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Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
Mathematics 53
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For today
Limits at Innity
Continuity of Functions
Mathematics 53
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For today
Limits at Innity
Continuity of Functions
Mathematics 53
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Illustration
1 . What happens as x increases or decreases without bound? x
Consider: f ( x ) =
Mathematics 53
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Illustration
1 . What happens as x increases or decreases without bound? x f (x)
Consider: f ( x ) =
Mathematics 53
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Illustration
1 . What happens as x increases or decreases without bound? x f (x)
Consider: f ( x ) =
x 1
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Illustration
1 . What happens as x increases or decreases without bound? x f (x) 1
Consider: f ( x ) =
x 1
Mathematics 53
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Illustration
1 . What happens as x increases or decreases without bound? x f (x) 1
Consider: f ( x ) =
x 1 10
Mathematics 53
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Illustration
1 . What happens as x increases or decreases without bound? x f (x) 1 0.1
Consider: f ( x ) =
x 1 10
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Illustration
1 . What happens as x increases or decreases without bound? x f (x) 1 0.1
Consider: f ( x ) =
x 1 10 1000
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Illustration
1 . What happens as x increases or decreases without bound? x f (x) 1 0.1 0.001
Consider: f ( x ) =
x 1 10 1000
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Illustration
1 . What happens as x increases or decreases without bound? x f (x) 1 0.1 0.001 0.000001 0.000000001
Consider: f ( x ) =
Mathematics 53
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Illustration
1 . What happens as x increases or decreases without bound? x f (x) 1 0.1 0.001 0.000001 0.000000001
Consider: f ( x ) =
As x +, f ( x ) 0.
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Illustration
1 . What happens as x increases or decreases without bound? x f (x) 1 0.1 0.001 0.000001 0.000000001 x f (x)
Consider: f ( x ) =
As x +, f ( x ) 0.
Mathematics 53
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Illustration
1 . What happens as x increases or decreases without bound? x f (x) 1 0.1 0.001 0.000001 0.000000001 x f (x)
Consider: f ( x ) =
As x +, f ( x ) 0. As x , f ( x ) 0.
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Illustration
f (x) =
1 x
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Intuitive Denition
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Intuitive Denition
We say that the limit of f ( x ) as x approaches positive innity is L
Mathematics 53
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Intuitive Denition
We say that the limit of f ( x ) as x approaches positive innity is L if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x increase without bound.
Mathematics 53
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Intuitive Denition
We say that the limit of f ( x ) as x approaches positive innity is L if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x increase without bound. Notation:
x +
lim f ( x ) = L
Mathematics 53
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Intuitive Denition
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Intuitive Denition
We say that the limit of f ( x ) as x approaches negative innity is L
Mathematics 53
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Intuitive Denition
We say that the limit of f ( x ) as x approaches negative innity is L if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x decrease without bound.
Mathematics 53
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Intuitive Denition
We say that the limit of f ( x ) as x approaches negative innity is L if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x decrease without bound. Notation:
x
lim f ( x ) = L
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Example
Let f ( x ) =
Mathematics 53
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Example
Let f ( x ) =
We write:
0
1 = 0 and x
x +
lim
lim
Mathematics 53
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Horizontal Asymptotes
Denition
The line y = L is a horizontal asymptote of the graph of y = f ( x ) if
Mathematics 53
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Horizontal Asymptotes
Denition
The line y = L is a horizontal asymptote of the graph of y = f ( x ) if
x
lim f ( x ) = L or
x +
lim f ( x ) = L
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Horizontal Asymptotes
Denition
The line y = L is a horizontal asymptote of the graph of y = f ( x ) if
x
lim f ( x ) = L or
x +
lim f ( x ) = L
y=L
y=L
y=L
y=L
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Example
lim 1 1 = 0 and lim =0 x x x
f (x) =
1 x
y=0
4 2
0 2 4
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Limit Theorems
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . x x
x x x
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] =
lim f ( x )
lim g( x )
= L1 L2
lim
lim f ( x )
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Limit Theorems
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L and n
x
N, n > 1.
n
x x
x
n
lim f ( x ) lim f ( x ) =
= Ln n
L, provided that L > 0 when n is even.
f (x) =
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Examples
x +
lim x
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Examples
x +
lim x = +
Mathematics 53
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Examples
x +
2
lim x = + lim x
Mathematics 53
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Examples
x +
2
lim x = + lim x =
Mathematics 53
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Examples
x +
2
x
3
x +
Mathematics 53
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Examples
x +
2
x
3
x +
Mathematics 53
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Examples
x +
2
x
3
x +
4
lim x2
Mathematics 53
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Examples
x +
2
x
3
x +
4
lim x2 = +
Mathematics 53
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Examples
x +
2
x +
lim 6
x
3
x +
4
lim x2 = +
Mathematics 53
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Examples
x +
2
x +
lim 6 = 6
x
3
x +
4
lim x2 = +
Mathematics 53
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Examples
x +
2
x +
6
lim 6 = 6 lim
x
3
x +
4
lim x2 = +
Mathematics 53
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Examples
x +
2
x +
6
lim 6 = 6 lim =
x
3
x +
4
lim x2 = +
Mathematics 53
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Examples
x +
2
x +
6
lim 6 = 6 lim = 1 x
x
3
x
7
x +
4
lim x2 = +
x +
lim
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Examples
x +
2
x +
6
lim 6 = 6 lim = 1 =0 x
x
3
x
7
x +
4
lim x2 = +
x +
lim
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Examples
x +
2
x +
6
lim 6 = 6 lim =
x
3
x
7
x +
4
lim x2 = +
1 =0 x 1 lim x x
x +
lim
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Examples
x +
2
x +
6
lim 6 = 6 lim =
x
3
x
7
x +
4
lim x2 = +
1 =0 x 1 lim =0 x x
x +
lim
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Theorem
Mathematics 53
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Theorem
1
If c
R, then x c lim
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Theorem
1
If c
R, then x c = c. lim
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Theorem
1
If c
R, then x c = c. lim
x
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Theorem
1
If c
R, then x c = c. lim
x
Mathematics 53
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Theorem
1
If c
R, then x c = c. lim
x
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Theorem
1
If c
R, then x c = c. lim
x
x +
lim x n =
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Theorem
1
If c
R, then x c = c. lim
x
x +
lim x n = +
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Theorem
1
If c
R, then x c = c. lim
x
x +
lim x n = + lim x n =
Mathematics 53
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Theorem
1
If c
R, then x c = c. lim
x
x +
lim x n = + lim x n =
Mathematics 53
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Theorem
1
If c
R, then x c = c. lim
x
x +
lim x n = + lim x n =
lim
1 xn
Mathematics 53
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Theorem
1
If c
R, then x c = c. lim
x
x +
lim x n = + lim x n =
lim
1 =0 xn
Mathematics 53
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Theorem
1
If c
R, then x c = c. lim
x
x +
lim x n = + lim x n =
lim
x +
x +
x +
lim
f (x) = g( x )
Mathematics 53
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Theorem
1
If c
R, then x c = c. lim
x
x +
lim x n = + lim x n =
lim
x +
x +
x +
lim
f (x) = 0. g( x )
Mathematics 53
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Theorem
1
If c
R, then x c = c. lim
x
x +
lim x n = + lim x n =
lim
x +
x +
x +
lim
f (x) = 0. g( x )
Example
x +
lim ( x4 2x3 )
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Example
x +
lim ( x4 2x3 )
( )
Mathematics 53
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Example
x +
lim ( x4 2x3 )
x +
( )
= lim
Mathematics 53
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Example
x +
lim ( x4 2x3 )
x +
( )
= lim x4
Mathematics 53
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Example
x +
lim ( x4 2x3 )
x +
( )
= lim x4
Mathematics 53
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Example
x +
lim ( x4 2x3 )
x +
( )
= lim x4 1
Mathematics 53
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Example
x +
lim ( x4 2x3 )
x +
( )
2 x
= lim x4 1
Mathematics 53
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Example
x +
lim ( x4 2x3 )
x +
( )
2 x
= lim x4 1
(+)
Mathematics 53
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Example
x +
lim ( x4 2x3 )
x +
( )
2 x
= lim x4 1
(+)(1
Mathematics 53
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Example
x +
lim ( x4 2x3 )
x +
( )
2 x
= lim x4 1
(+)(1 0)
Mathematics 53
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Example
x +
lim ( x4 2x3 )
x +
( )
2 x
= lim x4 1 = +
(+)(1 0)
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Example
lim (3x5 x4 + 2x 4)
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Example
lim (3x5 x4 + 2x 4)
x
= lim
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Example
lim (3x5 x4 + 2x 4)
x
= lim x5
Mathematics 53
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Example
lim (3x5 x4 + 2x 4)
x
= lim x5
Mathematics 53
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Example
lim (3x5 x4 + 2x 4)
x
= lim x5 3
Mathematics 53
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Example
lim (3x5 x4 + 2x 4)
x
= lim x5 3
1 x
Mathematics 53
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Example
lim (3x5 x4 + 2x 4)
x
= lim x5 3
1 2 + 4 x x
Mathematics 53
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Example
lim (3x5 x4 + 2x 4)
x
= lim x5 3
1 2 4 + 4 5 x x x
Mathematics 53
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Example
lim (3x5 x4 + 2x 4)
x
= lim x5 3
1 2 4 + 4 5 x x x
()
Mathematics 53
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Example
lim (3x5 x4 + 2x 4)
x
= lim x5 3
1 2 4 + 4 5 x x x
()(3 0 + 0 0)
Mathematics 53
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Example
lim (3x5 x4 + 2x 4)
x
= lim x5 3 =
1 2 4 + 4 5 x x x
()(3 0 + 0 0)
Mathematics 53
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Example
lim (3x5 x4 + 2x 4)
x
= lim x5 3 =
1 2 4 + 4 5 x x x
()(3 0 + 0 0)
In general, if f ( x ) is a polynomial function, then lim f ( x ) depends only on the leading term.
x
Mathematics 53
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Examples
x +
lim
1 x3 4
Mathematics 53
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Examples
x +
lim
1 x3 4
Mathematics 53
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Examples
x +
lim
1 x3 4
1 +
Mathematics 53
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Examples
x +
lim
1 x3 4
1 +
x +
lim
1 =0 x3 4
Mathematics 53
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Examples
x +
lim
1 x3 4
1 +
x +
lim
1 =0 x3 4
lim
3x2 2x
5 x2
Mathematics 53
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Examples
x +
lim
1 x3 4
1 +
x +
lim
1 =0 x3 4
lim
3x2 2x
5 x2 5 x2
lim
(3x2 2x )
Mathematics 53
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Examples
x +
lim
1 x3 4
1 +
x +
lim
1 =0 x3 4
lim
3x2 2x
5 x2 5 x2
lim
(3x2 2x )
(+
Mathematics 53
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Examples
x +
lim
1 x3 4
1 +
x +
lim
1 =0 x3 4
lim
3x2 2x
5 x2 5 x2
lim
(3x2 2x )
(+ 0)
Mathematics 53
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Examples
x +
lim
1 x3 4
1 +
x +
lim
1 =0 x3 4
lim
3x2 2x
5 x2 5 x2
lim
(3x2 2x )
(+ 0)
= +
Mathematics 53
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Illustration
Evaluate: lim
x1 . x + 3x + 1
Mathematics 53
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Illustration
x1 . x + 3x + 1
x +
lim ( x 1)
Mathematics 53
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Illustration
x1 . x + 3x + 1
x +
lim ( x 1) = +
Mathematics 53
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Illustration
x1 . x + 3x + 1
x +
x +
Mathematics 53
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Illustration
x1 . x + 3x + 1
x +
x +
Mathematics 53
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Illustration
x1 . x + 3x + 1
x 1 3x +1
x +
x +
Mathematics 53
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Illustration
x1 . x + 3x + 1
x 1 3x +1
x +
x +
f (x) 1 as x + 3
It seems that
Mathematics 53
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Denition
Mathematics 53
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Denition
Suppose f ( x ) and g( x ) as x a.
Mathematics 53
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Denition
Suppose f ( x ) and g( x ) as x a. Then
xa
lim
f (x) g( x )
Mathematics 53
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Denition
Suppose f ( x ) and g( x ) as x a. Then
xa
lim
f (x) g( x )
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate: lim
x +
x1 3x + 1
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate: lim Solution:
x +
x1 3x + 1
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate: lim Solution:
x + x +
x1 3x + 1
lim
x1 3x + 1
+ +
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate: lim Solution:
x + x +
x1 3x + 1
lim
x1 3x + 1
1 x 1 x
+ +
= lim
x1 x + 3x + 1
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate: lim Solution:
x + x +
x1 3x + 1
lim
x1 3x + 1
1 x 1 x
+ +
= lim = lim
x1 x + 3x + 1 1 3+
x + 1 x 1 x
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate: lim Solution:
x + x +
x1 3x + 1
lim
x1 3x + 1
1 x 1 x
+ +
= lim = lim =
x1 x + 3x + 1 1 3+
x + 1 x 1 x
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate: lim Solution:
x + x +
x1 3x + 1
lim
x1 3x + 1
1 x 1 x
+ +
= lim = lim =
1
x1 x + 3x + 1 1 3+
x + 1 x 1 x
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate: lim Solution:
x + x +
x1 3x + 1
lim
x1 3x + 1
1 x 1 x
+ +
= lim = lim =
x1 x + 3x + 1 1 3+
x + 1 x 1 x
1+0
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate: lim Solution:
x + x +
x1 3x + 1
lim
x1 3x + 1
1 x 1 x
+ +
= lim = lim =
x1 x + 3x + 1 1 3+
x + 1 x 1 x
1+0 3
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate: lim Solution:
x + x +
x1 3x + 1
lim
x1 3x + 1
1 x 1 x
+ +
= lim = lim =
x1 x + 3x + 1 1 3+
x + 1 x 1 x
1+0 30
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate: lim Solution:
x + x +
x1 3x + 1
lim
x1 3x + 1
1 x 1 x
+ +
= lim = lim =
x1 x + 3x + 1 1 3+
x + 1 x 1 x
1+0 1 = 3 30
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate: lim Solution:
x + x +
x1 3x + 1
lim
x1 3x + 1
1 x 1 x
+ +
= lim = lim =
x1 x + 3x + 1 1 3+
x + 1 x 1 x
1+0 1 = 3 30
Technique: Multiply the numerator and denominator by x1n , where n is the degree of the denominator.
Mathematics 53
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Example
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1
Evaluate: lim
Mathematics 53
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Example
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1
Mathematics 53
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Example
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1
Mathematics 53
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Example
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1
1 x4 1 x4
= lim
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1
Mathematics 53
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Example
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1
1 x4 1 x4
= lim = lim
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1
1 x
1 x2
2 x2
+
1 x3
3 x4
x +
1 x4
Mathematics 53
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Example
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1
1 x4 1 x4
= lim = lim =
0 4
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1
1 x
1 x2
2 x2
+
1 x3
3 x4
x +
1 x4
Mathematics 53
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Example
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1
1 x4 1 x4
= lim = lim =
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1
1 x
1 x2
2 x2
+
1 x3
3 x4
x +
1 x4
0 =0 4
Mathematics 53
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Recall
x2 = | x | =
x,
x0
x, x < 0
Mathematics 53
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Recall
x2 = | x | =
x,
x0
x, x < 0
Note:
x2 = x as x + x2 = x as x
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate: lim
x +
x2 3 x+2
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate: lim
x +
x2 3 x+2
Mathematics 53
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Example
x2 3 x+2
Mathematics 53
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Example
x2 3 x+2
x +
lim
x2 3 = x+2
Mathematics 53
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Example
x2 3 x+2
1 x2 1 x2
x +
lim
x2 3 x2 3 = lim x + x + 2 x+2
Mathematics 53
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Example
x2 3 x+2
1 x2 1 x2
x +
lim
x2 3 x2 3 = lim x + x + 2 x+2
x2 = x as x +
Mathematics 53
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Example
x2 3 x+2
1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 1 x
x +
lim
x2 = x as x +
x2 3 x+2
Mathematics 53
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Example
x2 3 x+2
1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 1 x
x +
lim
x2 = x as x +
x2 3 x+2
x 2 3 x2 x +2 x
= lim
x +
Mathematics 53
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Example
x2 3 x+2
1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 1 x
x +
lim
x2 = x as x +
x2 3 x+2
x 2 3 x2 x +2 x
= lim
x +
= lim
x +
1+
3 x2 2 x
Mathematics 53
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Example
x2 3 x+2
1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 1 x
x +
lim
x2 = x as x +
x2 3 x+2
x 2 3 x2 x +2 x
= lim
x +
= lim =
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
x +
1+
3 x2 2 x
1
Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point Mathematics 53 23 / 60
Example
x2 3 x+2
1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 1 x
x +
lim
x2 = x as x +
x2 3 x+2
x 2 3 x2 x +2 x
= lim
x +
= lim =
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
x +
1+
3 x2 2 x
10
Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point Mathematics 53 23 / 60
Example
x2 3 x+2
1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 1 x
x +
lim
x2 = x as x +
x2 3 x+2
x 2 3 x2 x +2 x
= lim
x +
= lim =
x +
1+
3 x2 2 x
10 1
Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point Mathematics 53 23 / 60
Example
x2 3 x+2
1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 1 x
x +
lim
x2 = x as x +
x2 3 x+2
x 2 3 x2 x +2 x
= lim
x +
= lim =
x +
1+
3 x2 2 x
10 1+0
Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point Mathematics 53 23 / 60
Example
x2 3 x+2
1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 1 x
x +
lim
x2 = x as x +
x2 3 x+2
x 2 3 x2 x +2 x
= lim
x +
= lim =
x +
1+
3 x2 2 x
10 =1 1+0
Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point Mathematics 53 23 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2 1
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
Solution:
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
Solution:
x
3x + 1 lim = 4x2 1
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
+
1 x2 1 x2
Solution:
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
+
1 x2 1 x2
Solution:
x2 = x as x
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
+
1 x2 1 x2 1 x 1 x2
Solution:
x2 = x as x
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
+
1 x2 1 x2 1 x 1 x2
Solution:
x2 = x as x
= lim
3x +1 x 4x2 1 x2
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
+
1 x2 1 x2 1 x 1 x2
Solution:
x2 = x as x
= lim
3x +1 x 4x2 1 x2
= lim
3
4
1 x 1 x2
Mathematics 53
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Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
+
1 x2 1 x2 1 x 1 x2
Solution:
x2 = x as x
= lim
3x +1 x 4x2 1 x2
= lim =
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
3
4
1 x 1 x2
Mathematics 53
24 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
+
1 x2 1 x2 1 x 1 x2
Solution:
x2 = x as x
= lim
3x +1 x 4x2 1 x2
= lim = 3
3
4
1 x 1 x2
Mathematics 53
24 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
+
1 x2 1 x2 1 x 1 x2
Solution:
x2 = x as x
= lim
3x +1 x 4x2 1 x2
= lim
3
4
1 x 1 x2
30 =
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point Mathematics 53 24 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
+
1 x2 1 x2 1 x 1 x2
Solution:
x2 = x as x
= lim
3x +1 x 4x2 1 x2
= lim
3
4
1 x 1 x2
30 = 4
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point Mathematics 53 24 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
+
1 x2 1 x2 1 x 1 x2
Solution:
x2 = x as x
= lim
3x +1 x 4x2 1 x2
= lim
3
4
1 x 1 x2
30 = 40
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point Mathematics 53 24 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
+
1 x2 1 x2 1 x 1 x2
Solution:
x2 = x as x
= lim
3x +1 x 4x2 1 x2
= lim
3
4
1 x 1 x2
30 3 = = 2 40
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point Mathematics 53 24 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
9x2 x + 3x
Mathematics 53
25 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
9x2 x + 3x
( )
Mathematics 53
25 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
9x2 x + 3x 9x2 x + 3x
( )
Solution: lim
Mathematics 53
25 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
9x2 x + 3x 9x2
( )
9x2
Solution: lim
x + 3x = lim
9x2 x 3x x + 3x 9x2 x 3x
Mathematics 53
25 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
9x2 x + 3x 9x2
( )
9x2
Solution: lim
x + 3x = lim
9x2 x 3x x + 3x 9x2 x 3x
= lim
x
x 9x2 x 3x
Mathematics 53
25 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
9x2 x + 3x 9x2
( )
9x2
Solution: lim
x + 3x = lim
1 x2 1 x2
9x2 x 3x x + 3x 9x2 x 3x
= lim
x
x 9x2 x 3x
Mathematics 53
25 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
9x2 x + 3x 9x2
( )
9x2
Solution: lim
x + 3x = lim
1 x2 1 x2
9x2 x 3x x + 3x 9x2 x 3x
= lim
x
x 9x2 x 3x
x2 = x as x
Mathematics 53
25 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
9x2 x + 3x 9x2
( )
9x2
Solution: lim
x + 3x = lim
1 x2 1 x2
9x2 x 3x x + 3x 9x2 x 3x
= lim
x
x 9x2 x 3x
x2 = x as x
= lim
x
1 x 1x 9x2 x 3x 2
x
Mathematics 53
25 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
9x2 x + 3x 9x2
( )
9x2
Solution: lim
x + 3x = lim
1 x2 1 x2
9x2 x 3x x + 3x 9x2 x 3x
= lim
x
x 9x2 x 3x
x2 = x as x
= lim
x
= lim
1 x 1x 9x2 x 3x 2 x 1 1 9 +3 x
Mathematics 53
25 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
9x2 x + 3x 9x2
( )
9x2
Solution: lim
x + 3x = lim
1 x2 1 x2
9x2 x 3x x + 3x 9x2 x 3x
= lim
x
x 9x2 x 3x
x2 = x as x
= lim
x
= lim
1 x 1x 9x2 x 3x 2 x 1 1 9 +3 x
1 6
Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point Mathematics 53 25 / 60
For today
Limits at Innity
Continuity of Functions
Mathematics 53
26 / 60
Mathematics 53
27 / 60
Continuity at a point
Denition
Mathematics 53
28 / 60
Continuity at a point
Denition
A function f ( x ) is said to be continuous at x = a if the following three conditions are satised:
Mathematics 53
28 / 60
Continuity at a point
Denition
A function f ( x ) is said to be continuous at x = a if the following three conditions are satised:
1
f is dened at x = a;
Mathematics 53
28 / 60
Continuity at a point
Denition
A function f ( x ) is said to be continuous at x = a if the following three conditions are satised:
1
f is dened at x = a;
xa
Mathematics 53
28 / 60
Continuity at a point
Denition
A function f ( x ) is said to be continuous at x = a if the following three conditions are satised:
1
f is dened at x = a;
xa
Mathematics 53
28 / 60
Continuity at a point
Denition
A function f ( x ) is said to be continuous at x = a if the following three conditions are satised:
1
f is dened at x = a;
xa
Mathematics 53
28 / 60
Graphical Example
4 3 2 1 0
f ( x ) = 3x 1
Mathematics 53
29 / 60
Graphical Example
4 3 2 1 0
f ( x ) = 3x 1
f ( x ) = 3x 1 is continuous at x = 1.
Mathematics 53
29 / 60
Graphical Example
4 3 2 1 0
g( x ) =
3x2 4x + 1 x1
Mathematics 53
30 / 60
Graphical Example
4 3 2 1 0
g( x ) =
3x2 4x + 1 x1
g( x ) =
Mathematics 53
30 / 60
Graphical Example
1 h( x ) = x
2 1
1 1 2 3
Mathematics 53
31 / 60
Graphical Example
1 h( x ) = x
2 1
1 1 2 3
h( x ) =
Mathematics 53
31 / 60
Graphical Example
1 h( x ) = x
2 1
1 1 2 3
Graphical Example
1 1
Mathematics 53
32 / 60
Graphical Example
1 1
Mathematics 53
32 / 60
Example
Let f ( x ) = x3 + x2 2.
Mathematics 53
33 / 60
Example
Let f ( x ) = x3 + x2 2.
f (1) = 0
Mathematics 53
33 / 60
Example
Let f ( x ) = x3 + x2 2.
f (1) = 0
Also, lim f ( x ) = f (1) = 0.
x 1
Mathematics 53
33 / 60
Example
Let f ( x ) = x3 + x2 2.
f (1) = 0
Also, lim f ( x ) = f (1) = 0.
x 1
Therefore, f is continuous at x = 1.
Mathematics 53
33 / 60
Example
Let f ( x ) = x3 + x2 2.
f (1) = 0
Also, lim f ( x ) = f (1) = 0.
x 1
Mathematics 53
33 / 60
Example
Let f ( x ) =
x2 x 2 . x2
Mathematics 53
34 / 60
Example
Let f ( x ) =
1
x2 x 2 . x2 f is discontinuous at x = 2. (why?)
Mathematics 53
34 / 60
Example
Let f ( x ) =
1
x2 x 2 . x2 f is discontinuous at x = 2. (why?)
Let a
R \ {2}
Mathematics 53
34 / 60
Example
Let f ( x ) =
1
x2 x 2 . x2 f is discontinuous at x = 2. (why?)
Let a
R \ {2}
Mathematics 53
34 / 60
Example
Let f ( x ) =
1
x2 x 2 . x2 f is discontinuous at x = 2. (why?)
Let a
R \ {2}
lim f ( x ) = f ( a)
Mathematics 53
34 / 60
Example
Let f ( x ) =
1
x2 x 2 . x2 f is discontinuous at x = 2. (why?)
Let a
R \ {2}
lim f ( x ) = f ( a)
R \ {2}.
Mathematics 53
34 / 60
Remark
If f is a polynomial or a rational function and f ( a) is dened, then f is continuous at x = a.
Mathematics 53
35 / 60
Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let g( x ) = 0,
x=2 x=2
Mathematics 53
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Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let g( x ) = 0, g (2) = 0
x=2 x=2
Mathematics 53
36 / 60
Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let g( x ) = 0, g (2) = 0
x 2
x=2 x=2
lim g( x )
Mathematics 53
36 / 60
Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let g( x ) = 0, g (2) = 0
x 2
x=2 x=2
lim g( x ) = lim
x 2
x2 x 2 x2
Mathematics 53
36 / 60
Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let g( x ) = 0, g (2) = 0
x 2
x=2 x=2
lim g( x ) = lim
x 2
x2 x 2 = lim ( x + 1) x2 x 2
Mathematics 53
36 / 60
Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let g( x ) = 0, g (2) = 0
x 2
x=2 x=2
lim g( x ) = lim
x 2
x2 x 2 = lim ( x + 1) = 3 x2 x 2
Mathematics 53
36 / 60
Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let g( x ) = 0, g (2) = 0
x=2 x=2
Mathematics 53
36 / 60
Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let g( x ) = 0, g (2) = 0
x=2 x=2
Therefore, g is discontinuous at x = 2.
Mathematics 53
36 / 60
Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let h( x ) = 3,
x=2 x=2
Mathematics 53
37 / 60
Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let h( x ) = 3, h (2) = 3
x=2 x=2
Mathematics 53
37 / 60
Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let h( x ) = 3, h (2) = 3
x 2
x=2 x=2
lim h( x ) = lim
x 2
x2 x 2 = lim ( x + 1) = 3 x2 x 2
Mathematics 53
37 / 60
Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let h( x ) = 3, h (2) = 3
x=2 x=2
x 2
Mathematics 53
37 / 60
Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let h( x ) = 3, h (2) = 3
x=2 x=2
x 2
Therefore, h is continuous at x = 2.
Mathematics 53
37 / 60
Denition
Mathematics 53
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Denition
1
Mathematics 53
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Denition
1
If lim f ( x ) exists but either f ( a) is undened or f ( a) = lim f ( x ), then we say that f has a removable discontinuity at x = a.
xa xa
Mathematics 53
38 / 60
Denition
1
If lim f ( x ) exists but either f ( a) is undened or f ( a) = lim f ( x ), then we say that f has a removable discontinuity at x = a.
xa xa
Mathematics 53
38 / 60
Denition
1
If lim f ( x ) exists but either f ( a) is undened or f ( a) = lim f ( x ), then we say that f has a removable discontinuity at x = a.
xa xa
If lim f ( x ) does not exist, then we say that f has an essential discontinuity at x = a.
xa
Mathematics 53
38 / 60
Denition
1
If lim f ( x ) exists but either f ( a) is undened or f ( a) = lim f ( x ), then we say that f has a removable discontinuity at x = a.
xa xa
If lim f ( x ) does not exist, then we say that f has an essential discontinuity at x = a. Moreover,
xa
Mathematics 53
38 / 60
Denition
1
If lim f ( x ) exists but either f ( a) is undened or f ( a) = lim f ( x ), then we say that f has a removable discontinuity at x = a.
xa xa
If lim f ( x ) does not exist, then we say that f has an essential discontinuity at x = a. Moreover,
1
xa
Mathematics 53
38 / 60
Denition
1
If lim f ( x ) exists but either f ( a) is undened or f ( a) = lim f ( x ), then we say that f has a removable discontinuity at x = a.
xa xa
If lim f ( x ) does not exist, then we say that f has an essential discontinuity at x = a. Moreover,
1
xa
if lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x ) both exist but are not equal, then f is said to have a jump essential discontinuity at x = a.
x a x a+
Mathematics 53
38 / 60
Denition
1
If lim f ( x ) exists but either f ( a) is undened or f ( a) = lim f ( x ), then we say that f has a removable discontinuity at x = a.
xa xa
If lim f ( x ) does not exist, then we say that f has an essential discontinuity at x = a. Moreover,
1
xa
if lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x ) both exist but are not equal, then f is said to have a jump essential discontinuity at x = a.
x a x a+
if lim f ( x ) = + or or lim f ( x ) = + or ,
x a x a+
Mathematics 53
38 / 60
Denition
1
If lim f ( x ) exists but either f ( a) is undened or f ( a) = lim f ( x ), then we say that f has a removable discontinuity at x = a.
xa xa
If lim f ( x ) does not exist, then we say that f has an essential discontinuity at x = a. Moreover,
1
xa
if lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x ) both exist but are not equal, then f is said to have a jump essential discontinuity at x = a.
x a x a+
Mathematics 53
38 / 60
Example
4 3 2 1 0
f ( x ) = 3x 1
Mathematics 53
39 / 60
Example
4 3 2 1 0
f ( x ) = 3x 1
f ( x ) = 3x 1 is continuous at x = 1.
Mathematics 53
39 / 60
Example
4 3 2 1 0
g( x ) =
3x2 4x + 1 x1
Mathematics 53
40 / 60
Example
4 3 2 1 0
g( x ) =
3x2 4x + 1 x1
Mathematics 53
40 / 60
Example
1 f (x) = x
2 1
1 1 2 3
Mathematics 53
41 / 60
Example
1 f (x) = x
2 1
1 1 2 3
h( x ) =
Mathematics 53
41 / 60
Example
1 1
Mathematics 53
42 / 60
Example
1 1
Mathematics 53
42 / 60
Example
Remark
Removable discontinuity: discontinuity can be removed by redening the value of
f at a so that f ( a) = lim f ( x )
xa
Mathematics 53
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Example
Remark
Removable discontinuity: discontinuity can be removed by redening the value of
f at a so that f ( a) = lim f ( x )
xa
Recall: g( x ) =
Mathematics 53
43 / 60
Example
Remark
Removable discontinuity: discontinuity can be removed by redening the value of
f at a so that f ( a) = lim f ( x )
xa
x=1 x=1
Mathematics 53
44 / 60
Example
Remark
Removable discontinuity: discontinuity can be removed by redening the value of
f at a so that f ( a) = lim f ( x )
xa
x=1 x=1
Mathematics 53
44 / 60
Example
Remark
Removable discontinuity: discontinuity can be removed by redening the value of
f at a so that f ( a) = lim f ( x )
xa
x=1 x=1
Mathematics 53
44 / 60
Example
Remark
Removable discontinuity: discontinuity can be removed by redening the value of
f at a so that f ( a) = lim f ( x )
xa
x=1 x=1
Mathematics 53
44 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of the following function at x = 1 and x = 2:
f (x) =
4x 3, 2x2 x2 , 5x + 2
x<1 x1
Mathematics 53
45 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of the following function at x = 1 and x = 2:
f (x) =
4x 3, 2x2 x2 , 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 1
Mathematics 53
45 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of the following function at x = 1 and x = 2:
f (x) =
4x 3, 2x2 x2 , 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 1
1
f (1) =
12 =1 2(1)2 5(1) + 2
Mathematics 53
45 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of the following function at x = 1 and x = 2:
f (x) =
4x 3, 2x2 x2 , 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 1
1
f (1) =
x 1
12 =1 2(1)2 5(1) + 2
lim f ( x )
Mathematics 53
45 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of the following function at x = 1 and x = 2:
f (x) =
4x 3, 2x2 x2 , 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 1
1
f (1) =
x 1
12 =1 2(1)2 5(1) + 2
x 1
Mathematics 53
45 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of the following function at x = 1 and x = 2:
f (x) =
4x 3, 2x2 x2 , 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 1
1
f (1) =
x 1
12 =1 2(1)2 5(1) + 2
x 1
Mathematics 53
45 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of the following function at x = 1 and x = 2:
f (x) =
4x 3, 2x2 x2 , 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 1
1
f (1) =
x 1
12 =1 2(1)2 5(1) + 2
x 1
x 1+
lim f ( x )
Mathematics 53
45 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of the following function at x = 1 and x = 2:
f (x) =
4x 3, 2x2 x2 , 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 1
1
f (1) =
x 1
12 =1 2(1)2 5(1) + 2
x 1
x 1+
lim f ( x ) = lim
x2 2x2 5x + 2
Mathematics 53
45 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of the following function at x = 1 and x = 2:
f (x) =
4x 3, 2x2 x2 , 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 1
1
f (1) =
x 1
12 =1 2(1)2 5(1) + 2
x 1
x 1+
lim f ( x ) = lim
x2 =1 2x2 5x + 2
Mathematics 53
45 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of the following function at x = 1 and x = 2:
f (x) =
4x 3, 2x2 x2 , 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 1
1
f (1) =
x 1
12 =1 2(1)2 5(1) + 2
x 1
x 1+
lim f ( x ) = lim
x2 =1 2x2 5x + 2
Mathematics 53
45 / 60
Example
f (x) =
4x 3, x2 , 2x2 5x + 2
x<1 x1
Mathematics 53
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Example
f (x) =
4x 3, x2 , 2x2 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 2
Mathematics 53
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Example
f (x) =
4x 3, x2 , 2x2 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 2
1
f (2): undened
Mathematics 53
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Example
f (x) =
4x 3, x2 , 2x2 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 2
1
f (2): undened
x 2
lim f ( x )
Mathematics 53
46 / 60
Example
f (x) =
4x 3, x2 , 2x2 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 2
1
f (2): undened
x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 2
x2 ( x 2)(2x 1)
Mathematics 53
46 / 60
Example
f (x) =
4x 3, x2 , 2x2 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 2
1
f (2): undened
x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 2
x2 1 = lim ( x 2)(2x 1) x2 2x 1
Mathematics 53
46 / 60
Example
f (x) =
4x 3, x2 , 2x2 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 2
1
f (2): undened
x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 2
x2 1 1 = lim = ( x 2)(2x 1) x2 2x 1 3
Mathematics 53
46 / 60
Example
f (x) =
4x 3, x2 , 2x2 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 2
1
f (2): undened
x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 2
x2 1 1 = lim = ( x 2)(2x 1) x2 2x 1 3
Thus, lim f ( x ) exists but f (2) is undened, therefore, f has a removable discontinuity at x = 2.
x 2
Mathematics 53
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Example
4 3 2 1
1 1 2 3 4
Mathematics 53
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Remark
In general:
1
A function is discontinuous at numbers where it is undened. A piecewise-dened function may be discontinuous at endpoints of intervals.
Mathematics 53
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Example
x1 x>1
Mathematics 53
49 / 60
Example
x1 x>1
|2x 3| =
2x 3,
2x 3 0
x x<
3 2 3 2
Mathematics 53
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Example
x1 x>1
Mathematics 53
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Example
x1 x>1
Mathematics 53
50 / 60
Example
x1 x>1
Mathematics 53
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Example
x1 x>1
Mathematics 53
50 / 60
Example
x1 x>1
Mathematics 53
50 / 60
Example
x1 x>1
Endpoints of intervals: x = 1 (and x = 3 ) 2 Everywhere else, f is a rational function and therefore continuous.
Mathematics 53
50 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
Mathematics 53
51 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
Mathematics 53
51 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
f (3) is undened
Mathematics 53
51 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
f (3) is undened
x 3
lim f ( x )
Mathematics 53
51 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
f (3) is undened
x 3
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 3
x2 2x + 6
Mathematics 53
51 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
f (3) is undened
x 3
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 3
5 x 2 ( 0 ) = 2x + 6
Mathematics 53
51 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
f (3) is undened
x 3
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 3
5 x 2 ( 0 ) = + 2x + 6
Mathematics 53
51 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
f (3) is undened
x 3
x 3
5 x 2 ( 0 ) = + 2x + 6
x 3+
Mathematics 53
51 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
f (3) is undened
x 3
x 3
5 x 2 ( 0 ) = + 2x + 6
x 3+
x 3+
x2 2x + 6
Mathematics 53
51 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
f (3) is undened
x 3
x 3
5 x 2 ( 0 ) = + 2x + 6 5 x 2 ( 0+ ) = 2x + 6
x 3+
x 3+
Mathematics 53
51 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
f (3) is undened
x 3
x 3
5 x 2 ( 0 ) = + 2x + 6 5 x 2 ( 0+ ) = 2x + 6
x 3+
x 3+
Mathematics 53
51 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
f (3) is undened
x 3
x 3
5 x 2 ( 0 ) = + 2x + 6 5 x 2 ( 0+ ) = 2x + 6
x 3+
x 3+
Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
Mathematics 53
52 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
3 2
is undened
Mathematics 53
52 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
3 2
is undened
3 x 2
lim f ( x )
Mathematics 53
52 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
3 2
is undened
3 x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 3 2
2x2 + x 6 |2x 3|
Mathematics 53
52 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
3 2
is undened
3 x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 3 2
Mathematics 53
52 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
3 2
is undened
3 x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 3 2
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
3 2
is undened
3 x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 3 2
3 x 2
lim f ( x )
+
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
3 2
is undened
3 x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 3 2
3+ x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
+ x 3 2
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
3 2
is undened
3 x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 3 2
7 2x2 + x 6 (2x 3)( x + 2) = lim = 3 |2x 3| (2x 3) 2 x 2 2x2 + x 6 (2x 3)( x + 2) = lim+ |2x 3| 2x 3 x 3 2
3+ x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
+ x 3 2
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
3 2
is undened
3 x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 3 2
7 2x2 + x 6 (2x 3)( x + 2) = lim = 3 |2x 3| (2x 3) 2 x 2 2x2 + x 6 (2x 3)( x + 2) 7 = lim+ = |2x 3| 2x 3 2 x 3 2
3+ x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
+ x 3 2
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
3 2
is undened
3 x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 3 2
7 2x2 + x 6 (2x 3)( x + 2) = lim = 3 |2x 3| (2x 3) 2 x 2 2x2 + x 6 (2x 3)( x + 2) 7 = lim+ = |2x 3| 2x 3 2 x 3 2
3+ x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
+ x 3 2
Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
f (1) =
12 1 = 2(1) + 6 8
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
f (1) =
12 1 = 2(1) + 6 8
x 1
lim f ( x )
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
f (1) =
12 1 = 2(1) + 6 8
x 1
x 1
lim f ( x ) = lim
x2 2x + 6
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
f (1) =
12 1 = 2(1) + 6 8
x 1
x 1
lim f ( x ) = lim
x2 1 = 2x + 6 8
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
f (1) =
12 1 = 2(1) + 6 8
x 1
x 1
3
lim f ( x ) = lim
x2 1 = 2x + 6 8
x 1+
lim f ( x )
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
f (1) =
12 1 = 2(1) + 6 8
x 1
x 1
3
lim f ( x ) = lim
x2 1 = 2x + 6 8 2x2 + x 6 |2x 3|
x 1+
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 1+
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
f (1) =
12 1 = 2(1) + 6 8
x 1
x 1
3
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 1+
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 1+
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
f (1) =
12 1 = 2(1) + 6 8
x 1
x 1
3
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 1+
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 1+
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
x1 x>1
f (1) =
12 1 = 2(1) + 6 8
x 1
x 1
3
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 1+
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 1+
Example
6 5 4 3 2 1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
Note:
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
Note:
Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
Note:
Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
1
g (0)
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
1
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
1
lim g( x )
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
1
lim g( x ) = lim
x 0
1 1 + x x2 x
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
1
lim g( x ) = lim
x 0
1 1 + x x2 x
= lim
x 0
1+x1 x ( x 1)
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
1
lim g( x ) = lim
x 0
1 1 + x x2 x
= lim
x 0
1+x1 1 = lim x ( x 1) x 0 x 1
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
1
lim g( x ) = lim
x 0
1 1 + x x2 x
= lim
x 0
1+x1 1 = lim = 1 x ( x 1) x 0 x 1
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
1
lim g( x ) = lim
x 0
1 1 + x x2 x
= lim
x 0
1+x1 1 = lim = 1 x ( x 1) x 0 x 1
x 0+
lim g( x )
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
1
lim g( x ) = lim
x 0 x 0+
1 1 + x x2 x
= lim
x 0
1+x1 1 = lim = 1 x ( x 1) x 0 x 1
x 0+
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
1
lim g( x ) = lim
x 0 x 0+
1 1 + x x2 x
x 0+
= lim
x 0
1+x1 1 = lim = 1 x ( x 1) x 0 x 1
x 0+
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
1
lim g( x ) = lim
x 0 x 0+
1 1 + x x2 x
x 0+
= lim
x 0
1+x1 1 = lim = 1 x ( x 1) x 0 x 1
x 0+
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
1
lim g( x ) = lim
x 0 x 0+
1 1 + x x2 x
x 0+
= lim
x 0
1+x1 1 = lim = 1 x ( x 1) x 0 x 1
x 0+
Therefore, g is continuous at x = 0.
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point Mathematics 53 56 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 2
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 2
1
g (2)
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 2
1
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 2
1
lim g( x )
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 2
1
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 2
1
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 2
1
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 2
1
x 2+
lim g( x )
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 2
1
x 2+
lim g( x ) = lim
x2
( 0+ )
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 2
1
x 2+
lim g( x ) = lim
x2 = 0
( 0+ )
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 2
1
x 2+
lim g( x ) = lim
x2 = 0
( 0+ )
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 2
1
x 2+
lim g( x ) = lim
x2 = 0
( 0+ )
Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 1
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 1
1
g (1)
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 1
1
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 1
1
lim g( x )
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 1
1
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 1
1
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 1
1
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 1
1
x 1+
lim g( x )
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 1
1
x 1+
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 1
1
x 1+
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 1
1
x 1+
Mathematics 53
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Example
Discuss the continuity of
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 1
1
x 1+
Mathematics 53
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Example
3 2 1
4 3 2 1 1 2 3
Mathematics 53
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Exercises
Evaluate lim
9x2 4 x . 2x + 3
Mathematics 53
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