Digital Signal Processing a Emmanuel C. lfeachor Barrie W. Jervis =we on Ue 90 002 rs and Bare W Jers to Be iene we pee me eecce nee Seem “Aa me no pt et ptt ny ec ‘ twenty a ar ee pe i ig a Firelon indy Ct Carag yon Ia cand LWP i Lee mn cel pen mal tc Se We en lec ces de tam ocs-accs gate as ee 2 ar ovoriiie Weeresesay 8 OH os oh a Ee mee ul 12 13 4 15 16 19 eee a rai cy Preface Introduction Digital signal processing and its benefits Application areas Key DSP operations 1341 Convolution 132 Correlation 1333 Digital filtering 134 Diserete transformation 1.35 Modulation Digital signal processors ‘Overview of real-world applications of DSP Audio applications of DSP 1.6.1. Digital audio rising 1.6.2 Speech synthesis and recognition 1.6.3 The compact disc digital audio system Telecommunication applications of DSP 1.7.1 Digital cellular mobile telephony, 1.7.2 Settop box for digital television reception 1.7.3 Adaptive telephone echo cancellation ‘Biomedical applications of DSP 1181 Fetal ECG monitoring i 1.82 DSP-based closed loop controlled anaesthesia Summary27 28 210 2 22 nt es ‘Analog 1/0 interface for realtime DSP systems ‘Typical realtime DSP systems oalog to-igital conversion process Sampling ~ lowpass and bendpass signals 25.1 Sampling lowpass signals 23:2 Sampling bandpass signals Uniform and non-uniform quantization and encoding 24.) Unilorm quantization and encoding (linear pulse code ‘modulation (PCM) 242 Non-uniform quantiation and encoding (nonlinear PCM) ‘Oversatnpling in A/D conversion 25.1 Inttoduction 25.2 Oversampling end anti-aliasing fering 7533 Oversampling and ADC resolution 254 An application of oversempling ~ single-bit (oversampling) ADC Digital-to-analog conversion process: signal recovery The DAC “Antiaging fering ‘Oversampling in D/A conversion 23.4 Oversampling D/A conversion in the CD player Constraints of reahtime signal processing with analog, input/output signals ‘Application examples Summary Problems ferences Bibliography Discrete transforms {ntroduction 5). Fourier series 3.12 The Founer transform DPT 4nd its inverse ‘Properies of the DFT 7 asses 65 66. oe n n n ” 78 a4 86 86 87 91 92 2 102 02 104 104 106 105 nt 18 34 35 36 37 38 39 ay 42 43 4a 45 Computational comply of the OFF The decimation inti ts Four anon algo 3.5.1 The butterfly =e = 3.5.2 Ago development 3.5.3 Computational advantages ofthe FET Inverse ast Four arto Implementation ofthe FFT 3.21 The decinaton i equency FET 32.2 Compson of Of and DIF agorthms 3.73 Modesto lorineieased speed Other discrete tenstoms 38,1 Discrete cosine transform 3.82 Walsh transiorm 5383 Hadamard tansiom 3.34 Wavelet tansorm 385 Mulizesolution anahsis bythe wavelet method 3.86 Signal epresenation by singularities: he wavelet transform method ‘An application ofthe DCT: image compression 35.1 The Dscete Cosine tanstonm 392 20 OCT eostiert quantization 393 Coding Worked exams Problems Relerences Appendices AC language progam fr drect DFT computation 38 C progam for radia decimation-- ie FET 3C Der and FF wth MATLAB Relerences for Appendices The z-transform and its applications in signal processing Discrete-time signals and systems The z-transform The inverse z-transform 43.1. Power series method, 43.2. Partial fraction expansion method 433. Residue method 43.4 Comparison of the inverse ztransfoim methods. Properties of the z-transform Some applications of the z-transform in signal processing. 120 a) 12 128. 132 132 133 134 138 134 135 135 136 139 rat 144, 147 151 152 153 153 154 158, 18 18 167 170 m1 172 ws 174 179 179, 182 188 198 197Ee a “45, Pole-ter0 description of discrete-time systems 197 Contents = ente aa aera 200 54 Implementation of correlation and : jon of Requeney response 55 Applal ean and convk 124 Gree computer evaluation of frequency response 204 * eae = Bi 355. Frequency response estimation via FFT 205, 552. Comolute 2 256 Frequency unis used in discrete-time systems 205, 56 eee a 45. Stability considerations on en sor 458 Dilerence equetions se ree 30 439 Impulse response ol peo an 45.10 Appheations ni a Append 3 E11 Revlztion structures for digital filter language program for comy ae ial ies 23 Pog lo comping con an mtonlton 316 Problems ais robles ie By 4 tramenork tor aigital titer design sory Bs Induction eta es oid 48 Recursive algorithm forthe inverse z transform es $s Coa Cee 0 435 € program for evaluating the inverse z transform and for = sor ae a ne mine uae sree coerce, os 4 ees = ‘program for estimating frequency response 1 Speaiicaion ofthe fer rq Zs ees eee ar mi G42 Coden ealliion 304 Peco Npentces 643 Representation of af 7 2 22! epee tt eam tiny chs eect sie oak 32 FEE coneiation and convolution 6 Marston ean oes 242 65 Summary 358 5.1 Introduction a. Problems 339 52. Contlation description a Relerence Ed 521 Coss and autocontelation aE Bilopephy’ a 522. Applications of corelation ae =p 523 Fast comelation aol 7] tt coscspeon 267 Finite impulse response (FIR) fier design 53.1 Properties of convolution ae 721 Intioduaion = Gay Coda comokton 282 THI Summary o key characteristic feat ce 533 System identification 285 732 Linear phase n ee 33 Bas pee eth ns pee espanse and is implications a Be aa ypes of linear phase AR fiers Blind deconvolution 7.2 FR ter de i 534 fut net emotion a So eee 389 1 IO teat = iter specications ee eas areas ltl toicton 285 7.4 FR eoeficient calculation methods ay 234) Sef mel % 230 75 Window method ae f ms 292 75.1. Some comman wind a 5310 Oveop sae tind ; ig2 onan window ancong = 3511 Compton! nvrtoges tet cmon by secning 300 752 Summary of the window method of calculating FIR a Np between convolution and correlation 301 sap Miatpemmene oh Advantages and disadvantages ofthe window method 36676 77 78 79 7319 m m2 713 7a 75 “The optimal method 761 Basic concepts 7 Fe2_ Parameters requited to use the optimal program TES Relationships for estimating fiter length, N Fea Summary of proceduce for calculating Fiter coefficients by the optimal method 765. thusrative examples Frequency method Fey Nr remvenc samp ites 772 Recursive frequency sarnpling filters ki 43. Frequency sampling filters with simple coeficients 774 Summary ofthe frequency sampling method ‘Compatson ofthe wandow, optimum and frequency sampling methods Fi iter design topics 791 Hall-band FR fiters F792 Frequency transformation 793 Computationaly efficient FR fiers Realization structures for FIR fiters 710.1 Transversal structire 7.102 Linear phase structure 7103 Other structures 7.104 Choosing between structures Finite wordlength effects in FIR digital filters 7111 Coefficient quantization errors 7.13.2 Roundoff errors 7.113 Overiow entors {1% implementation techniques Design example ‘Summary ‘Application examples of i filters Probiems Relerences Bibliography: Appendices 7A C programs for FAR fier design 7H. FR filter design with MATLAB Design of infinite impulse response (\IR) digital filters Introduction: summary of the basic features of 1 fiers ‘Design stages for digital ie filters 367 367 370 371 372 a3 380 380 389 390 398 398 402 402 404 406 407 407 408 410 a0 au 412 419 419 420 422 425 425, 426 435 436 437 440 as 84 as 86 a7 Be ag a0 ail B12 B13 ana a5 816 B17 818 Performance specification Coefficient calculation methods fr ie fiters Pole-zero placement method of coefficient calculation 85.1. Basic concepts and illustrative design examples {mpulse invariant method of coefficient calculation 851 Basic concepts and illustrative design examples 8.62 Summary of the impulse invariant method 883 Remarks on the impulse imariant method Matched z-transform (MZT) method of coeffident calculation 8.7.1 Basic concepts and ilustaive design examples 8:72 Summary of the matched z-translorm method 8.73. Rematks on the matched rtransform method Bilinear z-transform (821) method of coetcient caleulation 88.1 Basic concepts and illustrative design examples 882 Summary of the BZT method of coefficient calculation 883 Comments onthe bilinear transformation method Use of BZT and clssical analog fiters to design fiers 89.1 Characteristic features of classical analog fers 892 The BZI methodology using classical analog fers 833 ilustrative design examples (lowpass highpass, bandpass and bandstp fiers) Calculating I fiter coefficients by mapping plane poles and zeros 8.10.1 Basie concepts 8.102 Ilustratve examples Using ft fiter design programs Choice of coefficient calculation methods or filters 8.121 Nyquist eect Realization structures for IR digital ters 8.13.1 Practical building blocks for fiers 8.13.2 Cascade and parallel realization structure for higher-order UR fers Finite wordlength effects in UR fiters 8.14.1 Coefficient quantization erors Implementation of fiers A detailed design example ofan IR cgi fiter Summary ‘Application examples in digital audio and instrumentation 8118.1 Digital audio 8.182 Digital contol 8.18.3 Digital frequency oscillators ant a7 475 478. 483 491 505, 508 310 517 518 $20 524 526 529 330 535 536 536 536 536