convenceremos de que}\par\pard\li4040\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard

\li4040\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {18}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { \uc1\u8211X17 *19 = 324 \uc1\u
8211X 323 = 1.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Lo inevitable de esta correlacin salta
ms a la vista si expresamos la segunda cifra con la letra}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con lo que}\par\pard\li4360\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li4360\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x}{\super \
fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { -1 = (x + 1) * (x
- l).}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Es decir, se trata de una identidad evidente.}
\par\pard\li813\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i {Volver}\i0 \par
pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12
240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols2\colno1\col
w8253\colsr-0\colno2\colw3186\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl
\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

7;32768}}
7;32768}}



\charscalex100\b \i {Capitulo Sptimo}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {LA MAGNITUD MAYOR Y LA MENOR}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri
alex100\i {Contenido}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {1.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Dos trenes}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Dnde
construir el apeadero?}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {3.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Cmo trazar la carretera al embarcadero
?}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}{ }\fs2
4\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Cundo alcanza el producto su mximo valor?}\ul0 \par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charsca
lex100\ul {Qu suma ser la menor?}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {6.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {El tronco de mayor volume
n}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7.}{ }\fs2
4\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Dos parcelas de tierra}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {La co
meta}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9.}{ }\
fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {La construccin de una casa}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul
{La parcela}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{11.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {El canaln de seccin mxima}\ul0 \par\pard\li7
100 {El embudo de mayor capacidad}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {13.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {La iluminacin ms intensa}\u
l0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Per
elman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn1
33\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los problem
as presentados en este captulo pertenecen a una clase muy interesante; con ellos
se}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {propone hallar
el valor mayor o el menor de cierta magnitud. Estos problemas pueden ser}\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {resueltos por diferent
es procedimientos, uno de los cuales exponemos a continuacin.}\par\pard\li760\ri0

\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P. Chebyshev, matemtico ruso, en su o
bra "Delineacin de los mapas geogrficos" escriba que}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los mtodos, que ayudaban a resolver un problema
comn para toda la actividad prctica del}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {hombre - cmo disponer de sus medios para obtener, en la medi
da de lo posible, mayor provecho}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {tienen una importancia especial.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1.
Dos trenes}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
\i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {Dos lneas frreas se cruzan formando un ngulo recto. Los trenes se acercan a
gran velocidad}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {hacia el cruce. Uno parte de cierta estacin situada a 40 km del cruce; el ot
ro, de una estacin}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {que dista 50 km del cruce. El primero marcha a una velocidad de 800 m po
r minuto, el segundo}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {a 600 m Cuntos minutos transcurrirn desde el momento de la partida para q
ue las}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {loco
motoras se hallen a la menor distancia entre s, y cul ser esa distancia?}\i0 \par\p
f0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Dibujemos el esquema de la marcha de los trenes. Supongamos qu
e las lneas rectas}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {AB}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {y CD}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {son dos lneas frreas que se cruzan (fig. 19}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {.}\i0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) La estacin}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {B}\i0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { se encuentra a 40 km del cruce}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {O}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, y}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la estacin,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {D}
\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { a 50 km. Admitamos que al cabo de}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { minutos los trenes se en
cuentran a la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dis
tancia ms prxima entre s:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {(MN = m). }\i0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {El tren que sale de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {B}\i0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { hace el recorrido}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {B
M}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 0,8}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, ya}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {que en un minuto recorre 800 m = 0,8 km. Por consiguiente,}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { OM =}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {40 - 0,8}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Del mismo modo}\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hallaremos que}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {ON}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 50 - 0,6}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Segn el teorema de
Pitgoras}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrs
xn133\cols5\colno1\colw3960\colsr-0\colno2\colw1120\colsr-0\colno3\colw533\colsr
-0\colno4\colw2480\colsr-0\colno5\colw3346\pard\li3160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li3160\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx3600\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\li2720\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3360\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {MN}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 \par
\column\pard\li413\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li413\ri0\sl-426\slmult
0 \*\tx560\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx746\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {OM}\i0 \tab \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {ON}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx173\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li1066\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li1066\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1226\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {40}{ }\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {0}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}\fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs22\cf0\f1\charscale

x100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {50}{ }\fs22
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs22\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {.}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}
\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect
8053\colsr-0\colno2\colw3386\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Elevemos al cuadrado ambas pa
rtes de la ecuacin}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0
pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\s
ectd\sbkpage

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0\i {m}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li786\ri0\sl-213\sl
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x}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx893\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {40}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\column\pard\li786\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li786\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\supe
r \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx880\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {50}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\
colw4266\colsr-0\colno2\colw7173\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par

ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y operando tendremos}\par\column\
x100\i {Figura 19.}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\r
i0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f1\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {124}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4100}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\
u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\par\par
scalex100 {Resolviendo la ecuacin para hallar el valor de x, resultar}\par\pard\li
4506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4506\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \*\tx5520\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {62}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {m}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li6026\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
256}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ya que}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, el nmero que expre
sa los minutos transcurridos, no puede ser una raz imaginaria,}\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {m}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 { -256 debe ser una magnitud positiva o, a lo sumo, equivalente a cero. El lt
imo es el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que cor
responde al valor mnimo de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m;}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {de aqu que:}\par\pard\li4266\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li4266\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 {\super \fs18\u
p4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 256, o sea,}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m =}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {16.}\par\pard\li7
harscalex100 {Es evidente que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 { no puede ser menor que 16, de lo contrario}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { se convertira en una raz}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {imaginaria. Y si}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { \uc1\u8211X 256 = 0, entonces}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 62.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De esta forma las locomotoras llegan a su punto
de mayor aproximacin al cabo de 62 minutos, y}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la distancia que las separa ser de 16 km. Determine
mos dnde se encontrar cada una en el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {momento de mayor aproximacin. Al buscar la distancia OM, tendr
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par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Es decir, que a la
segunda locomotora le faltarn 12,8 km para llegar al cruce. En la}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {fig. 20}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se ve}\par\pard\l

i760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la posicin que ocupan las loc
omotoras en el momento dado. Se puede apreciar que sta no es tal}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y como nos la imaginbamos al prin
cipio.}\par\pard\li4946\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4946\ri0\sl-213\
i {Figura 20.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La ecuacin ha resultado ser tan tole
rante que, a pesar de lo errneo del esquema, nos da un}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {resultado acertado. No es difcil averiguar
de dnde proviene esa tolerancia, que est}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {condicionada por las reglas algebraicas de los signos.}\pa
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2. Dnde construir el apeadero?}\b0 \par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {A 20 km del ferrocarril, c
uya lnea es recta, se encuentra el punto poblado B (fig. 21).}\i0 \par\pard\li497
\par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Figura 21}\i0
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Dnde hay que construir el apeadero C para que en el v
iaje de A a B por la lnea frrea AC, y}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {por la carretera CB se invierta el menor tiempo posible
? La velocidad por ferrocarril es de 0,8 y}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {por carretera de 0,2 kilmetros por minuto.}\i0 \
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Expresemos la distancia}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {A
D}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(desde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {A}\
i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { hasta la base de la perpendicular}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {BD}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a la horizontal}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {AD}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con la}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {a; y CD,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con la}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Entonces}\par\pard\li8053\ri0\sl-2
pard\li8053\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\
pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbkpage
















{=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx373\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {=}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
lno2\colw120\colsr-0\colno3\colw5133\pard\li3893\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx4480\*\
tx5040\*\tx5613\*\tx6000\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {AC}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {AD}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {CD}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\li4
240\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx4946\*\tx5093\*\tx5640\*\tx5813\fs24\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {=}\tab \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\
tab \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\l
i3866\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx4586\*\tx5293\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {CB}\i0
\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {CD}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {BD}
\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0
\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx146\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20}{\super \fs14
\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn158
0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El tiempo empleado por el tren
para cubrir el trayecto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {AC}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 { ser igual a}\par\pard\li4933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i4933\ri0\sl-506\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {AC}\i0 {\sub \fs24\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {=}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\li5053\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \*\tx5640\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-466\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El tiempo necesario para recorrer la distancia}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {CB}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { de la carreter
a equivale a}\par\pard\li5546\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5546\ri0\s
l-426\slmult0 \*\tx5693\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs26\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {+}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn13
fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {CB}\i0 {\sub \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}}\fs26\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\li4760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {0}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El viaje desde A hasta
B ocupar, en total,}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {0}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\
sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li4586\r
scalex100\i {a}\i0 { }\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\sub \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {+}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}}\par\pard\li4800\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5680\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\
fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}\tab \fs26\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {0}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Esta suma, que expresam
os con m, debe ser la menor.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {La ecuacin}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\margl
sxn666\margrsxn133\cols6\colno1\colw5293\colsr-0\colno2\colw120\colsr-0\colno3\c
olw146\colsr-0\colno4\colw200\colsr-0\colno5\colw440\colsr-0\colno6\colw5240\par
d\li4373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4373\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \*\tx47
33\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \

par\pard\li4533\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{\sub
\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\colum
\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
00 {20}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
l-373\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\
i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\
cols7\colno1\colw4053\colsr-0\colno2\colw306\colsr-0\colno3\colw226\colsr-0\coln
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {presntase as:}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
t0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x
}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs26
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li40\ri0\
sl-480\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li586\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs26\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{+}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20}{\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}
\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{
}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 { }\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}
mult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn122
840\colsr-0\colno3\colw120\colsr-0\colno4\colw1266\colsr-0\colno5\colw5133\pard\
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Multiplicando por 0,8 tendremos}\par\column\par
d\li306\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {.}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u87
22X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {4}\ul0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li266\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs26\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0

pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx146\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs24\cf0
\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li226\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs26\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {8}\par\pard\li226\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li226\
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li226\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u872
2X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx413\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {m}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Y cuando e
xpresamos 0,8}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, con la}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {k}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, haciendo desaparec
er el radical, tendremos la ecuacin de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {segundo grado}\par\pard\li4173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li4173\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {15}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 { \uc1\u8211X 2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {kx}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 { + 6400 \uc1\u8211X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {k}\i0 {\super
\fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 0}\par\pard\l
\charscalex100 {de donde}\par\pard\li4346\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li4346\ri0\sl-586\slmult0 \*\tx5226\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs26\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{\super \fs26\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {k}\i0 }\fs26\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 {}\tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {16}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {k}\i0 {\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {96000}\par\pard\li5520\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {15}\par\pard\li8053\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1



7;32768}}
7;32768}}


d\li760\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Y como}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {k = 0,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {m - a,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {al alcanzar}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {m}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { la mnima magnitud sucede lo mi
smo con la}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {k,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{y viceversa}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mas para q
ue}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { resulte r
eal es necesario que 16}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {k}\i0 {\super \fs16\up4\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { no sea menor que 96 000. Po
r lo tanto, el valor}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {mnimo para 16}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {k}\i0 {\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ser 96 000. Por esa razn, m ser la ma
gnitud menor cuando 116}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {k}\i0 {\super \fs18\up3\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 96000,}\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde}\par\pard\li4933\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4933\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx5480\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\i {k}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {6000}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-36
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y por consiguiente}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
r-0\colno2\colw560\colsr-0\colno3\colw320\colsr-0\colno4\colw5026\pard\li4960\ri
calex100 {0}\par\pard\li4213\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}
\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{\super \fs24\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {k
}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}}\par\pard
\li4706\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {16}\par\column\pard\li0\r
lex100 {6000}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {15}\p
X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {16}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El a
peadero debe construirse aproximadamente a 5 km del punto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {D}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { cualquiera sea la longitud}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a =}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {AD.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {No obstante, es evidente que nuestra solucin tiene sentido slo en el cas
o de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x <}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a,
pues al}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {formular
la ecuacin hemos considerado que la expresin}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i
0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { era un valor positivo.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0

\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si x = a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8776X
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 5,16 no hace falta ningn apeadero y debe llevarse l
a carretera hasta la estacin. De}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {manera idntica hay que operar en los casos en que la distancia a
sea inferior a 5,16 km.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Esta vez somos nosotros los que hemos obrado con mayor prudencia que la e
cuacin. Si}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hubiram
os confiado ciegamente en la ecuacin, habramos tenido que construir el apeadero ms}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {all de la estacin,
cosa totalmente absurda: en este caso}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x>a,}\i0
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por eso, el tiempo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {a-x/}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0,8}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {durante el cual tenamos que viajar en ferrocarril, sera
negativo. El caso es aleccionador y}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {muestra que, al valerse de recursos matemticos hay que mante
ner una actitud prudente hacia los}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {resultados obtenidos, recordando siempre que si no se cumplen
las condiciones en las que se}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {fundamenta el empleo del recurso matemtico, el resultado puede perde
r todo sentido.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i
{Volver}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-3
46\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3. Cmo trazar la carretera al embarcadero
?}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Proble
ma}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Desd
e la ciudad riberea A hay que trasladar cargamento al punto B, situado a a km ms a
bajo,}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y a d
km de la orilla del ro (fig. 22).}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {Cmo debe trazarse la carretera desde B al ro para que el tra
nsporte de cargas desde A hasta}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {B resulte lo ms barato posible, considerando que el transpor
te de una tonelada-kilmetro por}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {ro cuesta la mitad que por carretera?}\i0 \par\pard\li5573\ri
18\cf0\par\pard\li5573\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx5920\*\tx6400\*\tx8400\fs24\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {4}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs14\up5\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{20}{\super \fs14\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {>}\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\li906\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5760\*\
tx7493\*\tx8586\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Debe tenerse en cuenta que}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {k}\i0 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { >0, por cuanto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {0}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {a}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\char
arscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \par\pard\li8053\ri0\sl-30
6\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
ne\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst

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\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw4253\colsr-0\colno2\colw493\colsr-0\co
lno3\colw1973\colsr-0\colno4\colw4720\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es decir,}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-29
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\
par\column\pard\li333\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx773\*\tx1786\fs24\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {\uc1\u8722X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {=}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\
pard\li426\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1573\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\tab \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {d}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1400\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {sen}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u9001X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {BCD}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {,
}\i0 \par\pard\li1213\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \pa
r\pard\li480\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li480\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\t
x1160\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {d}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {d}\i
0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
x100 {3}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsx
n133\cols4\colno1\colw5693\colsr-0\colno2\colw666\colsr-0\colno3\colw293\colsr-0
\colno4\colw4786\pard\li4040\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx5453\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {sen}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u9001X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {B
CD}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\
pard\li5253\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \par\column\p
ard\li120\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {d}\i0 \par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx426\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\ul {3}\ul0 \par\pard\li226\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{3}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\s
0 {Mas el ngulo cuyo seno es igual a }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8730X}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3/2 equivale a 60. Esto significa que la carretera deb
e ser}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {trazada for
mando un ngulo de 60 con el ro, independiente de la distancia AC.}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aqu vuelve a aparecer la misma part
icularidad que en el problema anterior. El resultado tiene}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sentido slo en determinadas condicione
s. Si el punto poblado est situado de tal manera que la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {carretera (cuya lnea forma un ngulo de 60 co
n la del ro) pasa por el lado opuesto de la ciudad}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A, entonces la solucin dada es inaplicable; en e
ste caso hay que unir directamente el punto B}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con la ciudad A por carretera sin emplear en absolu
to el ro para el transporte.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\char
scalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {4. Cundo alcanza el
producto su mximo valor?}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char

scalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {Para resolver muchos problemas relacionados con "el mximo y el
mnimo", es decir, para}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {buscar el valor mayor y el menor de una magnitud variable, puede empl
earse un teorema}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {algebraico que examinaremos a continuacin. Veamos el problema siguiente:}\
i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {En qu dos part
es debe dividirse un nmero para que su producto alcance el mximo valor?}\i0 \par\p
f0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Supongamos que el nmero dado sea}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Las partes en que se divide a son}\par\par
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 {\sub \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\li5213\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {2}\par\pard\li5213\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0
{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i
0 \par\pard\li5213\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El nmero}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { indica la diferencia de estas par
tes con la mitad de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a.}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {El producto de ellas es igual a}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12
w533\colsr-0\colno3\colw120\colsr-0\colno4\colw280\colsr-0\colno5\colw6240\pard\
\par\pard\li4133\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}\pa
r\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-546\slmult0 \
fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 {\sub \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 }\p
\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63734X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
ult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}\par
\column\pard\li1013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1013\ri0\sl-253\slmu
lt0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u63723X }\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs26\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 {\sub \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 }\fs26\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63734X}\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}{ }\fs26\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{\super \fs26\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 }\fs26\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs16\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\mar
\colw440\colsr-0\colno4\colw1906\colsr-0\colno5\colw3386\pard\li4133\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63725X}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \*\tx253\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u63735X}\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63736X}\tab \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u63725X}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
93\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63736X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patr
icio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\mar
grsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

d\li760\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Es evidente que el produc
to de las partes tomadas aumentar en la medida en que disminuya}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, es}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {decir, en la medida en que disminuya la di
ferencia entre las mismas. El resultado mayor ser}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuando}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 0, es decir, cuando ambas partes sean iguales a}
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/2}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Quedarnos, pues, en que
el nmero debe dividirse por la mitad. El producto de dos nmeros, cuya}\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {suma sea constante alcanzar su
mximo valor cuando estos nmeros sean iguales entre s.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Examinemos este mismo ejemplo con tres nmeros.
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {En qu tres partes debe dividirse un nmero para q
ue su producto alcance el mximo valor?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b
0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Para resolver e
ste problema nos apoyaremos en el anterior.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tomemos un nmero a dividido en tres partes. Supongamo

s previamente que ninguna de las tres}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {partes es igual a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 3- Entre ellas habr una parte mayor que}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 3 (las tres no pueden
ser menores}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 3). Dicha p
arte la expresaremos as:}\par\pard\li4986\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i4986\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {(a}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {/ 3) +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\s
x100 {Tambin habr otra parte menor que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 { }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/3 que representaremos con}\par\pard\li5000\ri0\sl-21
0\i {(a}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/ 3) \uc1\u8211X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {y}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los nmeros}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { e}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { y}\
i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { son positivos. La parte tercera ser indudablemen
te igual a}\par\pard\li4826\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4826\ri0\sl346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {(a}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
/ 3) +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { -}{ }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los nmeros}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {(a}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/ 3) y}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {(a}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/ 3) +}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { -}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { representan una suma igual a la
de las dos primeras partes}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {del nmero}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {, pero la diferencia entre ellas (es decir,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {x - y)}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es menor que la diferencia entre l
as}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dos primeras p
artes, que era equivalente}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a x+ y. }\i0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como hemos visto en el problema anterior, el}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {producto de}\par\pard\sect\sec
\colsr-0\colno2\colw5426\pard\li4986\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u63723X}\par\pard\li4826\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {a}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}{\super \fs22\up6\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {a}\i0 }\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {x}\i0 { }\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {y}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{\uc1\u63734X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\
u63735X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsx
n133\cols2\colno1\colw6013\colsr-0\colno2\colw5426\pard\li4826\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63725X}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63736X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn158
0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es mayor que el producto de las
dos primeras partes del nmero}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{De esta forma, si las dos primeras partes del nmero a son sustituidas por los nm
eros}\par\pard\li4413\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4413\ri0\sl-346\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {(a}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/ 3) y
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {(a}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/ 3) +}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { -}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dejando la tercera intact
a, el producto aumentar.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal

ex100 {Supongamos ahora que una de las partes es igual a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/3 . Entonces las otras dos partes s
e}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {presentarn as}\pa
r\pard\li4640\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5680\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { + z }\i0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {y}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a/3 - z}\i0 \par\pard\li7
harscalex100 {Si hacemos que estas dos partes sean iguales a }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/3 (cuya suma, por ello, no se a
ltera), veremos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {q
ue su producto aumenta, siendo igual a:}\par\pard\li8053\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1







li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx346\*\tx706\*\tx1133\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}
\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
a}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {3}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ya
kov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\ma
rgrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw4960\colsr-0\colno2\colw173\colsr-0\colno3\colw173\co
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {*}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {3}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-186\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}\par
\column\pard\li213\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx426\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {27}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {As pues, si el nmero a se divide en tres partes
desiguales, el producto de stas ser menor que}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { /27 es decir, menor que el producto de tres factores
iguales que sumen}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por el mi
smo procedimiento puede demostrarse este teorema para cuatro factores, para cinc
o, etc.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Examinemo
s ahora un caso ms general.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Hllese el valor de x
y de y para que la expresin x}\i0 {\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i
0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {*y}\i0 {\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{q}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { alcance la mayor magnitud si x+ y = a.}\
i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Busquemos el valor de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { mediante el cual la expresin}\par\pard\li4946
arscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {*(a \uc1\u8211X x)}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {q}\i0 }\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-3
46\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alcance su mxima magnitud.}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Multipliquemos esta expresin por
1/}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { x}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{p}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {*y}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {q}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y obtendremos la siguiente:}\par\par
1\colw5333\colsr-0\colno2\colw6106\pard\li4853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li4853\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs14
\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx453\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {q}\i0 }\par\par
\pard\li4853\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 \par\column\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 \par\column\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \*\tx413\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {q}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {q}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\m

argrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-386\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que alcanzar su mxima magnitud cuando la adquiera
la expresin inicial.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Representemos as a la expresin obtenida}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn122
386\colsr-0\colno3\colw480\colsr-0\colno4\colw680\colsr-0\colno5\colw706\colsr-0
-346\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346
\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li160\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li160\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx360\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{a}\i0 \tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li186\ri0\sl-2
0 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx360\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {a}\i0 \tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li173\ri0\
ex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx360\fs26\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {a}\i0 \tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sb
r-0\colno2\colw1213\colsr-0\colno3\colw360\colsr-0\colno4\colw346\colsr-0\colno5
\colw346\colsr-0\colno6\colw346\colsr-0\colno7\colw4720\pard\li3920\ri0\sl-346\s
lmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \*\tx373\*\tx746\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}\tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{*}\tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {...}\par\pard
\li186\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx586\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 \tab \fs26
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs26\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {q}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {*}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {q}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{*}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {q}\i0 \
2\colno1\colw5786\colsr-0\colno2\colw5653\pard\li4106\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs26\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\li4240\
ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {pveces}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La suma de todos los factores ser igua
l a}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs26\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{4}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs26\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {4}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\p
ard\li120\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {qveces}\i0 \par\pard\
colw4053\colsr-0\colno2\colw440\colsr-0\colno3\colw506\colsr-0\colno4\colw760\co
8\cf0\par\pard\li3640\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \pa
r\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\co
lumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx
360\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0
0 \*\tx360\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346
\slmult0 \*\tx373\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\m
argrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw3840\colsr-0\colno2\colw7600\pard\li3640\ri0\sl-333\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmu
lt0 \*\tx413\*\tx853\*\tx1333\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\cha

rscalex100 {+}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {
...}\ul0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{...}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\li213\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx653
\*\tx1346\*\tx2080\*\tx2826\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {q}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {q}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {q}\i0 \par\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li3600\ri0\
sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx4320\*\tx4986\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {4}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\tab \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {4}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs24\c
{2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {4}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3573\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\
par\column\pard\li186\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {pveces}\i
0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \*\tx493\*\tx1080\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{px}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {q}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \pa
r\pard\li293\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \*\tx880\*\tx1173\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\
tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{
\sub \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-173\slmult0 \fs1
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {qveces}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\s
ect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\c
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es decir, s
er una magnitud constante.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {q}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1080\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
arscalex100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sec
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si nos basamos en lo demostrado anteriormen
te deduciremos que el producto}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15
\colno3\colw480\colsr-0\colno4\colw680\colsr-0\colno5\colw706\colsr-0\colno6\col
w4893\pard\li3920\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3920\ri0\sl-333\slmult
0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par
s26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li160\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li160\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx360\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \ta
b \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
22X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx360\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0
\tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li173\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u8722X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx360\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a
}\i0 \tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsx
n12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols7\colno1\colw4106\colsr-0\colno2\
colw1213\colsr-0\colno3\colw360\colsr-0\colno4\colw346\colsr-0\colno5\colw346\co
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx373

\*\tx746\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}\tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}\tab \f
s26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {...}\par\pard\li186\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx586\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 \tab \fs26\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\i {p}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {q}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {*}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {q}\i
0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}\par\col
umn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {q}\i0 \par\pard\se
lw5786\colsr-0\colno2\colw2266\colsr-0\colno3\colw3386\pard\li4106\ri0\sl-240\sl
mult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs26\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {2}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par
\pard\li4240\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {pveces}\i0 \par\co
lumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs26\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {4}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs26\c
{4}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\li120\r
i0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {qveces}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\

r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alcanza el mximo valo
r al ser iguales sus factores, es decir, cuando}\par\pard\li5040\ri0\sl-213\slmu
}\i0 {\sub \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722
X}\par\pard\li5453\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5813\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\
i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\li5040\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\*\tx5613\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
q}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sabemos que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a \uc1\
u8211X x = y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {; sustituyendo el antecedente de la
segunda razn y alterando el orden de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {los medios, resultar}\par\pard\li4893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li4893\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x / y = p
/ q}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De esta forma, el producto de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {*y}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {q}\i0 }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alcanza su mximo valor, si la suma}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {x+ y}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es constante,}\par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuando}\par\pard\li4880\ri0\
lex100\i {x : y = p : q}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Siguiendo semejante razon
amiento puede demostrarse que los productos}\par\pard\li4280\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4280\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0
{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
*y}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {q}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {*z}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {r}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {, x}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {*y}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {q}\i0 }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {*z}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {r}\i0
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {*t}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
u}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {, etc}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {llegan
a su valor mximo, si las sumas}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {+ y + z, x + y + z + t}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,
etc. son constantes, cuando}\par\pard\li3186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li3186\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x : y : z = p : q : r
, x : y : z : t = p : q : r: u,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {etc.}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \pa
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5. Qu suma ser la menor?}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El lector que desee abordar la demostracin de
teoremas algebraicos de valor prctico, puede}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {demostrar por s mismo el siguiente principio:}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx1120
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La suma de dos nm
eros, cuyo producto es constante, alcanza el valor mnimo cuando dichos}\par\pard\
li1120\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nmeros son iguales. Por eje
mplo, para el producto 36 : 4 + 9 = 13, 3 + 12 = 15, 2 + 18 = 20,}\par\pard\li11
20\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 + 36 = 37 y, por ltimo, 6 +

6 = 12.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1120\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
2.}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La suma de varios nmeros, cuyo producto es in
variable, ser la menor cuando las}\par\pard\li1120\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {magnitudes de los nmeros dados sean idnticas. Por ejemplo, para 2
16: 3 + 12 + 6 = 21, 2 +}\par\pard\li1120\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {18 + 6 = 26, 9 + 6 + 4 = 19, mientras que 6 + 6 + 6 = 18.}\par\pard\li7
harscalex100 {Mostremos en una serie de ejemplos cmo son aplicados en la prctica e
stos teoremas.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \
ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6. El tronco de mayor volumen}\
b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}
\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {De un t
ronco cilndrico debe sacarse una viga rectangular del mximo volumen. Qu forma ha}\i0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {de tener su se
ccin? (fig. 23)}\i0 \par\pard\li8053\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8053
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
wsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst
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760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\column\pard
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Figura 23}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\sl
mult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De acuerdo con el teorema de Pitgoras, si los lados de la
seccin rectangular son}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 { e}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tendremos}\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { +}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {d}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
x100 {Donde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {d}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
es el dimetro del tronco. El volumen de la viga ser el mximo cuando la superficie
de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {su seccin sea t
ambin la mayor, es decir, cuando}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {xy}\i0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 { alcance la mayor magnitud. Mas si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {xy}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tiene}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {su mximo valor, tambin lo alcanzar}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {. Y como la suma}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\super
\fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { es constante, el producto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i
0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0
{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ser el mayor, como demostramos antes, cuando}\par\pard
\li4773\ri0\sl-520\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {y}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 { }{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x = y}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por
lo tanto, la seccin de la viga debe ser cuadrada.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-21
\b {7. Dos parcelas de tierra}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\b \i {Problemas}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240
73\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {1.}\i0 \par\pard\

0\charscalex100\i {2.}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {Qu forma ha de tener una parcela rectangular de un rea dada, para q
ue la longitud de}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {su cerca sea la menor posible?}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {Qu forma debe tener una parcela rectangular para que, con u
na longitud fija de su}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {cercado, tenga aqulla la mayor rea posible?}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Sol
ucin}\b0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsx
n133\cols2\colno1\colw1466\colsr-0\colno2\colw9973\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}\par
0 {2.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La forma de la parcela rectangular se determ
ina por la relacin entre sus lados,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { e}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { y.}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {El}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rea
de una parcela cuyos lados sean}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 { e}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y es igual a}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {xy,}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y la longitud de la cer
ca 2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 2}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Esta ltima ser la menor si}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {x + y}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tiene el menor val
or.}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si el producto
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {xy}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { es constan
te, la suma}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { es la meno
r si}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x = y. }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {P
or lo tanto, el}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {re
ctngulo que buscamos debe ser un cuadrado.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {x e}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y son los lados de u
na parcela rectangular, la longitud de su cerca ser 2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, y su}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {rea,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {xy}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {. Este producto es el mayor cuando lo es tambin el producto 4}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {xy}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, o sea, 2}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {;}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {este ltimo alcanza su mximo valor (si la suma de sus factores 2}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 2}\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { es constante)}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuando 2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\
i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, es decir, si la parcela es un cuadrado.}\par\pa
rd\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760
rscalex100 {A las propiedades del cuadrado, conocidas por la geometra podemos agr
egar una ms: El}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cu
adrado es, entre los rectngulos, el que con un rea dada tiene menor permetro; y con
un}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {permetro dado,
mayor rea.}\par\pard\li8053\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8053\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8053\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\margls

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\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}
\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {8. La cometa}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\column\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\se
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Bsquese la forma de una cometa con un sec
tor circular que tenga la mayor superficie,}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {partiendo de un permetro previamente dado.}\i0 \
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Precisadas las condiciones del problema, debemos hallar la
relacin entre la longitud del arco del}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sector y su radio que nos de la mayor superficie posible,
sin alterar el permetro dado.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {Si el radio de un sector es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y el arco}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, el permetro}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {1}\i0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y la superficie}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {S}\

i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, se expresarn as}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
(fig. 24).}\i0 \par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4973\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Figura 24}\i0 \par\pard\li4920\ri0
alex100\i {1 =}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{x + y,}\i0 \par\pard\li4453\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {S
= xy/}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2 =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x(I
-}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x)}\i0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/2}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La magnitud de}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {S}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { llega a su mximo valor,
con los valores de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 { que lo proporcionen tambin a la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {expresin 2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x (1-}\i0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x),}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {o sea, el cudruplo de la superficie, Y como la suma 2}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {x+ (1-}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {x) = l}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { es una}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {magnitud constante, su producto ser el mayor cu
ando 2x=}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-2x, de
donde}\par\pard\li5133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5133\ri0\sl-333\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x = l/}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\
par\pard\li4560\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y = l \uc1\u821
1X}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2 *}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/4 =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {/2}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De esta forma, un sector con
permetro dado tiene la mayor superficie cuando su radio representa}\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la mitad del arco (es decir, la
longitud de su arco es igual a la suma de los radios; o la longitud de}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la lnea curva de su permetr
o es igual a la longitud de la quebrada). El ngulo del sector es}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aproximadamente de 115, o sea, do
s radianes. Las cualidades de vuelo de tal cometa ya es una}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuestin ajena a este problema.}\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \
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\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \f
0\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {En el solar de una casa derruida, donde queda en pie tan slo un
a pared de 12 m de largo, se}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {proyecta la construccin de un nuevo edificio aprovechando el mu
ro existente. La superficie de}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {la nueva casa debe ser de 112 m}\i0 {\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {. Las condiciones econmi
cas para la obra son:}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1120\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {1.}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {La reparacin de un
metro lineal de pared vieja equivale al 25% de lo que cuesta levantar}\i0 \par\p
ard\li1120\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {una nueva.}\i0 \par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1120\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2.}\i0 \tab
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {El derribo de un metro lineal de la pared vieja y
la construccin de una nueva con ladrillo}\i0 \par\pard\li1120\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {recobrado alcanza el 50% de lo que costara levanta
rla con material de fbrica.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {En tales condiciones, cmo sera ms ventajoso aprovechar la pared viej
a?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\sl
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Supongamos que se conservan x metros de pared y lo
s dems 12-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { se de
rriban para, con el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {material recuperado, levantar una parte de la pared de la futura casa}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {(fig. 25).}\i0 \par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Figura 25}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si el valor de cada metro lineal levantado con l
adrillo nuevo es igual a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {la reparacin de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {metros de pared vieja costa
r}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {ax}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/4 ; la edi
ficacin de los 12-}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ metros de pared costar}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a (12-x)/}\i0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 { 2;}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {el resto de la pared,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {[}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y -}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {(12}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {- x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
)],}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es decir,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}
\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y+x-12}\i0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {);}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la tercera parte de la
pared,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {ax}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, y l
a cuarta,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {ay}\i
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Todo el trabajo equivaldr a}\par\pard\sect\sectd
olsr-0\colno2\colw160\colsr-0\colno3\colw4040\pard\li3666\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li3666\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722
X}\par\pard\li2693\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3186\*\tx3973\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {ax}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\colum
0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx253\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn66
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ar\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx1040\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\sub \fs24\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
x}\i0 \par\pard\li853\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1200\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}
\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {ax}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {ay}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \*\tx826\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \par\pard\li440\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {4}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{6}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240
\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La ltima expresin llega
r a su mnima magnitud cuando la suma 7}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 8}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha

rscalex100 { alcance su valor}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {mnimo.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Sabemos que el rea de esta casa}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {xy}\i0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { es igual a 112; por lo tanto,}\par\pard\li4493\ri0\sl-213\
{7}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x *}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 56 * 112.}\par\par
\f0\charscalex100 {Si el producto es constante, la suma 7}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {x *}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y
}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tomar el menor valor cuando}\par\pard\li5053\r
scalex100 {7}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{= 8y,}\i0 \par\pard\li8053\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8053\ri0\sl
053\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sec
t\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\
sbkpage


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scalex100 {Y siendo la longitud de la antigua pared de 12 m debe desmontarse tan
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pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {10. La parcela}\b0 \
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0
\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Con el fin
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on material para l metros lineales de valla. Adems, en uno de los lados de la}\i
0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {parcela poda e
mplearse una cerca construida con anterioridad.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {En estas condiciones, cmo hubo que cercar la
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\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {superficie posible?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-21
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pongamos que la longitud de la parcela (segn la cerca) es igual a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {x,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y el ancho (es decir, la
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rcela en la direccin perpendicular a la cerca) equivale a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {y}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(fig. 26).}\par\pard\li4973\ri0\s
4973\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Figura 26}\i0 \par\pard\li
charscalex100 {En este caso, para cercar esta parcela fueron precisos}{ }\fs24\c
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par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que alcanzar un val
or mximo simultneamente con el valor 2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { (}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 { - 2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
) (duplo del rea),}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{producto de dos factores, siendo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 { constante. Por eso, para conseguir la mayor rea de la parc
ela,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {debe tener l
ugar la siguiente igualdad}\par\pard\li4946\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li4946\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l
-}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde}\par\pard\li4586\ri
calex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = -}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{l}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/4 , }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x = l -}
\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \par\pard\
0\charscalex100 {En otras palabras:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {, es decir, la longitud de la parcela debe ser el doble de la anchur
a.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\
i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {11. El canaln de seccin mxima}\b0 \par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Hemos de doblar en for
ma de canaln una hoja rectangular de chapa (fig. 27).}\i0 \par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl
i0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Figura 27}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri
alex100\i {Su seccin debe tener forma de trapecio issceles, lo que puede conseguir
se por diversos}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {procedimientos, segn se indica en la fig. 28.}\i0 \par\pard\li4946\ri0\sl-21
sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Figura 28.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\
760\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Cul ha de ser la anchura de l
os costados y qu ngulo deben formar para que la seccin del}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {canaln tenga la mxima superficie? (fi
g. 29).}\i0 \par\pard\li4946\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4946\ri0\sl
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Figura 29.}\i0 \par\pard\li8053\ri0\sl-213
66\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
{\*\shpinst
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r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\co
760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Representemos por}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { la anchura de la hoja;
por}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la de
los costados doblados, y por}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 { }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {la del fondo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {del canaln. Introduzcamos una medida ms, la incgnita}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, cuyo valor aparece con t
oda claridad}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en l

a }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {fig. 30.}\i0 \par\pard\li4946\ri0\sl-213\slmul
i {Figura 30.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La superficie del trapecio que repr
esenta la seccin del canaln ser}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn1584
0\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw4613\colsr-0\colno2\colw440\colsr-0\c
par\pard\li3693\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\par\column\par
charscalex100 {)}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs14\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
i0\sl-160\slmult0 \*\tx320\*\tx786\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs14\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
\f0\charscalex100\i {S}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{\super \fs24\up5\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {y}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {z}\i0 {\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {z}\i0 \par\pard\li4146\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\
column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx506\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u872
2X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li1146\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx7
60\*\tx1333\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0
{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La tare
a consiste en determinar cules han de ser los valores de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {x, y, z}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { para que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {S}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { alcance la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mayor magnitud admitiendo que la suma 2
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { (anchura de la hoja) e
s una constante}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {. Pasemos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a la
s transformaciones:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsx
n666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw5360\colsr-0\colno2\colw1000\colsr-0\colno3\co
lw5080\pard\li4173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4173\ri0\sl-373\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {S}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2
}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-3
73\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
lno2\colw4786\pard\li5253\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5466\*\tx6546\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {z}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)(}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\p

gwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {S}\i0 {\s
uper \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { alcanzar su
mxima magnitud con los valores de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x, y}\i0 { }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {z que la proporcionen
tambin a 3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {S}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {S}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {puede presentarse en forma d
e producto}\par\pard\li4040\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4040\ri0\sl306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {(y + z)(y + z) (x+ z) (}\i0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x -}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z).}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La s
uma de estos factores ser:}\par\pard\li3253\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li3253\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y + z + y + z + x + z +
}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x -}\i0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z =}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y +}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {4}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x = 2l,}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es
decir, es invariable. Por eso, el producto de nuestros cuatro factores llega al
mximo cuando}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {stos
son iguales entre s, es decir}\par\pard\li4853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li4853\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y + z = x + z}\i0 \p
ar\pard\li4693\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { x + z =}\i0 { }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x -}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por la primera ecuacin sabemos que}\par\
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y = x}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y como}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i { y}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ 2}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{l}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, entonces x = y =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {l}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {/3}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De la segunda ecuacin, resulta}\par\pard\li8053\ri0\s
8053\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\se
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alex100\i {z = x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 2 =}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {l}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { / 6}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\
slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\
pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como el ca
teto}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {z}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { es igua
l a la mitad de la hipotenusa}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x (fig. 30),}\i0
{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el ngulo opuesto a este cateto}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ser igual a 30, y el ngulo de inclinacin
de los costados equivaldr a 90 + 30 = 120.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En fin, el canaln alcanzar la mayor seccin cuando sus doblec
es tengan la forma de 3 lados}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {contiguos de un hexgono regular.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1
2. El embudo de mayor capacidad}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Debemos construir la parte cnica de un embudo valindonos
de un crculo de hojalata. Para}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {ello se corta un sector en dicho crculo y, con el resto, se
construye el cono (fig. 31).}\i0 \par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Figura 31}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Cuntos grados d

ebe tener el arco del sector que se ha cortado para que el embudo alcance la}\i0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {mayor capacida
d posible?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La longitud del arco de aquella parte que
se aprovecha para el cono se representa con la}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(en}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {unidades lineales). Por lo tanto, la generatriz ser el r
adio,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {R}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, del cr
culo de hojalata, y la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {circunferencia de la base ser igual a}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x.}\
i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { El radio}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {r}\i0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, de la base del cono, se determinar en la}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {igualdad}\par\pard\li5053\r
scalex100\i {2}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {r = x,}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{de donde}\par\pard\li5053\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5053\ri0\sl346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {r = x/}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La altura d
el cono, segn el teorema de Pitgoras, ser}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {(fig. 31
).}\i0 \par\pard\li6493\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li6493\ri0\sl-426\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {2}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn
133\cols6\colno1\colw4360\colsr-0\colno2\colw520\colsr-0\colno3\colw160\colsr-0\
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {H}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-29
\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx306\*
\tx480\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\tab \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{r}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult
0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn1
5840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols6\colno1\colw4720\colsr-0\colno2\colw1173\colsr
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0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El vol
umen de este cono equivaldr a}\par\pard\li4200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li4200\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\par\column
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx493\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {R}\i0 \tab \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {r}\i0 \par\pard\li386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
18\cf0\par\pard\li386\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}
\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {R}\i0 \par
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-200\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\cols7\colno1\colw4000\colsr-0\colno2\colw413\colsr-0\colno3\colw506\colsr-0\col
66\pard\li3760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {V}\i0 \par\colum
n\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li1
20\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \*\tx226\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {r}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100

\i {H}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx400\*\tx626\*\tx853\fs24\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}\fs24\cf0\
f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63723X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs
24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63734X}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}\
par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {R}\i0 \par\
column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx160\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \f
s24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsx
n15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw5320\colsr-0\colno2\colw240\cols
r-0\colno3\colw1226\colsr-0\colno4\colw4653\pard\li4240\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
arscalex100 {\uc1\u63725X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63736X}\par\column
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}{ }\fs14\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\margls
xn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw6680\colsr-0\colno2\colw1373\colsr-0\colno3\c
olw3386\pard\li5133\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5453\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15






d\li760\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Y esta expresin alcanza su
mayor valor simultneamente con la expresin}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn122
280\colsr-0\colno3\colw320\colsr-0\colno4\colw746\colsr-0\colno5\colw5080\pard\l
f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63723X}\par\pard\li4453\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}{\super \fs24\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 }\fs
24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63734X}\
\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {R}\i0 {\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\c
olumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-640\slmult0 \*\t
x400\*\tx626\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 {\uc1\u63724X}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63723X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63734X}\fs24\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
r-0\colno2\colw933\colsr-0\colno3\colw160\colsr-0\colno4\colw5906\pard\li760\ri0
i760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y con su cuadrado}\par\colum
n\pard\li13\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63725X}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u63736X}\par\pard\li546\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
\par\pard\li546\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63726X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u63723X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u63724X}{\super \fs24\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {\uc1\u63734X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par

fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li253\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63725X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63736X}\par\pard\li
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63737X}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \*\tx400\*\tx626\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{
}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u6372
3X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc
1\u63734X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margr
sxn133\cols4\colno1\colw4173\colsr-0\colno2\colw266\colsr-0\colno3\colw1266\cols
r-0\colno4\colw5733\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
x100 {y como}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63723X}\par\column\pard
\li440\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx666\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}\tab
\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63727X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {R}\i0 \pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx666\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63725X}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63736X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63727X
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li306\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63726X}\par\column\pard\li453\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\*\tx666\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{\uc1\u63738X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx666\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u63725X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u960X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63736X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {\uc1\u63738X}\par\pard\li320\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li320\r
calex100 {2}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63737X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
-0\colno2\colw1013\colsr-0\colno3\colw200\colsr-0\colno4\colw4946\pard\li4173\ri
0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}{\super \fs24\up5\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63734X}\par\pard\li
4626\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx4853\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}\tab \
fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63727X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {R}\i0 {\su
per \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li4173\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx
4853\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63725X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\f
s24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63736X
}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63727X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\s
lmult0 \*\tx400\*\tx626\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63723X}\tab \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63734X}\par\
pard\li626\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx853\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}\
tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63738X}\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-333\slmult0
\*\tx853\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63725X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
2}\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}{ }\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63
736X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63738X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {R}\i0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sec
x100 {es un valor constante, el ltimo producto (como se demuestra en las pginas an
teriores) llega a su}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {mximo valor cuando}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { tiene una magnitud tal, que}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\p
ghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols9\colno1\colw4626\colsr-0\colno2\colw133\
colsr-0\colno3\colw120\colsr-0\colno4\colw106\colsr-0\colno5\colw320\colsr-0\col
s24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63723X}\par\pard\li4053\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs22
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}{\super \fs24\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}
\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u
63734X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63726X}\par
s18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {R}\i0 {\su
per \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-600\slmult0 \*\tx400\*\tx626\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}\fs24\cf0\f1\charsc
alex100 {\uc1\u63723X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63734X}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}\par\colum
0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63737X}\par\column\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0
\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240
3\colsr-0\colno3\colw133\colsr-0\colno4\colw226\colsr-0\colno5\colw373\colsr-0\c
olno6\colw1040\colsr-0\colno7\colw4920\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63725X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u960X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63736X}\par\pard
s18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u6372
3X}\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}{
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d\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {A qu altura de la mesa de
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60\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {intensidad a una moneda colo
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ex100 {Puede parecer que para conseguir el objetivo propuesto deba colocarse la
llama lo ms baja}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p
osible. Esto es falso. En esas condiciones, los rayos de luz caen muy oblicuos
. Mas si se eleva}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{la vela para que los rayos caigan ms verticales, el foco de luz se aleja. Por
eso, la iluminacin}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ms ventajosa es, sin duda, la que se realiza desde una altura media.}\par\pard\l
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Figura 32}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Deno
minemos a esta altura con la letra}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x (fig. 32).
}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La distancia BC, que media entre la moneda B}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y la base C de la
perpendicular que pasa por la llama A, la designaremos con la letra}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Si la}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {claridad de la llama es}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {i}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, de acuerdo con las l
eyes de la ptica, la luminosidad ser expresada as:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
2\colw786\colsr-0\colno3\colw266\colsr-0\colno4\colw706\colsr-0\colno5\colw280\c
olsr-0\colno6\colw5120\pard\li4040\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4040\
ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {i}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cos}\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u945X}{ }\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
lmult0 \fs44\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {(}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {i}\i0 { }\f
s26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cos}\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}\par\column
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-613\slmult0 \fs44\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {)}\par\column\pard\

arscalex100\i {i}\i0 { }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cos}\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u945X}\par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}
s2\colno1\colw6093\colsr-0\colno2\colw5346\pard\li3933\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs26\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {AB}\i0 \ul0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0
\*\tx320\*\tx800\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2
}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pgh
sxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw6280\colsr-0\colno2\colw5160\p
ard\li5573\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li5426\ri0
\sl-160\slmult0 \*\tx5906\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {2}\par\pard\li5293\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5773\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {a}\i0 \tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u94
5X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { es el ngulo de cada de los rayos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {AB. }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Y como}\par\column\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx480\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \tab \fs26\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn1584
sl-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la luminosidad ser}\par\column\pard\li
d\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cos}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u945X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\char
scalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u913X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li93\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\
i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {AB}\i0 \par\co
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\p
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\li280\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li133\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \*\tx613\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {2}\tab \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx
480\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0
s4\colno1\colw5240\colsr-0\colno2\colw586\colsr-0\colno3\colw213\colsr-0\colno4\
colw5400\pard\li4213\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4213\ri0\sl-333\slm
ult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {i}\i0 \par\pard\li4026\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\
tx4506\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\super \
fs26\up1\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\col
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pa
0\f0\charscalex100\i {ix}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-533\slmult0 \fs40\cf0\f1\chars
calex100 {(}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{
}\fs40\cf0\f1\charscalex100\ul {)}\ul0 {\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\
marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw5000\colsr-0\colno2\colw1093\colsr-0\co
lno3\colw5346\pard\li4173\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\
pard\li3893\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx4373\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \tab
\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li293\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li133\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \*\tx613\fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \*\tx480\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscal

ex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li306\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {+}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx506\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}
\i0 \tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn
0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Esta expresin alc
anza su mximo valor cuando sin variar la x, adquiera tambin su mayor}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {magnitud el cuadrado de aqulla}
pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li5
226\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx5426\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {i}\i0 \tab \fs26\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \fs40\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100\ul {(}\ul0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 {\super \fs16\up4\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs40\cf0\f1\charscalex100
\ul {)}\ul0 {\super \fs16\up7\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-37
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Omitamos el valor del factor}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {i}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2}\i0 }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { por su magnitud constante y transformemos el resto de la
}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {expresin analizad
a como sigue:}\par\pard\li8053\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8053\ri0\
f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsx
n15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage





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scalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\pard\li2306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
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l-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\li66\ri0\sl-2
\i {a}\i0 {\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100
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scalex100 {2}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-480\
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mn\pard\li293\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li133\r
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\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2840\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \tab \fs26\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li280\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx466\fs26\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63725X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
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\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63736X}\par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\
La expresin transformada alcanza su mayor magnitud cuando la alcanza la expresin}\
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olw680\colsr-0\colno3\colw6226\pard\li4200\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f1\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u63724X}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}\par\column\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \*\tx480\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs14\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-533\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u63735X}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u63736X}{\super \fs24\up8\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f1\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\par\pard\li800\ri0\
sl-160\slmult0 \*\tx1280\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs14\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrs
xn133\cols4\colno1\colw5426\colsr-0\colno2\colw453\colsr-0\colno3\colw746\colsr0\colno4\colw4813\pard\li4693\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\
par\pard\li4200\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx4400\*\tx4866\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{\uc1\u63725X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {a}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u63725X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx453\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \par\column\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63736X}\par\pard\sect\se
{por cuanto el factor constante introducido,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a
}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { , n
o influye en el valor de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 { con el cual el producto}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {llega a su ms elevada magnitud.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Partiendo de que la suma de las primeras poten
cias de estos factores}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marg
lsxn666\margrsxn133\cols8\colno1\colw4120\colsr-0\colno2\colw293\colsr-0\colno3\
colw493\colsr-0\colno4\colw93\colsr-0\colno5\colw320\colsr-0\colno6\colw680\cols
r-0\colno7\colw506\colsr-0\colno8\colw4933\pard\li3986\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li3986\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63723X}
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-573\slmult0 \fs40\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {(}\par\c
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 {\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\
18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-573\slmult0 \fs40\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {)}\par\column
\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63734X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63723X}\par\
pard\li93\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl440\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63725X}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{\uc1\u63724X}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
100\i {a}\i0 {\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0
x100 {\uc1\u63734X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx160\fs12\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u63735X}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}\tab \fs26\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\p
no2\colw800\colsr-0\colno3\colw1506\colsr-0\colno4\colw4933\pard\li3986\ri0\sl-4
40\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63725X}\fs10\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
\uc1\u63724X}\fs10\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}\par\column\pard\li280\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li133\ri0\sl-160\slmult0
\*\tx600\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx453\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs2
6\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-533\slmult0 \fs12\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}\fs26\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63736X}{\super \fs26\up8\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\f
s26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{\sub \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\par\
pard\li893\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \*\tx1373\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs16\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1240\fs26\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \par\column\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63736X}\par\pard\sect
100 {es una magnitud constante, se deduce que el producto examinado alcanza su ms
alto valor}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuand
o}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\c
ols7\colno1\colw4013\colsr-0\colno2\colw306\colsr-0\colno3\colw493\colsr-0\colno
4\colw226\colsr-0\colno5\colw773\colsr-0\colno6\colw520\colsr-0\colno7\colw5106\
6\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63723X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
\fs40\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {(}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 {\super \fs
16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li80\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li80\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63734X}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-506\slmult0 \fs40\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {)}\par\column\pard\li9
3\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u63723X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx186\fs26\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {:}\tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {a}\i0 {\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{\uc1\u63734X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx160\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u63735X}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}\tab \fs26\cf0\f1\char
scalex100 {=}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {:}\
fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn1584
olno3\colw800\colsr-0\colno4\colw1440\colsr-0\colno5\colw5106\pard\li760\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Tenemos una ecuacin:}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u63725X}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}\fs12\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}\par\column\pard\li280\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f
1\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li133\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \*\tx613\fs16\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {2}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\*\tx466\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a
}\i0 \par\column\pard\li240\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\
u63725X}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc
1\u63724X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-533\slmult0 \*\tx480\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u63735X}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{\uc1\u63736X}\tab \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{\sub \fs26\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {+}}\par\pard\li826\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \*\tx1306\fs16\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {2}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li693\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\*\tx1160\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
a}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u
63736X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn
que al resolverla resultar}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 {\super \fs18\up
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {x}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 { +2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { -2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 {\
super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li600\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
2\colw5653\pard\li4720\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {
}\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{\sub \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs26\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8776X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {0}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {71}\
fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghs
xn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La moneda es iluminada con
la mayor intensidad cuando el foco de luz se encuentra a una altura}\par\pard\l

i760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de 0,71 de la distancia desd
e la proyeccin del foco hasta la moneda. El conocimiento de esta}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {correlacin ayuda a instalar con l
a mayor acierto el alumbrado en los lugares de trabajo.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li8053\ri
18\cf0\par\pard\li8053\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio B
7;32768}}
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\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Capitulo
Octavo}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
{PROGRESIONES}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Contenido}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li
100\ul {La progresin ms antigua}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {2.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra en papel cuadriculad
o}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.}{ }\fs24\cf1
\f0\charscalex100\ul {E1 riego de la huerta}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {La comida p
ara las gallinas}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {5.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Brigada de cavadores}\ul0 \par\pard\li
100\ul {Las manzanas}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {7.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {La compra del caballo}\ul0 \par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\chars
calex100\ul {La recompensa del soldado}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1. La progresin ms antigua}\b0 \par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\colu
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {El problema de progresiones ms
antiguo no es el de la recompensa al inventor del ajedrez, que}\i0 \par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {tiene ya ms de dos mil aos, s
ino otro mucho ms viejo, reparticin del pan, registrado en el}\i0 \par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {clebre papiro egipcio de Rind.
Este papiro, hallado por Rind a fines del siglo pasado, fue}\i0 \par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {escrito unos 2 000 aos antes de
nuestra era y constituye una copia de otra obra matemtica an}\i0 \par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {ms remota que data seguramente de
l tercer milenio antes de nuestra era. Entre los problemas}\i0 \par\pard\li760\

ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {aritmticos, algebraicos y geomtri
cos que figuran en dicho documento aparece el que}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {transmitimos en traduccin libre.}\i0 \par\
60\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Figura 33}\i0 \par\pard\li7840\ri0\sl-2
0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio B}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {arros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\m
argrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn1
33\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols2\colno1\colw7933\colsr-0\colno2\colw3506\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\colum
n\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pa
rscalex100\i {Entre cinco personas se repartieron cien medidas de trigo, de tal
suerte que la segunda recibi}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {ms que la primera tanto como le correspondi a la tercera ms que a
la segunda, a la cuarta}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {ms que a la tercera y a la quinta ms que a la cuarta. Adems, las dos
primeras obtuvieron}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {siete veces menos que las tres restantes. Cunto correspondi a cada una?}\i
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Es evidente que las cantidades de trigo distribuidas en
tre los cinco participantes en el reparto}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {constituyen una progresin aritmtica creciente. Supongamo
s que el primer miembro sea }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {y la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {diferencia,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En ese caso tendremos:}\par\pard\sect\s
266\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Parte de la 1}\par\pard\li5333
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li5333\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\li5333\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
0 {5}\par\column\pard\li506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li506\ri0\sl-33
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\li240\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x+y}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {x +}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {y}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{x +}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x +}\i0 { }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\
sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De
acuerdo con las premisas del problema establecemos estas dos ecuaciones:}\par\p
ard\li3533\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x+(x+y)+(x+2y)+(x+3y
)+(x+4y)=100,}\i0 \par\pard\li3640\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {7[x+(x+y)]=(x+2y)+(}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {x + 3y)+(x+4y}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {)}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
0\charscalex100 {Despus de su simplificacin, la primera ecuacin ser}\par\pard\li4880
arscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 20,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y la seg
unda:}\par\pard\li4986\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {x = 2y.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Al resolver este s
istema resultar}\par\pard\li4560\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4560\ri0
\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
= 1 2/3,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { =
9 1/6}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por consiguiente, el trigo debe ser repartido e
n las siguientes proporciones:}\par\pard\li4133\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li4133\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 2/3, 10 5/6, 29 1/
6, 38 1/3}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {V
olver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {2. Algebra en papel cuadriculado}\b0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A pesar de que e
ste problema de progresiones tiene ya 50 siglos de antigedad, en la prctica}\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {escolar, la progresin ap
areci hace relativamente poco tiempo. Aunque en el manual de}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Magnitski, publicado hace doscientos
aos y empleado en Rusia durante medio siglo como texto}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en las escuelas, se trata de progresiones,
no se dan frmulas generales que liguen las magnitudes}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que figuran en las mismas. Por esa razn, el
propio autor sale airoso de esos problemas slo a}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {costa de grandes esfuerzos. Y, sin embargo, la
frmula de la suma de los miembros de la}\par\pard\li7840\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio B}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {arros}\p
sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
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396E1DE98BF79BEBFD29F514672CFC1FBDC67E8281224A29ACE17B37E0A4D01C1EC7FEF93400D507
CF638E368FEB52542255F31BE57C607F01A7F98BE8DFF7C1A10DA63EAB4E7FD2ED863BB73E9F2D4E
1C7A1FFBE4D53B96FF0089859FCAF8CB7210E3A77A0A82D7EF2FD151990019C13F4534BBC7A1FF00
BE4D04588AF066D241D323153F6AAD70E1AD9B0B21F60A7353EE1EFC75F94D053D87D19151EF1B77
60FF00DF273F9537CF5FEEC9FF007C37F8504D89B345315B70079E7A02314330419C1C7B2926801F
494CF31738DAD9F5DA7146F1E87AE3EE9A02C494714C2E173C1FC149A50D919E40F71400B45465C0
382189C678538A7060DD8FE2B8A007D26693F03CD35DC263863938E149C7D68024A28A28012A3807
EE507FB23F953CF03383F853222CD129390703208C501D0968A28A0028A28A0028A29077EB400B45
14500478FDE93DB14FA673E69E0E302A4A0199DAAE9165ACDA7D9AFA112C60E40CE083EC68B1D2AD
34B8520B1B7486207242F7E08E7D4D6875A4CF2282FDACF9392FA761D4514504051451400531D03A
1561904608A7D25006559E81A569F319ACF4FB78642492C8801CFF00935AB4D0CA7A114EA0A9CE53
7793B8B4514504851451400846452D145002518CD2D14008060714B451400518F4A28A0028A28A00
28A28A0029303AD2D140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
51400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514
51400514514009F852D14500145145007FFFD9}
}}}}
7;32768}}

scalex100 {progresin aritmtica puede deducirse por un medio sencillo y grfico, empl
eando para ello el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{papel cuadriculado. En ste, cualquier progresin aritmtica puede expresarse con u
na figura}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {escalon
ada.}\par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-213\sl
pard\li4973\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Figura 34}\i0 \par\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por ejemplo, la figura}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {AB
DC,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de la}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {fi
g. 34}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {representa la progresin:}\par\pard\li476
harscalex100 {2; 5; 8; 11; 14.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Para determinar la sum
a de los miembros completamos el diseo hasta formar el rectngulo}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {ABGE}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {y obtendremos dos figuras iguales:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {ABDC
y DGEC. }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La superficie de cada una representa}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la suma de los mi
embros de nuestra progresin. De ah que la doble suma de los miembros es}\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {igual a la superficie del
rectngulo}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {ABGE,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {es decir:}\par\pard\li4693\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4693\ri0\s
l-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {(AC+CE) * AB.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri
alex100 {Pero}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {AC + CE}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {expresa la suma de los miembros 1 y 5 de la progresin; AB representa el}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nmero de miembros d
e la progresin, por eso, el duplo de la suma.}\par\pard\li2186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2186\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {S}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = (suma del primero
y el ltimo trmino) * (nmero de trminos)}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {o}\par\pard\li2466\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {S}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul { = }\ul0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\ul {(primer trmino + ltimo trmino) * (nmero de trminos)}\ul0 \par\pard\li5400\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i {Volver}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3. El riego
de la huerta}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b
\i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {En una huerta hay 30 caballones; cada uno de ellos tiene 16 m de largo y
2,5 m de ancho.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {Durante el riego, el hortelano lleva los cubos de agua desde el pozo situad
o a 14 metros del}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex

100\i {extremo de la huerta (fig. 35) y da la vuelta al caballn por el surco. El
agua que carga cada}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {vez le sirve para regar un solo caballn.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Cul es la longitud del camino que recorre e
l hortelano para regar toda la huerta? El camino}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {comienza y termina junto al pozo.}\i0 \pa
i0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio B}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {arros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\marg
rsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
ex100 {Para regar el primer caballn, el hortelano ha de recorrer un camino igual
a}\par\pard\li3640\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3640\ri0\sl-333\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14 + 16 + 2,5 + 16 + 2,5 + 14 = 65 m.}\par\pard\l
\charscalex100 {Para regar el segundo recorre}\par\pard\li2680\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2680\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14 +
2,5 + 16 + 2,5 + 16 + 2,5 + 2,5 +14 = 65 + 5 = 70 m.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\
Cada nuevo caballn exige andar 5 metros ms que para ir al anterior. Por ello tend
remos la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {siguient
e progresin:}\par\pard\li4053\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4053\ri0\sl
-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {65; 70; 75;..... ; 65 + 5 * 29.}\par\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La suma de sus miembros ser}\par\pard\li3720\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3720\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(6
5+ 65 + 29 * 5) * 30 / 2 = 4 125 m}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Para regar toda la
huerta, el hortelano necesita recorrer 4,125 km,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-21
\b {4. La comida para las gallinas}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \

fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Para 31 gallinas se ha preparado una cantidad de re
servas de comida a base de un decalitro}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {semanas para cada una. Esto se haca en el supuesto
de que el nmero de gallinas permaneciera}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {invariable. Pero, debido a que cada semana disminua
en una el nmero de aves, la comida}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {preparada dur doble tiempo del proyectado.}\i0 \par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Qu cantidad de comida prepa
raron como reserva y para cunto tiempo fue calculada?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Supongamos que la reserva fue de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 { decalitros de comida para}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { semanas. Como el alimento se}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {calcul para 31 gallinas a razn de
1 decalitro por cabeza a la semana, resulta que}\par\pard\li5080\ri0\sl-213\slmu
=}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {31}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \pa
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En la primera semana fueron consumidos el 31 Dl; en la s
egunda, 30; en la tercera, 29, y as}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {sucesivamente hasta la ltima semana del plazo doble, cuando se
consumi}\par\pard\li4653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4653\ri0\sl-346\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(31- 2y + 1) Dl}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {El consumo de comida fue:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 semana = 31 Dl,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2 = 31-1 Dl,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {3 = 31-2 Dl,}\par\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {................}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {2y}\i0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { =31- (2y -1) = 31-2y+1 D
l.}\par\pard\li7840\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li7840\ri0\sl-346\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio B}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {arros}\pa
ect\sectd\sbkpage
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La reserva, por cons
iguiente, sera de}\par\pard\li3440\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3440\r
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ = 3,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 31
\uc1\u8211X 30 + 29 +...+ (31 - 2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 { + 1).}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn1584
\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La suma de 2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { miembros de la progresin, el primer
o de la cual es 31, y el ltimo 31-2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 { + l, ser}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {igual a}\par\pard\li4880\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4880
\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx5360\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\tab \fs24\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\mar
pard\li3453\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {31}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {y}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx893\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {31}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {31}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {y}\i0 \par\pard\li893\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {2}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx
813\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {63}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li693\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx920\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {y}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Y como
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { no puede se
r igual a cero, entonces tenemos derecho a dividir por}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ambos miembros}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de la igualdad, con lo que tendremos}\p
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {31 = 63 - 2y}\par\pard\li5160\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y = 16}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde}\par\pard\li4
\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 31}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 496.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fue
ron preparados 496 Dl de comida para 16 semanas.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213
b {5. Brigada de cavadores}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {Un grupo de alumnos de la secundaria se hizo cargo de const
ruir una zanja en la huerta de la}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {escuela y para eso formaron una brigada. Si hubiera trab
ajado toda la brigada, la zanja habra}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {sido cavada en 24 horas. Mas el trabajo fue comenzado
por un solo miembro de la brigada.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Poco despus se le uni otro y ms tarde un tercero, al cabo
del mismo tiempo se incorpor un}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {cuarto, y as sucesivamente, hasta el ltimo. Cuando se hizo el
balance del trabajo efectuado,}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {result que el primero haba invertido en el trabajo 11 veces ms
de tiempo que el ltimo.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {Cunto trabaj el ltimo?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Supongamos que el ltim
o miembro de la brigada trabaj x horas; siendo as, el primero habr}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {trabajado 11}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { horas. Prosigamos. Si el nmero de
miembros de la brigada es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {, el nmero global}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {de horas de trabajo se determina corno la suma de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { miembros de una progresin decr
eciente,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuyo pri
mer trmino es 11}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {y el ltimo,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{, es decir}\par\pard\li4960\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4960\ri0\s
l-493\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {y}\i0 {\sub \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {xy}\i0 \par\pard\li5093\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Sabemos tambin que la brigada, compuesta por}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { personas, trabajando simultneamente hubiera}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terminado la zanj
a en 24 horas, lo que quiere decir que para realizar ese trabajo hacen falta 24}
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {horas de trabajo. Por tanto}\par\pard\li7840\ri0\sl-213\slmu
l-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio B}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{arros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn








alex100\i {6xy =}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {24}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { no es igual a 0, la ecua
cin puede ser simplificada por ese factor, despus de lo cual}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {obtendremos:}\par\pard\li4706\ri0\sl-2
00 {6}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 24}{ }\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 4.}\par\p
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Por lo tanto, el ltimo miembro de la brigada trabaj 4 horas.}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hemos contestado
a la pregunta del problema, mas si quisiramos saber el nmero de obreros con}\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que cuenta la brigada n
o podramos determinarlo, aunque en la ecuacin figuraba este ltimo con}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Para resolver esta cuestin no se cuenta
con datos suficientes.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscal
rd\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6. Las manzanas}\b0 \p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \
i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Un hortelano
vendi al primero de sus compradores la mitad de las manzanas de su jardn ms}\i0 \p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {media manzana; al
segundo, la mitad de las restantes ms media; al tercero, la mitad de cuantas}\i0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {quedaron ms med
ia, etc. El sptimo comprador adquiri la mitad de las manzanas que}\i0 \par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {quedaban ms media, agotando
con ello la mercanca Cuntas manzanas tena el jardinero?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Si el nmero inicial de manzanas era}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x,}\i0 { }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el primer comprador adquiri}\par\pard\li4866\ri0\sl-213
\i {x}\i0 {\sub \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\s
ub \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li4853\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \*\tx5240\*\tx5813\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\chars

calex100 {2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el segundo}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn1224
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63723X}\par\
column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u63734X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}
\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\
colw5426\colsr-0\colno2\colw6013\pard\li4480\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx533\fs24
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\tab \fs24\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\mar
\colw320\colsr-0\colno4\colw346\colsr-0\colno5\colw493\colsr-0\colno6\colw5173\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el tercero}\par\column\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charsc
alex100 {\uc1\u63725X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
\uc1\u63736X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\super
\fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pgh
sxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols6\colno1\colw4413\colsr-0\colno2\colw1066\c
olsr-0\colno3\colw640\colsr-0\colno4\colw426\colsr-0\colno5\colw146\colsr-0\coln
o6\colw4746\pard\li3973\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{ }\fs2
4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63723X}\par\column\pard\li533\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \*\tx693\fs24\cf0\
f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{\super \fs24\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 }\
fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{\supe
r \fs24\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {\uc1\u63734X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pgh
sxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw5546\colsr-0\colno2\colw226\co
4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par
\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx546\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols10\colno1\colw3813\colsr-0
\colno2\colw160\colsr-0\colno3\colw506\colsr-0\colno4\colw293\colsr-0\colno5\col
w360\colsr-0\colno6\colw120\colsr-0\colno7\colw520\colsr-0\colno8\colw346\colsr0\colno9\colw506\colsr-0\colno10\colw4813\pard\li760\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {el sptimo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tenemos la ecuacin}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
i0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u63725X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li160\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i
{x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pa
rd\li80\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {7}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charsca
lex100 {\uc1\u63736X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {2}\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\s
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li53\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
olno2\colw4586\pard\li3973\ri0\sl-506\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\su
per \fs24\up12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs2
4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\super \fs24\up12\cf0\
f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\super \fs24\up7\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}
}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {1}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {...}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{\super \fs24\up5\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
+}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}{\super \fs24\up7\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs2
4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\margl
sxn666\margrsxn133\cols6\colno1\colw4413\colsr-0\colno2\colw586\colsr-0\colno3\c
olw520\colsr-0\colno4\colw733\colsr-0\colno5\colw146\colsr-0\colno6\colw5040\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
scalex100 {\uc1\u63723X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
scalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx226\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{1}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63734X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
wsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw4413\colsr-0\coln
3\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0
\*\tx520\*\tx1026\*\tx1413\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\chars
calex100 {+}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u6373
5X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pgh
sxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols11\colno1\colw4946\colsr-0\colno2\colw133\c
olsr-0\colno3\colw373\colsr-0\colno4\colw133\colsr-0\colno5\colw333\colsr-0\coln
o6\colw413\colsr-0\colno7\colw146\colsr-0\colno8\colw146\colsr-0\colno9\colw360\
colsr-0\colno10\colw853\colsr-0\colno11\colw3600\pard\li3813\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\*\tx4240\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \t
ab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li4413\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63725X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\co
lumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {...}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14
arscalex100 {\uc1\u63736X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio B}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {arros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\margls
xn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}

7;32768}}
scalex100 {Hallada la suma de los miembros de la progresin geomtrica comprendida e
n los parntesis,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {r
esultar:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsx
n133\cols3\colno1\colw5226\colsr-0\colno2\colw466\colsr-0\colno3\colw5746\pard\l
f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\pard\li4746\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100\ul {+}\ul0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {1}\par\pard\li4720\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}
\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li106\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li106\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li66\ri0\s

l-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {7}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\
d\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El hortelano tena 127 manz
anas.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i {Volver}\i
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {7. La compra del caballo}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\column\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx760\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\super \fs14\up4
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {1}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {127}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {En la aritmtica de Magnitski encontramos un dive
rtido problema que damos a conocer sin}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {sujetarnos al lenguaje del original:}\i0 \par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Cierta persona vendi su cab
allo por 156 rublos. Mas el comprador se arrepinti de haberlo}\i0 \par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {adquirido y devolvi el caballo
diciendo:}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1120\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {-}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {No me interesa comprar el caballo po
r ese precio, pues no lo merece.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {El vendedor le propuso nuevas condiciones:}\i0 \par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {- Si te parece elevado ese
precio, compra slo los clavos de las herraduras y conseguirs de}\i0 \par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {balde el caballo. En cada he
rradura hay 6 clavos; por el primer clavo me pagas tan slo de}\i0 \par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {kopek; por el segundo, ; por el
tercero, 1 kopek, etc.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {El comprador, deslumbrado por las nuevas condiciones, en su afn de t
ener gratis un caballo,}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {acept la propuesta, creyendo que tendra que pagar por los clavos no ms
de 10 rublos.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {Cul fue el importe de la compra?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por los 24 clavos
hubo de pagar:}\par\pard\li3440\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3440\ri0
\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + + 1 + 2 + 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { + ... + 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {24}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { kopeks}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuya suma ser igual a}\par\pard\sect\sectd
olsr-0\colno2\colw186\colsr-0\colno3\colw973\colsr-0\colno4\colw1400\colsr-0\col
{2}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {21}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}{
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li
d\li0\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
one\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols5\colno1\colw4280\colsr0\colno2\colw1906\colsr-0\colno3\colw466\colsr-0\colno4\colw186\colsr-0\colno5\c
olw4600\pard\li3893\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\
par\pard\li3733\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx4040\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \*\tx226\*\

tx1173\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22}}\fs24\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\li973\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {194}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {30
3}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\col
umn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {kopeks}\i0 \par\pa
rscalex100 {Es decir, cerca de 42.000 rublos. En tales condiciones no da pena e
ntregar el caballo de balde.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\cha
rscalex100\i {Volver}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {8. La recompensa del solda
do}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Probl
ema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De ot
ro antiguo manual ruso de matemticas, que lleva el ampuloso ttulo de}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {Curso completo de}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {matemticas puras elaborado por Efim Voitiajovski, cade
te}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {de artillera y profesor particular,}\i0 \
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {para uso y prove
cho de la juventud y cuantos}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {se ejercitan e
n matemticas}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(1795), copio el}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {siguiente problema.}\par\pard\li7
B}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {arros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pgh
sxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
scalex100\i {"Un soldado veterano recibe como recompensa 1 kopek por la primera
herida sufrida; 2, por la}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {segunda; 4, por la tercera, etc. Cuando se hizo el recuento, el
soldado result recompensado}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {con 655 rublos 35 kopeks. Desase saber el nmero de heridas".}\i0

fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Planteamos la ecuacin}\par\pard\li3733\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3733\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {65.535
= 1 + 2 + 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 { + 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
+ ... + 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u8211X 1}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {}\par\pard\li5760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}
s5\colno1\colw4333\colsr-0\colno2\colw480\colsr-0\colno3\colw200\colsr-0\colno4\
d\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde obtendremos:}\pa
r\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {65}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {.}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {535}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-29
\*\tx893\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
x}\i0 }\fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{\s
ub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li453\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li293\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx600\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \*\tx346\*\tx493\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\tab \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {x}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li200\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \*\tx653\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
1}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {65535 = 2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= 16}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {resultado que obtenemos fc
ilmente por tanteo.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {Con este generoso sistema de recompensa, el soldado deba ser herido 16 veces,
quedando}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {adems viv
o, para obtener 655 rublos y 35 kopeks.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li7840\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
harscalex100 {Patricio B}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {arros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\
sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
7;32768}}
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Capitulo Noveno
}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {LA SEP
TIMA OPERACION MATEMATICA}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Contenido}\b0 \i0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f
0\charscalex100 {La sptima operacin}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {2.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Los rivales de los logarit
mos}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3.}{ }\f
s24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Evolucin de las tablas de logaritmos}\ul0 \par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscal
ex100\ul {Curiosidades logartmicas}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Los logaritmos en esc
ena}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6.}{ }\f
s24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Los logaritmos en el corral}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul
{Los logaritmos en la msica}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {8.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Las estrellas, el ruido y l
os logaritmos}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100

{9.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Los logaritmos y el alumbrado elctrico}\ul
0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10.}{ }\fs24\cf
1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Legados a largo plazo}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {Inters contin
uo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12.}{ }\fs24\c
f1\f0\charscalex100\ul {El nmero "e"}\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {13.}{ }\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Comedia logartmica}
\ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14.}{ }\fs24
\cf1\f0\charscalex100\ul {Expresar cualquier nmero tan slo con tres doses}\ul0 \pa
8\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {1. La sptim
a operacin}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn66
6\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hemos re
cordado que la quinta operacin - elevacin a potencias - tiene dos operaciones}\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {inversas. Si}\par\par
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {b}\i0 }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { =}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c,}\par\pard\l
\charscalex100 {la bsqueda de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 { ser una de las operaciones inversas: la extraccin de raz. Para hal
lar la}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {b}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {recurre a la otra
: la logaritmacin. Supongo que el lector conoce las nociones de logaritmos}\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {correspondientes a un c
urso escolar. Para l no representar ninguna dificultad encontrar, por}\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ejemplo, a qu es igual}\par\pa
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {log}\i0
}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {b
}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Es fcil comp
render que si la base del logaritmo a se eleva a la potencia del logaritmo del nm
ero}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {b}\i0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { se obtendr el nmero}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {b}\i0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Los logaritmos fueron descubiertos para acelerar y simplificar el
clculo. Neper, inventor de las}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {primeras tablas de logaritmos, refiere as el propsito que le animaba:
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {"En la medida de mis capacidades, me propona evitar
las difciles y aburridas operaciones de}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {clculo, cuyo fastidio constituye una pesadilla para
muchos que se dedican al estudio de las}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {matemticas".}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En efect
o, los logaritmos facilitan y aceleran en grado sumo los clculos, sin hablar ya d
e que}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {permiten re
alizar operaciones que seran en extremo complejas si no los aplicramos (extraccin}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de races de cualqui
er ndice).}\par\pard\li7386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li7386\ri0\sl-2
6\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {preparado por Patricio Barros}\
\sect\sectd\sbkpage

scalex100 {Laplace escribi con todo fundamento}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {q
ue "con la reduccin del trabajo de varios meses de}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {clculo a unos pocos das, el invento de los
logaritmos parece haber duplicado la vida de los}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {astrnomos"}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El famoso ma
temtico se refera a los astrnomos por cuanto se ven obligados a hacer clculos}\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {agotadores y de singula
r complejidad. Mas sus palabras pueden ser aplicadas con pleno derecho a}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {todos aquellos que opera
n con nmeros.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A no
sotros, acostumbrados al empleo de logaritmos y al alivio que proporcionan, nos
es difcil}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {comprend
er el asombro y la admiracin que ocasion su aparicin. Briggs, contemporneo de}\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Neper, clebre ms tarde po
r su invencin de los logaritmos decimales, escribi al recibir la obra}\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de aqul:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars

calex100\i {"Con sus nuevos y asombrosos logaritmos, Neper, me ha obligado a tra
bajar}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {inten
samente con la cabeza y las manos. Confo verle este verano, pues jams he ledo un li
bro}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {que tan
to me agradara y asombrara como ste"}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Briggs
realiz su deseo, dirigindose a Escocia}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {para visitar al inventor de los logaritmos. Cuando se encont
raron, Briggs le dijo:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {"He emprendido este prolonga
do viaje con el fin exclusivo de verle a usted y conocer con ayuda}\i0 \par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {de qu ingenioso procedimi
ento y de qu arte se ha valido para concebir ese admirable recurso}\i0 \par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {para los astrnomos: los lo
garitmos. Y, por cierto, que lo que ahora ms me asombra es que}\i0 \par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {nadie los hallara antes; hast
a tal punto parecen sencillos despus de conocerlos".}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0
lex100\b {2. Los rivales de los logaritmos}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Antes de haberse inventado los logaritmos, la nece
sidad de acelerar las operaciones determin la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aparicin de unas tablas de otro gnero, mediante las cu
ales la multiplicacin se supla por la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {resta y no por la suma. Dichas tablas se basaban en la identi
dad:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn13
3\cols6\colno1\colw4813\colsr-0\colno2\colw653\colsr-0\colno3\colw173\colsr-0\co
lno4\colw186\colsr-0\colno5\colw666\colsr-0\colno6\colw4946\pard\li4280\ri0\sl-2
0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {ab}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charsc
alex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li253\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li253\ri
0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\*\tx426\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \tab \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {b}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\li306
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u
8722X}\par\column\pard\li253\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li253\ri0\sl386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \*\tx440\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \
tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {b}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}\par\pard\
li320\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuya veracidad es fcil de comprobar abriendo los parntes
is.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Disponiendo d
e cuartos del cuadrado, puede hallarse el producto de dos sin multiplicarlos. Ba
sta}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {restar de un
cuarto del cuadrado de la suma de estos nmeros el cuarto del cuadrado de su}\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {diferencia. Esas misma
s tablas alivian la elevacin al cuadrado y la extraccin de la raz}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuadrada. La tabla de cifras inver
sas simplifica tambin la divisin.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {La superioridad de estas tablas sobre las de logaritmos estriba e
n que gracias a ellas se obtienen}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {resultados exactos y no aproximados. Sin embargo ceden ante ell
as en lo referente a muchas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {propiedades, que prcticamente son de mayor trascendencia. Si las tabla
s de las cuartas partes de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars

calex100 {los cuadrados permiten la multiplicacin de dos cifras, los logaritmos,
en cambio, hacen posible}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {encontrar al mismo tiempo el producto de cuantos factores se quieran y,
por aadidura, la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p
otenciacin de cualquier grado y puede extraer las races de cualquier ndice (entero
o}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {quebrado). Los
problemas de inters compuesto no pueden resolverse con las tablas de cuartos}\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del cuadrado.}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A pesar de eso siguieron
publicndose las tablas de cuartos del cuadrado an despus de aparecer}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {las de logaritmos de todas cla
ses. En 1856 se editaron en Francia unas tablas tituladas:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {Tabla de}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {los cuadrados de nmeros del 1 al 1 000 millones, con ayuda de la cual}\
i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {se halla el producto}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {exacto de nmeros mediante un sistem
a sencillo en extremo}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y ms cmodo que el de lo
garitmos.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {C
ompuestas por Alejandro Cossar.}\i0 \par\pard\li7386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {preparado por Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd
\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols2\c
olno1\colw8240\colsr-0\colno2\colw3200\pard\li760\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs2
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Esta idea se les ocurre a muchos que ni sospechan que est y
a superada. Se me han dirigido dos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {veces inventores de semejantes tablas creyendo se trataba de u
na novedad, enterndose con}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {asombro que su invencin data de hace tres siglos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Otro de los rivales de los logaritmos,
aunque ms joven, son las tablas de clculo que figuran en}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {muchos manuales de consulta tcnicos. Se tra
ta de tablas generales que contienen las siguientes}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {columnas: cuadrados y cubos, races cuadradas y
cbicas, nmeros inversos, la longitud de la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {circunferencia y la superficie de crculos para nmeros del
2 al 1 000. Estas tablas, a menudo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {muy cmodas para una serie de clculos tcnicos, son insuficientes;
las de logaritmos tienen una}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {esfera de aplicacin considerablemente ms extensa.}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li76
arscalex100\b {3. Evolucin de las tablas de logaritmos}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hasta hace poco tiempo, en nuestras esc
uelas se empleaban tablas de logaritmos de cinco cifras.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Actualmente se ha pasado a las de cuatro
, por cuanto cubren las necesidades de los clculos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tcnicos. Mas para la mayora de las necesidades prc
ticas son ms que suficientes las mantisas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de 3 cifras, ya que las mediciones comunes raramente se
realizan con ms de tres cifras.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {El empleo de mantisas con pocas cifras es bastante reciente. Recue
rdo los tiempos en los que en}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {nuestras escuelas se empleaban voluminosas tablas de logaritmos de
7 cifras, que fueron}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {sustituidos por los de 5 slo despus de duro forcejeo. Al aparecer en 1794 las
tablas de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {logarit
mos de 7 cifras fueron tachadas de novedad inadmisible. Las primeras tablas de l
ogaritmos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {decimal
es, confeccionadas por el matemtico ingls Henri Briggs, en 1624, tenan 14 cifras. U
nos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aos despus Andr
ian Vlacq, matemtico holands, redujo sus tablas a 10 cifras.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como vemos, la evolucin de las tablas c
orrientes de logaritmos ha sido en sentido restrictivo,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
80\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pasando de las mantisas de cifras numeros
as a otras ms cortas, proceso que no ha terminado an}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en nuestros das, porque todava hay quien no comp
rende que la precisin en los clculos no}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {puede superar la exactitud de las mediciones.}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La reduccin de las mantisas aca
rrea dos importantes consecuencias prcticas:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
1)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la sensible disminucin del volumen de las tab
las y}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1120\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2)
}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la correspondiente simplificacin de su empleo,
y, por lo tanto, la aceleracin de los clculos}\par\pard\li1120\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que se efectan con ellas.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\
Las tablas de siete cifras ocupan cerca de 200 pginas de gran formato; las de 5,
30 pginas, la}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mita
d de formato que las anteriores; las de 4 decimales ocupan un espacio diez veces
menor,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reducindos
e a dos pginas cuando se imprimen en formato grande, y, las de 3 pueden limitarse
a}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una sola pgina.
}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En cuanto a rapi
dez en las operaciones, los clculos con las tablas de 5 cifras requieren la terce
ra}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {parte de tiemp
o que al operar con las de 7.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\ch
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {4. Curiosidades
logartmicas}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si
las tablas de 3 4 cifras satisfacen completamente las necesidades logartmicas de
la vida}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {prctica y
los clculos tcnicos, en cambio los investigadores tericos se ven obligados a manej
ar}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tablas mayores
incluso que las de 14 cifras de Briggs. En realidad, los logaritmos son, en la}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mayora de los caso
s, un nmero irracional que no puede ser expresado exactamente por muchos}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {guarismos que lo formen:
los logaritmos de la mayora de los nmeros, por muchas cifras que}\par\pard\li7386\
rscalex100 {preparado por Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn122
7;32768}}

scalex100 {tengan se expresan slo aproximadamente, aumentando su exactitud a medi
da que se toman ms}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{cifras para la mantisa. En los clculos cientficos, hay ocasiones en que resultan
insuficientes las}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{tablas de 14 cifras}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {, pero entre los 500 tipos de tablas logartmicas, publicadas desde qu
e stas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fueron inve
ntadas, el investigador puede encontrar siempre aquellas que le satisfacen.}\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Recordemos, por ejemp
lo, las tablas de 20 cifras para nmeros del 2 al 1 200, publicadas en}\par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Francia por Callet (1795). P
ara un grupo de nmeros todava ms limitado hay tablas con enorme}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cantidad de cifras, es un verdadero
milagro logartmico cuya existencia, como he podido}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {comprobar, era desconocida por muchos matemticos
.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {He aqu estas tab
las gigantes, todas ellas de logaritmos neperianos}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
\uc1\u61623X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las tablas de 48 cifras de Wolfram
, para nmeros inferiores a 10 000;}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1120\f
s24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u61623X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {las tabl
as de 61 cifras, de Sharp;}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1120\fs24\cf0
\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u61623X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {las tablas de 1
02 cifras, de Parkhurst, y por ltimo, la ultracuriosidad logartmica:}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1120\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u61623X}\tab \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {las tablas de 260 cifras, de Adams.}\par\pard\li760\ri0
lex100 {Por cierto que en stas, tenemos, no unas tablas, sino los logaritmos natu
rales de cinco nmeros:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {2, 3, 5, 7 y 10, y la recproca (260 cifras) para transformarlos a decimales.
Mas no es difcil}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
comprender que disponiendo ya de los logaritmos de estos cinco nmeros, con una si
mple}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {adicin o mult
iplicacin, se puede obtener el logaritmo de multitud de nmeros compuestos: por}\pa
r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ejemplo, el logaritm
o de 12 es igual a la suma de los logaritmos de 2, 2 y 3, etc. Como curiosidad}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {logartmica podra hac
erse referencia a la regla de clculo, logaritmos de madera, si no se}\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hubiera transformado, por su co
modidad, en un instrumento de clculo habitual entre los}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tcnicos, como los bacos decimales para los c
ontables. Debido a la costumbre ya no asombre ese}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {instrumento, basado en el principio de los loga
ritmos, aunque lo que lo manejan pueden}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {desconocerlos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\c
f1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5. Los l

ogaritmos en escena}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {El truco ms sorprendente de cuantos han sido presentados ante el pblico por
calculadores}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pro
fesionales es, sin duda, el siguiente:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Enterado por las carteleras de que un notable calculador s
e dispona a extraer de memoria las}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {races de elevados ndices de nmeros muy grandes, prepara usted en c
asa, pacientemente, la 3l}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {potencia de un nmero cualquie
ra y se dispone a hacer fracasar al calculista con su gran nmero}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de 35 cifras. En el momento oport
uno se dirige al calculador con las siguientes palabras:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {- Eso est bien, pero pruebe a extraer la r
az, cuyo ndice es 31, del siguiente nmero de 35}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cifras! Tome nota, se las voy a dictar.}\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El calculador toma la tiza, p
ero ya antes de que pronuncie usted la primera cifra, l ya ha}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {encontrado el resultado: 13.}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El calculador sin saber
el nmero, ha extrado su raz, siendo, adems, de grado 31; lo ha hecho}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de memoria y, por aadidura, con ra
pidez de relmpago! ...}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li76
ard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por cierto que las tablas de logaritmos de
14 cifras, de Briggs, slo comprenden del nmero 1 al 20.000 y del}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {90.000 al 101.000.}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx920\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Se llaman neperianos o naturales los logaritmos que a diferencia de l
os decimales, cuya base es 10, tienen como}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {base el nmero 2,718... a los que nos referiremos ms adel
ante.}\par\pard\li7386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li7386\ri0\sl-213\s
preparado por Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn158

7;32768}}
scalex100 {Usted se maravilla y descorazona, aunque no ha sucedido nada extraord
inario. El secreto reside}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {en que no existe ms que un nmero, precisamente el 13, que elevado a una p
otencia cuyo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {expo
nente sea 31, d un resultado de 35 cifras. Los nmeros menores a 13 dan menos de 35
}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cifras, y los ma
yores, ms. De dnde saba eso el calculador? Cmo hall la cifra 13? Se sirvi}\par\pard\l
0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de los logaritmos, de logaritmo
s con dos cifras de mantisa, que recuerda de memoria, para los}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {primeros 15 20 nmeros. Aprendrselos
no es tan difcil como parece, sobre todo si se tiene en}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuenta que el logaritmo de un nmero compues
to es igual a la suma de los logaritmos de sus}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {factores primos. Recordando bien los logaritmos de
2, 3 y 7}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ se conocen ya los logaritmos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {correspondientes a los 10 primeros nmeros; para saber los de la 2}{
\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { decena (d
el 10 al 20) hay que}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {acordarse de los logaritmos de otros cuatro nmeros.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A cualquier calculador profesional le es fc
il conservar en la memoria la siguiente tabla de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {logaritmos de dos cifras:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\s
sr-0\colno2\colw1346\colsr-0\colno3\colw1453\colsr-0\colno4\colw4106\pard\li3080
arscalex100 {Cifras}\par\pard\li3306\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {2}\par\pard\li3306\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\par
d\li3306\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\pard\li3306\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\par\pard\li3306\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\par\pard\li3306\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {7}\par\pard\li3306\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
8}\par\pard\li3306\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}\par\column\
f0\charscalex100 {Log.}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {0,30}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0,48}\pa

r\pard\li26\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0,60}\par\pard\li26\r
i0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0,70}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0,78}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {0,85}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {0,90}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0,95}\
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cifras}\par\pard\li160\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {11}\par\pard\li160\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {12}\par\pard\li160\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {13}\par\p
ard\li160\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {14}\par\pard\li160\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {15}\par\pard\li160\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {16}\par\pard\li160\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {17}\par\pard\li160\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{18}\par\pard\li160\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {19}\par\colum
0\f0\charscalex100 {Log.}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {1,04}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1,08}\
par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1,11}\par\pard\li13
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1,15}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1,18}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1,20}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {1,23}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1,26
}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1,28}\par\pard\se
ct\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\
760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El truco matemtico que los ha
llenado de asombro consiste en lo siguiente:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn
olw5346\pard\li5173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5173\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5173\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {c
ifras}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pa
rd\li4333\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {log}{ }\fs14\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\ul {31}\ul0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {35}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El logarit
mo buscado puede encontrarse entre}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {34}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {,...}\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
133\pard\li3680\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3680\ri0\sl-346\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {34/31 y 34,99/31 o entre 1,09 y 1,13.}\par\pard\li76
arscalex100 {En este intervalo slo se encuentra el logaritmo de un nmero entero 1,
11, que es el logaritmo de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {13. De esa manera es como se halla el resultado que los ha dejado perp
lejos. Claro que para hacer}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {todo esto mental y rpidamente hay que disponer del ingenio y la destre
za de un profesional, pero}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {en esencia, la cuestin es bastante sencilla. Cualquiera puede realizar
trucos anlogos, si no de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {memoria, al menos, por escrito.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Supongamos que le proponen resolver el siguiente problema:
extraer la raz de ndice 64 de un}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {nmero de 20 cifras.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {Sin indagar de qu nmero se trata puede usted ofrecer el resultado
: la raz es igual a 2.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {En efecto}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
60\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Recordemos que log 5 = log 10/2 = 1-log 2}\par\par

f0\f0\charscalex100 {preparado por Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\

7;32768}}





7;32768}}
f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li853\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {cifras}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {)}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {log}{ }\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {64}\ul0 { }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
00 {19}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,...}\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {64}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn1584
\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por lo tanto debe estar comprend
ido entre 19/64 y 19.99/64 , es decir, entre 0,29 y 0,32. Tal}\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {logaritmo para nmero entero no puede
ser ms que uno: 0,30.... o sea, el logaritmo del nmero}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Usted podra desconcertar definitivamente al que le plantea
ra el problema, anticipndole el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {nmero que l se dispona a dictarle: el famoso nmero del ajedrez}\par\pard
0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {64}}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 { = 18 446 744 073 709 551 616.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i {Volver}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {6. Los log
aritmos en el corral}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {La llamada racin alimenticia de sostn, (es decir, el alimento mnimo qu
e cubre}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {exc
lusivamente las caloras, que consume el funcionamiento de los rganos internos, el}
\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {restablecim
iento de las clulas que perecen, etc.)}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {4}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { es proporcional a la superficie extern
a del}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {cuerp
o animal. Conociendo esto hallar las caloras necesarias para la racin alimenticia
de}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {sostn de

un buey que pesa 420 kg. Se sabe que en esas condiciones, un buey que pesa 360 k
g}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {necesita
13500 caloras.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Para resolver este problema prctico de l
a esfera de la ganadera, adems de recurrir al lgebra}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {debe utilizarse la geometra. De acuerdo con las
condiciones del problema, las caloras buscadas}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {) son proporcionales a la superficie externa (}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {s}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) del cuerpo del animal, es decir,
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\sub \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {s}\i0 \par\pard\li4920\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx5813\fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {13500}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {s}\i0 {\sub \fs
14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {donde s, es la superficie
externa del buey, que pesa 630 kg. La geometra ensea que las}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {superficies}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {(s)}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de cuerpos semejantes son proporc
ionales al cuadrado de sus medidas lineales (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {),}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {y los volmenes (y, por consiguiente, el peso) son proporcionales
al cubo de las medidas lineales.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Por eso}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\mar
\colw6000\pard\li5013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5013\ri0\sl-386\sl
mult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {s}\i0 \par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \f
s26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {s}\i0 {\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\par\colu
mn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\par
charscalex100\i {l}\i0 {\super \fs16\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li10
6\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmu
lt0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i0 {\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\pa
r\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\
l-346\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {420}\par\pard\li4973\ri0\sl-346\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {630}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i0 {\super \fs16\up4\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {2}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i0 {\
sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghs
xn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw4960\colsr-0\colno2\colw240\col
sr-0\colno3\colw213\colsr-0\colno4\colw6026\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de don
de}\par\column\pard\li40\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i0
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {l}\i0 \par\pard\l
i53\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-506\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmul
t0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}{\sub \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {420}}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {3}\ul0 {\sub \fs26\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {630}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\margl
100 {4}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A diferencia de
la racin de produccin, es decir, el alimento destinado a la produccin ganadera, de
bido al cual se}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {m

antiene el ganado}\par\pard\li7386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li7386\
ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {preparado por Patricio Barros}\pa
ect\sectd\sbkpage








7;32768}}
olno3\colw106\colsr-0\colno4\colw1986\colsr-0\colno5\colw3200\pard\li760\ri0\sl413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li0\
ard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-506\slmult0 \*\tx360\fs
24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63723X}\par\co
t0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63734X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
{2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Pe
relman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn
133\cols5\colno1\colw4506\colsr-0\colno2\colw173\colsr-0\colno3\colw760\colsr-0\
f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 {\sub \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}}\par\column\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {420}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx160\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\ul {3}\ul0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}\par\column\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \*\tx693\*\tx1053\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {420}{ }\fs24\cf
0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs14\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\ul {3}\ul0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63723X}\fs24
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}{\super \fs24\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\
fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63734X}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X
}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\co
ls5\colno1\colw4506\colsr-0\colno2\colw173\colsr-0\colno3\colw920\colsr-0\colno4
\colw1186\colsr-0\colno5\colw4653\pard\li3613\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {13500}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\ul {3}\ul0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {630}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63725X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {630}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63736X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63725X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {3}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63736X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\p
ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {13}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\ul {500}\ul0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\column\pard\l
rd\li0\ri0\sl-466\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Empleando las tablas d
e logaritmos se encuentra que:}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\b \i { =}\b0 \i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10.300.}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El buey necesita 10 300
caloras.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Vol
ver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {7. Los logaritmos en la msica}\b0 \par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A los msicos raramente
les atraen las matemticas. Aunque en su mayora, sienten respeto por}\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {esa ciencia, prefieren mantener
se alejados de ella. Sin embargo, los msicos, incluso los que}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {como el Salleri de Pushkin menosprec
ian el lgebra en la armona, se las tienen que ver con las}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
66\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {matemticas ms a menudo de lo que ellos mism
os suponen y, por aadidura, con cosas tan}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {terribles como los logaritmos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A este propsito me permito transcribir el f
ragmento de un artculo de nuestro difunto profesor de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fsica, A. Eihenvald}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {5}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A mi compaero de gimnasio le gustaba tocar el piano

, pero no le agradaban las matemticas;}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {incluso manifestaba en tono despectivo que la msica y las ma
temticas no tienen nada de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {comn: Es cierto que Pitgoras hall ciertas correlaciones entre las vibracion
es del sonido; pero}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {precisamente la gama de Pitgoras result inaplicable para nuestra msica.}\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Imagnense lo desagradable d
e la sorpresa de mi compaero al demostrarle que al tocar sobre las}\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {teclas del piano moderno, se to
ca, hablando con rigor, sobre logaritmos... Efectivamente: los}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {llamados grados de tonalidad de la e
scala cromtica no son equidistantes ni por el nmero de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vibraciones ni por la longitud de las ondas
de los sonidos respectivos, sino que representan los}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {logaritmos de estas magnitudes. La base de e
stos logaritmos es 2, y no 10, como se admite en}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {otros casos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Supongamos que la nota}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {do}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de la octava ms baja - la representamos
con el cero - est}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{determinada por}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 { vibraciones por segundo. En este caso, el}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
do}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { de la primera octava producir al}\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {segundo 2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {n}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { vibraciones; el}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {do}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de la}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {m}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { octava producir}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {n}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*2}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {m}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { vibraciones, etc. Expresemos todas}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {las notas de la es
cala cromtico del piano con los nmeros}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, tomando el}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {do}\i0 { }
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de cada octava como}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nota cero; entonces, la nota}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {sol}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ser la nota 7}{\super \fs18\u
p4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, el}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i { la,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la 9}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {a}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, etc.; la 12}{\super \fs18\up4\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {a}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { ser de nuevo el}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {do}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, aunque}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx8573\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de una octava ms alta. Y
como en la escala cromtica, cada nota siguiente tiene}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\ul {12}\ul0 { }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ms}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vibraciones q
ue la anterior, entonces el nmero de stas de cualquier tono puede ser expresado}\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con la frmula}\par\p
ard\li4573\ri0\sl-706\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {N}\i0 {\sub \fs16\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\i {pm}\i0 }\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {n}\i0 { }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {2}{\super \fs16\up5\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 }\fs42\cf0\f1\charscalex100
\ul {( )}\ul0 {\super \fs16\up8\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 }\par\pard\li760\r
calex100 {Aplicando los logaritmos a esta frmula, obtendremos:}\par\pard\li906\ri
alex100 {5}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fue publicado en el}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\i {Calendario astronmico ruso de 1919}\i0 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {bajo el ttulo de}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Acerca de las}\i0 \par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {pequeas y grandes distanc
ias.}\i0 \par\pard\li7386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li7386\ri0\sl-34
6\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {preparado por Patricio Barros}\par\pard\se

\sbkpage

7;32768}}
\colsr-0\colno5\colw213\colsr-0\colno6\colw186\colsr-0\colno7\colw4826\pard\li76
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {log}{ }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {N}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {pm}\i0 }\par\colum
4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li506\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
8\cf0\par\pard\li506\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx693\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {log}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100\i {n}\i0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {m}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {log}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\
{+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {log}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\
pard\li106\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}\par\pard\sect\sect
d\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw4280\
colsr-0\colno2\colw666\colsr-0\colno3\colw1586\colsr-0\colno4\colw4906\pard\li39
\pard\li3920\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {log}\par\column\pard
pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {N}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\

f0\charscalex100\i {pm}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li493
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li493\ri0\sl-533\slmult0 \*\tx1266\fs24\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}\fs24\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {\uc1\u63723X }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\i {p}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63734X}\fs24\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx786\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {log}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {m}\i0 \par\pard\li666\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1200\fs24\cf0\f1\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u63725X}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}{ }\fs22\cf0\f1\chars
calex100 {\uc1\u63736X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
charscalex100 {log}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {al tomar
el nmero de vibraciones del}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {do}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {ms bajo como unidad (n= 1) y pasando los logaritmos}\par\pard\l
i760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {al sistema de base 2 (o simp
lemente tomando log 2 = l), tenemos:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pg
hsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw5440\colsr-0\colno2\colw586\c
olsr-0\colno3\colw5413\pard\li4613\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4613\
rscalex100 {log}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {N}\i0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {pm}\i0 }\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-493\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {m}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li93\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {p}\
i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}\par\pard\sec
x100 {De aqu vemos que los nmeros de teclas del plano constituyen logaritmos de la
cantidad de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vibr
aciones de cada uno de los sonidos correspondientes}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {6}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Podemos incluso decir que el nmero}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de la octava forma
la caracterstica, y el nmero del sonido en la octava dada}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {7}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { es la mantisa de}\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {este logaritmo.}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por ejemplo, en el tono}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {sol}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de la tercera oct
ava, es decir, en el nmero 3+ 7/12 (}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u732X3,583)
, el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nmero 3 es la
caracterstica del logaritmo del nmero de vibraciones de este tono y 7/12}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u732X0,583), la mantisa del mismo logaritmo de base 2; por consiguient
e el nmero de vibraciones es}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {2}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3,583}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { o se
a, es 11,98 veces mayor que el nmero de vibraciones del tono}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100\i {do}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de la primera octava.}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \p
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {8. Las estrellas, el ruido y los logaritmos}\b0 \par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Este ttulo, que trata d
e cosas a primera vista tan heterogneas, no parece ser el ms indicado para}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una parodia de las obras
de Kuzm Prutkov}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {8}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {, mas, en realidad, se ocupa de las estrellas y del}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ruido en estrecha conexin con los logar
itmos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El ruido y
las estrellas aparecen aqu juntos porque tanto la intensidad del sonido como la}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {luminosidad de la

s estrellas se calculan de la misma manera: mediante la escala logartmica.}\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los astrnomos dividen la
s estrellas, segn el grado de luminosidad visible, en astros de primera}\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {magnitud, de segunda, terc
era, etc. Las magnitudes consecutivas de las estrellas son}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {representadas como miembros de una pro
gresin aritmtica. Mas la luminosidad fsica de las}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {estrellas vara de acuerdo con otra ley, la luminosi
dad objetiva constituye una progresin}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {geomtrico, con una razn igual a 2,5. Es fcil comprender que la
"magnitud" de una estrella no}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {es otra cosa que el logaritmo de su luminosidad fsica.}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx5160\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por ejemplo, una estr
ella de tercera es 2,5}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(3-1)}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {(es decir, 6,25) veces ms luminosa que una estrella}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de primera magnitud. En pocas palabr
as: al establecer la luminosidad visible de una estrella, el}\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {astrnomo opera con las tablas de loga
ritmos de base 2,5. No me detengo con ms detalle en}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {estas interesantes correlaciones por cuanto en
otro de mis libros,}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Astronoma Recreativa,}\i0 {
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {dedican a ello suficientes pginas.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slm
-306\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Multiplicados por 12}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs
14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Dividido por 12}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {8}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Kuzm Prutkov es e
l nombre de un imaginario autor de ingeniosos aforismos. El seudnimo corresponde
a los}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {escritores
rusos herinalios Zhernchzhnikov y a A. Tolstoi.}\par\pard\li7386\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li7386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {prep
arado por Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\m
arglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn6
66\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols2\colno1\colw8240\colsr-0\colno2\colw
a}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Pere
3\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De la misma forma se calcula intensidad del sonido. La i
nfluencia nociva de los ruidos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {industriales en la salud del obrero y en su productividad incit a e
laborar un mtodo para precisar}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {exactamente la intensidad numrica del ruido. La unidad de esa intens
idad es el bel}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(p
rcticamente se emplea el}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {decibel,}\i0 { }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {dcima parte del bel). Los siguientes escalones de sonoridad:
}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 bel, 2 beles,
etc., (en la prctica, 10 decibeles, 20 decibeles, etc.), constituyen para nuestro
odo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una progresin
aritmtica. La "fuerza" fsica de estos sonidos (energa, ms exactamente)}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {constituye una progresin geomtri
ca cuya razn es 10. A la diferencia de intensidad de un bel}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {corresponde la relacin de fuerza de son
ido 10. Por lo tanto, la intensidad del sonido expresada}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en beles ser igual al logaritmo decimal d
e su intensidad fsica.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Esto aparecer ms claro si examinamos algunos ejemplos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El tenue rumor de las hojas se consider

a como de 1 bel; la conversacin en voz alta, 6,5 beles; el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rugido del len, 8,7 beles. De aqu se dedu
ce que, por la fuerza del sonido, la conversacin supera}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-28
0\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {al susurro de las hojas en}\par\pard\li400
harscalex100 {10}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6,5-1}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{= 10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5,5}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
= 316.000 veces.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El rugido del len es superior a la c
onversacin en voz alta en}\par\pard\li4093\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li4093\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {8,7 - 6,5}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 10}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {2,2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 158 veces.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
0 {El ruido cuya intensidad es superior a 8 beles se considera perjudicial para
el organismo humano.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Este margen es rebasado en muchas fbricas, donde se producen ruidos de 10 bel
es y ms; el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {golpe
de martillo sobre lminas de acero ocasiona un ruido de 11 beles. Estos ruidos son
100 y}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.000 vece
s ms fuertes que la norma permitida y de 10 a 100 veces ms intensos que los ms}\par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {estrepitosos de las c
ataratas del Nigara (9 beles). Es fortuito que al calcular la luminosidad}\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {visible de las estrellas
y al medir la intensidad del sonido nos refiramos a la dependencia}\par\pard\li7
60\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {logartmica existente entre la m
agnitud de las sensaciones y la irritacin que stas ocasionan?}\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {No. Tanto lo uno como lo otro son efe
ctos de una misma ley (llamada "ley psicofsica de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Fechner") que dice as: la magnitud de la sensacin
es proporcional al logaritmo de la intensidad}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de irritacin.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Vemos, pues, cmo los logaritmos van invadiendo el campo
de la psicologa.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i
\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {9. Los logaritmos y el alumbra
do elctrico}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \
i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\i {La causa de que las lmparas de gas (con frecuencia se les llama errneamente "
de medio}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {va
tio") alumbren ms que las de vaco, aun teniendo filamento metlico del mismo materia
l,}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {consiste
en la diferente temperatura del filamento. Segn una regla de fsica, la cantidad g
eneral}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {de l
uz proyectada con la incandescencia blanca aumenta en proporcin a la potencia de}
\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {exponente 1
2 de la temperatura absoluta. En consecuencia hagamos el siguiente clculo:}\i0 \p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {determinar cuntas
veces una lmpara, "de medio vatio", cuya temperatura de filamento es de}\i0 \par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2.500 por la escala a
bsoluta (a partir de \uc1\u8211X273) despide ms luz que otra de vaco, cuyo}\i0 \par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {filamento llega has
ta 2.200 de temperatura.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Representando con la}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la relacin buscada,
tenemos la siguiente ecuacin:}\par\pard\li7386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
8\cf0\par\pard\li7386\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {preparado p
or Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn
666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage

colno3\colw360\colsr-0\colno4\colw1840\colsr-0\colno5\colw3200\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li1
s14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{\uc1\u63724X}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63723X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {2500}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63734X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0
calex100 {25}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\

\*\tx5706\*\tx6306\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u63723X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63734X}\fs24\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\
marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw4720\colsr-0\colno2\colw1173\colsr-0\co
lno3\colw5546\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\
de donde:}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u63725X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2200}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u63736X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u63725X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {22}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc
1\u63736X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margr
sxn133\pard\li3746\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3746\ri0\sl-333\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {log}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { =12*(log 25 \uc1\u8211X log 22);}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {x}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 4,6}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La lmpara de gas despide 4,6 veces ms luz que la
de vaco. De ah que si esta ltima equivale a}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {50 bujas, la primera, en las mismas condiciones, produce
230 bujas.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Hagamos otro clculo: Cul ser la elevacin
de temperatura absoluta (en tanto por ciento)}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {necesaria para duplicar la luminosidad de la
lmpara?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-34
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Planteemos la ecuacin:}\par\pard\li5640\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5640\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {12}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsx
n133\cols2\colno1\colw5546\colsr-0\colno2\colw5893\pard\li4733\ri0\sl-293\slmult
0 \*\tx5293\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63723X }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{+}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63734X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn
olw426\colsr-0\colno3\colw6280\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde}\par\column\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {1}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u
63725X}\par\column\pard\li386\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx720\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {\uc1\u63735X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {2}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100}{ }\fs24\
cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63736X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghs
xn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw5333\colsr-0\colno2\colw253\col
\cf0\par\pard\li4773\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63723X
}\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 \par\colum
0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63734X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {log}{ }\fs26\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsx
n666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw4466\colsr-0\colno2\colw640\colsr-0\colno3\col
w946\colsr-0\colno4\colw5386\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\column\pard\li306\ri0\sl-293\s
lmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\*\tx400\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {log}\tab \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par

\pard\li306\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63725X}\par\col
umn\pard\li480\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}{ }\f
s26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {100}{ }\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63736X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
93\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}
{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6}\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {%}\par\column\pard\
li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkno
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Veamos ahora en qu }\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\i {proporcin (en tanto por ciento) aumentar la}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
luminosidad de una}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {lmpara si la temperatura absoluta de su filamento se eleva en el i%.}\i0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si resolvemos la ecuacin por medio de logaritmos, tendrem
os:}\par\pard\li4933\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4933\ri0\sl-333\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x =}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1,01}{
\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {12}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\par\pa
0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde}\par\pard\li4986\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li4986\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x =}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {1, 13.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La luminosidad crece en el
13%.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Al calcular
la elevacin de la temperatura en el 2% veremos que el aumento de la luminosidad e
s}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del 27%, y con
una elevacin de temperatura en un 3%, aumentar la luminosidad en el 43%.}\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Esto explica por qu la indu
stria de lmparas elctricas se preocupa tanto de la elevacin de la}\par\pard\li760\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {temperatura del filamento, sindole
de gran valor cada grado que logra superar.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \
fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {10
. Legados a largo plazo}\b0 \par\pard\li7386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li7386\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {preparado por Patricio
Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn
7;32768}}

scalex100 {Quin no ha odo hablar del consabido nmero de granos de trigo que, segn las
leyendas, pidi}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {co
mo recompensa el inventor del ajedrez? Esta cantidad se forma duplicando sucesiv
amente cada}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {uno d
e los nmeros obtenidos; primer escaque del tablero, el inventor pidi un grano; par
a el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {segundo, dos
; etc. A cada uno de los escaques le corresponde el doble que al anterior, hasta
llegar}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {al 64 esc
aque.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mas crecimi
ento tan vertiginoso se da, no slo duplicando sin cesar la cifra anterior, sino c
on una}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {norma de c
recimiento notablemente ms moderada. Un capital que produce el 5% anual a inters}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {compuesto, aumenta
cada ao 1,05 veces. Parece ste un crecimiento de poca consideracin, mas}\par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {al cabo de cierto tiempo el
capital llega a alcanzar grandes proporciones. Esto explica que}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {despus de transcurridos muchos aos
de ser legada una herencia crezca de forma inslita. Parece}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {extrao que dejando el finado una suma h
arto modesta se convierta sta en un enorme capital. Es}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bien conocido el testamento de Franklin, fa
moso estadista norteamericano. Fue publicado en}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Recopilacin de diversas obras de Benjamn Franklin
.}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {He aqu un fragmento de l: "Dono mil}\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {libras esterlinas a los ha
bitantes de Boston. Si las aceptan, estas mil libras, deben ser}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {administradas por los vecinos ms d
istinguidos de la ciudad, que las concedern en prstamo al}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-3
06\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5%, a los artesanos jvenes}{\super \fs18\u
p4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Al cabo de cien aos est
a suma se elevar a 131.000 libras}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {esterlinas. Deseo que entonces sean empleadas, 100.000 libras en
la construccin de edificios}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {pblicos, y las 31.000 restantes concedidas en crdito por un plazo de 10
0 aos. Al cabo de este}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {tiempo la suma habr llegado a 4.061.000 libras esterlinas, de las cuales 1.0
60.000 dejo a}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dis
posicin de los vecinos de Boston y 3.000.000, al municipio de Massachusetts. En l
o sucesivo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no me
atrevo a seguir extendindome con ms disposiciones".}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Franklin, que dej una herencia de 1.000 libras,
distribuy millones de ellas. Y no se trata de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ningn malentendido. El clculo matemtico confirma que la
s disposiciones del testador son}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {ciertas. Las 1.000 libras aumentaron cada ao en 1,05 veces y, al
cabo de 100 aos se}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{convirtieron en}\par\pard\li4226\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4226\r
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x =}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {1.000 * 1,05}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100}}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 { libras.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Esta expresin puede calcularse m
ediante los logaritmos:}\par\pard\li3373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i3373\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {log}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {x}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {= log 1.000 + 100 log 1,05 = 5,11
893,}\par\pard\li906\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li906\ri0\sl-333\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde}\par\pard\li4893\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li4893\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {x=}\i0 {
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {131.000}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c

f0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de acuerdo con
el testamento. En el segundo siglo las 31.000 llegarn a}\par\pard\li4520\ri0\sl-2
00\i {y}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {=}\b0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{31 000*1,05}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {,}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de donde, al aplicar los logaritmos resultar:
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {y}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 4.076.500}\
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {suma que se diferencia muy poco de la sealada en el tes
tamento.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-373\
slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {9}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Por entonces no haba en Amrica instituciones de crdito.}\par\pard\l
f0\charscalex100 {preparado por Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgw
sxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage
7;32768}}
scalex100 {Dejemos a juicio del lector fa solucin del siguiente problema, que apa
rece en la obra}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Los}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {seores Golovliov,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {de Saltikov-Schedrn:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {"Porfiri Vladimir
ovich est en su despacho escribiendo cantidades en hojas de papel. Trata de}\i0 \
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {saber cunto diner
o tendra si los cien rublos que le regal su abuelo al nacer, en lugar de ser}\i0 \
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {gastados por su
madre, hubieran sido depositados en la caja de Ahorros. Sin embargo, el}\i0 \par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {resultado no es muy
elevado: ochocientos rublos".}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Si suponemos que Porfiri tiene a la sazn 50 aos y, admitiendo qu
e hubiera hecho bien el}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {clculo (poco probable, pues sin duda alguna desconoca los logaritmos, por l
o que no podra}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {res
olver problemas de inters compuesto) hay que establecer qu tanto por ciento conceda
en}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aquellos tiem

pos la Caja de Ahorros.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscal
rd\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {11. Inters continuo}\b0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En las Cajas de
Ahorro, el inters del capital se suma al depsito. Si la adicin se hace con ms}\par\p
ard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {frecuencia, el capital
crece ms de prisa por cuanto forma el rdito una suma mayor. Tomemos}\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un sencillo ejemplo puramente t
erico. Admitamos que se depositan 100 rublos en la Caja de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ahorros al 100% anual. Si se acumula el
inters al depsito, al cabo del ao sumarn 200 rublos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Veamos ahora qu ocurre si el porcentaje se va su
mando al capital inicial cada medio ao. Al}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {finalizar el primer semestre llegar a}\par\pard\li4013\r
scalex100 {100 rublos * 1,5 = 150 rublos.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Al segundo
semestre:}\par\pard\li4013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4013\ri0\sl-3
46\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {150 rublos * 1,5 = 225 rublos.}\par\pard\
0\charscalex100 {Si la adicin se realiza cada 1/3 de ao, sern:}\par\pard\li3333\ri0
alex100 {100 rublos * (1 1/3)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8776X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 237 rublos 3 kopek
s.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hagamos ms frecuentes los plazos de acumulacin del '
rdito al capital depositado: a 0,1 de ao;}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {0,01 de ao; 0,001 de ao, etc., y veremos que los 100 rublos
, al cabo del ao se transforman en}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsx
n15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw4333\colsr-0\colno2\colw7106\par
f0\par\pard\li2560\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100 rublos *}\
par\pard\li2560\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100 rublos *}\par
\pard\li2560\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100 rublos *}\par\co
lumn\pard\li386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li386\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1,1}{\sup
er \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8776X}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 259 rublos y 37 kopeks}\par\pard\li186\ri0\sl-320\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1.01}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1
00}}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8776X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 270 rub
los y 48 kopeks}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx1000\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {1.001}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1000}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u8776X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 271 rublos y 69 kopeks}\par\pard\sect\sec
{Las matemticas superiores demuestran que reduciendo indefinidamente los plazos d
e}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {acumulacin del rd
ito devengado al depsito, ste no crece infinitamente, sino que se aproxima}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a un cierto lmite, que eq
uivale ms o menos}{\super \fs18\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 { a 271 rublos 83 kopeks.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Un capital depositado al 100% no puede crecer en un ao ms all de
2,7183 veces, aunque fuera}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {acumulndose el inters al capital cada segundo.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-21
i0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }\
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Tomando los kopeks por aproximacin}\par\pard\li7386\ri
calex100 {preparado por Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240
\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage


7;32768}}
\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {12. El nmero \
uc1\u8220X}\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {e}\b0 \i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\b {\uc1\u8221X}\b0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\cha
marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{El 2,718... obtenido, nmero que desempea en las matemticas superiores un papel tr
ascendental}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx4813\*\tx9280\*\tx9573\fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(quizs tan importante como el famoso}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\char
scalex100 {\uc1\u960X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {) tiene un signo especial de e
xpresin: la}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {e.}\i0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Es un}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nmero
irracional que no puede ser expresado con ninguna cifra exacta}{\super \fs18\up4
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {11}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, pero se calcula con la}
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aproximacin desead
a, mediante la siguiente serie:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn1
5840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols9\colno1\colw3520\colsr-0\colno2\colw466\colsr0\colno3\colw173\colsr-0\colno4\colw773\colsr-0\colno5\colw293\colsr-0\colno6\co
lw933\colsr-0\colno7\colw173\colsr-0\colno8\colw1360\colsr-0\colno9\colw3746\par
f0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li2853\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx3333\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {1}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {+}\par\pard\li3173\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\col
umn\pard\li146\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li146\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\c
4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li306\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li306\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\cha

\sl-493\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li320\ri0\sl-213\
1}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {*}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {4}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-493\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}\par\column\pard\li600\ri0\sl-2
0 {1}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{ }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {*}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {*}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}{ }\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {4}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {*}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {5}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-493\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {...}\par\pa
o1\colw8626\colsr-0\colno2\colw2813\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por el ejemplo de capi
talizacin expuesto puede verse que el nmero}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { }{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {e}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {expresin}\par\pard\li5773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5
773\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 \par\pard\li5066\ri0\
sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u63723X }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {+}{\sub \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{1}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63734X}\
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el lmite de la}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsx
n12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols3\colno1\colw5066\colsr-0\colno2\
colw426\colsr-0\colno3\colw5946\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
f0\charscalex100 {para un incremento ilimitado de n.}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63725X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-480\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {n}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{\uc1\u63735X}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63736X}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkn
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por numerosas razones, que no procede explicar aqu,
es de suma conveniencia tomar el nmero}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\
pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw1973\colsr-0\colno2\colw946
6\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {e}\i0 \par\column\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {como base del sistema de
logaritmos. Tales tablas (de "logaritmos naturales") existen y se}\par\pard\se
ct\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aplican en gran escala en, la ciencia
y la tcnica. Aquellas grandes tablas de 48, 61, 102 y 260}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-280\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cifras, a las que nos hemos referido ms
arriba, tienen precisamente como base el nmero}{ }\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {
e}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Con}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240
20\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2920\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {frecuencia
el nmero}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {e}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {siguiente problema:}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aparece all donde menos se sospecha. Su
pongamos, por ejemplo, el}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\m
arglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{En qu partes debe dividirse el nmero}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {a}\i0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 { para que el producto de todas ellas sea el mayor?}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Ya sabemos que cuando la
suma de factores es invariable, su producto ser el mayor cuando los}\par\pard\li
760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx7866\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {factores sean iguale
s entre s. Pero, en cuntas partes hay que dividir}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\

i {a}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {? En dos, en tres, en}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {diez? Las matemticas superiores ensean q
ue se obtiene el producto mayor cuando los factores}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {adquieren valores lo ms cercanos posibles al d
el nmero}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {e}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Por
ejemplo: 10 debe dividirse en tal}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {cantidad de partes iguales que cada una de ellas se aproxime c
uanto pueda a 2,718... Para ello hay}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {que encontrar el cociente}\par\pard\li4400\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10 /
2.718... = 3.678...}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mas, como no es posible dividir e
n 3,678... partes iguales hay que hacerlo por la cifra entera ms}\par\pard\li760\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {prxima, por 4, y obtendremos el pr
oducto mayor los sumandos de 10, si stos son iguales a 10/4}\par\pard\li760\ri0\s
l-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es decir, 2,5.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Quiere decirse que:}\par\pard\li4680\ri0
alex100 {(2,5)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 { = 39,0625}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0
\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el producto mayor que puede obten
erse multiplicando los sumandos iguales del nmero 10.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En efecto, dividiendo 10 en 3 en 5 partes ig
uales, los productos de stas son menores:}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
\f0\charscalex100 { Adems, lo mismo que el nmero}{ }\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u960X}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, es trascendente, es decir, no puede ser o
btenido como resultado de la solucin}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {de ninguna ecuacin algebraica con coeficientes enteros.}\par\p
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {preparado por Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknon
e\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn
12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn213\cols3\colno1\c
mult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl
0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(10 / 3)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 37}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(10 / 5)}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {5}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { = 32}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult
0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yakov Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn
0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Para conseguir e
l producto mayor de las partes iguales del nmero 20, ste debe dividirse en 7}\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {partes, puesto que}\pa
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {20 / 2,718... = 7,36}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u8776X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { 7.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Para obtene
r el producto mayor de las partes iguales del nmero 50, ste debe dividirse en 18}\
par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {partes, y 100 en 3
7, puesto que}\par\pard\li4520\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4520\ri0\
sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {50 / 2,718... = 18,4,}\par\pard\li444
0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {100 / 2,718... = 36, 8.}\par\pa
o1\colw2733\colsr-0\colno2\colw8706\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El nmero}{ }\fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100\i {e}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {desempea un enorme papel e

n las matemticas, la fsica, la astronoma y en otras}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pg
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ciencias. Veamos algunas de las cuestiones para cuyo anl
isis matemtico hay que valerse de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {este nmero (la cantidad de tales cuestiones podra ampliarse indefi
nidamente):}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1120\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex1
00 {\uc1\u61623X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la frmula baromtrica (la disminu
cin de la presin con la altura);}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1120\fs24
\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u61623X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la frmula de
Euler;}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1120\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
\uc1\u61623X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la ley del enfriamiento de los cue
rpos;}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1120\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u61623X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la desintegracin radiactiva y la edad
de la Tierra;}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1120\fs24\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {\uc1\u61623X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {las oscilaciones libres del
pndulo;}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1120\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {
\uc1\u61623X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la frmula de Tsiolkovski para la ve
locidad del cohete;}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1120\fs24\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {\uc1\u61623X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los fenmenos oscilatori
os en un circuito radiofnico;}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1120\fs24\c
f0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u61623X}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el crecimient
o de las clulas.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\
sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {13. Comedia logartmica}\b0 \par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par
\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Como complemento a
las comedias matemticas, que el lector tuvo ocasin de conocer en el}\i0 \par\pard\
li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {captulo V, presentamos un
caso ms del mismo gnero: la "demostracin" de la desigualdad 2 >}\i0 \par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3. Esta vez interviene la loga
ritmacin. La "comedia" empieza con la desigualdad}\i0 \par\pard\li4893\ri0\sl-213
\i {1 / 4 > 1 / 8}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li76
0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {que es completamente cierta.
Despus siguen las transformaciones}\i0 \par\pard\li4653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li4653\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {(1 / 2)}\i0
> (1 / 2)}\i0 {\super \fs18\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 }\par\pard\li760\
scalex100\i {que tampoco inspira desconfianza. A un nmero mayor le corresponde un
logaritmo tambin}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {mayor; por lo tanto}\i0 \par\pard\li4146\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li4146\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {2 log}\i0 {\sub \fs
18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {10}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { (1/2) > 3 log}
\i0 {\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {10}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { (
1/2)}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\
slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Despus de dividir ambos miembros de la desi
gualdad por log}\i0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {10}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex
100\i { (1/2), tenemos 2>3. Dnde est}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {el error de esta demostracin?}\i0 \par\pard\li7386\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li7386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li73
86\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {preparado por Patricio Barros}
\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\par
d\sect\sectd\sbkpage














r\pard\li760\ri0\sl-453\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0 \par\co
760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El error reside que al simpli
ficar por log}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { (1/2),
}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el signo > no fue sustituido por <; entre tanto,
}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {era necesario ha
cerlo, por cuanto log}{\sub \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 { es un nmero negativo. [Si no se hubieran aplicado los}\par\pard\li760\ri
0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {logaritmos vulgares, sino otros men
ores que el log}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {10}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { (1/2
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {),}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { hubiera sido
positivo, aunque}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
entonces no habramos podido afirmar que a un nmero mayor corresponde un logaritmo
tambin}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mayor.]}\pa

\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {14. Expresar }\b0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {c
ualquier nmero tan slo con tres doses}\b0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Terminemos el libro con un ingenioso rompecabezas algebra
ico que distrajo a los delegados de}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {un congreso fsico celebrado en Odesa.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-2
0\b \i {Problema}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {Proponemos el siguiente problema: expresar cualquier nmero, entero y po
sitivo, mediante tres}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {doses y signos matemticos.}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Solucin}\b0
\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mostremos en un
ejemplo la solucin de este problema. Supongamos que el nmero dado es el 3.}\par\pa
rd\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En este caso el problema
se resuelve as:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666
s18\cf0\par\pard\li4400\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}{ }\fs2
6\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs26\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {log}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs26\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {log}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Es
fcil convencerse de la veracidad de tal igualdad.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En e
fecto:}\par\pard\li5706\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li5706\ri0\sl-253\
slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\par\pard\li4840\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx5
453\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63726X}\tab \fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}{
}\fs22\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63737X}{ }\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par
\pard\li4933\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx5200\*\tx5333\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u63723X}\tab \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\
uc1\u63734X}{ }\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{ }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1
\u63738X}\par\pard\li4840\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u6
3727X}\par\column\pard\li53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li53\ri0\sl-21
{2}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
harscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbk
none\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols11\colno1\colw4640\cols
r-0\colno2\colw200\colsr-0\colno3\colw213\colsr-0\colno4\colw280\colsr-0\colno5\
colw240\colsr-0\colno6\colw306\colsr-0\colno7\colw186\colsr-0\colno8\colw226\col
sr-0\colno9\colw373\colsr-0\colno10\colw133\colsr-0\colno11\colw4640\pard\li4400
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-29
\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63727X}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724
X}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63724X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63727X}\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63725X}\p
ar\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{ }\fs14\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs12\cf0\f1\charsc
alex100 {\uc1\u63735X}\fs12\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63735X}\par\pard\li0\ri0

\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63736X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63738X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
93\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u63738X}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{ }\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\column\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx186\fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1
\charscalex100 {=}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {2}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\p
\colno1\colw5440\colsr-0\colno2\colw226\colsr-0\colno3\colw5773\pard\li4760\ri0\
sl-466\slmult0 \*\tx5226\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {log}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {2}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-240\slmult0 \fs10\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs10\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {3}\par\column\pard\li333\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc
1\u8722X}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}{\super \fs14\up4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\par\pard\se
ct\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li5093\ri0
\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li4813\ri0\sl-306\slmult
0 \*\tx5440\*\tx5813\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {log}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs14\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\u
c1\u8722X}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\tab \fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840
\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li5306\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {2}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si el nmero
dado fuera 5, resolveramos el problema por los mismos}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {procedimientos:}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone
olno2\colw4960\pard\li4213\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4213\ri0\sl-2
00 {5}{ }\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs26\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722
X}{ }\fs26\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {log}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs26\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {log}{\sub \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Se t
iene presente que siendo la raz cuadrada, se omite el ndice de la misma.}\par\pard
\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La solucin general del prob
lema es como sigue: si el nmero dado es}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {N,}\i0 {
}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {entonces}\par\pard\li7386\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
lex100 {preparado por Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\p
ghsxn15840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage







f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {N}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {=}{ }\fs
24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8722X}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {log}{\sub \fs14
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {log}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {2}}\par\column\pard\li173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li17
ard\li173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li173\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx66
6\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\ul {...}\ul0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx413\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1}\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {4}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\ta
b \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {4}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-160\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Nve
ces}\i0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Yako
v Perelman}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn666\marg
rsxn133\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Adems,
el nmero de radicales es igual al nmero de unidades del nmero dado.}\par\pard\li760
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i \ul {Volver}\i0 \ul0 \par\pard\

86\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {preparado por Patricio Barros}\par}

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3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186

l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li8186\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li

slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Velada}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f

4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E1 mayor nmero primo conocido}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\

lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li120\ri0\

6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Expresar cualquier nmero tan slo con tres do

60\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\pard\l

ar\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {expresada tambin en

a partir de \uc1\u8211X273C). Esto significa que si calentamos un cuerpo}\par\pa

\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Patricio Barros}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn

\li760\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1 cm}{\super \fs18\up4\cf0

lmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algebra Recreativa}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-213

60\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gramo de madera sin llama ni c

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on guarismos del 0 al 9. De stos, tan slo el 8 es "aciago", por lo cual, de cada}\

ciclista en cuestin.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1

a travs de una lmpara: bien por la de la "izquierda" o por la de la}\par\pard\li76

hallan en la posicin 0. Por}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char

{unidad, un cuatro; la otra, un ocho, etc.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \f

respuesta en la serie}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale

divisin y otras operaciones.}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char

s a elegir. En lo}\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100

0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li760\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch

s que mova la mano de un gran mueco. Antes de empezar el juego se}\par\pard\li760\

par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {-0,5}\par\par

pard\li760\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mucho mejor.}\par\pard

aciones de 10 o ms jugadas por anticipado.}\par\pard\li8373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f

calex100\i {a}\i0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i { > 11a?}\i0 \par\pard\li760\ri0

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