Unit 10: Imperialism

1880-1914

Goals for Unit 9:

To understand the economic, social and political motives that drove the Europeans during the Age of Imperialism. To understand the impact of Imperialism upon the areas of the world that were dominated by the Europeans. To understand the varying types of Imperialist management applied by the different European countries in their respective colonies. To understand the impact of European Imperialism upon the Muslim Empires. To understand how China and Japan reflect different responses to resisting the influence of the European Imperialism.

Imperialism
The takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the political, economic, and social life of the people of that nation.

Goals for Unit 9:

To understand the impact of Britains rule over India. To realize the influence of Europeans on the nations of China, Japan, and Southeast Asia To develop an understanding of why the once powerful China declined during this time, and what role European nations played in Chinas downfall. To understand why Japan eventually became stronger in response to Imperialism and European influence To develop an understanding of the Asian nations. To further understand the effects of geography upon history.

Why Imperialism?
National Pride Economic competition
France vs. Germany, Britain vs. Germany, Britain vs. France

Social Darwinism
Survival of the fittest Used as justification

Africa Before Imperialism

Demographics
1,000 different languages Hundreds of ethnic groups

Religion
Traditional beliefs, Christianity, Islam

Politics
Large empires to independent villages Why is this important information?

Europeans Arrive
Explorers, missionaries, humanitarians, reporters at first Why not until the late 1800s? Industrial Revolution
Needed new markets and raw materials

Technological superiority
Maxim Gun

Medical Breakthroughs
Quinine to battle Malaria

What did Africa Have to Offer?

Mining:
Congo: copper and tin South Africa: gold and diamonds

Agriculture: Cash-crops
Peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, rubber

More colonies means more power

Pre-Conquest of Africa
French in Algeria by 1830s Portuguese had Angola & Mozambique British took Cape Colony during Napoleonic Wars European powers only controlled about 10% of continent until 1870s

The Scramble for Africa

King Leopold II of Belgium (1876) in Congo
Forms International Africa Association (IAA)

Influences Otto Van Bismarck

Economic/power reasons Wants to divert French hostility toward Germany Calls for Conference

Berlin Conference 1884-1885

Headed by Bismarck
Germanys entrance into the game changed the rules

European claims to African territory had to rest on effective occupation in order to be recognized
Also agreed to work to stop slavery and the slave trade No firearm or liquor sales in certain areas Missionaries free to spread Christianity

Africas Response to Colonization

European technology outmatches most African armies Maxim gun, gunboats, etc Europeans susceptible to disease
Solution? Recruit rival African tribes to help fight each other

African leaders weigh options:

Build alliances with Europeans, other tribes? Make accommodations? Negotiate?

Africas Response to Colonization

Samori Toure Western African leader
Created powerful Islamic Kingdom 30,000 man army Fought with invading French in 1881 and lost, moved east After internal rebellions, and imposing British forces from the west Captured and exiled in 1898

African Response to Colonization

Religious leaders more effective in uniting why?
Religion unites, politics divide

Muhammad Ahmad (1844-1885) in Sudan

Muslim shaykh (head of tribe, village, religious order) Proclaimed himself the Mahdi (1881)
Muslim messiah, savior of the faith Establishes jihad and successfully takes back British controlled land until 1898

The Shona tribe rises up against British in South Africa in 1890s

African Response to Colonization

Ethiopia only area to successfully keep European powers out Menelik II becomes emperor and unites the region
Starts to modernize and expand Ethiopia Makes agreement with Italians for Red Sea coast

1896 Italians break treaty Battle ensues at Aduwa

100,000 Ethiopian soldiers vs. 20,000 Italian soldiers

Italians make numerous mistakes in battle, are embarrassed in defeat.

The Mineral Revolution

Diamonds discovered in 1867 in Southern Africa and thousands (both black and white) flocked to area to mine 1873 European diggers lobby for British to establish laws prohibiting Africans from owning claims sets tone for future laws European mine owners employ Africans Compound system controls labor

The Mineral Revolution

1886 Gold discovered in Transvaal
Transvaal is Afrikaner territory led by President Paul Kruger New discovery renews British interest in controlling the Transvaal Kruger determined to protect Transvaal from uitlanders

1888 Cecil Rhodes and Barney Barnato join to found De Beers

De Beers comes to control 90% of diamond production Rhodes becomes prime minister of Cape Colony in S.A. Expands British borders in S.A.

The Boer War South Africa (1899)

Rhodes attempts invasion of Transvaal and fails
Rhodes forced to resign invasion is seen as reckless Afrikaners and Orange Free State ally and modernize army Boers

Alfred Milner replaces Rhodes

Gave Kruger a list of demands that could not be met, war breaks out

First modern total war

Boers used guerilla tactics British burned Boer farms; imprisoned women & children in disease-ridden concentration camps 30,000 Afrikaners and 15,000 blacks died in the camps

1902 Union of South Africa created, controlled by the British

By 1907 a self-governing dominion of the UK

After the War

British try to Anglicize Afrikaners but fail Afrikaners controlled the government (first three Prime Ministers were Afrikaner) and gained official recognition of language English speakers controlled the civil service and dominated the business sector They did work together to preserve white dominance over the black majority
70% of population controlled on 13% of land Civilized Labor policies of the 1920s
Low-level civil jobs blacks held were given to large population of poor, unskilled whites

Paves the way for

APARTHEID (1948-1994)
Apartheid (separateness) a system of legal racial segregation Rights of the majority black inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed Minority rule by whites was maintained.

Racial segregation in South Africa began in colonial times but Apartheid now an official policy in 1948 New legislation classified inhabitants into racial groups, and residential areas were segregated sometimes forced removals
1958 Blacks deprived of citizenship of S.A. Now citizens of one of ten tribally based selfgoverning territories called bantustans Segregated education, medical care, and other public services Black services were made inferior to white ones

Forms of Colonial Control

Colony
A country or region governed internally by a foreign power

Protectorate
A country or territory with its own internal govt but under the control of an outside power

Sphere of Influence
An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges

Economic Imperialism
Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments

Imperialist Management
Indirect Control
Relied on existing political rulers Legislative council that included colonial officials as well as local merchants and professionals Councils trained local leaders
EX: Britain

Direct Control
Africans are unable to handle power paternalism Brought in their own officials and did not train local people Assimilation: local populations would become absorbed into culture
EX: French & Belgians

The Ottoman Empire

(1300-1923) Anatolia descendants of nomadic Turks Militaristic & Invading No strong central power Government organized by ghazis
Broken up independent states, warriors for Islam

Osman (Othman) build strong state until his death in 1326

His dynastic successors expand territory and create the Ottoman empire

The Islamic Empires

The Islamic Empires

Safavid Empire (15011736)
Present day Iran (Persia) Squeezed between Ottomans and Mughals Forced to become militaristic Shiite Muslims Persecuted by Ottoman Sunni Muslims

Mughal Empire (15261857)

Present day Northern India Islam forced on partly Hindu population Overexpansion, poor leadership weakens empire by 1800s
Enter England

Ottoman Empire: Notable Sultans

Mehmet II (1444-1481)
Captured Constantinople in 1453 Ends Byzantine Empire, renames city Istanbul

Selim the Grim (1512-1520)

Defeated Safavids Swept through Syria, Palestine and into North Africa

Suleiman (1520-1566)
Reached its peak size Dominated Eastern Med., controlled coastal cities of Africa as well as interior trade, pushed into Europe Only Charles V rivaled his power

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire in Decline

17th and 18th centuries Ottoman empire in decline
Weak army janissary corps Not industrializing

Selim III (1789-1806) attempted to modernize

Restructured army Set up foreign embassies

Mahmud II (1808-1839)
Restored central authority Established new army (Euro trained) Restructured government

Nationalism Dividing
Nationalism stirring in Ottoman lands
Serbs revolted in 1804 Greeks in 1821 Romanians in 1850s Bulgarians in 1870s

All supported by Western Europe why? Geopolitics: an interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products Western Europe wanted a balance of power

European Involvement
Crimean War 1853
Russia vs. Ottomans France & Britain help Ottomans win

Egypt
Ottoman control since 1517
French briefly took over 1800 Ottoman and British end French occupation

Muhammad Ali in power (1801)

Westernizes Egypt Reforms military, economy, agriculture, education

Under Muhammad Ali broke away from Ottomans Grandson Ismail constructed the Suez Canal
Opened 1869 1882 British controlled it

Young Turk Revolution

Abdulhamid II (1876-1909)
Reformer and autocrat

1889 students form Committee for Union and Progress

Want to combine Islamic culture with Euro ideas and technology

Young Turk Revolution (1908)

Constitution and assembly instated End of Ottoman monarchy, CUP in control

Ottoman Empire By 1914

British in India
British present since 1600s Mughal Empire collapsing in 1700s 1757 East India Company the major power
Had an army made up of sepoys

Sepoy Rebellion 1857

Cartridges of rifles sealed with beef and pork fat
Offends both Hindus and Muslims

Mughal emperor reluctantly heads rebellion British use total war tactics The British took direct command: The Raj
Direct rule - paternalism Indians could not overcome their religious differences: Hindu vs. Muslim Sikhs remained loyal to the British

British direct rule 1757-1947

Cabinet minister in London British Viceroy in India Local Councils made up of Indians

Indian Nationalist Movement

Ram Mohum Roy (1772-1833)
Began a campaign to move India away from traditional practices; these practices were allowing foreigners to control them
Widow suicide, child marriage, caste system

Indian National Congress 1885

Made up of both Indians and Britons

The Muslim League 1906

Form after the partition of Bengal Both groups begin to call for selfgovernment After Gandhis death the Muslim League will create Pakistan

British & Malayan Peninsula

British in Malaysia
1796 Gained Singapore as well as most of Malayan peninsula Geopolitics trade Tin, rubber Gained Burma (present day Myanmar) Encouraged Chinese immigration
Conflict still exists between Malaysians and Chinese

Dutch in Indonesia

Dutch
Indonesia referred to as Dutch East Indies Dutch East India Company present since the early 1800s Sugar, tobacco, coffee, tea Created a rigid social class system
1. Dutch 2. Wealthy & Educated Indonesians 3. Plantation workers
1. Forced production, poor working conditions, little rights gave way to independence movements

French Indochina
Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam Protectorates Did not encourage local industry Paternalism, assimilation Rice production went up Siam (Thailand) neutral zone under King Mongut
Modernized Thai economy Warded off foreign rule

Experience of Southeast Asia

Products: sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, rubber, coconut, bananas, pineapple Europeans encouraged immigration from other Asian nations
Why? To diversify the population no unity Southeast Asia became a melting pot of Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and Buddhists Many problems still exist between these groups today in this area

U.S. in the Pacific

U.S. involved in imperialist activity
Purchased Alaska in 1867 Overthrew Hawaiian Queen in 1893

Spanish American War

1898 Gained Puerto Rico, and Guam, and Philippines Promised to prepare them for self-rule Economic exploitation American-Philippine war
400,000 killed or imprisoned

China

China
Led by Manchus of Qing Dynasty Strong agriculture, mining, manufacturing
Rice, sweet potatoes, peanuts, salt, tin, silver, iron, silks, cottons, porcelain, maize

Tribute system states subordinate to China and receive gifts and protection in return Self-Sufficient
They didnt need anything the West had to offer Had more people than any empire in the world

Opium
Foreigners only allowed in one port They earned more from their exports than they spent on their imports trade imbalance
The British were determined to even out the balance
Smuggled in Opium for non-medical use By 1835 12 million Chinese addicted

Opium War Turning Point

1839 Chinese vs. British Superior British Navy humiliated the Chinese Treaty of Nanking 1842
Britain gained Hong Kong 1844 Treaty gave US extraterritorial rights

Internal Problems
430 million people by 1850
Hunger widespread; Huang He flooded regularly

Government Inaction
Dikes in disrepair, granaries empty, bribery for jobs Many begin to turn against Qing Dynasty CHINESE NATIONALSIM GROWING

Taiping Rebellion
1850-1864 Led by Hong Xiuquan Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace
all would share Chinas vast wealth; there would be no poverty

Imperial troops, local militias and British & French forces fought to put down rebellion
20 million dead

DEMAND REFORMS!
Taiping Rebellion put down Western Ways or Chinese Traditions? Dowager Empress Cixi 1861-1908
Supported some reforms but generally conservative

Sino-Japanese War 1894

Leads to renewed aggression of West

Open Door Policy 1899

Chinas doors are open to all nations China never becomes a colony but it is at the mercy of foreign powers

Chinese Nationalists hate the presence of foreigners!

Boxer Rebellion 1900

Reforms being suppressed Society of Harmonious Fists (referred to as Boxers)
Peasants and workers who resented foreign privileges; resented Chinese Christians

Death to the Foreign Devil!

Surround European section of Beijing
Begin to imprison and kill Europeans

Soldiers from Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Russia, Japan & the US defeated the Boxers Rebellion a failure but Nationalism is not dead!!

JAPAN
Prior to 1867 ruled by the Tokugawa Shogun
Tightly ordered society cut off from the West Traded with China and Dutch traders in Indonesia; contact with Korea Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in 1853
Treaty of Kanagawa 1854 opened up two ports to American ships 1860 foreigners allowed to trade in all treaty ports 1863-1864 Imperial naval fleets bombard two rebel-prone cities

The Meiji Era: 1867-1912

Japanese annoyed with Tokugawa for giving into foreigners The Meiji Restoration
Peaceful coup by young samurais 1867 End of military dictatorship of the Tokugawa Restructures government Ruled for 45 years Enlightened Rule
Emperor Mutsuhito

The Meiji Government

Japanese sent to study foreign ways
Liked Germanys centralized govt, the skill of British Navy, and American system of public education

Industrialization
By 1914 7,000 miles of railroad Coal production grew, factories built, developed shipbuilding, weapons production as well as local industries

Who is left behind as Japan modernizes? Satsuma Rebellion 1877

Now irrelevant samurai rebel over 30,000 are killed Iwakura Mission (1871)

Japanese Imperialism
By 1890 strongest military power in Asia
Build an empire to secure their interests

War with China over Korea

1895 Sino-Japanese war Within a few months the Chinese were driven from Korea and Japan began to move into Manchuria Peace treaty gave Japan its first colonies Europeans very surprised that Japan won

Russo-Japanese War 1905

The two major powers in East Asia Went to war over Manchuria and Korea
Japan easily defeats the Russians (really bad for Russia)

Treaty of Portsmouth: forced Russia to withdraw from Manchuria and stay out of Korea Japan is THE power in East Asia

Korea & Japanese Imperialism

After the Russo-Japanese War the Japanese dont hold back in Korea 1905 made a protectorate 1910 Japan annexed Korea For the next 35 years brutal Japanese rule
Forbade public protest Shut down newspapers Took over schools Replaced the Korean language Took away land KOREAN NATIONALISM GROWS!!