Chemistry101

Chapter12

CONCENTRATIONUNITS
Theconcentrationofasolutionistheamountofsolutedissolvedinagivenamount ofsolvent. Concentration= amountofsolute amountofsolution

Severalquantitativeexpressionsofconcentrationareusedinchemistry. MASSPERCENT Masspercent(orweightpercent)ofasolutionisthemassofsolutedividedbythe massofsolution.

mass%=

massofsolute x100 massofsolution

massofsolution=massofsolute+massofsolvent
Example: 1. Asolutionispreparedbydissolving13.5gofsugarin0.100kgofwater.Whatisthe mass%ofthissolution?

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CONCENTRATIONUNITS
MOLEFRACTION Molefractionisdefinedasthemolesofsolutedividedbytotalmolesofsoluteand solvent.
molesofsolute molesofsolute+molesofsolvent

Molefraction=

Example: 2. Asolutionofhydrochloricacidcontains36%HClbymass.Calculatethemole fractionofHClinthissolution.

MOLARITY&MOLALITY Molarityisdefinedasthemolesofsolutedividedbylitersofsolution.

Molarity=

molesofsolute Literofsolution

Molalityisdefinedasthemolesofsolutedividedbykilogramsofsolvent.

Molality=

molesofsolute kgofsolvent

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Examples: 3. Asolutioncontainingequalmassesofglycerol,C H O ,andwaterhasadensityof1.10g/mL. 3 8 3 Calculatethemolarityandmolalityofthissolution.

INTERCONVERSION OF UNITS
Mass% massofsolute massofsolution
Molar Mass

Molarity

Density

molesofsolute Litersolution
Molality molesofsolute kgsolvent
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Calculatemass ofsolvent

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INTERCONVERSIONOFUNITS
Examples: 4. AsolutionofH O is30.0%bymasswithadensityof1.11g/mL.Calculatethemolarity, 2 2 molalityandmolefractionofthissolution.

Chemistry101

Chapter12

COLLIGATIVEPROPERTIES
Physical propertiesofsolutionsthatdependontheconcentration,butnotthetype ofsoluteparticlesarecalledcolligativeproperties. Examplesofsuchpropertiesare: Loweringofvaporpressure Loweringoffreezingpoint Elevationofboilingpoint Osmoticpressure

VAPORPRESSURELOWERING
Thepressureofthevaporabovealiquidatagiventemperatureisdefinedasvaporpressure. Anonvolatilesolutelowersthevaporpressureofavolatileliquid,proportionaltoitsconcentration. ThiseffectisexpressedquantitativelyasRaoultslaw:

PA =XAPA0
PA =vaporpressureofsolution PA0 =vaporpressureofpuresolvent XA =molefractionofsolvent Example:

Calculatethevaporpressureofasolutionpreparedbydissolving63.0gofglycerine(C3H8O3)in500.gofw

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Chapter12

VAPORPRESSURELOWERING
Theloweringofthevaporpressurecanbedirectlycalculatedbythefollowingequation:

DP=XB PA0
DP=vaporpressurelowering PA0 =vaporpressureofpuresolvent XB =molefractionofsolute Example: Whatisthevaporpressureloweringofasolutionpreparedbydissolving o 1.20gofnaphthalene(C H )in25.6gofbenzene(C H )?(P =86.0
10 8 6 6

torr)

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Chapter12

SOLUTIONSWITH2VOLATILECOMPONENTS
Vaporpressureofsolutionscontainingtwovolatilecomponents(e.g.gasoline) canbedeterminedusingRaoultslaw. ConsiderasolutioncontainingtwovolatilecomponentsAandB. ThepartialpressureofeachcomponentcanbedeterminedbyusingRaoultslaw.

PA =XAPA0

PB =XBPB0

PT=PA +PB =XAPA0+ XBPB0

Example:

At63C,vaporpressureofwateris175torrandthatofethanol(C2H5OH)is400.torr. Asolu mixingequalmassesofwaterandethanol.Whatisthevaporpressureofthesolutionatthist

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Chapter12

COMPOSITIONOFVAPOR vs.SOLUTION
Calculatemolefractionofeachcomponentinvapor

X A (invapor)=

P A = P T

X B(invapor)=

P B = P T

CompositioninSolution XA = CompositioninVapor XA = XB= XB=

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Chapter12

BOILINGPOINTELEVATION
Additionofanonvolatilesolutetoasolventlowersitsvaporpressureandasa resultincreasesitsboilingpoint. Thisboilingpointelevationisproportionaltotheamountofsoluteinasolution.

DTb =mKb DTb =boilingpointelevation

Kb =boilingpointelevationconstant m=molalityofsolution

FREEZINGPOINTDEPRESSION
Additionofanonvolatilesolutetoasolventlowersitsfreezingpoint. Thisfreezingpointdepressionisproportionaltotheamountofsoluteina solution.

DTf = mKf DTf =freezingpointdepression

Kf =freezingpointdepressionconstant m=molalityofsolution

Example: Asolutionofantifreezecontains25%bymassethyleneglycol(C2H6O2)inwater. Calculatetheboilingpointandfreezingpointofthissolution? (K =0.52C/mandK =1.86C/m) b f

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Chapter12

COLLIGATIVEPROPERTIESOF IONICSOLUTIONS
Whenevaluatingcolligativepropertiesofionicsolutions,thetotalconcentration oftheionsmustbeconsidered. Thenumberofionsproducedfromeachformulaunitisdesignatedi.

NaCl

i=

MgCl2

i=

Thecolligativepropertiescanbecalculatedwiththefollowingmodifications:
0 P=iXBP Tb =imKf Tf =imKb

Example1: Calculatethefreezingpointof0.010msolutionofaluminumsulfate,Al (SO ) . 2 4 3

Example2: Whichofthefollowingsolutionswillhavethelowestfreezingpoint? 0.15mNaCl 0.25mC H O 6 12 6 0.10mFe(NO ) 3 3

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