0, the dam is safe against overturning, assuming water does not get under the block,
) + (2560)5.31x,
= 0554 ft
A rectangular plate submerged in water is 5 by 4 m, the 5-m side being horizontal and the 4-m side being
vertical. Determine the magnitude of the force on one side of the plate and the depth to its center of
ressure if the top edge is (a) at the water surface; (6) 1 m below the water surface; (c) 100 m below the
water surface.
Bq. 3.16: F = yhA = @.81)A44 x 5m) = 196.21,
@ he = 2m; F = 196.20) =392kN <
(©) A, = 3m; F = 196.23) = 589kN
(© fh, = 102m; F = 196.2(102) = 20000kn
bh? Pa
Bq. 3.18: sg
@ a 261m 4
2 am
2
wim; 4-34 3am 4
@ yea Smi hy = Begg = SA m
102 12>" _- mom <
Ox m Tay 7 0m
The right-triangular plate shown in Fig. X3.7.13 is submerged in a vertical
lane with its base horizontal. Determine the depth and horizontal position
(of the center of pressure when a = I ft, b = 3 ft, and d = 4.5 ft.
= bh
36
TableA7 :
h bk?
6.15 ft; y, = 241 = 25 fy I, = <= 7.59 ft
ere fel a aiisa
159-2958
256.73)
55 ft
Below P: y!= 1445-9, =
To median, x, = 10.553, = 0850 44 sec. 3.7, Prob, 3.12
3.7.14
st
3.7.15
3.7.16
BG
Repeat Exer. 3.7.13, but with a = 0.2m, b = 1.0m, and d = 2.0m.
‘Exercise 3.7.13: For the submerged, vertical right triangular plate of
Fig. X3.7.13, find the depth and horizontal postion of the center of
pressure.
7
| BAB: yy = ye 5 Table
Ea. 3.18: y, = ¥,+ 53 Tabled
A= (1.0)2.0/2 = 1.000 m?
os yy = 0867
Figure X3.7.13
Below P: y/ = 02+20-y, = 1077 m;
to median, x, = 0SC.07D1.020 -0269m <<
A rectangular area is 5 by 6 m, with the 5 m side horizontal, It is placed with its centroid 4 m below a
water surface and rotated about a horizontal axis in the plane area and through its centroid. Find the
‘magnitude of the force on one side and the distance between the center of pressure and the centroid of the
lane when the angle with the horizontal, @ = 90, 60, 30, and 0°.
Eq. 3.16: F = yhA = (9.81)4(5%6) = 1177 KN for any angle @ <<
Sree ara eenls
yA ytd) Ty,” By
From Bq. 3.18: y,-¥%
From which Mp 7Ye
0.750 m
0.650 m
0.375 m
om
e88alo
aaa
Figure X3.7.16 shows a cylindrical tank with 0.25-in-thick walls, containing
water. What is the force on the bottom? What is the force on the annular
surface MM? What is the weight of the water? Find the longitudinal (vertical)
tensile stress in the sidewalls BB if (a) the tank is suspended from the top: (b) it
is supported from the bottom. Neglect the weight of the tank.
Eq, 3.16: Force on bottom Fy = yh,A = 624Q)x = 3921 <
Force on surface MM, Fy = yh,A = 624(1)(x/4)(2?-1) = 14701
Zaina
Weight of water = 62.4 x[1 + (1/271 = 2451b 4 = =
Figure X3.7.16
Fy 392. 392
(@ Suspended from top, @ = —* = =
A g?-)— x{12?-@3.52)"1
= 392/18.65 = 21.0 Ib/in?
(©) Supported from bottom, = F,/A = 147/186 = 7.88 Ib/in? See. 3.7:
3.13
N
3.14
st
Sec. 3.7, Prob. 3.14 45
Center of Pressure ~ Problems 3.13—3.19
A vertical semicircular area has its diameter in a liquid surface. Derive an expression for the depth to its
‘center of pressure.
ar,
a
Eq. 3.18 and Table A.7: hy = a
Ww Bn @rBaarp) 3" 2B
aye = 2
Se 7
= Fs aan 4}
1-22 -am (32)
= £ + +3) = 0.424r + 0.1659 = 0.590r <<
The Utah-shaped plate shown in Fig. P3.14 is submerged in oil (¢ = 0.94)
‘and lies in a vertical plane, Find the magnitude and location of the
‘hydrostatic force acting on one side of the plate.
Eq. 3.16: F = 7hA
F, = @81x0.94)(15 +2.3)2.3x4.6) = 371 kN
I,
3.18: A, ote
Eq. enya
OD
Fy = @81x0.94)(15 +2.+ 1.3)(15x2.6) = 173 KN
4 ONINS 2.8
aaa 47
FeRsR=5QmN 4
Fb) = FL), FDa
4 = T1426 + 1734 92YS43 = 447 m below oll suace, 4
(hs = 48 46 sec. 3.7, Prob. 3.16
3.15
3.16
The commom type of irrigation head gate shown in Fig. P3.15
is a plate that slides over the opening to a culvert. The
coefficient of friction between the gate and its sliding ways is
0.6. Find the force required to slide open this 600-Ib gate if it
is set (a) vertically; (@) on a 2:1 slope (n = 2), as is common.
(@ Gate vertical: Eq. 3.16: h, = 12 +472 = 145
F, = ph,A = 62.4(14) » 13,980 Ib
Let T = force parallel to gate required to open gate:
BE = 0; T-600-0.6(13,980) = 0; T= 990 Ib
(®) On 2:1 slope: Eq. 3.16: h, = [12+(4/2) sind]
F = yh = 62.4{12 + (42)sin 64 = 12,870 tb
BR «0; N= F+Weosd
BE = 0; T= aN+Wsind = u(F+Weos6) + Wsind
2), 600
T = 0.6(12,870 + 6002 |+° - g3101b
( | 5
In the drainage of irrigated lands it is frequently desirable to install automatic
‘flap gates to prevent a flood from backing up into the lateral drains from a
river. Suppose a square flap gate, of side b = 1.5 m and weight 8 kN, is
hinged I m above its center (a = 0.25 m), as shown in Fig. P3.16, and the face
is sloped 4° from the vertical. To what depth will water rise behind the gate
before it will open?
Closing moment of gate about hinge = 8000(1.0)sin4° = 558 Nem
Find the depth A which produces an opening moment of 558 N-m
ae ish
Eq. 3.16: F = yhA osro() 23 7380K'
Moment arm = (1.5+0.25) ae 75 -0.334h
‘Then 7380h7(1.75 -0.334h) = 558; h?-5.24h7+0.226 = 0
This cubic equation may be solved by trial and error, etc. (see Sample Prob. 3.5),
yielding f= 0.212 m or 5.23 m (impossible) or ~0.204 m (meaningless). Soh = Sec. 3.7, Prob. 3.18 47
3.7 Find the minimum value of z for which the gate in
Fig. P3.17 will rotate counterclockwise ifthe gate is
(a) rectangular, 5 ft high by 4 ft wide: (2) iriangular,
4 ft base as axis, height 5 ft. Neglect friction in
bearings.
(@ Closing moment due to
(Sx4)(3%144)2.5 = 21,600 feIb
‘Opening moment due to water:
~|BV
"O)
Figure P3170 Sew
Je i be
nA <2
Foal, -(€-5)}, where h, = (¢-2.5)+
@-2.5320
2s
= 1248¢¢-2.5)25+—25_] » 104@02-50) = 31202-5200
ce af re =a] (202-50) 2
Equate moments and solve for z: 31202-5200 = 21,600 ;
7 aae-256afe-25 = CUI? es}
59 4
(©) Moment due to water:
Fully (2-5), where 4,- (22) a
- ade Bees + 08045) 5)
(- Pho
- ey Eee s -2.5) = =
= oo 36 Teta * PAIDNE-2) = 1OHO2 -2600
Moment due to gas:
@x144)(2%5)5/3) = 7200 fetb ; equating moments, z= 942i 4
3.18 Repeat Exer. 3.7.12 for the case where a 2-m-thick layer of oil (s = 0.8) is resting on the water, and
replace "water surface” by “oil surface.”
Exer, 3.7.13: A rectangular plate, 5m H by 4 m V, is submerged in water. Determine the magnitude
of the force on one side of the plate and the location of its center of pressure ifthe top edge is (a) at the
water surface; (@) 1 m below the water surface; (c) 100 m below the water surface.
st
PRD Ly
yA) 7° Tay,
5 yA
Eq. 3.18: y,
@ F,= 7hA = 089.81)12xS) = 78.5 KN at y, = 1.333 m
i
Fy = 08(9.81)2@x5) = 157.0 kN
at y,+2 = 2+2 = 3m delow the oil surface e | ®
2
Fe = 981(1/2x2)2x5) = 98.1 KN at y,+2 = 2Q)+2 = 3.33 m
UF = 78.5 +157.0+98.1 = 334kN
23344,
8.5(1.333) + 157.0(3) + 98.13.33) ; h, = 2.71 m (See alternate solution below) A8 sec. 3.7, Prob. 3.19
3.19
BG
p
= 0.8(9.81)1.5(1x5) = 58.9 KN =1s+oF ots
©) F, > 08O.811.S(1x5) = 58.9 KN at y, may 7 5m
F, = 08(081)2Gx5) = 235 KN at y,+2 © 242 = 350m
Fe = 98105 x3)Gx5) = WI KN at y,+2 = 20)+2 = 4008
EF = 589+235+221 = SISKN 4
S1SH, = 58.9(1.556) +235(3.50) +221(4.00) ; hy = 349m
OR-0
Fy = 0:80.81)2(4x5) = 314 KN at y,+2 = 10042 = 102 m
4 e
1¢4 + 98)(4x5) = 19620 KN +2 = 100+ +2 = 1021
Fz = 9B1G +9845) a», ong 02.01 m
F = 0+314 + 19620 = 19930 kN 4
199304, = 0 + 314(102) + 19620(102.01) ; A, = 100m 4
Alternate solution (a):
Fg = 08(9.81)2(4x5) = 314 KN at y, = 2(4) = 267 m
Fwa-va = 029-81)1(2x5) = 19.62 KN at y,+2 = 2Q)+2 = 3.33 m
BF = 314+1962 = 3341N
334h, = 3142.67) + 19.62.33) ; A,
Refer to Sample Problem 3.7. Ifthe oil depth were 2 ft rather than 1.5 f, (a) compute the total force and
(©) determine the depth ofits center of pressure.
Sample Prob. 3.7 (refer to it): For component D, h = y, = 0.424 ft below the water top surface; for
the semicircular end, D = 2 fr, 1 = 0.393 fi, I, = 0.1098 ff,
(@ For A (oil): h = ye = 0.5(2 M) = 1.00 ft below the free oil surface, so
Fy = YalhcAey = 0.8 X 62.4)1.002 X 2) = 199.7 Ib
For B: Fy = pA = yhA = (0.8 X 624)2(x17/2) = 156.8 Ib
For D: he = ye = 0.424 ft below the water top surface (as before)
Fp = YHA = 62.4(0.424) 17/2 = 41.6 Ib (as before)
Total force = Fy + Fp + Fy = 3981b <
(©) For semicircular end: D = 2 ft, = 0.393 ft, J, = 0.1098 ft*
Below the oil surface: (4 = 20.00) = 1.3338; ply = 2 + 0.424 = 2.42 8;
0108 _ La 59
Oamarp
Finally: Fy = FxQp)a + Fa0p)s + FoOpo
398y, = 199.7(1.333) + 156.8(2.42) + 41.62.59); y, =
Eq. 3.18: (jp = 2.00 + 0.424 + Sec. 3.8, Prob. 3.19 49
Sec 3.8: Force on a Curved Surface ~ Exercises (10)
3.8.1
BG
3.8.2
BG
3.8.3
st
3.8.4
A vertical-thrust bearing for a large hydraulic gate consists of a 9-in-radius bronze hemisphere mating into a
steel hemispherical shell in the gate bottom. What minimum oil pressure will maintain a complete oil film if
‘the vertical thrust on the bearing is 600,000 lb?
Projected area = xr? = 81m in? ; p = FJA = 600,000/(812) = 2360 psi
The cross section of a tank is as shown in Fig. X3.8.2. BC is a cylindrical
surface with r = 6 ft, and h = 10 ft. Ifthe tank contains gas at a pressure
Of 8 psi, determine the magnitude and location of the horizontal- and
vertical-force components acting on unit width of tank wall ABC.
Eq. 3.14: & = pA = @x144)10 = 11,520 Ib
located 5 ft below the top.
E, = (8x144)6 = 6910 Ib {located 3.0 ft to the left of AB
Find the answers called for in Exer, 3.8.2 ifr = 2m, h = 3.5 m, and the
tank contains gas at a pressure of 50 kPa,
‘Exer. 3.8.2: In Fig. X3.8.2 BC is a cylindrical surface. Find the
‘magnitude and location ofthe horizontal- and vertcal-force components
‘acting on unit width of tank wall ABC.
F, = 50.5) = 175 kNim 4 at 1.75 mbelow the top 4
F, = 502) = 100 KNim 4 at LO mtothe left of AB 4
A spherical steel tank of 15-m diameter contains gas under a pressure of 350 kPa, The tank consists of two
half spheres joined together with a weld. What will be the tensile force across the weld in kNim? If the
steel is 20.0 mm thick, what is the tensile tress in the steel? Express in kPa and in psi. Neglect the effects
of cross-bracing and stiffeners.
Eq. 3.14: Force pulling on weld = pA = (3S0kN/m?)(x15%/4 m2) = 61900 kN
Foree/length = 61 900/( xD) = 61 900/(15x) = 1313 KNim
Foreeflength _ 1313 KNIm _ 65 609 yy
thickness ~~ 0.022 m
(65 600 kPa)(1000 Pa/kPa}(0.000 1450 psi/Pa) = 9520 psi
From inside back cover 50 sec. 3.8, Prob. 3.19
3.8.5
BG
3.8.6
3.8.7
Determine the force F required to hold the cone in the position shown
in Fig. X3.8.5. Assume the cone is weightless.
‘Sketch shows vertical projection of 1/2 cone above opening.
Opening r = 4tan 15° = 1.072
Ppa = 0.5 psi ~ 0.8(62.4)6/144 = 0.5 psi — 2.08 psi = —1.58 psi
1.58(144) (1.072)? = 821 Tb
62.4(0.8) (1.07210 = 1802 Ib
4 (62.4)0.8(/3)1.072%4) = 240 Ib bse
" DE, = 821 - 1802 +240+F = 0
F-140b 4
‘The hemispherical body shown in Fig. X3.8.6 (r = 2 t) projects into a tank. Find
the horizontal and vertical forces acting on the hemispherical projection for the
following cases: (a) the tank is full of water with the free surface 5 ft above A; (b) the
tank contains CCl, ($= 1.59) to the level of A overlain with water having its free
surface 5 ft above'A; (c) the tank is closed and contains only gas at a pressure of 6
si; (d) the tank is closed and contains water to the level of A overlain with gas at a
pressure of 2 psi. Assume the gas weighs 0.075 Ib/fi’.
Projected area on vertical plane = xr? = 22? = 12.57 2
Table A.8: Volume of hemisphere = Bar
(@) Eq. 3.16: F, = yh,A = 624(5(1257) = 39201b <_F, = 62.4(16.76) = 1046 1b <
292! = 16.76 8?
3
&) = wm-ass-oed222)as7 ~ 420m <
F, = 1086, 1046 4 55) = 13541
ee
(© F = (144)12.57 = 10,860 <4 F, = 0.075(1/2)(473) x2? = 1257
@ F, = 40441257 sooa($2) B87 = 3950 Ib <
F, = (10462) + (16.762)0075 = 5231b <
Repeat Exer, 3.8.2 where the tank is open at the top and contains water to
a depth h = 10 ft
Exer, 3.8.2: In Fig. X3.8.2 BC is a cylindrical surface with r = 6 ft.
Find the magnitude and location of the horizontal- and vertical force
components acting on unit width of tank wall ABC.
Eqs. 3.20, 3.16: F = yh,A = 62.4(1/2x10)10 = 31201H/R
Facts at: y, = 2/3)10 = 6.67 ft below surface
(HIS = 28.3 A? ; 10(6) 28.3 = 31.7 A?
Table AT: x, = 4r/@x) = 255 f
Bg. 3.21: B= W = 624317) = 1980Ib/
Moments of areas about AB: (31.7)x, + 28.3)2.55 = (10x63
3.40 fe toleft of AB <
Facts at: 2, Sec. 3.8, Prob. 3.19 51
3.8.8 Repeat Exer. 3.8.2 where r = 2m, and the tank is open at the top and
contains water to a depth h = 3.5 m.
Exer. 3.8.7: In Fig. X3.8.2 BC is a cylindrical surface. Find the
‘magnitude and location of the horizontal- and vertcal-force components
acting on unit width of tank wall ABC.
st
Eqs. 3.20, 3.16: = 7hA = 981(2%35)35 = 6O.1kNm
F, acts at: y, = @2/3)3.5 = 2.33 mbelow surface
(wi4y? = xm? ; 3.5Q)- x = 3.86 m?
Table A.J: x, = 4r/(x) = 0.849 m
Eq. 3.21: F = W = 9813.86) = 379 kNim 4
Moments of areas about AB: (3.86), + (n)0.849 = (35 x2)1
1.123 mio the left of AB
3.4 mt
Facts at: x,
3.8.9 A tank with vertical ends contains water and is 6 m long normal to the plane of
Fig. X3.8,9. The sketch shows a portion of its cross-section where MN is one-
‘quarter of an ellipse with semiaxes b and d. If a = 1.0 m, b = 2.5 m, and d
4 m, find, for the surface represented by MN, the magnitude and position of the
line of action of (a) the horizontal component of force; (b) the vertical component
of the force; (c) the resultant force and its direction relative to the horizontal.
sr
00 m
@h.zatdn=1+4n=
Eqs. 3.20, 3.16: F, = yh,A = (9.81)3.00(4x6) = 706 KN 4 Acts
I, ie e
bans g mae 3.00+ = 3.44 m below surface
By, “260
As = 1.025 = 2.5 m?
(©) Using Table A.7:
Eq. 3.21: B= W = 6785 +2.5)981 = 609 IN 4
For (E), quarter ellipse (Table A.7): x, = 2 fem = 1.061 m to right of N
br = 2.5/2 = 1.25 m
= Bide* Ards _ 7.85(1.061) +2.5(1.25) . 1197 m
ad TES
s+ Vertical component acts at 1.107 m to the right of VN
(© R= {Fr+F = (TOF +GH = o33KN
‘Acts through intersection of F, and F,. 4 @ = tan(R/R) = tan"'(609/706) = 408° 52 sec. 3.8, Prob. 3.20
3.8.10 Find the answers called for in Exer. 3.8.9 if a = 2, b = 6 ft, d = 9 ft, the
tank is 12 ft long, and MN represents a parabola with vertex at N.
Exer. 3.8.9: The tank length is perpendicular to Fig. X3.8.9, it has vertical
ends, and contains water. Find, for the surface represented by MN, the
‘magnitude and position of the line of action of (a) the horizontal component of
‘force; (b) the vertical component of the force; (c) the resultant force and its
direction with the horizontal
@ h=a+d2=2492= 6.508
Eqs. 3.20, 3.16: F = rh,A = (62.4)6.50(9x12) = 43,800 Ib <
+ ay 26500
© yA 1y, 126.50)
= 7.54 ft below surface
(©) Using Table AT: dp = 2106) = 367; Ay = 2x6 = 12 8?
Eq. 3.21: B= W= 1206+ 129624 = 359001
For (E), semi-parabola (Table A.7): x, 26
2.25 fe to right of N
For (S), water above b: x, = b/2 = 6/2 = 3.008
Arde + (AEs _ 36(2.25) + 12(3.00)
ads FT
+ Vertical component acts at 2.44 ft to the right of V4
(© R= [EP+R = 43,800 35,900 = 56,7001
‘Acts through intersection of F, and F,, 4 0 = tan"'(R,/F,) = tan"%35,900/43,800) = 394°
For both together: x, = 2.44 ft
See. 3.8: Force on Curved Surface — Problems 3.20-3.23
3.20 (a) Find the horizontal and vertical forces per foot of width
‘acting on the Tainter gate shown in Fig. P3.20. (6) Locate the
horizontal force and indicate the line of action of the vertical
force without actually computing its location. (c) Locate the
vertical force (hint: consider the resultant).
(@) Eq. 3.16: = yh,A = 62.4(18/2)18 = 10,110 Ih
Eq. 3.21: F, = W = y(Area ABCD - Area ACD) = 62.4(Area of segment ABC)
= eadnqagy S. - 181800830"
ad a7 Z ‘e
© A, = QB)8= 12H «Facts through the centroid of segment ABC 4
|-ss1me
(© Since all forces are normal to the circular arc, the resultant R must pass through O, and x, may be
determined from similarity of force and space triangles. Thus
Fy, (2-182), , _ 10.110) gsc
x [eae 1831 3.21
st
3.22
SI
Sec. 3.8, Prob. 3.22 53
‘The cross-section of a gate is shown in Fig. P3.21. Its dimension
normal to the plane of the paper is 8 m, and its shape is such that x =
0.2y', The gate is pivoted about O, Develop anatytic expressions in
terms of the water depth y upstream of the gate for the foliowing: (a)
‘horizontal force; (b) vertical force; (c) clockwise moment acting on the
gate. Compute (a), (b), and (c) for the case where the water depth is
2.5m.
(@) For 8m width: F, = rh,A = rO92)0y = 4ry?
Fory = 2.5m, F, = 4(981)25? = 245kN 4
©) F, = W= yside area)8 = 10y/7 xdy = By{?02y*dy = 7(02y'/9)8 = 0.5337y*
Fory = 2.5m, F, = 0.5339.81)25° = 818kN 4
(© Clockwise M = 4yy*(UB)y + By x(a?2)dy = (4/3)7y? + 47(0.04y°I5) = (4/3)1y? +0.032079°
2.5m, M = (4/3)(9.81)2.5° + 0.0320(9.81)2.5° = 235 KN-m clockwise 4
Fory
A tank has an irregular cross section as shown in Fig. P3.22, Determine as
‘accurately as possible the magnitude and location of the horizontal- and
vertical-force components on a one-meter length of the wall ABCD when the
tank contains water to a depth of 2 m. To determine areas, use a planimeter
or count squares (0.25 m grid); make a cardboard cutout, or take
approximate moments of the squares, 10 locate the centroid,
Eqs. 3.20, 3.16: F, = yh,A = 981(1/2x2)2 = 19.62 kNim 4
F, acts at: y, = (2/3)2 = 1.333 m below the surface 4 Figure 3.22
Planimeter or count squares to determine water column area 4, above BCD.
A, = 26.1 squares = 1.630 m? (by caleulation!).
Eq. 3.21: F, = W= 7A, = 9.81(1.630) = 1599 kNim <
‘Make a cardboard cutout or take moments of squares to locate the centroid of 4,:
4%» = 0,690 m (by calculation!) F, acts about 0.690 mo left of AB 54 sec. 3.9, Prob. 3.23
3.23 Repeat Exer. 3.8.2 where the tank contains 4 ft of water overlain with a gas
‘that is under a pressure of 0.8 psi.
Exer, 3.8.2: In Fig. X3.8.2 h = 10 ft and BC is a cylindrical surface
with r = 6 ft. Find the magnitude and location of the horizontal- and
vertical-force components acting on unit width of tank wall ABC.
BG
Effect of gas pressure is transmitted throughout the water.
Fy, = Fogg + Feucg = (0.8% 144)10 + 62.4(1/2<4)4 Figure X3.8.2
152 +499 = 1651 Ibjft
Moments about the top: (1152 +499)z, = 1152(5) + 499(10-4/2) ;
6; O= 418°
A, = 76%(41.8/360) = 13.14 ft? ; Ay = 0.5(4)/20 = 8.94 ft?
A,+A,+Ay = A3 A, $13.14 +894 © 6(4)
5.91 ft below top of tank 4
sin¢
A, = 1.921 ft? = water area vertically above curved surface.
F, = (08x 144)6 + 62.4(1.921) = 69141198 = 811 Ie
‘Take moments about AB (or use cardboard cutouts) to find centroid of F
Using Table A.7: x, = 418 1491 ft from AB
1.921%, + 13.14.65) + 8.94(1.491) = 24@) ; from which x, = 5.55 ft from AB
(691 + 119.8), ~ (691)3 + (119.8555; x, = 3.38 ft fromAB
Sec 3.9: Buoyancy and Stability of Submerged and Floating Bodies — Exercises (12)
3.9.1 A balloon weighs 160 lb and has a volume of 7200 fi’. It is filled with helium, which weighs 0.0112 lb/f?
‘at the temperature and pressure of the air, which in tum weighs 0.0807 lb/ft. What load will the balloon
support, or what force in a cable would be required to keep it from rising?
BG
(Buoyant force) (Wt of helium) (Balloon)
EF, = 0; 7200(0.0807) - 720000112) - 160 - T= 0
Required force in the cable, T= 340 Ib 4
3.9.2 For the conditions shown in Figure X3.9.2, find the force F
required to lift the concrete-block gate if the concrete weighs 23.6
KN/m’. Neglect friction.
st
BF, = 05 F+(caltw.) ~ (freshw.) ~ (cone. block)
F +9.81(1.025)1.8x(0.3)? - 9.81()90.3 - 23,6(0.3) 0.3? = 0
F +512 8.32 -2.00
FeS2\KN 4 3.9.3
3.94
st
39.6
Sec. 3.9, Prob. 3.23 55
An iceberg in the ocean floats with one-eighth of its volume above the surface. What is its specific gravity
relative 40 ocean water, which weight 64 lb/ft’. What portion of its volume would be above the surface if
the ice were floating in pure water?
Let ¥ = total volume of iceberg ; volume submerged = % = (7/8)¥
W=B; 7 = (RYH; <5! = (ly) = 718 = 0.875 relative to ocean water
and y/ = (7/8)64 = 56.0 Ibjh?, —s = 56.0/62.4 = 0.897, and so
(4 = 0.897)100% = 10.26% of its volume would be above the water surface in fresh water.
Determine the volume of an object that weighs 200 N in water and 300 N in oil (s = 0.88). What is the
specific weight of the object?
W ~ ¥(9810) = 200 N o
W — ¥(0.88 x 9810) = 300N @)
Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously to find W-= 1033N and ¥ = 0.0849m?
Specific weight = 1033/0.0849 = 12160 Nim? 4
‘An 8.in diameter solid cylinder 3 in high weighing 3.4 Ibis immersed in
liquid (y = 52 lb/ft?) contained in a tall, upright metal cylinder of 9 in
diameter (Fig. X3.9.5). Before immersion, the liquid was 3 in deep (= x
+ 2. At what level will the solid cylinder float? Find the distance z
between the bottoms of the two cylinders.
Volume A = Volume B ;
so nx = (49-)y; 16x = 425y or x = 0266y
san (a/2Fe+yf2 so x+y = 225in
3-x=253in <
Weight « F, ie. 34
Solving, y = 1.776 in, x= 0472 in, 2
‘A metal block 1.5 ft square and I ft deep is floated on a body of liquid which consists of a 10-in layer of
‘water above a layer of mercury. The block metal weighs 120 lb/ft. (a) What is the position of the bottom
of the block? (6) Ifa downward vertical force of 600 Ib now acts on the center of this block, what is the
‘new position of the bottom of the block? Assume that the tank containing the fluid is of infinite dimensions.
(@ Block weighs (1 x1.5°)120 = 270 Ib
20 = [(x/12\13.6x62.4) + (10/12)62.4]1.5? ; x = 0.962 inches into the mercury
(©) In this case the top of the block is below the water surface.
2
Thus, 600 +270 [arse 2A}? ; x = 495 inches into the mercury 56 sec. 3.9, Prob. 3.23
3.9.7
39.8
si
3.9.9
st
Two spheres, each of 1.5 m diameter, weigh 8 and 24 KN respectively. They are connected with a short
‘rope and placed in water. (a) What is the tension in the rope and what portion ofthe lighter sphere's
volume portrudes from the water? (&) What should be the weight of the heavier sphere in order for the
lighter sphere to float halfway out of the water? Assume that the sphere volumes remain constant.
(@ Lower sphere: Fy = y(vol. displaced) = 9.81(x/6)1.5* = 17.34 KN
T = 24-1734 = 6.66N 4
Upper sphere: Fy = 8EN+T = 14.66 kN
% above water = (17.34 — 14,66)/17.34 = 15.41% of volume
@) Upper sphere: Fy = (1/2)7(vol. sphere) = (1/2)9.81(x/6)1.5* =
W=B; W,+8 = 17344867; W,=1800KN <
A hydrometer (Fig. 3.22a) consists of a 6-mm-diameter cylinder of length
180 mm attached to a 20-mm-diameter weighted sphere. The cylinder has
@ mass of 0.6 g and the mass of the sphere is 6.4 g. At what level will this
device float in liquids having specific gravties 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2? Is the
sale spacing on the cylindrical stem uniform? Why or wity not?
Vol of sphere = (2/6)(20) = 4190mm?
Volume of submerged cylinder = 3% = 28.3y mm?, where y is the
submerged length of the cylinder in mm,
Mass of hydrometer = 7 grams = 5(4190 + 28.3y)/1000 grams ; y = [(7000/s) ~ 4190)/28.3 mm
Ifs=08, y=1613mm 4
Figure 3.22(a)
dit
= 61.9 mm
Ifs=10, y=994mm
Ifs=1.2, y=582mm 4
‘Scale spacing is not uniform because submergence is not directly proportional to specific gravity, as from
the above equation: y = 7000/(28.3s) — 4180/28.3 and dy/ds = -7000/28.3s) <
diff = 41.2 mm
A ollindrical bucket of 250 mm diameter and 400 mm high weighing 20.0 N contains oil (5 = 0.80) toa
ddepth of 180 mm. (a) When placed to float in water, what will be the immersion depth to the the bottom of
the bucket? (6) What is the maximum volume of oil that the bucket can hold and stil float?
(@) EF, = Wy* Wea Youh#t® = 0; 0.020 KN + (0.8)9.81 7(0.125)'0.18 - 9.81h7(0.125)
0.020 + 0.0693 -0.482h = 0; h = 0893/0482 = 0.1855 m= 1855 mm 4
© When immersed 400 mm, the oil depth h is given by
0.020 + (0.8)9.81%(0.125)"h - 9.81(0.40)x(0.1257* = 0
0.020 + 0.385 - 0.1926 f= 0.1726/0.385 =
448 mm > 400 mm, therefore the bucket will float when full of oil
Max vol = (0.125)'0.40 = 0.01963m? = 1963L
448 m = 448 mm 3.9.10
3.9.11
BG
Sec. 3.9, Prob. 3.23 57
End D of an 8-ft-long, uniformly thin wooden rod (s = 0.7) is held 1 ft below the surface of still water. (a)
How much of the rod remains above the water surface? (6) Ifthe rod diameter is 1 inch, what force at D is
required to hold it in place?
(@) Let A = cross-sectional area of rod.
Let = specific weight of water.
We A+ y0.7y 3 Fy = Aty
sas 0 4) (52
ge Mes y = ACMI YE, yy 2 OM ry
fae Foren - BA yey « SEE P
= O.71@+yP; x= VOT@+y) = O78 f) = 6.69
ye 8-1 8-669 1307 4
(®) A = (wid)1? = 0.785 in? = 0.0654 f°
By = 1¥ = Ax = 62.4(0.0654)6.69 = 27.3 Ib
W = 0.7/7" = 0.7(62.4)0.0654(8) = 22.9 Ib
DB -0: P=Fj-W=273-29=447
A solid, half-cylinder-shaped log, of 1.50 ft radius and 10 ft
long, floats in water with the flat face up (Fig. X3.9.11). (a)
Ifthe draft (immersion depth of the lowest point) is 0.90 ft,
What is the uniform specific weight of the log? (6) The log
tilts about its axis (zero net applied force) by less than 23°.
Is it in stable equilibrium? Justify your answer with a sketch
and logic. (c) If the log tilts by 20° (right side down; zero
net applied force), what is the magnitude and sense of any Figure X3.9.11
‘moment that results?
212 = 62.42% grt - 2) a
@ yar1p od 3s A;psiis oe bh
cose = O65 = 04; a = 664°
7 = @242.61-0.825)3.53 = 315 1/R?
TH
(®) When the body tilts per the sketch, B remains below axis O,
but G moves to the left. So W and Fy create a righting
moment. Therefore, yes the log is in stable equilibrium.
(© From sketch (6) above and Table A.7:
OG = 471(32) = (1.5)(3x) = 0.637 fe
Moment = Wa = W(OG sin 20°)
= 31.5 (10 1.57/2(0.637sin20°)
= 242 ft-lb counterclockwise 4 58 sec. 3.9, Prob. 3.24
3.9.12
st
A solid, half-cylinder-shaped log, of 0.48 m radius and 2.5 m
ong, floats in water with the flat face up (Fig. X3.9.11). (a)
If the draft immersion depth of the lowest point) is 0.30 m,
What is the uniform specific weight of the log? (b) The log
tilts about its axis (zero net applied force) by less than 22°.
Is it in stable equilibrium? Justify your answer with a sketch
and logic. (c) If the log tilts by 18° (left side down; zero net
applied force), what is the magnitude and sense of any
‘moment that results?
a @ yerip =
fra?) 2 pp? 2f 1) 30.18
Ts (@810N) Ee 2{pasvoas oie |2
= cosa = 0.18/0.48 = 0.375, a = 68.0°
s+ 7 = 9810(0.273-0.08010.3619 = 5240N/m?
(© As the body tilts as per sketch, B remains below axis O, but
G moves tothe right. So W and Fy create a righting
‘moment.
(© From sketch (b) above and Table A.7:
OG = 47x) = 0.204 m
Moment = Wa = W(OG sin 18°)
= 5240(2.570.487/2)(0.204sin 18")
= 298 Nem clockwise 4
‘Yes, the log is in stable equilibrium. 4
Buoyancy and Stability of Submerged and Floating Bodies — Problems 3.24—3.30
Find the approximate value of the maximum specific gravity of liquid for
Which the device of Exer. 3.9.8 will be stable.
Exer, 3.9.8: The hydrometer in Fig. 3.22a consists of a 6-mm-
diameter cylinder 180 mm tong attached to a 20-mm-diameter weighted
sphere. The cylinder has a mass of 0.6 g and mass of the sphere is 6.4 8.
“The device is stable if its center of buoyancy is above its center of gravity,
‘The critical point of stability occurs when the line of action of the weight
and the buoyancy frees are coincident when the device i tied. Figare 3.224)
‘This critical stability occurs when the center of gravity = the center of
buoyancy, ise, Tp = Fe
Use the ceater of the sphere asthe point of reference.
= 540) +
10 +90)
8,57 mm above center of sphere
64 +06
¥ displaced by sphere = 22" = 4190 mu? , ¥ displaced by cylinder = (3 = 28.3y mm?
=~ 4190(0) + 28.39(10 +2)
- “4190 + 28.3y
So for critical stability: 8.57 =
28.39(10 + y/2)
“7190+ 38.3y
From this quadratic equation, y = 49.0 mm or ~51.8 mm (meaningless). . y
‘Also, mass of hydrometer = mass of fluid displaced, ie., 6.4 + 0.6 = (4190 + 28.3y)/1000
‘Thus for y = 49.0 mm, the maximum measurable specific gravity, s = 1.256 4
9.0 mm 3.25
3.26
3.27
BG
Se
. 3.9, Prob. 3.27 59
A 2.0-ft object weighing 650 Ib is attached to a balloon of negligible weight and released in the ocean (y
64 Ibift’). The balloon was originally inflated with 5.0 Ib of air to a pressure of 20 psi. To what depth
will the balloon sink? Assume that air temperature within the balloon stays constant at 50°F.
Find the volume occupied by 5 Ib of air. Table A.5 for air: R = 1715 ft°/(sec?“R)
bg 28: 7 = GATS2ONMG22) = 915m pt. Thee Sof arco 30.840 = 212 8 =
‘At equilibrium depth: BF, = B-W =
so new volume of balloon, ¥, = 8.23 f
= 64(2.0 + ¥,) (650 +5)
From Eq. 2.4 with constant temperature: pu = const = p¥jm
and so for constant mass of air, p¥ = const, i.e. pV, = Pa¥,
(04.7 + 20)14427.2) = (14.7 + py)144(8.23) spy = 99.8 psi
Depth A = poly = (99.8)144/64 = 225
Work Prob, 3.25 with all data the same except assume the balloon was originally inflated with 5.0 tb of air
10 a pressure of 10 psi. In this latter case the balloon is more elastic because a lower pressure is obtained
with the same amount of air.
Prob. 3.25: A 2.0-ft object weighing 650 Ib is attached to a balloon of negligible weight and released
in the ocean (y = 64 lb/ft’). To what depth will the balloon sink? Assume that air temperature within the
balloon stays constant at 50°F.
Find the volume occupied by 5 Ib of air. Table A.5 for air: R = 1715 ft%(sec™“R)
7 = GST 101ME22) «44309 pet, This 51 of sc cccpies 510.1309 = 38.29 = ¥,
Eq. 2.5: 7 11715(460 + 50) pet. iis 5 Ib of air occupies 5/0.1309 = 38.: 1
‘At equilibrium depth: EF, = B-W = 0 = 64(2+¥,) -(650+5)
so new volume of balloon, #2 = 8.23 f°
From Eq. 2.4 with constant temperature: pu = const = p¥im
and so for constant mass of air, p¥ = const, i.e. p,¥, = PY,
(14.7 + 10)144(88.2) = (14.7 + 1408.23); pa = 99.8 psi
Depth h = paly = (99.8)144/64 = 225 <
A wooden pole weighing 2 lbft has a cross-sectional area of 6.7 in?
‘and is supported as shown in Fig. P3.27. The hinge is frictionless. =|
Find 6. 4n
4
W = 2(10) = 20 1b at (1/2)10sin = Ssin@ from hinge
M, = @20)Ssin6 = 100sind fi-lb clockwise
Let x = immersed length of pol.
Fy = rage = SU6-T/144)x = 242x at (10 -x/2)sind
‘M = 2.42x(10 — x/2)sin@ counterclockwise aN gon te
on fe
Since BM = 0, we have 100 = 2.42x(10 -x/2) = 242x - 1.21027
Solving quadratic equation, x = 14.16 ft (impossible) or 5.84 ft
. 0961; 6
10-x
Y= 52 pet
16.12"
086 60 sec. 3.9, Prob. 3.29
3.28 A rectangular block of uniform material and length L = 3 ft,
width b= 1.25 ft, and depth d = 0.20 ft, is floating in a liquid.
It assumes the pasition shown in Fig. P3.28 when a uniform
vertical load of 1.30 lb/ft is applied at P. (a) Find the weight of
the block. (b) If the load is suddenty removed, what is the
righting moment before the block starts 10 move? (Hint: Refer
also to Fig. 3.19.)
BG
OP = (129 +027 = 1.266; BK = @3)d2 = d/3
BK, = BKsine = (0.2/3)(0.2/1.266) = 0.01053 ft
GB, = GK ~ BK, = 1.2666 - 0.01053 = a = 0.200 ft
BP, = KP +BK, = 1.266(3 + 0.01053 = 0.432 ft
(@) Moments about B: W(GB,) = 1.3@)BP,
W00.200) = 3.900.432); W=8.41lb <
© BF: Fy= W439; 2 W< Fy
Fig 3.19 for W < Fy:
Righting Moment = Wa = 8.41(0.200)
= 1.687 Ib-ft counterclockwise
3.29 A rectangular block of uniform material and length L = 800
‘mm, widih b = 300 mm, and depth d = 50 mm, is floating in a
liquid. It assumes the position shown in Fig. P3.28 when a
uniform vertical load of 20 Nim is applied at P. (a) Find the
weight of the block. (&) Ifthe load is suddenly removed, what is
the righting moment before the block starts to move? (Hint:
Refer also to Fig. 3.19.).
st
OP = (300 +50' = 304 mm ; BK = @/3)d?2 = a3
BK, = BKsina = (50/3)(50/304) = 2.74 mm
GB, = GK - BK, = 3046 - 2.74 = 47.9 mm = a
BP, = KP+BK, = 3043 +2.74 = 104.1 mm
(@) Moments about B: W(GB,) = 20(0.8)BP,
WUST.9) = 16(104.1); W=34.7N 4
@ BR: Fy-WHl6N, WKF
Fig 3.19 for W < Fy:
Righting Moment = Wa = 34.7(0.0479 m)
= 1.656 N-m counterclockwise 4 Sec. 3.10, Prob. 3.30 OL
3.30 A solid block, 4 in wide by 4 in deep and 3 in high weighs 0.90 lb. It floats in liquid (y = 55 lb/ft) inside
«a cubic container of side 5 in, Before immersion the liquid was 2 in deep. (a) At what level will the block
Sloat? Find the distance z from the bottom of the block to the bottom of the container. (b) Ifthe block is
tilted by a couple (no net force) t0 an angle of 15° so that two sides remain vertical, what will be the
righting moment in lin?
BG
@ Volume A = Volume B
x) =F - #)
yy f= osey
t ZL R= Ww: SAM 5.
2a * rt 2
r+y= 1767
Solving 2 equations with 2 unknowns: y= 1.131 in; x = 0.636 in
2. - 0.636 = 1.364 in <<
4 tan1S* = 1.072 in
Displaced volume = (1/2)d(4?) + o(4?) = (x + y)4?
© = (+ y) = @2) = 1.767 — (1.072/2) = 1.231 in
Divide buoyancy into two components, Fp, and Fy, at B, and By
respectively. Since W= EF, = 0.90 Tb, either can be used
to calculate the righting moment.
Fy = rob) = SSP VAD = 0.627 Yb
Fr, = 55(4*)(d)2)/12? = 0.273 Ib
Wy = 4/6 = 0.667 in, 1.5-c¢ = 15-1231 = 0269 in
By = @PYAR) = df = 1.072/3 = 0.357 in
884 in; a, = BG, sin15° = 0.229 in
0.667 in
x +2 =2 in (given).
BG = 1:
ep
a, = Hoos 5* + (B,J - GDsinis*
Moments about G: Righting moment = Fya, ~ Fa,
= 0.273(0.667) — 0.627(0.229) = 0.0385 Ib-in counterclockwise
Sec 3.10: Fluid Masses Subjected to Acceleration — Exercises (8)
3.10.1 What must be the hydrostatic gage pressure at a depth of 8 inches in a bucket of oil (s = 0.86) that is in an
elevator being accelerated upward at 15 filsec??
Bq. 3.24: dpldz = -p+a)i dp
A x0.86, -8
Ap = - 24x86 (399 5 15/8
a m2 (i)
BG
ele +0)
~(rleve +) 42
24 pf = 0364 psi
3.10.2 What must be the hydrostatic gage pressure at a depth of 250 mm in a bucket of oil (s = 0.88) that isin an
elevator being accelerated upward at 4 m/s*?
st
Eq. 3.24: apie = -plg +a); Ap = ~plg +a)Az = (rig +a,)dz
ap ~oan £0 (907 Nn 807 + 400)-.(-0250 m) = 3040 Pa 4
em?\ 9.807 m/s? sec? 62. Sec. 3.10, Prob. 3.30
3.10.3
BG
3.10.4
st
3.10.5
BG
3.10.6
ST
A tank containing water to a depth of 5 ft is accelerated upward at 8 fils?. Calculate the pressure on the
‘bottom of the tank.
From Eq. 3.24: 4p = -(r/sXa, + g)dz = ~(62.4/32.2)8 + 32.2)(-5) = 390 psf
Ap = 390/144 = 2.70 psi
A tank containing water to a depth of 2.5 m is accelerated upward at 3.6 m/s. Caleulate the pressure on
the bottom of the tank,
From Eq. 3.24: 4p
Xe, +g)st = (oz Nta sony) = 33500 = 205 ee <
& 9.807 mys?,
Suppose the tank shown in Fig. 3.24 is
rectangular and completely open atthe top. It
is 15 ft long, 6 ft wide, and 4 ft deep. If it is
initially filled to the top, how much liquid witt
be spilled if it is given a horizontal acceleration
4, = 0.2g in the direction of its length?
Original quid surface
4
G1 L : :
we
Sec 3.11: tan = ~a,)g = -02; y = -02(15) = -30 ft
AAs the tank is more than 3 ft deep, the spill will be wedge ABC or (1/2)15(3)6 = 135 f° 4
Suppose the tank shown in Fig, 3.24 is
rectangular and completely open at the top. It
15 mlong, 5m wide, and 4 m deep. If itis
initially filled to the top, how much liquid wilt
be spilled if it is given a horizontal acceleration
4a, = 0.5g in the direction of its length?
15m
Seam D Tm
Sec 3.11: tan@ = -a/g=-05; x= 4ftand= 405= 8m
Spill = volume ABCD = [7(4) + (05)8(4)]5 = 220m? < 3.10.7
3.10.8
See. 3.10:
3.31
st
Sec. 3.10, Prob. 3.31 63
If the tank of Exer 3.10.5 is closed at the top and is completely filled, what must be the pressure difference
between the left-hand end at the top and the right-hand end at the top if the liquid has a specific weight of
50 lb/ft’ and the horizontal acceleration is a, = 0.3g? Sketch planes of equal pressure, indicating their
‘magnitude; assume zero pressure in the upper right-hand corner.
Exer. 3.10.5: The rectangular tank is 15 ft long, 6 ft wide, and 4 ft deep.
Eq. 3.23: apl@x = pa, = ~(50/32.290.3(32.2) = ~15 pof per ft
Pa-Pa = 4p = (@plesyAx = 15(15) = 225 pst
Bq. 3.24 with a, = 0: ap/@ + ~pg =~ = ~50 psf per ft
Po~Pp = AP = (plz) Az = S0(4) = 200 pst
Lines of equal pressure are as follows:
Ifthe tank of Exer 3.10.6 is closed at the top and is completely filled, what must be the pressure difference
between the left-hand end at the top and the right-hand end at the top if the liquid has a specific weight of
8.0 kN/mt and the horizontal acceleration is a, = 0.3g? Sketch planes of equal pressure, indicating their
‘magnitude; assume zero pressure in the upper right-hand comer.
‘Exer. 3.10.6: The rectangular tank is 15 m long, 5 m wide, and 4 m deep.
Bq. 3.23: Opl@r = ~pa, = ~(y18)4," ~(B.09.81)0.30.81) = -2.4 KPa per m
Pa Pp = Ap = (@plax)Ax = 2.4(15) = 36.0 kPa <
Eq. 3.24 with a, = 0: dpféc = ~pg = ~y = -8.0 kPa per m
Po~Pa = Ap = (@p/ee)Az = 8.0(4) = 32.0 kPa
Lines of equal pressure are as follows: [eae <
Fluld Masses Subjected to Acceleration — Problems 3.31—3.32
Refer to Sample Prob. 3.10. Suppose the velocity of the airplane is 225 m/s, with all other data unchanged.
What then would be the slope of the liquid surface in the tank?
Sample Prob 3.10: At a particular instant an airplane is travelling upward at 40° to the horizontal, and
losing speed at 4 m/is?. Also it is moving on a concave-upward circular path of radius 2600 m.
a, = fr = 225772600 = 19.47 m/s? z
4 ms? (given)
a, = ~Acos40" - 19.47sin4o” = 15.58 mys?
4a, = ~Asind0® + 19.47c0s40" = +12.34 mis?
Eq. 3.26: Surface slope = tan
or = tan"'0.703 = 35.1° fromthe horizontal. 4
‘Allunits are mis? 64 sec. 3.10, Prob. 3.32
3.32 At a particular instant an airplane is traveling upward at a velocity of 180 mph in a direction that makes an
‘angle of 30° with the horizontal. At this instant the airplane is losing speed at the rate of 3.6 mphisec.
Abo, it is moving on a concave-upward circular path of radius 5000 ft. Determine the slope of the free
liquid surface in the airplane's fuel tank.
BG
180 mph = 180(5280 ft/mi)/(3600 see/hr) = 264 fps; 3.6 mph = 5.28 fps
a, = vifr = 2647/5000 = 13.96 fysec? ; 28 fifsec®.
4, = ~$28c0830° ~ 13.94sin30" = -11.54 fysec
a, = ~528sin30" + 13,94c0530° = 19.43 ffsec*
i\
A ! >
“~ Tne \
All units are see?
1
!
|
1
I
1
Me
Liquid surface is perpendicular to net force, i.e., to net acceleration.
de __ (1154)
3.26: Surface slope = tnd = Hm -
. ao a (0.43 + 32.2)
or @ = tan"0.277 = 15.50° from the horizontal
=027 ‘Chaptes 4
Basics of Fiaid Flow
PROBLEM SELECTION GUIDE
‘Sec, Exer/Prob Units Difficulty Length Parts Similar Special features
43 Steady Flow and Uniform Flow
x43. ON
E
<
f
4.5 Flow Rate and Mean Velocity
X45. N Easy Short 1 Integration
45.2 BG VEsy Shot 1
453 SI Easy = Shot 1 PAL
454 BG Easy Shot 14.5.5
455 SI Easy = Shon 14.5.4
PA BG Bey) | Shot | 1 45.9)
42 BG Easy = Shon 14.3 Uses pu = RT (See. 2.7)
43 SI Easy Short, = 14.2, $4.1 Uses pu = RT (Sec. 2.7)
44 BG Medium Long 14.5 Graphical solution
4s SI Medinm Long 1 4.4 Graphical solution
4.7 Equation of Continuity
BG = Medium Medium = 1 Numerical differentiation
4.10 Use and Limitations of Flow Net
X410.1 SI Medium = Short 1
4302 Sl Easy = Shot 1 +t Measure Fig X4.10.2
410.3 BG Easy Medium 2 + Measure Fig 4.10
4104 SI Easy Medium = 2 + Measure Fig 4.12
P48 = BG = Medium Medium 49 + Measure Fig X4,10.2
49 SI Medium Medium 48 + Measure Fig X4.10.2
1
1
1
1
4.10 N Medium Medium
411 BG Hard Long
+t Measure Fig 4.10; plot
Sketch flow net; plot
Jeoat...
‘For all Exercises (identified by °X"), answers are given is Appendix F of the textbook.
+ Answers are sensitive to values that are measured from fqgures.
X = Exercise, P = (end-of-chapter) Problem, S = Sample Problem. 66
‘4.12 Velocity and Acceleration in Steady Flow
X4.121 oN VEasy VSbort 1
4122 N Medium Short 1
4.123 N Medium Medium 1 4.12.4
4.124 N Medium Medium 1 4.12.3
4.125 N Medium Medium 1
4.126 BG VEasy VShor 1 4.12.7
4.12.7 SI VEay VShon 1 4.12.6
4.128 BG Medium Medium 1 4.12 Differentiation
P4l2 SI Medium Short 1. «4.12.8 Differentiation
413 N Medium = Medium = 1 Partial differentiation
4i4 N Medium Medium = 1 Sketch flow field
415 N Medium Medium = 1 ‘Sketch flow field
4.16 N= Medium Long 1 Sketch flow field; numerical differ'n
4.17 BG Medium = Medium = 1 Numerical differentiation
4.18 St Medium Medium 1 + Measure Fig P4.18; numerical differ’.
4.13 Velocity and Acceleration in Unsteady Flow
X413.1 N Medium Short 1 Differentiation
4.13.2 N Medium Short 1 Partial differentiation
413.3 BG Easy Short, = 1.«4.13.4—_Differentiation
4.13.4 SI Easy Shor’ = 1 «4.13.3. Differentiation
P4.19 BG Medium = Medium 1 4.20 Partial differentiation
4.20 ‘SI Medium Medium 1 4.19 Partial differentiation
421 SI Medium = Medium 1 Measure Fig P4.18; numerical differ'n
Ch4 Miscellaneous
P 422 N Medium Medium 1 Plot
423° BG = Medium «Medium 1 Plot
4.24 SI Medium Long = 3 Plot Sec. 4.6 67
Chapter 4
BASICS OF FLUD@LOW
Sec 4.3: Steady Flow and Uniform Flow — Exercise (/)
43.1
Classify the following cases of flow as to whether they are steady or unsteady, uniform of nonuniform: (a)
‘water flowing from a tilted pail; (2) flow from a rotatieg lawn spritler; (c) flow through the hose leading to
the sprinkler; (d) a natural stream during dry-weather flow; (¢) a natural stream during flood; () flow in a
city water-distribution main through a straight section of constant diameter with no side connections. (Note:
There is room for legitimate argument in some of the above cases, which should stimulate independent
thought.)
(@ Unsteady, nonuniform; (b) Unsteady (although steay with respect to rotating frame of reference),
somuniform: (©) Steady, uniform; (4) Alnot steady, nenuiform; () Unsteady, nonuniform; () Unsteay,
See 4.5: Flow Rate and Mean Velocity — Exercises (4)
45.1
N
45.2
453
In the laminar flow of a fluid through ca pipe of circular cross section the velocity profile is exactly a true
‘Parabola. The volume of the paraboloid represents the rate of discharge. Prove that for this case the ratio
Of the mean velocity to the maximum velocity is 0.5.
A gas (y = 0.05 Ibfft’) flows at a rate of 0.8 lb/sec pest section A through a long rectangular duct of
uniform cross section 1.2 by 1.8 ft. At section B some distance along the duct the gas weighs 0.08 lb/ft.
‘What is the average velocity of fiow at sections A and 6?
= Tales <
&,__ 98 __
yA 005(12x 1.8)
-_ 08 _,
4° Gpaaxiy "AO
The velocity of a liquid (s = 1.4) in a 150-mm pipeling is 0.8 m/s. Calculate the rate of flow in Lis, mls,
keels, and IN/s.
Bg. 4.3: Q = AV = (0.0757x08 = 0.01414 ms
= 0.014 14 (m/s) x 10° (Lim?) = 14.148
From Eqs. 4.4 and 4.3: at = pQ = (1.4 x 1000)0.084 14 = 19.79 kgls 4
From Eqs. 4.5 and 4.3: G = 9Q = (14 X 9.81)0.018 14 = 0.1962 KNis Water flows at 4 gal/min through a small circular hole in the bottom of a large tank. Assuming the water in
the tank approaches the hole radially, what is the velocigy in the tank at 2, 4, and 8 in from the hole?
Flow passes through a hemispherical surface area, with A = 1xD* = Lx(2r = 2nr? (Table A.8)
Q = 4 gal/min x (0.1337 ft°/g)/(60 sec/min) = 0.00891 cfs
ra) AG) Ade) V=QIA
2 25.1 0.1745 0.0511
4 100.5 0.698 = 0.01277
8 402.1 2.793 0.003 19
ry
‘Water flows at 0.25 L/s through a small circular hole in the bottom of a large tank. Assuming the water in
‘the tank approaches the hole radially, what is the velociy in the tank at $0, 100, and 200 mm from the
hole?
Flow passes through a hemispherical surface area, with A = inD* = }aQr? = 2nr? (Table A.8)
Q = 0.25 Lis = 0.000 25 m/s
r(mm) Am) = V=QIA
50 0.01571 0.015 92
100 0.062 83 0,003 98
200 0.25133 0.000 995
a
See 4.5: Flow Rate and Mean Velocity — Problems 4/—4.5
4a
42
BG
The velocity of a liquid (s = 1.26) in a 3-in pipeline is 44 fps. Calculate the rate of flow in cfs, gal/min,
slugs/sec, and Ib/sec.
Eq. 4.3: Q= AV = w(L5/12)'x24 = 0.1178 cf 4
= 0,1178(448.8 gpmvicfs) = 52.9 gpm
From Eqs. 4.4 and 4.3: mt = pQ = (1.26 x 1.940)0.1178 = 0.288 slugisec
From Eqs. 4.5 and 4.3: G = yQ = (1.26 x 62.40.1198 = 9.26 Ib/sce 4
Carbon diaxide flows in a 2-in by 3-in duct at a pressure of 46 psi and a temperature of 80°F. If the
‘atmospheric pressure is 13.8 psia and the flow velocity is 10 fps, calculate the weight flow rate.
Table A.5 for carbon dioxide: R = 1123 ftib/(stug-R*)
= B » Bwd6013
Ba 25: 7 = (ep ~ “11250460 + 80)
Bg. 4.5: G = yAV = 0.457(2/12\3/12)10 = 0.1906 Ib/sec 4
= 0.457 ef 43
44
Sec. 4.5, Prob. 4.4 69
‘Nitrogen at 40°C and under a pressure of 3000 mb obs flows in a 350-mm-diameter conduit at a mean
velocity of 8 m/s. Find the mass flow rate.
‘Table A.5 for nitrogen: R = 297 m/(s*K)
Bem 2200. (1 KN 7/10 mb «(1000 kg VEN 529 paid
RT 297 m*sK “!(273+40) K
= pAV = 3.23(axO179)E = 24B Kg
p=
Velocities in an 8-incdiameter circular conduit, measgred at radit of 0, 1.44, 2.60, and 3.48 in, were 20.3,
19.7, 17.7, and 14.5 fps respectively. Find approximate values (graphically) ofthe volume flow rate and
‘the mean velocity. Also determine the ratio of the mean velocity to the maximum velocity.
(Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to graphical solution.
Bq. 4.3: = fudd = wd, + wld, + ..
lot the velocity profile and divide the area into a number of equal (annular) parts.
ob 14.5 fps at r = 3.48 inches
17-7 fps atr = 2.60 inches
\——— 19.7 fps at 7 = 1.44 inches
—— 20:3 fps ar =0
For four equal parts (say),
2
= meperd = wird dd = 4 = Eo ae it
7 = 4 inches, 90 7 = 0, 7, = y4 = 2.00 inches, r = JB = 2.83 inches, 1, = Y1Z =3.46 inches
From the sketched profile, uj = 7.8 fps, = 15.4 fps, ay = 17.7 fps, uy = 19.4 fps
= Leads) = (8 + 15.4 $17.7 +19.4)44 = (60.3 fps) An/144 £7) = 5.26 cfs
Q~53ch
V = QUA = 5.26/(16n/144) = 15.075 fps V= 15.1 fps <
Wage * 15.075120.3 = 0.743 Wem 0.78 4
If we had broken down the area into more parts, the securacy would have been improved. 10 sec. 4.7, Prob. 4.5
45
Velocities in a 200-mm-diameter circular conduit, measured at radii of 0, 36, 65, and 87 mm, were 7.0,
6.8, 6.1, and 5.0 m/s respectively. Find approximate valees (graphically) of the volume flow rate and the
‘mean velocity. Also determine the ratio of the mean velogity to the maximum velocity.
Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to graphical solutfon.
Bq. 43: Q = fd = wld, + oly +
Plot the velocity profile and divide the area info a number of equal (anmular) parts.
+ + 5.0 msar = 87 mm
S——— 6.1 mis at r= 65 mm
\—— 6.8 mis at r = 36 mm
—~ 710 mis tr =0
For four equal parts (say).
A = PI = ar? = wid r2) = Hr -1Z)
dA = Al4 = 1004 = 2500" mm?
r= 100 mm, 80 7 = 0, 7, = 50.0 mm, 7, = ¥5000 = 70.7 mm, r, = ¥7300 =86.6 mm
From the sketched profile, u, « 6.7 m/s, u, = 6.1 m/s, uy = 5.3 m/s, uy ~ 2.7 m/s
Q = Duds) « (6.7 + 6.1 + 5.3 + 2.744 = 20.8(25008)
= 163.400 m(mum?/s) = 0.1633 m/s Q= 016 mis <<
V = QA = 163 400/(4 x 2500) = 5.20 mis VeaS2ms 4
We * 5.2017.0 = 0.743 Won #074 4
If the area had been broken down into more parts, the accaracy would have been improved.
See 4.7: Equation of Continuity ~ Exercises (3)
ATA
BG
472
473
Water flows in a river, At 8 AM. the flow past bridge 1 ig 2150 cfs. At the same instant the flow past
bridge 2 is 1800 cfs. At what rate is water being stored im the river berween the two bridges at this instant?
‘Assume zero seepage and negligible evaporation.
Eq. 4.18: Q, — Q, = dH ide ; (2150 — 1800) see = d¥idt ; d¥idt = 350 fice
Water flows in a river. At 9 AM. the flow past bridge 1 is 37.2 m/s. At the same instant the flow past
bridge 2 is 26.9 m'/s. At what rate is water being stored in the river between the two bridges at this
instant? Assume zero seepage and negligible evaporation,
Eq, 4.18: Q, — Q; = d¥idt ; G72 ~ 26.9) mills = divide ; dV lat = 10.30 m/sec <
Gas is flowing in a long 9-in-diameter pipe from A to B. At section A the flow is 0.65 lb/sec while at the
same instant at section B the flow is 0.72 lbisec. The dimance between A and B is 800 ft. Find the mean
value of the time rate of change of the specific weight of dhe gas between sections A and B at that instant
Bg. 45 x 8 1AM — reba = Crl®) x 5 By 4.160: AV = G
Substituting: G, — G, = (Ola) x
(0.65 — 0.72) Ib/sec = Slat x 800 n(4.5/12) f°; yfde = —0.000 1981 Ib/f* per sec aq
Sec. 4.7, Prob. 4.7 71
Equation of Continuity — Problems 4.6-4.7
Gas flows at a steady rate in a 120-mm-diameter pipe that enlarges 10 a 180-mum-diameter pipe. (a) At a
certain section of the 120-mm pipe the density of the gas is 165 kg/m and the velocity is 15 m/s. At a
certain section of the 180-mm pipe the velocity is 10 m/s. What must be the density of the gas at that same
section? (b) If these same data were given for the casa of unsteady flow at a certain instant, could the
Problem be solved? Discuss.
(@ Eq. 4.160: p,A,¥, = pyA,¥, 5 a8 A & (diam)?, we therefore obtain p,di¥, = pydsV,
165(120)15 = p,(180)10 from which p, = 110.0 kg/m’
(©) Ifthe flow were unsteady, the problem could not be solved because no information is given on dp/ét.
‘Also, the volume between the two sections is tnlaown.
A compressible fluid flows in a 20-in-diameter leaky pipe. Measurements are made simultaneously at two
‘points A and B along the pipe that are 32,000 ft apart. Two sets of measurements are taken with an
interval of exactly 45 min berween them. The data are as follows:
Time _ py (slugff") Y, tis) 2 (slugif") Va ft/s)
0 0.520 6s 0.608 54
45min 0.616 st 0.727 40
Assuming p varies linearly with respect to time and distance, compute the approximate average mass rate of
leakage between A and B.
Modifying Eq. 4.15 to include for leakage, at any instant
PAW, ~ PyA;¥y ~ leakage rate = (@p/2) x ¥
4p,
a
= 4P2 , 0.727-0.608
Op/ae at Section 2 a 45x60
p[ée at Section 1 = = 3.56 « 10° slugi(f? sec)
= 4AL x 10° slug/(f? see)
‘During this time interval, and through the 32,000-ft leggth AB,
average Opl& ~ ¥4(3.56 + 4.41) x 10°% = 3.98 x 10° slug/(fi?-sec)
During any time iterval, 3,A,¥, — 2yA,¥, — avg leak rate ~ (pla) x ¥
yer — avg leak rate = 3.98 x so-foo, (24
71.873 — 68.444 — avg leak rate = 2.780 slug/sec; Avg leakage rate ~ 0.649 slugisec 4 72 Sec. 4.10, Prob. 4.7
Sec 4.10; Use and Limitations of Flow New — Exercises (4)
4.10.1
4.10.2
st
‘An incompressible ideal fluid flows at 12 L/s through a circular
160-mmn-diameter pipe into a conically converging nozzle Wke that
of Sample Prob. 4.4 (diameter at B is 80 mi). Determine the
average velocity of flow at sections D and B.
Consider the sketched flow net of Sample Prob 4.4. At seation D the streamlines are parallel, so the area
‘normal to the velocity vectors is a plane circle,
ily |
160
mm fo2. c
aia
|
2 _ 2x10 mip
Ap (HiAy0.16 m)?
At section B, however, the area normal to the streamlines is best approximated by the portion of the surface
‘of a sphere of radius 40 mm which is inside the nozzle and passes through B (see right-hand solution figure
‘of Sample Prob. 4.4). By table lookup, by integration, or from Sample Prob 4.4, A= 2arh
= 40 ~ 40cos45* = 11.72 mm
y- Q- 2 = 2x0 Bs gcemn
Ay 2ark — 25(0,040)0.01172 m?
Thos, = =0597 ms 4
Figure X4.10.2 shows the flow net for two-
dimensional flow from a rounded, long-
slotted exit from a tank. If Uy = 1.8 mis,
‘hat is the approximate flow velocity at A?
ALB: An, = 12.05/6 = 2.01 mm
Figure X4.10.2
‘Note: Answers may vary somewhat due
to scaling. Sec. 4.10, Prob. 4.7 73
4.10.3 Given that Uy in Fig. 4.10 is 6.0 fps, find approximately (a) the maximum velocity in the bend, and
(©) the uniform velocity in the downstream section.
Figure 4.10
BG
(All values approximate) 4n, mm An, [An V = (4n, /AmU,
In uniform entrance: 38.84 = 9.70 1.00 6.00 fps (given)
(@ In bend (smallest square) 3.50 27 16.6 fps
(©) In uniform exit: 18.7/4 = 4.68 2.07 12.4 fps 4
Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling. TA sec. 4.10, Prob. 4.7
4.10.4 Given that Up in Fig. 4.12 is 4 mls, find approximately (2) the maximum and (b) the minimum velocity on
the body surface.
‘Stagnation point, O
Figure 4.12
st
(@) Measuring four of the small squares, on average:
. UL, W) . e903:
‘At uniform entrance: An, iG 5) x 7
‘At the smallest square, about 0.66 or 3.8a downstream of the stagnation point:
0.962 mm
et
ve, =
‘an
Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling.
(© At stagnation point, Vay, = 0
= 99824 2 <
Uy = SoREa = 5.5 mis Sec. 4.10, Prob. 4.8 75
See 4.10: Use and Limitations of Flow Net — Problems 4.8--4.l/
48 Refer to Fig. X4.10.2. If a is 3 in and Up is 10 fps, approximately how long will it take a particle to move
from point A to point B on the same streamline? (Note: Between each pair of equipotential lines, measure
‘As, and then compute the average velocity and time increment.)
= 10 fps and a= Sin. ds = 2 =
1
dined
team 24
a 7 10. 1 4s 7
Equipotential s/s, 7 = ee
space s/s mh As
12 18 133s O31 0.23 see
23 55 ‘1.82 fps, 0.23 ft 0.13 sec
34 34 2.94 fps 0.14 ft 0.048 sec
‘and similarly on through space 11-12, yields Eat = 0.47 sec 4
Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling. 76 sec. 4.10, Prob. 4.9
49
si
Repeat Prob. 4.8 using the following data: a = 150 mm and Up = 0.5 m/s. Find also the approximate
velocity where the flow crosses equipotential line 3.
Prob. 4.8: Refer to Fig. X4.10.2. Approximately how long will it take a particle to move from point A
10 point B on the same streamline? (Note: Between each pair of equipotential lines, measure As, and then
compute the average velocity and time increment.)
Uy =0.5 mis and a= 015m. As = 2 =
‘Equipotential Asi4s, P= 95 gs =0.02548 at = asiv
sruce sas,
12 15 0.067 mis 0.188 m 2.80 see
23 55 0.051 mis 0.138 m 152 see
34 34 0.187 mis 0.085 m 0.58 sec
and similarly on through space 11 - 12, yields Ear = 5.7sec 4
: length = 34 a m.
Ana tipi: ath = (2%, ]o.1013] =o
05
Ame gh wotme 4
1 = alba = 011 me
Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling, Sec. 4.10, Prob. 4.10 TT
4.10 ‘Make an approximate plot of the frictionless velocity (relative to U,) along both the inner and the outer
boundaries of Fig. 4.10. By what percent is the ideal maximum inner velocity greater than the ideal
‘minimum outer velocity?
Figure 4.10
v 1
= const = AV « AsV = An Uy, 0 L =
Jn aream me, q = cont = AV * AsV = Any, 19 P= Ta
UYnner boundary
2.9] 350 mm
3.50 mm
vit,
outer boundary
1.0) 9.7 rom
= 0.746
130 mm
Min outer Vel (Vp = 0.746U)
or 3 5
Equipotential spa:
jo max. inner vel
sax. inner vel, = -
Ratio Tin. outer vel.
Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling. 78 sec. 4.12, Prob. 4.11
4a Consider the two-dimensional flow about a 2-in-diameter cylinder. Sketch the flow net for the ideal flow
‘round one quarter of the cylinder. Start with a uniform net of ¥4-in squares, and fill in with %-in squares
where desirable. (Note: We can prove by classical hydrodynamics that the velocity tangent to the cylinder
ata point 90° from the stagnation point is twice the uniform velocity.) From the flow net, determine the
velocities (relative to Up) along the center streamline from a point upstream where the velocity is uniform 10
the stagnation point, and then along the boundary of the cylinder from the stagnation point to the 90° point;
plot them vs distance. By plotting a second curve on the same graph, compare the result thus obtained with
the values given by the equation V = 2Upsind, where Up is the undisturbed stream velocity and 0 is the
‘angle subtended by the arc from the stagnation point to axy point on the cylinder where V is desired.
+
<
V from equation = 2U,ein 8
st
= 205 #in 8
Bte Uy
‘rom flow net = —5: <
Stagnation point 00) 690°
Sec 4.12: Velocity and Acceleration in Steady Flow — Exercises (8)
4.12.1 A flow field is defined by u = 2, v = 3, w = 4. What is the velocity of flow? Specify units in terms of L
and T.
N
Sec. 4.12: VaQ+3 +4) =539UT <
4.12.2 The velocity along a streamline lying on the x axis is given by u = 6 + 3°. What is the convective
‘acceleration at x = 5? Specify units in terms of L and T. Assuming the fluid is incompressible, isthe flow
converging or diverging?
wa 6+ P4 2, aula = 0.42%
Eq, 4.23a: Convective accel. = u(@uf@r) = 2.4x-°% + 0 4x70?
‘Atx = 5: Convective accel. = 2.4(5)-®* + 0.4(5)-®? = 1.204 LIT?
If the fluid is incompressible, because the velocity increases the flow must be converging. 4.123
412.4
4.12.5
4.12.6
Sec, 4.12, Prob. 4.11 79
A flow field is defined by u = 2x, v = y. Derive expressions for the x and y components of acceleration.
Find the magnitude of the velocity and acceleration at the point (3,2). Specify units in terms of L and T.
au ou, yu
S20, Bg. 4.28: a =u + yH a wtonde <
y ay
av av , av
; 8% 21, Ba. 4.280: yy Muorn <
i Eq. ay ug HD Ob omy
MQ2 u=%=6; v=y=2; V= (OF =632LT <
and a= 4 = 12; y= 2 = VF = I7LT? <
A flow field is defined by u = 2y, v = x. Derive expressions for the x and y components of
acceleration. Find the magnitude of the velocity and acceleration at the point (3,1). Specify units in terms
of L and T.
=2 By. 48a: a, = 3 + oS 0+ 20m Oe <
a
662m: gant eM ane ony <
ely ele
ele ele
AtG,I): w= =2u=x=3, Va VPP = 361LT 4
and 2 = 6; = 2 = 2 a= (EP =6RLT? <
A flow field is defined by u = 2y, v = xy. Derive expressions for the x and y components of acceleration.
Find the magnitude of the velocity and acceleration at the point (2,3). Specify units in terms of L and T.
ou, au
rey not aay 4
2. Eg. 4.280: a, =
x. Eq, 4.28: a, =
ele ole
ao ao
ety a te <
23) usd =6; vey =6; Va \OrO= s4oLT <
@, = Dry = 12; a, = 29° + xy = 2G) + QB) = 18 + 12 = 30
a= iF =323L7? <
B= ele ele
The velocity along a circular streamline of radius 4 ft is 2.2 fps. Find the normal and tangential
components of the acceleration if the flow is steady.
2 pat
Bq. 4.19: a= 4 = 22 = i210 flee?
Flow is steady (given), so V, = const, a, 80 Sec. 4.12, Prob. 4.12
4.12.7
st
4128
‘The velocity along a circular streamline of radius 1.5 m is 0.75 mis. Find the normal and tangential
‘components of the acceleration if the flow is steady.
2
Bq. 4.19: a, =
= 0375 mst <
15
Flow is steady (given), so V, = const, = 0
A large tank contains an ideal liquid which flows out of the bottom of the tank through a 4-in-diameter hole.
The rate of steady outflow is 5 cfs. Assume that the liquid approaches the center of the hole radially. Find
the velocities and convective accelerations at points that are 2.5 and 5 ft from the center of the hole.
‘Area through which (steady) flow occurs is a hemispherical surface, of area 2° (Table A.8)
4.46: ¥,= 2-5, H.-S
A
At = 25h Vy =
11S) Bele) 8
3s = 0.01297 ft/sec? 4; a, = 0.000405 ft/sec?
1273 fps 4; Atty = Sit: ¥, = 0.0318 fps 4
Sec 4.12: Velocity and Acceleration in Steady Flow ~ Problems 4/2 4.18
412
st
‘An ideal liquid flows out the bottom of a large tank though a 100-mm-diameter hole at a steady rate of 0.80
‘nels, Assume the liquid approaches the center of the hole radially. Find the velocities and convective
‘accelerations at points 0.75 and 1.5 m from the center of the hole.
(steady) flow occurs is a hemispherical surface, of area 2a? (Table A.8)
080 | directed only along r.
Bar
: 7 Qo
+. From Eq. 4.23: Comenive a = 4 =~ 5-8
Atr= 075m: V=0226m/s 4; a=0.1366m/s!
Atr= LS m: V = 0.0566 m/s a= 0.00427 mst < 4.33
414
45
Sec. 4.12, Prob. 4.15 81
A flow field is defined by u = 3y, v = 2xy, w = Sz. Derive expressions for the x, y, and z components of
‘acceleration Find the magnitude of the velocity and acceleration at the point (1,2,1). Specify units in
0, Eq. 4.284: a,=0-+3v+0=6y 4
au
a
2x; eno. Eg. 4.28: a, = ku + 2xv +0= 6 +4ry 4
0; Mans, By 42ke: = 040456 = 25
Va (OFF a8TLT <
anda, = Gay = 12; a, = y+ ey = 24 + B= 32; a, = 25;
a= PE = 43LT? <
Sketch the flow field defined by u = 0, v = 3xy, and derive expressions for the x and y components of
‘acceleration. Find the acceleration at the point (2,2). Specify units in terms of Land T.
Eq. 4.230: a, = 00) + 3x0) = 0 4 y f
Bg. 4.23: a, = 0Gy) + 3nGy = 9x “r-t T
MQ2): a=9@@=2LIT? < :
<
2 P
1
Ls
Omer eerie seed
Sketch the flow field defined by u = 3y, v = 2, and derive expressions for the x and y components of
‘acceleration. Find the magnitude of the velocity and acceleration for the point having the coordinates (3,4).
Specify units in terms of L and T.
Bq, 4.230; a, = 390) +2G)=6L7? <<
Eq. 4.236: a, = 390) +20) =0 4
AGH: V= (OFF 3
s(iPPan27 <
a=\@-0 =6L7 4 F < 82 sec. 4.12, Prob. 4.16
4.16
(@) Sketch the flow field defined by u = —2y, v = 3x, and derive expressions for the x and y components of
acceleration. (2) As in Sample Prob. 4.3, find approximase values of the normal and tangential
‘accelerations ofthe particle atthe point (2,3). Specify units in terms of Land T. (c) Compare the values
of (a2 + a2)" with the computed value (a? + 4,3)".
(@) Bq. 4.230: a, = -2¥(0) + 3x(-2) = -6r —
Eq. 4.23b: a, = —2y(3) + 3x(0) = -6y 4
V = VO + GHP = Yay? 9x7
ALPQ3): <
= 4G" +90) = 8.49 L/T
a= (6x 2F + (6x 3F = 21.6 LT?
oo *
(@) Per Sample Prob. 4.3: From sketch of this fowfild, y, ~ 3.75 L, x ~ 3.0BL. 5-5, = 5.4L
and at PQ,3): 7 = 3.3L.
ALA, ty = = 0, $0 Vy = vy = 3x = 3.08.1) = +9.26L = 9.241
ACB, vp = x = 0, $0 Vp = ty = -2y = ~20.75 1) = -7.50L = 750L—
av MaMa | 1SOL-9ML _ yg pt
a” 5% +547 ;
v2 _ 84s? 2
1425: a, = LE = BAF 91, <
ag 5 ae 4s
aA
a, = V(aV/88) = 8.49(-0.527) = -4.47 ~ -45LT? <4 ey
2
© a = fafra? = PAS AaT = 23 = DLT
Cf. a = 21.6 L/T?, these two accelerations compare well
‘Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling. 4aT
Sec. 4.12, Prob. 4.17 83
‘The steady flow rate in each of the four stream tubes uf Fig. 4.10 is 15 ofs per foot perpendicular to the
lane of the figure. By scaling, the dimensions of the shaded “square” have been found to be 1.65 ft wide
‘on the upstream face, 1.53 ft wide on the downstream face, and 1.67 ft along the flow line through its
‘center: the radius of that flow line measures 11.1 ft. Find the normal, tangential, and resultant
accelerations of a fluid particle at the center of the shaded area.
At the center of the shaded "square": Width ~ (1.65 + 1.53)/2 = 1.59 f
Bq. 4.6: V= QUA ~ 15/1.59 = 9.43 fps
2
Eq. 4.25: a= = 94 © 8.00 = 8.0 fer rally inward <
In the shaded "square", the tube width changes from 1.65 ft to 1.53 ft over a distance of 1.67 ft, so
av AS/153) - (5/1.65) _
& aA 0.427 fsee?
Bg. 4.24: a, = VE = 9.49(0.427) = 4.03 ~ 4.0 sein the flow direction
a, = 4.03,
a = (8.02? +403? = 8.97 = 9.0 ft/sec? (downward) 84 sec. 4.13, Prob. 4.18
4.18
Figure P4.18 represents a two-dimensional stream tube drawn to scale. If
the flow rate is 25 m/s per meter perpendicular to the plane ofthe sketch,
determine approximate values of the normal and tangential accelerations of
4 fluid particle at C. What is the resultant acceleration of a particle at C?
Note to instructor: Answers will vary depending on the measured
dimensions. The variability of the results can be used to demonstrate the
sensitivity to the accuracy of the measurements.
Measure Fig. 4.18: At C, width = 2.3m, r= 14.7 m.
Q_ 2
Fg. 4.6: Ve= 2 = % = 10.87 mis
46: o-5 Is
T= 8.04 ~ 8.0 m/s* radially inward
In the 2 m surrounding C the width changes from about 2.35 m to 2.27 m, so
Y _ 25227) - 057.39) _ 9.1875 m/s per m
es 2
Eq. 4.24: a, x = 10.87(0.1875) = 2.04 ~ 2.0 m/s? tangentially downward to the right
e
4,
a = ¥8.047+208 =8.29= 83m 4
See 4.13: Velocity and Acceleration in Unsteady Flow — Exercises (4)
413.1
N
413.2
A flow is defined by u = 2(1+1), v = 3(1-+1), w = 4(1+1). What is the velocity of flow at the point
3,24) at t = 2? What is the acceleration at that point at t = 2? Specify units in ierms of L and T.
Atr= 2 sec: u = 6 L/T,v = 91/7, w= 12
Vara = VOVOHIE = 16.16LT
4, v and w are all not fonctions of x, y, oz, s0 all convective accelerations (see Ea. 4.28) are zero
‘ ou av 2, aw 2
sa,= S maim a, = 2-317 «= © = 417
LS 47°F a4
and a= YP0F6# = 539LTt <
A two-dimensional flow field is given by u = 2 + xy + 3P, v = De? + 1. Find the velocity and
‘acceleration of a particle of fluid at point (2,3) at t = 4. Specify units in terms of L and T.
‘At point (2,3) with t = 4:
W246 +48 = 56LT,v = 36 +4 =40L7;V= Wor = 688LT <
Eq. 4.284: a, = (2 +ay + 3P)y + Qa? + Ox + OF = 272 LT?
Eq. 4.280: ay = (2 +xy + 37)2y" + Qry? + Nday + 1 = 1969 LT?
Finally, a = (272?+ 196 = 198817? < 4.13.3
4.13.4
st
Sec. 4.13, Prob. 4.19 85
The flow velocity in fps along a circular streamline of radius 3 ft is 0.6 + 1.21. Find the normal and
tangential components of the acceleration when t = 1.5 sec.
Att =1.3 sec: V=0.6 + 1.2(1.5) 40 fps; at any t: OV/dr = 1.2 ft/sec?
Bq. 4.25: gy = Vr = 2407 = 1.900 ise?
: jv, W =
Ea, 4.29: H 4 HY — yo) +12 = 1200 tise?
The flow velocity in m/s along a circular streamline of radius 1.5 m is 0.4 + 0.6t. Find the normal and
tangential components of the acceleration when t = 1.2 5.
Ate=1.2 sec: V= 0.4 + 0.6(1.2) = 1.120 mis
Bq.4.25: a= Vr = 1120715 = 0.836me 4
Eq. 4.29: a= vt + z V0) + 0.6 = 0.600 mis? <<
‘Sec 4.13: Velocity and Acceleration in Unsteady Flow ~ Problems 4./9— 4.21
4.19
A large tank contains an ideal liquid which flows out of the botiom through a 4-in-diameter hole. The
‘ouflow rate O = 8 ~ 0.5t, where Q is in cfs and tis in sec. Assume the liquid approaches the center of
the hole radially. Find the local acceleration at a point 2 ft from the center of the hole at times ¢ = 5 sec
and 10 sec. What is the total acceleration at a point 3 ft from the center of the hole at ¢ = 10 sec?
‘Area through which flow occurs is a hemispherical surface, of area 2r? (Table A.8)
Eq. 4.
Aer = 2 float acet = (37) <
Cee ee eee
. Atr = 2 ft, t= 5 sec, local accel = — 0.019 89 fi/sec? 4
and at r = 2 ft, 1 = 10 sec, local accel = — 0.019 89 ft/sec?> 4
sinc # = cont — 1, = 2% = 18-089
es or xe
7
av
4.29 at f = 10 sec, 7 = 3 ft: =v: LZ
Bq. 4.29 sec, r= 3A: Towa = Vo +
£20500), 8-050) _ _O5- _ 6,001 876 — 0.008 84 = -0.006 97 tse?
2as? me ag? 86 sec. 4.13, Prob. 4.21
4.20
424
SI
si
id los tof he Bono of a age tank ‘through an 80-mm-diameter hole. The outflow rate Q
= 04-0. where Q is in m’/s and t is in s. Assume the liquid approaches the center of the hole
radially. Find the local, convective, and total accelerations at a point 0.5 m from the center of the hole at
time t = 12s.
‘Area through which flow occurs is a hemispherical surface, of area 2nr? (Table A.8)
Q _ 04-0025
14.6: V= S , directed only along r
E. a om ly along
(2) = 04-0025. av _ _ o01r"
ar, = 2ar'
From Sec. 4.13, at 7 = 0.5 m,¢ = 12s: Local accel = a¥Vfét = -0.001 $38 m/s? <<
and since s = const — r, convective accel = W(aV/as) = -W(aV/ar) = 0.1773 mist
and, from Eq. 4.29: Total accel = 0.1773 — 0.0018 = 0.1755 mis? <
Refer to the two-dimensional stream tube drawn to scale in Fig. P4.18. If
the flow rate is (18 — 4) m?'/s per meter perpendicular to the plane of the
skeich, with tin s, find approximate values of the normal tangential, and
{otal accelerations of a fluld particle at C when ¢ = 3s.
Note to instructor: Answers will vary depending on the measured
dimensions. ‘The variability of the results can be used to demonstrate the
sensitivity to the accuracy of the measurements.
Measure Fig. 4.18: At C, width = 2.31 m,r = 14.67 m.
= ot = -1732 ms
oa /s (at any 0)
In the 2 m surrounding C, by measurement, the width changes from about 2.35 m to 2.27 m.
ee aor oh
a ~ alz27 235
‘When r= 3s: Q = 6mls, Vo = 2.60 m/s, d%G/8s = 0.0450 mis per m.
2
4.4.25: a0, 2 0.460 ~ 0.46 mvs radially inward
x
F442: (00, = 4 + & ~ 2.600.0450) + (-1.732) = -1.615 = 1.6 mist
a = 1613+ 04GF = 1.679 = 1.68 mist 4
Note: Answers may vary somewhat due to scaling. Sec. 4.13, Prob. 4.23 87
Chapter 4: Miscellaneous — Problems 4.22 — 4.24
42 Assume that the streamlines for a two-dimensional flow of a friciontess incompressible fluid against a flat
‘plate normal to the initial velocity may be represented by the equation xy = constant and thatthe flow is
symmetrical about the plane through x = 0. A diferent streamline may be plotted for each value of the
constant. Plot streamlines for values of the constant of 16, 64, and 128.
N
<
423 For the case in Prob. 4.22, we can show that the velocity components at any point are uw = ax and v =
ay, where a is a constant. Thus the actual velocity is V = a(x?+y*)¥? = ar, where r is the radius to the
origin. Let a = 1/3. Draw curves of equal velocity for values of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 fps. How does the
velocity vary along the surface of the plate?
BG
‘Along the surface of the plate V = x/3 fps, where x ft = the distance from the origin. 4 88 sec. 4.13, Prob. 4.24
424
si
For three-dimensional flow with the y axis as the centerline, assume that the equation for the bounding
streamline of a jet impinging vertically downward on a flat plate is y = 64. (a) Plot the flow showing the
‘centerline and bounding streamlines of the jet. (e) What is the approximate average velocity in the vertical
Jet at y = 10 ifthe average velocity in the vertical jet is 5.0 m/s at y = 16? (c) For the above conditions
{find the approximate velocity along the plate at r = 12, 24, 36.
xy = 64
y
@y x 20
20 1.79
15 2.07
10 2.53 15]
5 3538 ae
3 4.62 <
2 5.66 ro}
1 8
0.444 12 :
& Aty = 10, x= 64 = 2.53
6, x = 2.00 x
V = Rg Vig = ARM g “i 06
Q = m64)%yq = mQ2)'S = 200
Vig = 20/64 = 3.125 mis 4
(© Atx = 12, y = 64/146 = 0.444; Ate = 24, y= O.111; Atx = 36, y = 0.0494
= Wx = 2x = Aa(L2VOAME)Y, = PAHOA, = 2n(36\0.0894)¥ ig
Vg = 1.875 m/s 4 Vy =3.75ms 4 Vig =5.63ms 4 kk
52
53
Tor all Exercises (Identified by "X"), answers are given in Appendix F of the textbook.
Exer/Prob Units
Chapter 5
‘Energy Considerations in Steady Flow
PROBLEM SELECTION GUIDE
89
Difficulty Length Parts Similar Special features
Kinetic Energy of a Flowing Fluid
ast ON
sz)
sia Ny
P 5.1 N
52 N
Equation for Steady Motion of an Ideal Fluid Along a Streamline, and Bernoulli’s Theorem
X521 BG
522 BG
st
SL
Medium,
Medium,
Medium
Medium
Hard
Easy
Easy
Easy
Easy
Medium
Easy
Easy
Easy
Medium
Easy
Easy
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Long.
Short
Short
Short
$23
52.2
Integration
Integration
Integration
Integration
Integration
Uses pu = RT (Sec. 2.7). Interpolation.
Equation for Steady Motion of a Real Fluid Along a Streamline
53.1 BG
Eg FSeEsee
Medium,
Short
Short
Short
Short
Short
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Long
53.2
53.1
53.5
53.4
X = Exercise, P = (end-of-chapter) Problem, $= Sample Problem.
Jeont. 5A
5.6
57
59
5.10
ExerlProb Units Difficulty
Pressure in Fluid Flow
X54. BG Easy
5.4.2 St Easy
5.4.3 BG Easy
P 5.16 SI Medium
37 SI Medium
5.18 BG Hard
519 BG Medium
Short
Short
Short
Short
Medium
Medium
‘Long.
Integration
Energy Equation for Steady Flow of Incompressible Fluids, Bernoulli’s Theorem
X56.1 BG
5.6.2
5.63 BG
5.6.4
P 5.20
sai) 8G)
5.22 BG
3.23
Energy Equation for Steady Flow of Compressible Fluids
X5.7.1 BG
5.72
573 BG
5.74
St
SI
st
SI
SL
SI
V Easy
V Easy
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium,
Medium
Easy
Easy
Medium,
Medium
Short
Short
Short
Short
Short
Medium
Medium
Medium
Short
Short
Medium
Medium,
Power Considerations in Fluid Flow
X5.91 BG
5.9.2
593 BG
5.9.4
59.5 BG
5.9.6
P5.24 = BG
5.25 st
Cavitation
X5.10.1 BG
5.10.2
5.103 BG
5.10.4
5.10.5
Short
Short
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium,
Medium,
Medium,
Medium,
Medium,
2
2
2
2
5.10.2
5.10.1
5.104
5.10.3
Uses Sec. 4.5
Uses pu = RT (See. 2.7)
Uses pu = RT (See. 2.7)
Uses po = RT (Sec. 2.7)
Uses pu = RT (See. 2.7)
Uses Sec. 3.5
Uses Sec. 3.5
Uses Sec. 3.5
Uses Sec. 3.5
Uses Sec. 3.5
Jeont... S52
53
5.4
SS
91
Exer/Prob Units Difficulty Length Parts Similar Special features
Loss of Head at Submerged Discharge
P5.26 BG Medium = Medium
5.27 SI Medium Medium
5.28 BG Medium = Medium
5.29 SI Medium Medium
330 BG Hard = Medium
5.31 Sl Hard = Medium
532 BG Medium = Medium
3.27
5.26
5.29
5.28
531
5.30
Applications of Hydraulic Grade Line and Energy Line
X 5.3.1 SI Easy Short
5.132 BG Easy Short
5.13.3 SI Easy Short
5.134 BG Easy Short
5.13.5 BG Easy Medium
5.13.6 SI Easy Medium
5.13.7 BG Easy = Medium
5.13.8 SI Easy Medium
P 5.33 SI
334 BG
5.35 SI
536 BG
5.37 SI
538 BG
539 BG
540 BG
541 St
Method of Solution of Flow Problems
X5.14.1 BG Easy Short
5.14.2 St Easy Short
5.143 BG Medium Medium
5.14.4 ‘SI Medium Medium
Jet Trajectory
X SASL Sl Easy Short
5.15.2 SI Medium — Short
5.153 BG Medium Short
P 5.42 N Easy Medium
5.43 BG Medium = Medium
Ree el et eee
5.13.2
S31
5.134
5.13.3
5.13.6
5.13.5
5.13.8
5.13.7
537
5.36
$5.11
Sal
3.40
5.14.2
5.14.1
5.14.4
5.14.3
Confirm assumed T°; interp; cavitation.
Confirm assumed T°; interp; cavitation.
Cavitation.
‘Sketch
‘Sketch
Cavitation
Cavitation
Sketch
Plot
Uses manometry (See. 3.
Uses manometry (Sec. 3,
28
T & E (Trial and Error)
T&E
Proof
Differentiation
Ieont.. 92
5.16 Flow in a Curved Path
X5.161 BG Easy Medium 1 Integration
5.16.2 Sl Easy = Medium 1 Integration
P544 BG Hard = Medium 15.45 Integration
5.45 SI Hard = Medium 15.44 Integration
5.17 Foreed or Rotational Vortex
XS171 BG Easy = Shot 3
3.172 SI Easy = Short 1
5.17.3 BG Easy Short,
P546 BG Easy = Shot, «15.47
5.47 SI Easy Shot 15.46
5.18 Free or Irrotational Vortex
X 5.18.1 SI Easy Medium 1 $5.14, 5.18.2
5.182 BG Easy Medium «1 $5.14, 5.18.1
P5.48 BG Medium = Mediun 1 5.49 Integration
5.49 Sl Medium Medium 1 5.48 Integration Chapter 5
ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS IN STEADY FLOW
Sec. 5.1: Kinetic Energy of a Flowing Fluid — Exercises (3)
511
512
“Assume the velocity profile for turbulent flow in a circular
ipe to be approximated by a parabola from the axis to a
‘point very close to the wal where the local velocity is u
= 0.6ily, where tly is the maximum velocity at the axis
(Fig. X5.1.1). The equation for this parabola is u =
ull = Orit) 1. Find a.
= ugll — O.4(r/rg 5 dA = Iardr
furad — 2rua fC - O4¢rirg) Pr dr
rg(0.80u,)°
048 _ 0.064),2 _ 17
6 Gig
f f = 30. + 3y(04y°E -
5
063
‘Assume an open rectangular channel with the velocity at the surface twice that atthe bottom, and with the
velocity varying as a straight lin from top to bottom. Find a.
»
»|
Mean velocity V = (3/4), 5 80 w= re
‘Let channel width = B; dA = Bdy
8 lays at ss
furdA ISBygt2,
Ai = — Bi _ 99 <
tal AP 32(8y9Gu,/4 94 See. 6.1, Prob. 5.1
Find efor the case of a two-dimensional laminar flow, as between two flat plates, for which the velocity
profile is parabolic.
Let yp = half-width of the symmetric flow. Measuring y from the centerline:
when y = 0,u =
} «= alt - O97]
Letting Q be the flow through the half-width:
=f I
when y = Yo, u
fu3dA 2
py sas a LM AS13505
; ra Heise <
AP ByX2u,/3)
Sec. 5.1: Kinetic Energy of a Flowing Fluid — Problems 5.1-5.2
oa
‘Assume the seventh-root law [Eq. (8.49)] for a turbulent-velocity distribution between two smooth flat plates.
Find
7
From Eq. 8.38: u = aft - 4 3 dA = Bdr
rraenatton amare ua [Taft iow el
3, (fe -3T- Peurg0- 11 = Liar,
By,
Bute haltarea A = By so the mean veacty v= 2 « ODPL
fo fabs
ry" 7 7 p},
7 I i0 oe
oct = MOBI 8 igs
AP @r\,/8 10077 52
Sec. 5.2, Prob. 6.2 95
“Assume the seventh-root law [Eq. (8.49)] for a turbulent-velocity distribution in smooth pipe flow. Find a.
in
From Bq. 8.49: wouft-Z 4 i dA = 2nrdr
cs
on ar= fast ult -2] "ree = ama -
To integrate by parts, let w= r and do = (1 ~ rrg)""ar
then du = dr and v = ~(i/8)rgt - rr”
om PH ST Let a
= --a+F fe “J Pf-Ey ° JT : “as ie
so Av = trp Bh = Barta: tae Am ards 2 V= (100,
fou ff oe ai
To integrate by parts, let w= r and es then du = dr and v = -Zy
aoe i"
ome [hye JT het Jr
= ora def
0
and fuPéh = 2malasitor? = (9/yeud
futdA (4985) nr2u2 oo
5a: = LE, ORD ere oss
a AV GarBy49u, 60) 85045")
Sec. 5.2: Equation for Steady Motion of an Ideal Fluid Along a Streamline, and Bernoulli's Theorem ~ Exercises
5.2.1
BG
‘Assume frictionless flow in a long, horizontal, conical pipe, where the diameter is 3.6 ft at entrance and 2.4
‘fat exit. The pressure head at the smaller end is 15 ft of water. If water flows through this cone at the
‘ate of 95 cfs, find the velocities at the two ends and the pressure head at the larger end.
2.8 coasts < Se
36% — 24h 96 sec. 6.2, Prob. 6.2
BG
523
524
528
BG
Assume the flow to be frictionless in the siphon shown in Fig. X5.2.2, where
a= Spt, b = 12 ft. Find the rate of discharge in ofs and the pressure head
at B if the pipe has a uniform diameter of 3 in.
Eg. 5.7 from M to N (elevation datum at):
0+1240=0+0+ Ving; Hy =
Q = (w/4)Q/12)°278 = 1.365 cf
Bq, 5.7 from M to B:
O+12+0=pyly + 15+ Vjg: ply = -15.0% <<
278 fps
Refer to Fig. X5.2.2. Assume a = 1 m, b = 4m, and the flow to be
Srictionless in the siphon. Find the rate of discharge in mis and the
Pressure head at B if the pipe has a uniform diameter of 150 mm.
Eq. 5.7 from M to N (¢levation datum at N):
O+440=0+0+ VG; Vy ~My
Q = 7(0.15/2)°8.86 = 0.1565 mys 4
Bq. 5.7 from M to B:
O+440= ryly +5 + Vile; Pyly = -500m <
8.86 ms
From point 1, a 25-mm-diameter pipe runs horizontally under the floor and then a 12.5-mm-diameter line
runs I m up the wall to point 2. To maintain a pressure of 300 kPa at point 2, when 15°C water is flowing
at 0.5 Lis, what pressure must be provided at point 1? Neglect friction.
‘Table A.1 for water at 15°C: y = 9798 N/m’. Given Q = 0.5 L/s = 0.0005 m’/s.
40, 40.005) «019 mys; 4 = 42, - MOOK 5.07 vs
Continuity Eq. 4.7: pa.000o}s
| yor xO.0BF ar” xO.0TR5F
Py = 318000 Nim@ (or Pa) = 318kPa
ie ger ee
A straight horizontal pipe changes diameter from 6 in at inlet to 3 in at outlet. Ifthe water pressures are
7:5 psi at inlet and 5.0 psi at outlet, find the flow rate of water at 70°F. Neglect friction.
Table A.1 for water at 70°F: -y = 62.30 Ib/1.
Continuity Eq. 4.3: = AY “Am AN) = FH); 20 = HOEY = Ay
Pm
a; PoP aoe
From Eq. 5. qo Gee
@5-5.0i44 4, OWI 15H
2.30 W322) 2B2L2)
[6
63 mis Figure P5.4
(0.05
Wve
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