EJERCICIOS TERMODINAMICA

8.1

400 C , 2 MPa

caldera

400 C
3
2 MPa
4

10 kPa
Con

10 kPa

1
ESTADO 1:

P1= 10 kPa

ESTADO 2:

P2= 2MPa = 2000 kPa

4
S

h1=hf= 191.81 kJ/kg

hfg= 2392.1 kJ/kg
Vf=v1= 0.001010 m3/kg
S1=Sf= 0.6492 kJ/kg.K
Sfg= 7.4996 kJ/kg.K

WBomba= V1(P2 P1)

WBomba= 0.001010 m3/kg (2000 kPa - 10 kPa)

WBomba= h2 h1
h2 = WBomba + h1
h2 = 2.0099 kJ/kg + 191.81 kJ/kg

WBomba = 2.0099 kJ/kg

h2 = 193.82 kJ/kg

ESTADO 3:

P3= 2MPa
T3= 400 C

h3 = 3248.4 kJ/kg
S3 = 7.1292 kJ/kg.K

ESTADO 4:

P4= 10 kPa

S3 = S4 = 7.1292 kJ/kg.K

S4 = Sf + X4Sfg
X4 = (S4 - Sf)/Sfg
X4 = (7.1292 0.6492)/7.4996
X4 = 0.8641

h4 = hf + X4hfg
h4 = 191.81 kJ/kg + 0.8641 (2392.1 kJ/kg)
h4 = 2258.824 kJ/kg

n =?
Qin = h3 - h2 = 3248.4 kJ/kg - 2258.824 kJ/kg =>

Qin = 3054.56 kJ/kg

Qout = h4 - h1 = 2258.824 kJ/kg - 191.81 kJ/kg =>

Qout = 2067.014 kJ/kg

n = 1 Qout /Qin = 1- (2067.014 kJ/kg)/ (3054.56 kJ/kg)

n1 = 0.3233

8.2
400 C , 4 MPa

T
3

caldera

400
3

4 MPa
2
4

10 kPa
10 kPa
Con

ESTADO 1:

P1= 10 kPa

h1=hf= 191.81 kJ/kg

hfg= 2392.1 kJ/kg
Vf=v1= 0.001010 m3/kg
S1=Sf= 0.6492 kJ/kg.K
Sfg= 7.4996 kJ/kg.K

ESTADO 2:

P2=4 MPa = 4000 kPa

WBomba= V1(P2 P1)
WBomba= 0.001010 m3/kg (4000 kPa - 10 kPa)

WBomba= h2 h1
h2 = WBomba + h1
h2 = 4.0299 kJ/kg + 191.81 kJ/kg

WBomba = 4.0299 kJ/kg

h2 = 195.84 kJ/kg

ESTADO 3:

P3=4MPa
T3= 400 C

h3 = 3214.5 kJ/kg
S3 = 6.7714 kJ/kg.K

ESTADO 4:

P4= 10 kPa

S3 = S4 = 6.7714 kJ/kg.K

S4 = Sf + X4Sfg
X4 = (S4 - Sf)/Sfg
X4 = (6.7714 0.6492)/7.4996
X4 = 0.8163

h4 = hf + X4hfg
h4 = 191.81 kJ/kg + 0.8163 (2392.1 kJ/kg)
h4 = 2144.481 kJ/kg

n =?
Qin = h3 - h2 = 3214.5 kJ/kg - 195.84 kJ/kg =>

Qin = 3018.66 kJ/kg

Qout = h4 - h1 = 2144.481 kJ/kg - 191.81 kJ/kg =>

Qout = 1952.671 kJ/kg

n = 1 Qout /Qin = 1- (1952.671 kJ/kg)/ (3018.66 kJ/kg)

n2 = 0.3531
El aumento de rendimiento trmico:
% Aumento = 100 x (n2 n1)/n1 =100 x (0.3531 0.3233)/0.3233 =>

% Aumento = 9.217 %

8.3
T

600 C , 2 MPa

caldera

600 C
3

2 MPa
2
4

10 kPa

10 kPa

Con

ESTADO 1:

P1= 10 kPa

ESTADO 2:

P2=2 MPa = 2000 kPa

h1=hf= 191.81 kJ/kg

hfg= 2392.1 kJ/kg
Vf=v1= 0.001010 m3/kg
S1=Sf= 0.6492 kJ/kg.K
Sfg= 7.4996 kJ/kg.K

WBomba= V1(P2 P1)

WBomba= 0.001010 m3/kg (2000 kPa - 10 kPa)

WBomba= h2 h1
h2 = WBomba + h1
h2 = 2.0099 kJ/kg + 191.81 kJ/kg

WBomba = 2.0099 kJ/kg

h2 = 193.8199 kJ/kg

ESTADO 3:

P3=2MPa
T3= 600 C

h3 = 3690.7 kJ/kg
S3 = 7.7043 kJ/kg.K

ESTADO 4:

P4= 10 kPa

S3 = S4 = 7.7043 kJ/kg.K

S4 = Sf + X4Sfg
X4 = (S4 - Sf)/Sfg
X4 = (7.7043 0.6492)/7.4996
X4 = 0.94073

h4 = hf + X4hfg
h4 = 191.81 kJ/kg + 0.94073 (2392.1 kJ/kg)
h4 = 2443.131 kJ/kg

n =?
Qin = h3 - h2 = 3690.7 kJ/kg - 193.8199 kJ/kg =>

Qin = 3496.8801kJ/kg

Qout = h4 - h1 = 2442.131 kJ/kg - 191.81 kJ/kg =>

Qout = 2250.321 kJ/kg

n = 1 Qout /Qin = 1- (2250.321 kJ/kg)/ (3496.88 kJ/kg)

n3 = 0.3565
El aumento de rendimiento trmico:
% Aumento = 100 x (n3 n1)/n1 =100 x (0.3565 0.3233)/0.3233 =>

% Aumento = 10.27 %

400C , 2 MPa

8.4

T
3

caldera

400 C
3

2 MPa
2
4

4 kPa

4 kPa

Con

4
S

ESTADO 1:

P1= 4 kPa

h1=hf= 121.39 kJ/kg

hfg= 2432.3 kJ/kg
Vf=v1= 0.001004 m3/kg
S1=Sf= 0.4224 kJ/kg.K
Sfg= 8.0510 kJ/kg.K

ESTADO 2:

P2=2 MPa = 2000 kPa

WBomba= V1(P2 P1)
WBomba= 0.001004 m3/kg (2000 kPa - 4 kPa)

WBomba= h2 h1
h2 = WBomba + h1
h2 = 2.003984 kJ/kg + 121.39 kJ/kg

WBomba = 2.003984 kJ/kg

h2 = 123.394 kJ/kg

ESTADO 3:

P3=2MPa
T3= 400 C

h3 = 3248.4 kJ/kg
S3 = 7.1292 kJ/kg.K

ESTADO 4:

P4= 4 kPa

S3 = S4 = 7.1292 kJ/kg.K

S4 = Sf + X4Sfg
X4 = (S4 - Sf)/Sfg
X4 = (7.1292 0.4224)/8.0510
X4 = 0.83364

h4 = hf + X4hfg
h4 = 121.39 kJ/kg + 0.83364 (2432.3 kJ/kg)
h4 = 2147.593 kJ/kg

n =?
Qin = h3 - h2 = 3248.4 kJ/kg - 123.394 kJ/kg =>

Qin = 3125.006 kJ/kg

Qout = h4 - h1 = 2147.593 kJ/kg - 121.39 kJ/kg =>

Qout = 2026.203 kJ/kg

n = 1 Qout /Qin = 1- (2026.203 kJ/kg)/ (3125.006 kJ/kg)

n4 = 0.3516
El aumento de rendimiento trmico:
% Aumento = 100 x (n4 n1)/n1 =100 x (0.3516 0.3233)/0.3233 =>

% Aumento = 8.75 %

8.5

400C

calder
a

2 MPa
80 C

2
2 MPa
1

500 C

Con

ESTADO 1:

P1= 47.416 kPa

T1= 80 C

ESTADO 2:

P2=2 MPa = 2000 kPa

47.416 kPa

4
S

h1=hf= 335.02 kJ/kg

hfg= 2308 kJ/kg
Vf=v1= 0.001029 m3/kg
S1=Sf= 1.0756 kJ/kg.K
Sfg= 6.5355 kJ/kg.K

WBomba= V1(P2 P1)

WBomba= 0.001029 m3/kg (2000 kPa 47.416 kPa)

WBomba= h2 h1
h2 = WBomba + h1
h2 = 2.00921 kJ/kg + 335.02 kJ/kg

WBomba = 2.00921 kJ/kg

h2 = 337.029 kJ/kg

ESTADO 3:

P3=2MPa
T3= 500 C

h3 = 3468.3 kJ/kg
S3 = 7.4337 kJ/kg.K

ESTADO 4:

P4= 47.416 kPa

S3 = S4 = 7.4337 kJ/kg.K

S4 = Sf + X4Sfg
X4 = (S4 - Sf)/Sfg
X4 = (7.4337 1.0756)/6.5355
X4 = 0.972856

h4 = hf + X4hfg
h4 = 335.02 kJ/kg + 0. 972856 (2308kJ/kg)
h4 = 2580.2424 kJ/kg

n =?
Qin = h3 - h2 = 3468.3 kJ/kg 337.029 kJ/kg =>

Qin = 3131.271 kJ/kg

Qout = h4 - h1 = 2580.2424 kJ/kg 335.02 kJ/kg =>

Qout = 2245.2224 kJ/kg

n = 1 Qout /Qin = 1- (2245.2224 kJ/kg)/ (3131.271 kJ/kg)

n4 = 0.2829

8.6

ESTADO 1:

P1= 4 kPa

h1=hf= 11.39 kJ/kg

hfg= 2432.3 kJ/kg
Vf=v1= 0.001004 m3/kg
S1=Sf= 0.4224 kJ/kg.K
Sfg= 8.051 kJ/kg.K

ESTADO 2:

P2=8 MPa = 8000 kPa

WBomba= V1(P2 P1)
WBomba= 0.001004 m3/kg (8000 kPa 4 kPa)

WBomba = 8.027984 kJ/kg

h2 = 129.4179 kJ/kg

ESTADO 3:

P3=8MPa
T3= 600 C

h3 = 3642.4 kJ/kg
S3 = 7.0221 kJ/kg.K

ESTADO 4:

P4= 4 kPa

S3 = S4 = 7.0221 kJ/kg.K

Interpolar:

h
2943.1
h4
3051.6

ESTADO 5:

P4= P5=1MPa
T5= 600 C

ESTADO 6:

P6= 100 kPa = 0.1 MPa

Interpolar:

ESTADO 7:

h
2875.5
h6
2974.5

P6= P7=0.1MPa
T7= 600 C

WBomba= h2 h1
h2 = WBomba + h1
h2 = 8.027984 kJ/kg + 121.39 kJ/kg

h4 = 2995.4604 kJ/kg

s
6.9265
7.0221
7.1246

h5= 3698.6 kJ/kg

S5 = 8.0311 kJ/kg.K

S5 = S6 = 8.0311 kJ/kg.K
s
7.8356
8.0311
2974.5

h5= 3705.6 kJ/kg

S5 = 9.0999 kJ/kg.K

h6 = 2972.7587 kJ/kg

ESTADO 8:

P8= 4 kPa

h
2kPa
s
2594.3
8.9227
X
9.0999
2688.4
9.1936

S7 = S8 = 9.0999 kJ/kg.K

h
2783.3
Y
2879.8

X = 2655.8523

5kPa

h8 = 2767.83 kJ/kg

s
9.0095
9.0999
9.2248

Y = 2823.8184

P
2
4
5

h
2655.8523
h8
2823.8184
h8 = 2767.83 kJ/kg

n =?
Qin = (h3 - h2) + (h5 h4) + (h7 h6) = 3642.4 kJ/kg 129.42 kJ/kg +3698.6 kJ/kg 2995.46 kJ/kg + 3705.6 kJ/kg 2972.76 kJ/kg =>
Qin = 4948.96 kJ/kg
Qout = h8 - h1 = 2767.83 kJ/kg 121.39 kJ/kg

=>

Qout = 2646.44 kJ/kg

n = 1 Qout /Qin = 1- (2646.44 kJ/kg)/ (4948.96 kJ/kg)

n = 0.4653

8.7

ESTADO 1:

P1= 10 kPa

h1=hf= 191.81 kJ/kg

hfg= 2392.1 kJ/kg
Vf=v1= 0.001010 m3/kg
S1=Sf= 0.6492 kJ/kg.K
Sfg= 7.4996 kJ/kg.K

ESTADO 3:

P3=10MPa
T3= 600 C

h3 = 3625.5 kJ/kg
S3 = 6.9045 kJ/kg.K

ESTADO 5:

P5= 1 MPa

S3 = S5 = 6.9045 kJ/kg.K

Interpolar:

ESTADO 4:

h
2828.3
h5
2943.1

P4= 10 kPa

s
6.6956
6.9045
6.9265
S3 = S5 = S4 = 6.9045 kJ/kg.K

S4 = Sf + X4Sfg
X4 = (S4 - Sf)/Sfg
X4 = (6.9045 0.6492)/7.4996
X4 = 0.83408

ESTADO 6:

P5 = P6 = 1000 kPa

h5 = 2932.16 kJ/kg

h4 = hf + X4hfg
h4 = 191.81 kJ/kg + 0. 83408 (2392.1kJ/kg)
h4 = 2187.013 kJ/kg

h6 = 762.51 kJ/kg
S6 = 2.1381 kJ/kg.K
V6 = 0.001127m3/kg

ESTADO 7:

ESTADO 2:

WBomba II= V6(P7 P6)

WBomba II= 0.001127 m3/kg (1000 kPa 10 kPa)

WBombaII= h7 h6
h7 = WBombaII + h6
h7 = 1.11573 kJ/kg + 762.51 kJ/kg

WBombaII = 1.11573 kJ/kg

h7 = 763.626 kJ/kg

P2 = 10000 kPa
WBomba I= V1(P2 P1)
WBomba I= 0.001010 m3/kg (10000 kPa 10 kPa)

WBombaI = 10.0899 kJ/kg

WBombaI= h2 h1
h2 = WBombaI + h1
h2 = 10.0899 kJ/kg + 191.81 kJ/kg
h2 = 201.8999 kJ/kg

BALANCE DE MASA:
7 = 5 + 2
y = (763.626 201.8999)/(2932.16 201.8999)
h7 7 = h5 5 + h2 2
(1) h7 = yh5 + (1-y) h2
h7 = yh5 + h2 - y h2
h7 - h2 = y(h5 - h2)
y = (h7 - h2)/( (h5 - h2))

y = 0.20574

a) n =?
Qin = (h3 h7) = 3625.8 kJ/kg 763.6262 kJ/kg

=>

Qin = 2862.174 kJ/kg

Qout = (1-y)(h4 - h1) = (1 0.20574)(2187.013 kJ/kg 191.81 kJ/kg)

=>

Qout = 1584.7099 kJ/kg

n = 1 Qout /Qin = 1- (1584.7099 kJ/kg)/ (2862.174 kJ/kg)

n = 0.4463

b) W = .
= (h3 h5) + (1 y)( h5 h4)= (3625.8 2932.16)+(1-0.20574)(2932.16 2187.013) =>
= 1285.4805 kJ/kg
= W/ = (20000 kJ/s)/(1285.4805 kJ/kg)
= 15.56 kg/s

c) Qout /Qin = 1584.7099/2862.174 =>

Qout /Qin = 0.554

8.8

ESTADO 1:

P1= 10 kPa

ESTADO 2:

P2=400 kPa

h1=hf= 191.81 kJ/kg

hfg= 2392.1 kJ/kg
Vf=v1= 0.001010 m3/kg
S1=Sf= 0.6492 kJ/kg.K
Sfg= 7.4996 kJ/kg.K

WBomba= V1(P2 P1)

WBomba= 0.001010 m3/kg (400 kPa 10 kPa)

WBomba= h2 h1
h2 = WBomba + h1
h2 = 0.3939 kJ/kg + 191.81 kJ/kg

WBomba = 0.3939 kJ/kg

h2 = 192.2039 kJ/kg

ESTADO 3:

P3=4MPa
T3= 600 C

h3 = 3674.9 kJ/kg
S3 = 7.3706 kJ/kg.K

ESTADO 4:

P4= 400 kPa

S3 = S4 = 7.3706 kJ/kg.K

Interpolar:

h
2860.9
h4s
2964.5

h4s = 2959.621 kJ/kg

s
7.1723
7.3706
7.3804

ESTADO 5:

P4= P5=400 kPa

T5= 400 C

h5= 3273.9 kJ/kg

S5 = 7.9003 kJ/kg.K

ESTADO 6:

P6= 10 kPa

S5 = S6 = 7.9003 kJ/kg.K

S6 = Sf + X6Sfg
X6 = (S6 - Sf)/Sfg
X6 = (7.9003 0.6492)/7.4996
X6 = 0.96686

h6s = hf + X6hfg
h6s = 191.81 kJ/kg + 0. 96686 (2392.1kJ/kg)
h6s = 2187.013 kJ/kg

Rendimiento de la Turbina:

nT = Wr/Ws = (h3 h4r)/(h3 h4) => 0.84 = (3674.9 - h4r)/(3674.9 2959.621)

h4r = 8074.066 kJ/kg

Eficiencia del ciclo: n =?

Qin = (h3 - h2) + (h5 h4) = 3674.9kJ/kg 192.2039 kJ/kg +3273.9 kJ/kg 3074.066 kJ/kg =>

Qin = 3682.5301 kJ/kg

WTurb = nT(h3 h4s) + nT(h3 h6s) = 0.84(3674.9 2959.621) + 0.84(3273.9 2504.636) => WTurb = 1247.016 kJ/kg

Por lo tanto:
n = WTurb/Qin = 1247.016/3682.5301 =>

n = 0.3386

Potencia cedida al condensador:

nT = Wr/Ws = (h5 h6r)/(h5 h6s) => 0.84 = (3273.9 h6r)/(3273.9 2504.636)
h6r = 2627.7182 kJ/kg

Qout = h6r - h1 = 2627.7182 kJ/kg 191.81 kJ/kg

=>

Qout = 2435.9082 kJ/kg

Calor del ciclo

out = . Qout
out = (10 kg/s).(2435.9082kJ/kg)
out = 24359.082 kw

Hallando el caudal msico del agua refrigerante: T = 10 C

out = a . CpH2O . T
= out/( CpH2O . T) = (24359.082 kJ/s)/{(4.18 kJ/kgC)(10 C)}
= 582.75
kg/s