Lecture 4 - Limits at Infinity and Continuity at A Point PDF

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point
Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
Mathematics 53
1 / 60
For today
Limits at Innity
Continuity of Functions
Mathematics 53
2 / 60
For today
Limits at Innity
Mathematics 53
3 / 60
Illustration
1 . What happens as x increases or decreases without bound? x
Consider: f ( x ) =
Mathematics 53
4 / 60
Illustration
1 . What happens as x increases or decreases without bound? x f (x)
Consider: f ( x ) =
Mathematics 53
4 / 60
Illustration
1 . What happens as x increases or decreases without bound? x f (x)
Consider: f ( x ) =
x 1
Mathematics 53
4 / 60
Illustration
1 . What happens as x increases or decreases without bound? x f (x) 1
Consider: f ( x ) =
x 1
Mathematics 53
4 / 60
Illustration
1 . What happens as x increases or decreases without bound? x f (x) 1
Consider: f ( x ) =
x 1 10
Mathematics 53
4 / 60
Illustration
1 . What happens as x increases or decreases without bound? x f (x) 1 0.1
Consider: f ( x ) =
x 1 10
Mathematics 53
4 / 60
Illustration
1 . What happens as x increases or decreases without bound? x f (x) 1 0.1
Consider: f ( x ) =
x 1 10 1000
Mathematics 53
4 / 60
Illustration
1 . What happens as x increases or decreases without bound? x f (x) 1 0.1 0.001
Consider: f ( x ) =
x 1 10 1000
Mathematics 53
4 / 60
Illustration
1 . What happens as x increases or decreases without bound? x f (x) 1 0.1 0.001 0.000001 0.000000001
Consider: f ( x ) =
x 1 10 1000 1000000 1000000000
Mathematics 53
4 / 60
Illustration
1 . What happens as x increases or decreases without bound? x f (x) 1 0.1 0.001 0.000001 0.000000001
Consider: f ( x ) =
x 1 10 1000 1000000 1000000000
As x +, f ( x ) 0.
Mathematics 53
4 / 60
Illustration
1 . What happens as x increases or decreases without bound? x f (x) 1 0.1 0.001 0.000001 0.000000001 x f (x)
Consider: f ( x ) =
x 1 10 1000 1000000 1000000000
1 100 10000 10000000 1000000000
1 0.01 0.0001 0.0000001 0.000000001
As x +, f ( x ) 0.
Mathematics 53
4 / 60
Illustration
1 . What happens as x increases or decreases without bound? x f (x) 1 0.1 0.001 0.000001 0.000000001 x f (x)
Consider: f ( x ) =
x 1 10 1000 1000000 1000000000
1 100 10000 10000000 1000000000
1 0.01 0.0001 0.0000001 0.000000001
As x +, f ( x ) 0. As x , f ( x ) 0.
Mathematics 53
4 / 60
Illustration
f (x) =
1 x
Mathematics 53
5 / 60
Intuitive Denition
Mathematics 53
6 / 60
Intuitive Denition
We say that the limit of f ( x ) as x approaches positive innity is L
Mathematics 53
6 / 60
Intuitive Denition
We say that the limit of f ( x ) as x approaches positive innity is L if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x increase without bound.
Mathematics 53
6 / 60
Intuitive Denition
We say that the limit of f ( x ) as x approaches positive innity is L if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x increase without bound. Notation:
x +
lim f ( x ) = L
Mathematics 53
6 / 60
Intuitive Denition
Mathematics 53
7 / 60
Intuitive Denition
We say that the limit of f ( x ) as x approaches negative innity is L
Mathematics 53
7 / 60
Intuitive Denition
We say that the limit of f ( x ) as x approaches negative innity is L if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x decrease without bound.
Mathematics 53
7 / 60
Intuitive Denition
We say that the limit of f ( x ) as x approaches negative innity is L if the values of f ( x ) get closer and closer to L as the values of x decrease without bound. Notation:
x
lim f ( x ) = L
Mathematics 53
7 / 60
Example
Let f ( x ) =
1 x x f (x) 1 0.1 0.001 0.000001 0.000000001 x f (x)
1 10 1000 1000000 1000000000
1 100 10000 10000000 1000000000
1 0.01 0.0001 0.0000001 0.000000001 0
Mathematics 53
8 / 60
Example
Let f ( x ) =
1 x x f (x) 1 0.1 0.001 0.000001 0.000000001 x f (x)
1 10 1000 1000000 1000000000

We write:
0
1 = 0 and x
1 100 10000 10000000 1000000000

1 =0 x
1 0.01 0.0001 0.0000001 0.000000001 0
x +
lim
lim
Mathematics 53
8 / 60
Horizontal Asymptotes
Denition
The line y = L is a horizontal asymptote of the graph of y = f ( x ) if
Mathematics 53
9 / 60
Denition
x
lim f ( x ) = L or
x +
lim f ( x ) = L
Mathematics 53
9 / 60
Denition
x
lim f ( x ) = L or
x +
lim f ( x ) = L
y=L
y=L
y=L
y=L
Mathematics 53
9 / 60
Example
lim 1 1 = 0 and lim =0 x x x
f (x) =
1 x
y=0
4 2
0 2 4
Mathematics 53
10 / 60
Limit Theorems
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L1 and lim g( x ) = L2 . x x
x x x
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] = lim f ( x ) lim g( x ) = L1 L2

x x
lim [ f ( x ) g( x )] =
lim f ( x )
lim g( x )
= L1 L2
lim [c f ( x )] = c lim f ( x ) = cL1

x
lim
L f (x) x = = 1 , provided L2 = 0 g( x ) lim g( x ) L2

x
lim f ( x )
Mathematics 53
11 / 60
Limit Theorems
Theorem
Suppose lim f ( x ) = L and n
x
N, n > 1.
n
x x
lim ( f ( x ))n = lim

n
x
n
lim f ( x ) lim f ( x ) =
= Ln n
L, provided that L > 0 when n is even.
f (x) =
Mathematics 53
12 / 60
Examples
x +
lim x
Mathematics 53
13 / 60
Examples
x +
lim x = +
Mathematics 53
13 / 60
Examples
x +
2
lim x = + lim x
Mathematics 53
13 / 60
Examples
x +
2
lim x = + lim x =
Mathematics 53
13 / 60
Examples
x +
2
lim x = + lim x = lim x2
x
3
x +
Mathematics 53
13 / 60
Examples
x +
2
lim x = + lim x = lim x2 = +
x
3
x +
Mathematics 53
13 / 60
Examples
x +
2
x
3
x +
4
lim x2
Mathematics 53
13 / 60
Examples
x +
2
x
3
x +
4
lim x2 = +
Mathematics 53
13 / 60
Examples
x +
2
x +
lim 6
x
3
x +
4
lim x2 = +
Mathematics 53
13 / 60
Examples
x +
2
x +
lim 6 = 6
x
3
x +
4
lim x2 = +
Mathematics 53
13 / 60
Examples
x +
2
x +
6
lim 6 = 6 lim
x
3
x +
4
lim x2 = +
Mathematics 53
13 / 60
Examples
x +
2
x +
6
lim 6 = 6 lim =
x
3
x +
4
lim x2 = +
Mathematics 53
13 / 60
Examples
x +
2
x +
6
lim 6 = 6 lim = 1 x
x
3
x
7
x +
4
lim x2 = +
x +
lim
Mathematics 53
13 / 60
Examples
x +
2
x +
6
lim 6 = 6 lim = 1 =0 x
x
3
x
7
x +
4
lim x2 = +
x +
lim
Mathematics 53
13 / 60
Examples
x +
2
x +
6
lim 6 = 6 lim =
x
3
x
7
x +
4
lim x2 = +
1 =0 x 1 lim x x
x +
lim
Mathematics 53
13 / 60
Examples
x +
2
x +
6
lim 6 = 6 lim =
x
3
x
7
x +
4
lim x2 = +
1 =0 x 1 lim =0 x x
x +
lim
Mathematics 53
13 / 60
Theorem
Mathematics 53
14 / 60
Theorem
1
If c
R, then x c lim
Mathematics 53
14 / 60
Theorem
1
If c
R, then x c = c. lim
Mathematics 53
14 / 60
Theorem
1
If c
x
If n is even, then lim x n =
Mathematics 53
14 / 60
Theorem
1
If c
x
If n is even, then lim x n = + .
Mathematics 53
14 / 60
Theorem
1
If c
x
If n is even, then lim x n = + . If n is odd, then
Mathematics 53
14 / 60
Theorem
1
If c
x

1
x +
lim x n =
Mathematics 53
14 / 60
Theorem
1
If c
x

1
x +
lim x n = +
Mathematics 53
14 / 60
Theorem
1
If c
x

1 2
x +
lim x n = + lim x n =
Mathematics 53
14 / 60
Theorem
1
If c
x

1 2
x +
Mathematics 53
14 / 60
Theorem
1
If c
x

1 2
x +
lim
1 xn
Mathematics 53
14 / 60
Theorem
1
If c
x

1 2
x +
lim
1 =0 xn
Mathematics 53
14 / 60
Theorem
1
If c
x

1 2
x +
1 =0 xn Let c . Suppose lim f ( x ) = c and lim g( x ) = . Then

x
lim
x +
x +
x +
lim
f (x) = g( x )
Mathematics 53
14 / 60
Theorem
1
If c
x

1 2
x +

x
lim
x +
x +
x +
lim
f (x) = 0. g( x )
Mathematics 53
14 / 60
Theorem
1
If c
x

1 2
x +

x
lim
x +
x +
x +
lim
f (x) = 0. g( x )
In item (5), x + may be replaced by x a, x a , x a+ , and x .

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point Mathematics 53 14 / 60
Example
x +
lim ( x4 2x3 )
Mathematics 53
15 / 60
Example
x +
lim ( x4 2x3 )
( )
Mathematics 53
15 / 60
Example
x +
lim ( x4 2x3 )
x +
( )
= lim
Mathematics 53
15 / 60
Example
x +
lim ( x4 2x3 )
x +
( )
= lim x4
Mathematics 53
15 / 60
Example
x +
lim ( x4 2x3 )
x +
( )
= lim x4
Mathematics 53
15 / 60
Example
x +
lim ( x4 2x3 )
x +
( )
= lim x4 1
Mathematics 53
15 / 60
Example
x +
lim ( x4 2x3 )
x +
( )
2 x
= lim x4 1
Mathematics 53
15 / 60
Example
x +
lim ( x4 2x3 )
x +
( )
2 x
= lim x4 1
(+)
Mathematics 53
15 / 60
Example
x +
lim ( x4 2x3 )
x +
( )
2 x
= lim x4 1
(+)(1
Mathematics 53
15 / 60
Example
x +
lim ( x4 2x3 )
x +
( )
2 x
= lim x4 1
(+)(1 0)
Mathematics 53
15 / 60
Example
x +
lim ( x4 2x3 )
x +
( )
2 x
= lim x4 1 = +
(+)(1 0)
Mathematics 53
15 / 60
Example
lim (3x5 x4 + 2x 4)
Mathematics 53
16 / 60
Example
lim (3x5 x4 + 2x 4)
x
= lim
Mathematics 53
16 / 60
Example
lim (3x5 x4 + 2x 4)
x
= lim x5
Mathematics 53
16 / 60
Example
lim (3x5 x4 + 2x 4)
x
= lim x5
Mathematics 53
16 / 60
Example
lim (3x5 x4 + 2x 4)
x
= lim x5 3
Mathematics 53
16 / 60
Example
lim (3x5 x4 + 2x 4)
x
= lim x5 3
1 x
Mathematics 53
16 / 60
Example
lim (3x5 x4 + 2x 4)
x
= lim x5 3
1 2 + 4 x x
Mathematics 53
16 / 60
Example
lim (3x5 x4 + 2x 4)
x
= lim x5 3
1 2 4 + 4 5 x x x
Mathematics 53
16 / 60
Example
lim (3x5 x4 + 2x 4)
x
= lim x5 3
1 2 4 + 4 5 x x x
()
Mathematics 53
16 / 60
Example
lim (3x5 x4 + 2x 4)
x
= lim x5 3
1 2 4 + 4 5 x x x
()(3 0 + 0 0)
Mathematics 53
16 / 60
Example
lim (3x5 x4 + 2x 4)
x
= lim x5 3 =
1 2 4 + 4 5 x x x
()(3 0 + 0 0)
Mathematics 53
16 / 60
Example
lim (3x5 x4 + 2x 4)
x
= lim x5 3 =
1 2 4 + 4 5 x x x
()(3 0 + 0 0)
In general, if f ( x ) is a polynomial function, then lim f ( x ) depends only on the leading term.
x
Mathematics 53
16 / 60
Examples
x +
lim
1 x3 4
Mathematics 53
17 / 60
Examples
x +
lim
1 x3 4
Mathematics 53
17 / 60
Examples
x +
lim
1 x3 4
1 +
Mathematics 53
17 / 60
Examples
x +
lim
1 x3 4
1 +
x +
lim
1 =0 x3 4
Mathematics 53
17 / 60
Examples
x +
lim
1 x3 4
1 +
x +
lim
1 =0 x3 4
lim
3x2 2x
5 x2
Mathematics 53
17 / 60
Examples
x +
lim
1 x3 4
1 +
x +
lim
1 =0 x3 4
lim
3x2 2x
5 x2 5 x2
lim
(3x2 2x )
Mathematics 53
17 / 60
Examples
x +
lim
1 x3 4
1 +
x +
lim
1 =0 x3 4
lim
3x2 2x
5 x2 5 x2
lim
(3x2 2x )
(+
Mathematics 53
17 / 60
Examples
x +
lim
1 x3 4
1 +
x +
lim
1 =0 x3 4
lim
3x2 2x
5 x2 5 x2
lim
(3x2 2x )
(+ 0)
Mathematics 53
17 / 60
Examples
x +
lim
1 x3 4
1 +
x +
lim
1 =0 x3 4
lim
3x2 2x
5 x2 5 x2
lim
(3x2 2x )
(+ 0)
= +
Mathematics 53
17 / 60
Illustration
Evaluate: lim
x1 . x + 3x + 1
Mathematics 53
18 / 60
Illustration
Evaluate: lim Note:
x1 . x + 3x + 1
x +
lim ( x 1)
Mathematics 53
18 / 60
Illustration
Evaluate: lim Note:
x1 . x + 3x + 1
x +
lim ( x 1) = +
Mathematics 53
18 / 60
Illustration
Evaluate: lim Note:
x1 . x + 3x + 1
x +
lim ( x 1) = + lim (3x + 1)
x +
Mathematics 53
18 / 60
Illustration
Evaluate: lim Note:
x1 . x + 3x + 1
x +
lim ( x 1) = + lim (3x + 1) = +
x +
Mathematics 53
18 / 60
Illustration
Evaluate: lim Note:
x1 . x + 3x + 1
x 1 10 103 105 107
x 1 3x +1
x +
lim ( x 1) = + lim (3x + 1) = +
x +
0.290323 0.332889 0.3333292 0.333333

?
Mathematics 53
18 / 60
Illustration
Evaluate: lim Note:
x1 . x + 3x + 1
x 1 10 103 105 107
x 1 3x +1
x +
lim ( x 1) = + lim (3x + 1) = +
x +

f (x) 1 as x + 3
0.290323 0.332889 0.3333292 0.333333

?
It seems that
Mathematics 53
18 / 60
Another Indeterminate Form
Denition
Mathematics 53
19 / 60
Denition
Suppose f ( x ) and g( x ) as x a.
Mathematics 53
19 / 60
Denition
Suppose f ( x ) and g( x ) as x a. Then
xa
lim
f (x) g( x )
is an indeterminate form of type
Mathematics 53
19 / 60
Denition
Suppose f ( x ) and g( x ) as x a. Then
xa
lim
f (x) g( x )
is an indeterminate form of type
The expression x a may be replaced by x a+ , x a , x +, and x .
Mathematics 53
19 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x +
x1 3x + 1
Mathematics 53
20 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim Solution:
x +
x1 3x + 1
Mathematics 53
20 / 60
Example
x + x +
x1 3x + 1
lim
x1 3x + 1
+ +
Mathematics 53
20 / 60
Example
x + x +
x1 3x + 1
lim
x1 3x + 1
1 x 1 x
+ +
= lim
x1 x + 3x + 1
Mathematics 53
20 / 60
Example
x + x +
x1 3x + 1
lim
x1 3x + 1
1 x 1 x
+ +
= lim = lim
x1 x + 3x + 1 1 3+
x + 1 x 1 x
Mathematics 53
20 / 60
Example
x + x +
x1 3x + 1
lim
x1 3x + 1
1 x 1 x
+ +
= lim = lim =
x1 x + 3x + 1 1 3+
x + 1 x 1 x
Mathematics 53
20 / 60
Example
x + x +
x1 3x + 1
lim
x1 3x + 1
1 x 1 x
+ +
= lim = lim =
1
x1 x + 3x + 1 1 3+
x + 1 x 1 x
Mathematics 53
20 / 60
Example
x + x +
x1 3x + 1
lim
x1 3x + 1
1 x 1 x
+ +
= lim = lim =
x1 x + 3x + 1 1 3+
x + 1 x 1 x
1+0
Mathematics 53
20 / 60
Example
x + x +
x1 3x + 1
lim
x1 3x + 1
1 x 1 x
+ +
= lim = lim =
x1 x + 3x + 1 1 3+
x + 1 x 1 x
1+0 3
Mathematics 53
20 / 60
Example
x + x +
x1 3x + 1
lim
x1 3x + 1
1 x 1 x
+ +
= lim = lim =
x1 x + 3x + 1 1 3+
x + 1 x 1 x
1+0 30
Mathematics 53
20 / 60
Example
x + x +
x1 3x + 1
lim
x1 3x + 1
1 x 1 x
+ +
= lim = lim =
x1 x + 3x + 1 1 3+
x + 1 x 1 x
1+0 1 = 3 30
Mathematics 53
20 / 60
Example
x + x +
x1 3x + 1
lim
x1 3x + 1
1 x 1 x
+ +
= lim = lim =
x1 x + 3x + 1 1 3+
x + 1 x 1 x
1+0 1 = 3 30
Technique: Multiply the numerator and denominator by x1n , where n is the degree of the denominator.
Mathematics 53
20 / 60
Example
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1
Evaluate: lim
Mathematics 53
21 / 60
Example
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1
Mathematics 53
21 / 60
Example
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1 lim
Mathematics 53
21 / 60
Example
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1
1 x4 1 x4
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1 lim
= lim
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1
Mathematics 53
21 / 60
Example
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1
1 x4 1 x4
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1 lim
= lim = lim
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1
1 x
1 x2
2 x2
+
1 x3
3 x4
x +
1 x4
Mathematics 53
21 / 60
Example
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1
1 x4 1 x4
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1 lim
= lim = lim =
0 4
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1
1 x
1 x2
2 x2
+
1 x3
3 x4
x +
1 x4
Mathematics 53
21 / 60
Example
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1
1 x4 1 x4
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1 lim
= lim = lim =
x3 2x2 + 3 x + 4x4 x2 + x + 1
1 x
1 x2
2 x2
+
1 x3
3 x4
x +
1 x4
0 =0 4
Mathematics 53
21 / 60
Recall
x2 = | x | =
x,
x0
x, x < 0
Mathematics 53
22 / 60
Recall
x2 = | x | =
x,
x0
x, x < 0
Note:
x2 = x as x + x2 = x as x
Mathematics 53
22 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x +
x2 3 x+2
Mathematics 53
23 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x +
x2 3 x+2
Mathematics 53
23 / 60
Example

x +
x2 3 x+2
Mathematics 53
23 / 60
Example

x +
x2 3 x+2
x +
lim
x2 3 = x+2
Mathematics 53
23 / 60
Example

x +
x2 3 x+2

1 x2 1 x2
x +
lim
x2 3 x2 3 = lim x + x + 2 x+2
Mathematics 53
23 / 60
Example

x +
x2 3 x+2

1 x2 1 x2
x +
lim
x2 3 x2 3 = lim x + x + 2 x+2
x2 = x as x +
Mathematics 53
23 / 60
Example

x +
x2 3 x+2

1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 1 x
x +
lim
x2 3 x2 3 = lim x + x + 2 x+2 = lim

x +
x2 = x as x +
x2 3 x+2
Mathematics 53
23 / 60
Example

x +
x2 3 x+2

1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 1 x
x +
lim
x2 3 x2 3 = lim x + x + 2 x+2 = lim

x +
x2 = x as x +
x2 3 x+2
x 2 3 x2 x +2 x
= lim
x +
Mathematics 53
23 / 60
Example

x +
x2 3 x+2

1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 1 x
x +
lim
x2 3 x2 3 = lim x + x + 2 x+2 = lim

x +
x2 = x as x +
x2 3 x+2
x 2 3 x2 x +2 x
= lim
x +
= lim
x +
1+
3 x2 2 x
Mathematics 53
23 / 60
Example

x +
x2 3 x+2

1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 1 x
x +
lim
x2 3 x2 3 = lim x + x + 2 x+2 = lim

x +
x2 = x as x +
x2 3 x+2
x 2 3 x2 x +2 x
= lim
x +
= lim =
x +
1+
3 x2 2 x
1
Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point Mathematics 53 23 / 60
Example

x +
x2 3 x+2

1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 1 x
x +
lim
x2 3 x2 3 = lim x + x + 2 x+2 = lim

x +
x2 = x as x +
x2 3 x+2
x 2 3 x2 x +2 x
= lim
x +
= lim =
x +
1+
3 x2 2 x
10
Example

x +
x2 3 x+2

1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 1 x
x +
lim
x2 3 x2 3 = lim x + x + 2 x+2 = lim

x +
x2 = x as x +
x2 3 x+2
x 2 3 x2 x +2 x
= lim
x +
= lim =
x +
1+
3 x2 2 x
10 1
Example

x +
x2 3 x+2

1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 1 x
x +
lim
x2 3 x2 3 = lim x + x + 2 x+2 = lim

x +
x2 = x as x +
x2 3 x+2
x 2 3 x2 x +2 x
= lim
x +
= lim =
x +
1+
3 x2 2 x
10 1+0
Example

x +
x2 3 x+2

1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 1 x
x +
lim
x2 3 x2 3 = lim x + x + 2 x+2 = lim

x +
x2 = x as x +
x2 3 x+2
x 2 3 x2 x +2 x
= lim
x +
= lim =
x +
1+
3 x2 2 x
10 =1 1+0
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2 1
Mathematics 53
24 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
Mathematics 53
24 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
Solution:
Mathematics 53
24 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
Solution:
x
3x + 1 lim = 4x2 1
Mathematics 53
24 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
+
1 x2 1 x2
Solution:
3x + 1 3x + 1 lim = lim 21 x x 4x 4x2 1
Mathematics 53
24 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
+
1 x2 1 x2
Solution:
3x + 1 3x + 1 lim = lim 21 x x 4x 4x2 1
x2 = x as x
Mathematics 53
24 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
+
1 x2 1 x2 1 x 1 x2
Solution:
3x + 1 3x + 1 lim = lim 21 x x 4x 4x2 1 3x + 1 = lim x 4x2 1
x2 = x as x
Mathematics 53
24 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
+
1 x2 1 x2 1 x 1 x2
Solution:
x2 = x as x
= lim
3x +1 x 4x2 1 x2
Mathematics 53
24 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
+
1 x2 1 x2 1 x 1 x2
Solution:
x2 = x as x
= lim
3x +1 x 4x2 1 x2
= lim
3
4
1 x 1 x2
Mathematics 53
24 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
+
1 x2 1 x2 1 x 1 x2
Solution:
x2 = x as x
= lim
3x +1 x 4x2 1 x2
= lim =
3
4
1 x 1 x2
Mathematics 53
24 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
+
1 x2 1 x2 1 x 1 x2
Solution:
x2 = x as x
= lim
3x +1 x 4x2 1 x2
= lim = 3
3
4
1 x 1 x2
Mathematics 53
24 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
+
1 x2 1 x2 1 x 1 x2
Solution:
x2 = x as x
= lim
3x +1 x 4x2 1 x2
= lim
3
4
1 x 1 x2
30 =
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
+
1 x2 1 x2 1 x 1 x2
Solution:
x2 = x as x
= lim
3x +1 x 4x2 1 x2
= lim
3
4
1 x 1 x2
30 = 4
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
+
1 x2 1 x2 1 x 1 x2
Solution:
x2 = x as x
= lim
3x +1 x 4x2 1 x2
= lim
3
4
1 x 1 x2
30 = 40
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
3x + 1 4x2
+
1 x2 1 x2 1 x 1 x2
Solution:
x2 = x as x
= lim
3x +1 x 4x2 1 x2
= lim
3
4
1 x 1 x2
30 3 = = 2 40
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
9x2 x + 3x
Mathematics 53
25 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
9x2 x + 3x
( )
Mathematics 53
25 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
9x2 x + 3x 9x2 x + 3x
( )
Solution: lim
Mathematics 53
25 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
9x2 x + 3x 9x2
( )
9x2
Solution: lim
x + 3x = lim
9x2 x 3x x + 3x 9x2 x 3x
Mathematics 53
25 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
9x2 x + 3x 9x2
( )
9x2
Solution: lim
x + 3x = lim
9x2 x 3x x + 3x 9x2 x 3x
= lim
x
x 9x2 x 3x
Mathematics 53
25 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
9x2 x + 3x 9x2
( )
9x2
Solution: lim
x + 3x = lim
1 x2 1 x2
9x2 x 3x x + 3x 9x2 x 3x
= lim
x
x 9x2 x 3x
Mathematics 53
25 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
9x2 x + 3x 9x2
( )
9x2
Solution: lim
x + 3x = lim
1 x2 1 x2
9x2 x 3x x + 3x 9x2 x 3x
= lim
x
x 9x2 x 3x
x2 = x as x
Mathematics 53
25 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
9x2 x + 3x 9x2
( )
9x2
Solution: lim
x + 3x = lim
1 x2 1 x2
9x2 x 3x x + 3x 9x2 x 3x
= lim
x
x 9x2 x 3x
x2 = x as x
= lim
x
1 x 1x 9x2 x 3x 2
x
Mathematics 53
25 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
9x2 x + 3x 9x2
( )
9x2
Solution: lim
x + 3x = lim
1 x2 1 x2
9x2 x 3x x + 3x 9x2 x 3x
= lim
x
x 9x2 x 3x
x2 = x as x
= lim
x
= lim
1 x 1x 9x2 x 3x 2 x 1 1 9 +3 x
Mathematics 53
25 / 60
Example
Evaluate: lim
x
9x2 x + 3x 9x2
( )
9x2
Solution: lim
x + 3x = lim
1 x2 1 x2
9x2 x 3x x + 3x 9x2 x 3x
= lim
x
x 9x2 x 3x
x2 = x as x
= lim
x
= lim
1 x 1x 9x2 x 3x 2 x 1 1 9 +3 x
1 6
For today
Limits at Innity
Mathematics 53
26 / 60
Recall: lim f ( x ) is NOT NECESSARILY the same as f ( a)

xa
Mathematics 53
27 / 60
Continuity at a point
Denition
Mathematics 53
28 / 60
Denition
A function f ( x ) is said to be continuous at x = a if the following three conditions are satised:
Mathematics 53
28 / 60
Denition
1
f is dened at x = a;
Mathematics 53
28 / 60
Denition
1
xa
lim f ( x ) exists; and
Mathematics 53
28 / 60
Denition
1
xa
lim f ( x ) exists; and f ( a) = lim f ( x )

xa
Mathematics 53
28 / 60
Denition
1
xa
lim f ( x ) exists; and f ( a) = lim f ( x )

xa
Otherwise, f is said to be discontinuous at x = a.
Mathematics 53
28 / 60
Graphical Example
4 3 2 1 0
f ( x ) = 3x 1
Mathematics 53
29 / 60
Graphical Example
4 3 2 1 0
f ( x ) = 3x 1
f ( x ) = 3x 1 is continuous at x = 1.
Mathematics 53
29 / 60
Graphical Example
4 3 2 1 0
g( x ) =
3x2 4x + 1 x1
Mathematics 53
30 / 60
Graphical Example
4 3 2 1 0
g( x ) =
3x2 4x + 1 x1
g( x ) =
3x2 4x + 1 is discontinuous at x = 1 since g(1) is undened. x1
Mathematics 53
30 / 60
Graphical Example
1 h( x ) = x
2 1
1 1 2 3
Mathematics 53
31 / 60
Graphical Example
1 h( x ) = x
2 1
1 1 2 3
h( x ) =
1 is discontinuous at x = 0 since h(0) is undened. x
Mathematics 53
31 / 60
Graphical Example
1 h( x ) = x
2 1
1 1 2 3
1 is discontinuous at x = 0 since h(0) is undened. Moreover, lim h( x ) x x 0 does not exist. h( x ) =

Graphical Example
1 1
Mathematics 53
32 / 60
Graphical Example
1 1
The Heaviside Function H ( x ) is discontinuous at x = 0 since lim H ( x ) dne.

x 0
Mathematics 53
32 / 60
Example
Let f ( x ) = x3 + x2 2.
Mathematics 53
33 / 60
Example
Let f ( x ) = x3 + x2 2.
f (1) = 0
Mathematics 53
33 / 60
Example
Let f ( x ) = x3 + x2 2.
f (1) = 0
Also, lim f ( x ) = f (1) = 0.
x 1
Mathematics 53
33 / 60
Example
Let f ( x ) = x3 + x2 2.
f (1) = 0
Also, lim f ( x ) = f (1) = 0.
x 1
Therefore, f is continuous at x = 1.
Mathematics 53
33 / 60
Example
Let f ( x ) = x3 + x2 2.
f (1) = 0
Also, lim f ( x ) = f (1) = 0.
x 1
Therefore, f is continuous at x = 1. In fact, for any a number.
R, xlima f (x) = f (a), so f is continuous at every real
Mathematics 53
33 / 60
Example
Let f ( x ) =
x2 x 2 . x2
Mathematics 53
34 / 60
Example
Let f ( x ) =
1
x2 x 2 . x2 f is discontinuous at x = 2. (why?)
Mathematics 53
34 / 60
Example
Let f ( x ) =
1
Let a
R \ {2}
Mathematics 53
34 / 60
Example
Let f ( x ) =
1
Let a
R \ {2}
f ( a) is dened since a dom f .
Mathematics 53
34 / 60
Example
Let f ( x ) =
1
Let a
R \ {2}

From a previous theorem,
xa
lim f ( x ) = f ( a)
Mathematics 53
34 / 60
Example
Let f ( x ) =
1
Let a
R \ {2}

From a previous theorem,
xa
lim f ( x ) = f ( a)
Therefore, f is continuous at any a
R \ {2}.
Mathematics 53
34 / 60
Remark
If f is a polynomial or a rational function and f ( a) is dened, then f is continuous at x = a.
Mathematics 53
35 / 60
Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let g( x ) = 0,
x=2 x=2
Mathematics 53
36 / 60
Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let g( x ) = 0, g (2) = 0
x=2 x=2
Mathematics 53
36 / 60
Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let g( x ) = 0, g (2) = 0
x 2
x=2 x=2
lim g( x )
Mathematics 53
36 / 60
Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let g( x ) = 0, g (2) = 0
x 2
x=2 x=2
lim g( x ) = lim
x 2
x2 x 2 x2
Mathematics 53
36 / 60
Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let g( x ) = 0, g (2) = 0
x 2
x=2 x=2
lim g( x ) = lim
x 2
x2 x 2 = lim ( x + 1) x2 x 2
Mathematics 53
36 / 60
Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let g( x ) = 0, g (2) = 0
x 2
x=2 x=2
lim g( x ) = lim
x 2
x2 x 2 = lim ( x + 1) = 3 x2 x 2
Mathematics 53
36 / 60
Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let g( x ) = 0, g (2) = 0
x=2 x=2
x2 x 2 = lim ( x + 1) = 3 x2 x 2 x 2 x 2 lim g( x ) = 3 = 0 = g(2) lim g( x ) = lim

x 2
Mathematics 53
36 / 60
Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let g( x ) = 0, g (2) = 0
x=2 x=2
x2 x 2 = lim ( x + 1) = 3 x2 x 2 x 2 x 2 lim g( x ) = 3 = 0 = g(2) lim g( x ) = lim

x 2
Therefore, g is discontinuous at x = 2.
Mathematics 53
36 / 60
Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let h( x ) = 3,
x=2 x=2
Mathematics 53
37 / 60
Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let h( x ) = 3, h (2) = 3
x=2 x=2
Mathematics 53
37 / 60
Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let h( x ) = 3, h (2) = 3
x 2
x=2 x=2
lim h( x ) = lim
x 2
x2 x 2 = lim ( x + 1) = 3 x2 x 2
Mathematics 53
37 / 60
Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let h( x ) = 3, h (2) = 3
x=2 x=2
x 2
x2 x 2 = lim ( x + 1) = 3 x2 x 2 x 2 x 2 lim h( x ) = 3 = h(2) lim h( x ) = lim
Mathematics 53
37 / 60
Example
2 x x 2 , x2 Let h( x ) = 3, h (2) = 3
x=2 x=2
x 2
x2 x 2 = lim ( x + 1) = 3 x2 x 2 x 2 x 2 lim h( x ) = 3 = h(2) lim h( x ) = lim
Therefore, h is continuous at x = 2.
Mathematics 53
37 / 60
Removable and Essential Discontinuity
Denition
Mathematics 53
38 / 60
Denition
1
If lim f ( x ) exists but either f ( a) is undened or f ( a) = lim f ( x ),

xa xa
Mathematics 53
38 / 60
Denition
1
If lim f ( x ) exists but either f ( a) is undened or f ( a) = lim f ( x ), then we say that f has a removable discontinuity at x = a.
xa xa
Mathematics 53
38 / 60
Denition
1
xa xa
If lim f ( x ) does not exist,

xa
Mathematics 53
38 / 60
Denition
1
xa xa
If lim f ( x ) does not exist, then we say that f has an essential discontinuity at x = a.
xa
Mathematics 53
38 / 60
Denition
1
xa xa
If lim f ( x ) does not exist, then we say that f has an essential discontinuity at x = a. Moreover,
xa
Mathematics 53
38 / 60
Denition
1
xa xa
1
xa
if lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x ) both exist but are not equal,

x a x a+
Mathematics 53
38 / 60
Denition
1
xa xa
1
xa
if lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x ) both exist but are not equal, then f is said to have a jump essential discontinuity at x = a.
x a x a+
Mathematics 53
38 / 60
Denition
1
xa xa
1
xa
x a x a+
if lim f ( x ) = + or or lim f ( x ) = + or ,
x a x a+
Mathematics 53
38 / 60
Denition
1
xa xa
1
xa
x a x a+
if lim f ( x ) = + or or lim f ( x ) = + or , then f is said to have an innite essential discontinuity at x = a.

x a x a+
Mathematics 53
38 / 60
Example
4 3 2 1 0
f ( x ) = 3x 1
Mathematics 53
39 / 60
Example
4 3 2 1 0
f ( x ) = 3x 1
f ( x ) = 3x 1 is continuous at x = 1.
Mathematics 53
39 / 60
Example
4 3 2 1 0
g( x ) =
3x2 4x + 1 x1
Mathematics 53
40 / 60
Example
4 3 2 1 0
g( x ) =
3x2 4x + 1 x1
g( x ) has a removable discontinuity at x = 1 since g(1) is

undened but lim g( x ) exists.
x 1
Mathematics 53
40 / 60
Example
1 f (x) = x
2 1
1 1 2 3
Mathematics 53
41 / 60
Example
1 f (x) = x
2 1
1 1 2 3
h( x ) =
1 has an innite essential discontinuity at x = 0. x
Mathematics 53
41 / 60
Example
1 1
Mathematics 53
42 / 60
Example
1 1
H ( x ) has a jump essential discontinuity at x = 0.
Mathematics 53
42 / 60
Example
Remark
Removable discontinuity: discontinuity can be removed by redening the value of
f at a so that f ( a) = lim f ( x )
xa
Mathematics 53
43 / 60
Example
Remark
xa
Recall: g( x ) =
3x2 4x + 1 has a removable discontinuity at x = 1. x1

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 g( x ) = 3x2 4x + 1 x1
Mathematics 53
43 / 60
Example
Remark
xa
Redening g at 1 such that g(1) =

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 2 3x 4x + 1 , x1 G(x) = ,
x=1 x=1
Mathematics 53
44 / 60
Example
Remark
xa
Redening g at 1 such that g(1) = 2,

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 2 3x 4x + 1 , x1 G(x) = 2,
x=1 x=1
Mathematics 53
44 / 60
Example
Remark
xa
Redening g at 1 such that g(1) = 2,

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 2 3x 4x + 1 , x1 G(x) = 2,
x=1 x=1
Mathematics 53
44 / 60
Example
Remark
xa
Redening g at 1 such that g(1) = 2, the function is now continuous!

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 2 3x 4x + 1 , x1 G(x) = 2,
x=1 x=1
Mathematics 53
44 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of the following function at x = 1 and x = 2:
f (x) =
4x 3, 2x2 x2 , 5x + 2
x<1 x1
Mathematics 53
45 / 60
Example
f (x) =
4x 3, 2x2 x2 , 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 1
Mathematics 53
45 / 60
Example
f (x) =
4x 3, 2x2 x2 , 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 1
1
f (1) =
12 =1 2(1)2 5(1) + 2
Mathematics 53
45 / 60
Example
f (x) =
4x 3, 2x2 x2 , 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 1
1
f (1) =
x 1
12 =1 2(1)2 5(1) + 2
lim f ( x )
Mathematics 53
45 / 60
Example
f (x) =
4x 3, 2x2 x2 , 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 1
1
f (1) =
x 1
12 =1 2(1)2 5(1) + 2
x 1
lim f ( x ) = lim (4x 3)
Mathematics 53
45 / 60
Example
f (x) =
4x 3, 2x2 x2 , 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 1
1
f (1) =
x 1
12 =1 2(1)2 5(1) + 2
x 1
lim f ( x ) = lim (4x 3) = 4(1) 3 = 1
Mathematics 53
45 / 60
Example
f (x) =
4x 3, 2x2 x2 , 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 1
1
f (1) =
x 1
12 =1 2(1)2 5(1) + 2
x 1
lim f ( x ) = lim (4x 3) = 4(1) 3 = 1
x 1+
lim f ( x )
Mathematics 53
45 / 60
Example
f (x) =
4x 3, 2x2 x2 , 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 1
1
f (1) =
x 1
12 =1 2(1)2 5(1) + 2
x 1
lim f ( x ) = lim (4x 3) = 4(1) 3 = 1

x 1+
x 1+
lim f ( x ) = lim
x2 2x2 5x + 2
Mathematics 53
45 / 60
Example
f (x) =
4x 3, 2x2 x2 , 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 1
1
f (1) =
x 1
12 =1 2(1)2 5(1) + 2
x 1
lim f ( x ) = lim (4x 3) = 4(1) 3 = 1

x 1+
x 1+
lim f ( x ) = lim
x2 =1 2x2 5x + 2
Mathematics 53
45 / 60
Example
f (x) =
4x 3, 2x2 x2 , 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 1
1
f (1) =
x 1
12 =1 2(1)2 5(1) + 2
x 1
lim f ( x ) = lim (4x 3) = 4(1) 3 = 1

x 1+
x 1+
lim f ( x ) = lim
x2 =1 2x2 5x + 2
Thus, lim f ( x ) = 1 = f (1) and therefore, f is continuous at x = 1.

x 1
Mathematics 53
45 / 60
Example
f (x) =
4x 3, x2 , 2x2 5x + 2
x<1 x1
Mathematics 53
46 / 60
Example
f (x) =
4x 3, x2 , 2x2 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 2
Mathematics 53
46 / 60
Example
f (x) =
4x 3, x2 , 2x2 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 2
1
f (2): undened
Mathematics 53
46 / 60
Example
f (x) =
4x 3, x2 , 2x2 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 2
1
f (2): undened
x 2
lim f ( x )
Mathematics 53
46 / 60
Example
f (x) =
4x 3, x2 , 2x2 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 2
1
f (2): undened
x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 2
x2 ( x 2)(2x 1)
Mathematics 53
46 / 60
Example
f (x) =
4x 3, x2 , 2x2 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 2
1
f (2): undened
x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 2
x2 1 = lim ( x 2)(2x 1) x2 2x 1
Mathematics 53
46 / 60
Example
f (x) =
4x 3, x2 , 2x2 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 2
1
f (2): undened
x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 2
x2 1 1 = lim = ( x 2)(2x 1) x2 2x 1 3
Mathematics 53
46 / 60
Example
f (x) =
4x 3, x2 , 2x2 5x + 2
x<1 x1
At x = 2
1
f (2): undened
x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 2
x2 1 1 = lim = ( x 2)(2x 1) x2 2x 1 3
Thus, lim f ( x ) exists but f (2) is undened, therefore, f has a removable discontinuity at x = 2.
x 2
Mathematics 53
46 / 60
Example
4 3 2 1
1 1 2 3 4
Mathematics 53
47 / 60
Remark
In general:
1
A function is discontinuous at numbers where it is undened. A piecewise-dened function may be discontinuous at endpoints of intervals.
Mathematics 53
48 / 60
Example
Discuss the continuity of
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|
x1 x>1
Mathematics 53
49 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

Note:
x1 x>1
|2x 3| =
2x 3,
2x 3 0
x x<
(2x 3), 2x 3 < 0
3 2 3 2
Mathematics 53
49 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|
x1 x>1
Mathematics 53
50 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3| f is undened:
x1 x>1
Mathematics 53
50 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3| f is undened: x = 3 and x =

3 2
x1 x>1
Mathematics 53
50 / 60
Example

Endpoints of intervals:
3 2
x1 x>1
Mathematics 53
50 / 60
Example

3 2
x1 x>1
Endpoints of intervals: x = 1 (and x = 3 ) 2
Mathematics 53
50 / 60
Example

3 2
x1 x>1
Endpoints of intervals: x = 1 (and x = 3 ) 2 Everywhere else, f is a rational function and therefore continuous.
Mathematics 53
50 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|
x1 x>1
Mathematics 53
51 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 3
x1 x>1
Mathematics 53
51 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 3
1
x1 x>1
f (3) is undened
Mathematics 53
51 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 3
1
x1 x>1
f (3) is undened
x 3
lim f ( x )
Mathematics 53
51 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 3
1
x1 x>1
f (3) is undened
x 3
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 3
x2 2x + 6
Mathematics 53
51 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 3
1
x1 x>1
f (3) is undened
x 3
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 3
5 x 2 ( 0 ) = 2x + 6
Mathematics 53
51 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 3
1
x1 x>1
f (3) is undened
x 3
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 3
5 x 2 ( 0 ) = + 2x + 6
Mathematics 53
51 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 3
1
x1 x>1
f (3) is undened
x 3
lim f ( x ) = lim lim f ( x )
x 3
5 x 2 ( 0 ) = + 2x + 6
x 3+
Mathematics 53
51 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 3
1
x1 x>1
f (3) is undened
x 3
lim f ( x ) = lim lim f ( x ) = lim
x 3
5 x 2 ( 0 ) = + 2x + 6
x 3+
x 3+
x2 2x + 6
Mathematics 53
51 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 3
1
x1 x>1
f (3) is undened
x 3
x 3
5 x 2 ( 0 ) = + 2x + 6 5 x 2 ( 0+ ) = 2x + 6
x 3+
x 3+
Mathematics 53
51 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 3
1
x1 x>1
f (3) is undened
x 3
x 3
5 x 2 ( 0 ) = + 2x + 6 5 x 2 ( 0+ ) = 2x + 6
x 3+
x 3+
Mathematics 53
51 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 3
1
x1 x>1
f (3) is undened
x 3
x 3
5 x 2 ( 0 ) = + 2x + 6 5 x 2 ( 0+ ) = 2x + 6
x 3+
x 3+
Thus, f has an innite essential discontinuity at x = 3.

Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|
x1 x>1
Mathematics 53
52 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 3 2
x1 x>1
Mathematics 53
52 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 3 2
1
x1 x>1
3 2
is undened
Mathematics 53
52 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 3 2
1
x1 x>1
3 2
is undened
3 x 2
lim f ( x )
Mathematics 53
52 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 3 2
1
x1 x>1
3 2
is undened
3 x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 3 2
2x2 + x 6 |2x 3|
Mathematics 53
52 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 3 2
1
x1 x>1
3 2
is undened
3 x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 3 2
2x2 + x 6 (2x 3)( x + 2) = lim 3 |2x 3| (2x 3) x 2
Mathematics 53
52 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 3 2
1
x1 x>1
3 2
is undened
3 x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 3 2
7 2x2 + x 6 (2x 3)( x + 2) = lim = 3 |2x 3| (2x 3) 2 x 2
Mathematics 53
52 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 3 2
1
x1 x>1
3 2
is undened
3 x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 3 2
7 2x2 + x 6 (2x 3)( x + 2) = lim = 3 |2x 3| (2x 3) 2 x 2
3 x 2
lim f ( x )
+
Mathematics 53
52 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 3 2
1
x1 x>1
3 2
is undened
3 x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 3 2
7 2x2 + x 6 (2x 3)( x + 2) = lim = 3 |2x 3| (2x 3) 2 x 2 2x2 + x 6 |2x 3|
3+ x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
+ x 3 2
Mathematics 53
52 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 3 2
1
x1 x>1
3 2
is undened
3 x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 3 2
7 2x2 + x 6 (2x 3)( x + 2) = lim = 3 |2x 3| (2x 3) 2 x 2 2x2 + x 6 (2x 3)( x + 2) = lim+ |2x 3| 2x 3 x 3 2
3+ x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
+ x 3 2
Mathematics 53
52 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 3 2
1
x1 x>1
3 2
is undened
3 x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 3 2
7 2x2 + x 6 (2x 3)( x + 2) = lim = 3 |2x 3| (2x 3) 2 x 2 2x2 + x 6 (2x 3)( x + 2) 7 = lim+ = |2x 3| 2x 3 2 x 3 2
3+ x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
+ x 3 2
Mathematics 53
52 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 3 2
1
x1 x>1
3 2
is undened
3 x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 3 2
7 2x2 + x 6 (2x 3)( x + 2) = lim = 3 |2x 3| (2x 3) 2 x 2 2x2 + x 6 (2x 3)( x + 2) 7 = lim+ = |2x 3| 2x 3 2 x 3 2
3+ x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
+ x 3 2
3 Thus, f has a jump essential discontinuity at x = 2 .

Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|
x1 x>1
Mathematics 53
53 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 1
x1 x>1
Mathematics 53
53 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 1
1
x1 x>1
f (1) =
12 1 = 2(1) + 6 8
Mathematics 53
53 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 1
1
x1 x>1
f (1) =
12 1 = 2(1) + 6 8
x 1
lim f ( x )
Mathematics 53
53 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 1
1
x1 x>1
f (1) =
12 1 = 2(1) + 6 8
x 1
x 1
lim f ( x ) = lim
x2 2x + 6
Mathematics 53
53 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 1
1
x1 x>1
f (1) =
12 1 = 2(1) + 6 8
x 1
x 1
lim f ( x ) = lim
x2 1 = 2x + 6 8
Mathematics 53
53 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 1
1
x1 x>1
f (1) =
12 1 = 2(1) + 6 8
x 1
x 1
3
lim f ( x ) = lim
x2 1 = 2x + 6 8
x 1+
lim f ( x )
Mathematics 53
53 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 1
1
x1 x>1
f (1) =
12 1 = 2(1) + 6 8
x 1
x 1
3
lim f ( x ) = lim
x2 1 = 2x + 6 8 2x2 + x 6 |2x 3|
x 1+
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 1+
Mathematics 53
53 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 1
1
x1 x>1
f (1) =
12 1 = 2(1) + 6 8
x 1
x 1
3
lim f ( x ) = lim
x2 1 = 2x + 6 8 2x2 + x 6 2x2 + x 6 = |2x 3| (2x 3)
x 1+
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 1+
Mathematics 53
53 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 1
1
x1 x>1
f (1) =
12 1 = 2(1) + 6 8
x 1
x 1
3
lim f ( x ) = lim
x2 1 = 2x + 6 8 2x2 + x 6 2x2 + x 6 = = 3 |2x 3| (2x 3)
x 1+
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 1+
Mathematics 53
53 / 60
Example
x2 , 2x + 6 f (x) = 2x2 + x 6 , |2x 3|

At x = 1
1
x1 x>1
f (1) =
12 1 = 2(1) + 6 8
x 1
x 1
3
lim f ( x ) = lim
x2 1 = 2x + 6 8 2x2 + x 6 2x2 + x 6 = = 3 |2x 3| (2x 3)
x 1+
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 1+
Thus, f has a jump essential discontinuity at x = 1.

Example
6 5 4 3 2 1
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
Mathematics 53
54 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
x<0 0x2 x>2
Mathematics 53
55 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
Note:
x<0 0x2 x>2
1, 0 x < 1 [[ x 1]] = 0, 1x<2 1, x=2
Mathematics 53
55 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
Note:
x<0 0x2 x>2
1, 0 x < 1 [[ x 1]] = 0, 1x<2 1, x=2

So g is possibly discontinuous at
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
Note:
x<0 0x2 x>2
1, 0 x < 1 [[ x 1]] = 0, 1x<2 1, x=2

So g is possibly discontinuous at x = 0, 1 and 2
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
x<0 0x2 x>2
Mathematics 53
56 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
x<0 0x2 x>2
Mathematics 53
56 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (0)
Mathematics 53
56 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (0) = [[0 1]] = 1
Mathematics 53
56 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (0) = [[0 1]] = 1

x 0
lim g( x )
Mathematics 53
56 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (0) = [[0 1]] = 1

x 0
lim g( x ) = lim
x 0
1 1 + x x2 x
Mathematics 53
56 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (0) = [[0 1]] = 1

x 0
lim g( x ) = lim
x 0
1 1 + x x2 x
= lim
x 0
1+x1 x ( x 1)
Mathematics 53
56 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (0) = [[0 1]] = 1

x 0
lim g( x ) = lim
x 0
1 1 + x x2 x
= lim
x 0
1+x1 1 = lim x ( x 1) x 0 x 1
Mathematics 53
56 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (0) = [[0 1]] = 1

x 0
lim g( x ) = lim
x 0
1 1 + x x2 x
= lim
x 0
1+x1 1 = lim = 1 x ( x 1) x 0 x 1
Mathematics 53
56 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (0) = [[0 1]] = 1

x 0
lim g( x ) = lim
x 0
1 1 + x x2 x
= lim
x 0
1+x1 1 = lim = 1 x ( x 1) x 0 x 1
x 0+
lim g( x )
Mathematics 53
56 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (0) = [[0 1]] = 1

x 0
lim g( x ) = lim
x 0 x 0+
1 1 + x x2 x
= lim
x 0
1+x1 1 = lim = 1 x ( x 1) x 0 x 1
x 0+
lim g( x ) = lim [[ x 1]]
Mathematics 53
56 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (0) = [[0 1]] = 1

x 0
lim g( x ) = lim
x 0 x 0+
1 1 + x x2 x
x 0+
= lim
x 0
1+x1 1 = lim = 1 x ( x 1) x 0 x 1
x 0+
lim g( x ) = lim [[ x 1]] = lim (1)
Mathematics 53
56 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (0) = [[0 1]] = 1

x 0
lim g( x ) = lim
x 0 x 0+
1 1 + x x2 x
x 0+
= lim
x 0
1+x1 1 = lim = 1 x ( x 1) x 0 x 1
x 0+
lim g( x ) = lim [[ x 1]] = lim (1) = 1
Mathematics 53
56 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 0
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (0) = [[0 1]] = 1

x 0
lim g( x ) = lim
x 0 x 0+
1 1 + x x2 x
x 0+
= lim
x 0
1+x1 1 = lim = 1 x ( x 1) x 0 x 1
x 0+
lim g( x ) = lim [[ x 1]] = lim (1) = 1
Therefore, g is continuous at x = 0.
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
x<0 0x2 x>2
Mathematics 53
57 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 2
x<0 0x2 x>2
Mathematics 53
57 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 2
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (2)
Mathematics 53
57 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 2
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (2) = [[2 1]] = 1
Mathematics 53
57 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 2
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (2) = [[2 1]] = 1

x 2
lim g( x )
Mathematics 53
57 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 2
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (2) = [[2 1]] = 1

x 2
lim g( x ) = lim [[ x 1]]

x 2
Mathematics 53
57 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 2
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (2) = [[2 1]] = 1

x 2
lim g( x ) = lim [[ x 1]] = lim 0

x 2 x 2
Mathematics 53
57 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 2
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (2) = [[2 1]] = 1

x 2
lim g( x ) = lim [[ x 1]] = lim 0 = 0

x 2 x 2
Mathematics 53
57 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 2
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (2) = [[2 1]] = 1

x 2
lim g( x ) = lim [[ x 1]] = lim 0 = 0

x 2 x 2
x 2+
lim g( x )
Mathematics 53
57 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 2
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (2) = [[2 1]] = 1

x 2
lim g( x ) = lim [[ x 1]] = lim 0 = 0

x 2 x 2+ x 2
x 2+
lim g( x ) = lim
x2
( 0+ )
Mathematics 53
57 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 2
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (2) = [[2 1]] = 1

x 2
lim g( x ) = lim [[ x 1]] = lim 0 = 0

x 2 x 2+ x 2
x 2+
lim g( x ) = lim
x2 = 0
( 0+ )
Mathematics 53
57 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 2
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (2) = [[2 1]] = 1

x 2
lim g( x ) = lim [[ x 1]] = lim 0 = 0

x 2 x 2+ x 2
x 2+
lim g( x ) = lim
x2 = 0
( 0+ )
Mathematics 53
57 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 2
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (2) = [[2 1]] = 1

x 2
lim g( x ) = lim [[ x 1]] = lim 0 = 0

x 2 x 2+ x 2
x 2+
lim g( x ) = lim
x2 = 0
( 0+ )
Therefore, g has a removable discontinuity at x = 2.

Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
x<0 0x2 x>2
Mathematics 53
58 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 1
x<0 0x2 x>2
Mathematics 53
58 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 1
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (1)
Mathematics 53
58 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 1
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (1) = [[1 1]] = 0
Mathematics 53
58 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 1
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (1) = [[1 1]] = 0

x 1
lim g( x )
Mathematics 53
58 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 1
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (1) = [[1 1]] = 0

x 1
lim g( x ) = lim [[ x 1]]

x 1
Mathematics 53
58 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 1
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (1) = [[1 1]] = 0

x 1
lim g( x ) = lim [[ x 1]] = lim 1

x 1 x 1
Mathematics 53
58 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 1
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (1) = [[1 1]] = 0

x 1
lim g( x ) = lim [[ x 1]] = lim 1 = 1

x 1 x 1
Mathematics 53
58 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 1
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (1) = [[1 1]] = 0

x 1
lim g( x ) = lim [[ x 1]] = lim 1 = 1

x 1 x 1
x 1+
lim g( x )
Mathematics 53
58 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 1
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (1) = [[1 1]] = 0

x 1
lim g( x ) = lim [[ x 1]] = lim 1 = 1

x 1 x 1
x 1+
lim g( x ) = lim [[ x 1]]

x 1+
Mathematics 53
58 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 1
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (1) = [[1 1]] = 0

x 1
lim g( x ) = lim [[ x 1]] = lim 1 = 1

x 1 x 1
x 1+
lim g( x ) = lim [[ x 1]] = lim 0

x 1+ x 1+
Mathematics 53
58 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 1
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (1) = [[1 1]] = 0

x 1
lim g( x ) = lim [[ x 1]] = lim 1 = 1

x 1 x 1
x 1+
lim g( x ) = lim [[ x 1]] = lim 0 = 0

x 1+ x 1+
Mathematics 53
58 / 60
Example
1 + 1, 2 x x x g( x ) = [[ x 1]], x 2,
At x = 1
1
x<0 0x2 x>2
g (1) = [[1 1]] = 0

x 1
lim g( x ) = lim [[ x 1]] = lim 1 = 1

x 1 x 1
x 1+
lim g( x ) = lim [[ x 1]] = lim 0 = 0

x 1+ x 1+
Therefore, g has a jump essential discontinuity at x = 1.
Mathematics 53
58 / 60
Example
3 2 1
4 3 2 1 1 2 3
Mathematics 53
59 / 60
Exercises
Evaluate lim
9x2 4 x . 2x + 3
x 1, x < 0 [[ x ]] , 0 x 1 f (x) = x , x>1 x2
Mathematics 53
60 / 60

Lecture 4 - Limits at Infinity and Continuity at A Point PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 4 - Limits at Infinity and Continuity at A Point PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point

x 1 10 1000 1000000 1000000000

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point

x 1 10 1000 1000000 1000000000

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point

x 1 10 1000 1000000 1000000000

1 100 10000 10000000 1000000000

1 0.01 0.0001 0.0000001 0.000000001

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point

x 1 10 1000 1000000 1000000000

1 100 10000 10000000 1000000000

1 0.01 0.0001 0.0000001 0.000000001

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point

1 x x f (x) 1 0.1 0.001 0.000001 0.000000001 x f (x)

1 10 1000 1000000 1000000000

1 100 10000 10000000 1000000000

1 0.01 0.0001 0.0000001 0.000000001 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Limits at Innity and Continuity at a Point