PETALING JAYA LEARNING CENTRE

SEMESTER SEPTEMBER / 2012

HBSC2103
CHEMISTRY I

NAMA NAJIB NO. MATRIKULASI NO. KAD PENGENALAN NO. TELEFON E-MEL

: : : : :

MOHD NAZLAN BIN MOHAMAD 830812105557001 830812105557 0167257812 bojot_12@yahoo.com

PUSAT PEMBELAJARAN

PETALING JAYA LEARNING CENTRE

PENYERAHAN DAN PENILAIAN TUGASAN ASSIGNMENT SUBMISSION AND ASSESSMENT _______________________________________________________________________ _ HBSC2103 CHEMISTRY I SEPTEMBER 2012 _______________________________________________________________________ _

ARAHAN KEPADA PELAJAR / INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS

1. Tugasan ini mengandungi SATU (1) soalan sahaja yang disediakan dalam bahasa modul bercetak kursus ini. / This assignment contains only ONE (1) question that is set in the language of the printed module for the course.

2.

Jawab dalam Bahasa Melayu atau Bahasa Inggeris. / Answer in Malay or English.

3. Muat turunkan templat tugasan versi bahasa yang berkenaan daripada MyVLE untuk penyediaan dan penyerahan tugasan anda. Tugasan anda hendaklah ditaip dengan menggunakan saiz fon 12 Times New Roman dan langkau baris 1.5. / Download the language version of the assignment template concerned from the MyVLE for preparation and submission of your assignment. Your assignment should be typed using 12 point Times New Roman font and 1.5 line spacing.

4. Tugasan anda hendaklah antara 2500 hingga 3000 patah perkataan tidak termasuk rujukan. Bilangan perkataan hendaklah ditunjukkan di hujung tugasan anda. Jangan menyalin soalan dan arahan tugasan dalam jawapan anda. / Your assignment should be between 2500 to 3000 words excluding references. The number of words should be shown at the end of your assignment. Do not copy the assignment question and instructions to your answer.

5. Anda dikehendaki menghantar tugasan SECARA ON-LINE melalui MyVLE. Sila rujuk kepada portal untuk arahan mengenai prosedur menghantar tugasan anda secara on-line. Anda dinasihatkan menyimpan senaskah tugasan yang diserahkan untuk rujukan sendiri. / You must submit your assignment ON-LINE via the MyVLE. Refer to the portal for instructions on the procedures to submit your assignment on-line. You are advised to keep a copy of your submitted assignment for personal reference.

6. Anda hanya boleh menghantar tugasan SEKALI sahaja dalam SATU fail. / You can submit your assignment ONCE only in a SINGLE file.

7. Tugasan anda hendaklah diserahkan antara 6hb hingga 18hb November 2012 (ONLINE) Serahan selepas 18hb November 2012 TIDAK akan diterima. / Your assignment must be submitted between 6th until 18th November 2012. Submission after 18th November 2012 will NOT be accepted. 8. Tugasan hendaklah disiapkan secara individu. Anda dilarang meniru tugasan orang lain. Anda juga dilarang sama sekali memplagiat kerja orang lain sebagai kerja sendiri. / Your assignment should be prepared individually. You should not copy another persons assignment. You should also not plagiarise another persons work as your own.

SOALAN TUGASAN /ASSIGNMENT QUESTION

Suppose, you are given a substance and told it was either lead nitrate, lead carbonate, potassium nitrate or potassium carbonate. Prepare a report on how to find out which of these four substances it was. Justify your report with appropriate tests. If the substance is lead carbonate, suggest a method to prepare the salt and describe its preparation. Explain the principles involved in its preparation.

[Total: 40 marks]

________________________________________________________________________ PENILAIAN / EVALUATION Tugasan ini akan menyumbangkan 40% markah kepada kursus tersebut dan akan dinilai berdasarkan kepada Rubrik / Skema Jawapan. / This assignment accounts for 40% of the marks for the course mentioned and shall be assessed based on the Rubrics / Answer Scheme.

Anda akan dimaklumkan tentang markah tugasan ini sebelum Peperiksaan Akhir Semester bermula / You would be informed of the assignment mark before the Final Semester Examination commences.

PLAGIARISME: POTONGAN MARKAH / PLAGIARISM: MARKS DEDUCTION

Amaran : Tugasan yang diserahkan secara automatik akan disemak untuk persamaan. Jika plagiarisme dikesan, markah akan dipotong seperti berikut: / Warning : The submitted assignment will automatically undergo a similarity check. If plagiarism is detected, marks would be deducted as follows:

Tugasan dengan pertindihan kandungan antara 10 - 30 % : potongan 20% daripada jumlah markah yang diperoleh. Tugasan dengan pertindihan kandungan antara 31 - 50 % : potongan 40% daripada jumlah markah yang diperoleh. Tugasan dengan pertindihan kandungan lebih daripada 50%: Markah sifar akan diberikan. Assignments with 10 - 30 % overlap with others: 20% deduction from the total marks scored. Assignments with 31 - 50 % overlap with others: 40% deduction from the total marks scored. Assignments with more than 50% overlap with others: Zero mark would be given.

MUKA SURAT TAMAT / END OF PAGE

The first test to determine the substance whether it is lead(II) nitrate, lead(II) carbonate, potassium nitrate or potassium carbonate is the solubility test. This is because nitrate is soluble while carbonate is insoluble when dissolved in water. The solubility test is the ability of substance to dissolve in solvent like water. It is considered soluble if can dissolved and otherwise. Some salts are soluble in water while others are not. The solubility of a salts in water depends on the types of cations and anions present. The nitrate substances, such as lead(II) nitrate and potassium nitrate dissolve readily and are said to be soluble. Others, like lead(II) carbonate have quite limited solubility and are thus said to be insoluble. Compound containing nitrates, NO3-, are soluble. Since both lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 and potassium nitrate, KNO3 containing the nitrate ion, it is soluble in water. While, the compound that contain carbonate, CO32- are insoluble but this rules is excluded for the Group I, alkali metal group are soluble in water though it contain carbonate ion. So, lead(II) carbonate, PbCO3 is insoluble in water due to the present of carbonate ion. But potassium carbonate, K2CO3 is insoluble because potassium is the alkali metal in Group I in periodic table. To do this solubility test, all the substances is introduced to the separate beaker and water is added. Then, the mixture is stirred, observation is made by observe the solubility of the salt when they are in water. No precipitation will be formed if the substance is soluble while for compound that is insoluble in water, the precipitation is formed because they do not dissolve in water. Soluble ionic compounds form solutions that contain many ions and therefore are strong electrolytes. Soluble substances are either electrolytes or nonelectrolytes. Nonelectrolytes form nonconducting aqueous solutions because they dissolve completely as molecules. Electrolytes form electrically conducting solutions in water because they dissolve to give ions in solution. Electrolytes can be strong or weak. Almost all soluble ionic substances are strong electrolytes. Soluble molecular substances usually are nonelectrolytes or weak electrolytes; the latter solution consists primarily of molecules, but has a small percentage of ions. The solubility rules can be used to predict the solubility of ionic compounds in water.

Figure 1: Beaker with water for the solubility test After the solubility test, the next test to further confirm the present of ion in the substance is by adding dilute hydrochloric acid, HCI. For the substance containing carbonate ion, carbon dioxide gas is released. For both, lead(II) carbonate, PbCO3 and potassium carbonate, K2CO3, carbon dioxide is released after adding the dilute hydrochloric acid, HCI but not for lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 and potassium nitrate, KNO3. The gas released during the test is confirmed by checking the limewater (calcium hydroxide solution). The bubble gas is formed and turned the limewater become cloudy and it said that carbon dioxide is released. This is the confirmation test to further confirm the present of carbonate ion in the substance. Lead(II) carbonate, PbCO3 and potassium carbonate, K2CO3 give a positive result due to the present of carbonate ion and not for lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 and potassium nitrate, KNO3. Equation: PbCO3 + 2HCl PbCl2 + H2O + CO2 K2CO3 + 2HCl 2KCl + H2O + CO2

Figure 2: The detection test for carbonate ion Then, the next test is heating test. The test is use to differentiate the carbonate salt. In this test, the carbonate salts are lead(II) carbonate, PbCO3 and potassium carbonate, K2CO3. To differentiate this salt, heating test is needed. The test is run by place the salt in the boiling tube that fitted with a stopper with a delivery tube into the test tube that containing the limewater. Then, heat the salt slowly and strongly. The gas evolved is passed through the delivery test into the limewater, the change on the limewater is observed. The color of the salt before and after heating also observed. For lead(II) carbonate, PbCO3, color of the salt before heating is white, the color of the residue is brown when hot and yellow when cold while the limewater become milky. It is decomposes to metal oxide and carbon dioxide gas. While for potassium carbonate, K2CO3, color of the salt before heating is white, and the color remaining white after heating and no visible change occur on the limewater and it is not decompose on heating. So, lead(II) carbonate, PbCO3 give a positive result. Equation: PbCO3 PbO + CO2 Heating test also can use to detect the nitrate salt. The procedures is almost the same, the gas evolved during the test is check by observe the effect of gas on glowing wooden splint and moist blue litmus paper. The color of salt before and after heating also observed. Lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 will decompose to metal oxide, oxygen gas and nitrogen dioxide gas while potassium nitrate, KNO3 will decompose to metal nitrate and oxygen gas. For lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO 3)2 , the color of salt before heating is white and turn to brown when hot and yellow when cold. The

result shows the colors of the gas is brown, rekindles on glowing wooden splint and turn the litmus paper to red. While for potassium nitrate, KNO3, the color of the salt remain white before and after the heating, rekindles on glowing wooden splint and no change on moist blue litmus paper. The brown gas that changed moist blue litmus paper to red is nitrogen dioxide gas and the gas that rekindles a glowing wooden splint is oxygen gas. Equation: 2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2 2KNO3 2KNO2 + O2

Figure 3: The heating test for carbonate ion Next, the Brown Ring test, it is the common chemical test used to determine the presence of nitrate ion in solution. This test is done to detect nitrate ion in the substance and performed by adding iron(II) sulfate to a solution, then slowly adding concentrated sulfuric acid such that the sulfuric acid forms a layer below the aqueous solution. A brown ring will form at the junction of the two layers, indicating the presence of the nitrate ion. It is proved the present of nitrate ion in the substance. So, for both lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 and potassium nitrate, KNO3 the result of the test will show the formation of brown ring and it indicated the present of nitrate ion but no reaction occur in lead carbonate, PbCO3 and potassium carbonate, K2CO3. The overall reaction is

the reduction of the nitrate ion by iron(II) which is oxidized to iron(III) and formation of a nitrosyl complex. NO3- + 3Fe2+ + 4H+ 3Fe3+ + NO + 2H2O [Fe(H2O)6]2+ + NO [Fe(H2O)5(NO)]2+ + H2O

Figure 4: Brown ring test for nitrate ion The next test is flame test; it is used to visually determine the identity of an unknown metal of an ionic salt based on the characteristic color the salt turns the flame of a Bunsen burner. The heat of the flame excites the metals ions, causing them to emit visible light. There may be a characteristic color given off that is visible to the naked eye. The classic technique is to use a clean wire loop, dip the loop into the powder or solution to be tested, and then placed into the hottest portion of a flame. The resulting color of the flame is observed and this may be an indication of the presence of a particular ion. For the lead ion, Pb2+ the color of the flame will be turned to blue-white color while for potassium ion, K+ the color is violet. For both lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 and lead carbonate, PbCO3 the color of the flame will turn blue-white while for potassium nitrate, KNO3 and potassium carbonate, K2CO3 the flame were violet.

Figure 5: The results of flame test for lead

Figure 6: The results of flame test for potassium

The other confirmatory test to detect the present of cation is hydroxide test. For the lead ion, Pb2+ the ion is white precipitate and soluble in excess sodium hydroxide, NaOH and also form white precipitate in aqueous ammonia,NH3 and yellow precipitate when potassium iodide,KI is added.KI act as a specific reagent as a confirmatory test. Sodium hydroxide, NaOH and aqueous ammonia, NH3 supply hydroxide ions, OH- to produce metal hydroxide as precipitate with cations solutions except for potassium ion, K+. So, in this hydroxide test, both lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 and lead carbonate, PbCO3 will give the positive result but not for potassium nitrate, KNO3 and potassium carbonate, K2CO3. Table 1: The detection test for the substances Test Heating Test

Solubility Substances test

Carbonate ion test

Nitrate ion test (Brown ring test) -Brown ring formation

Flame test

Hydroxide test

Lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2

-Soluble in -No reaction -Color of water salt before heating=

-Bluewhite

-White precipitate and soluble in

white -after heating, Brown when hot and yellow when cold. -Colors of the gas is brown, -Rekindles on glowing wooden splint -Turn the litmus paper to Lead carbonate, PbCO3 -Insoluble in water -Carbon dioxide gas is formed -Turned the cloudy red. Limewater become milky the residue is n brown yellow when hot when cold. -No reaction -Bluewhite

excess sodium hydroxide, NaOH -White precipitate in aqueous ammonia,NH3 -Yellow precipitate when potassium iodide,KI added is

-White precipitate and soluble in excess sodium hydroxide, NaOH -White precipitate in aqueous ammonia,NH3 -Yellow

limewater to -Color of

precipitate when potassium iodide,KI Potassium nitrate, KNO3 -Soluble in -No reaction -Color of water the salt remain white -Rekindles on glowing wooden splint -No change on moist blue litmus Potassium carbonate, K2CO3 -Soluble in -Carbon water dioxide gas is formed -Limewater become cloudy paper. -No visible change on limewater. -Color of the salt remaining white after and before heating -No reaction -Violet -No reaction -Brown ring formation -Violet added -No reaction is

Lead carbonate, PbCO3 is insoluble salt. Insoluble salts can be prepared by precipitation in double decomposition reactions. The process to prepare insoluble salt is by mixing two

solutions of soluble salts. In the precipitation method, an insoluble salt is precipitate when two aqueous solutions containing the cations and anions are mixed together. The method is quite simple, one solution contains the first required ion, and the other solution contains the second required ion. The mixing of the two solutions of the soluble salt will result the formation of insoluble salt. The two solutions of soluble compounds are mixed together so the insoluble salt precipitate is formed. The precipitate is then obtained by filtration. In double decomposition, one of the aqueous solutions contains the cations of the insoluble salt, while the other aqueous solution contains the anions of the salt. The ions of the two aqueous solutions interchange to produce a new compound which is insoluble. Cation M+ (from a soluble salt solution) Insoluble salt, MX (formed a precipitate) In this situation, the formation of insoluble salt of lead carbonate, PbCO3 need two solutions of the soluble salt which are sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 and lead nitrate, Pb(NO3)2. When both of this salts react, lead carbonate, PbCO3 will formed which in white color. The balance equation for this reaction is:

Anion X- (from a soluble salt solution)

Lead nitrate + sodium bicarbonate Lead carbonate + sodium nitrate Pb(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 PbCO3 + 2NaNO3

The step of the process is start by mix both soluble substances which are sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 and lead nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 in the beaker and the white precipitate of the insoluble salt is formed in the mixture. Next, the mixture is filtered out using filtrate paper passing through the filter funnel into the beaker. The precipitate of the insoluble salt is remaining on the filter paper and only the solution passing through the funnel. The filtered precipitate is wash for a several time to get the purified insoluble salt by wash with deionised water. After the several time of washing, the collected solid precipitate is washed with distilled water to remove any remaining soluble salt impurities and carefully scraped off from the filter paper into a dish to be dried in the oven. The insoluble salt that formed is lead carbonate, PbCO 3 as the result from the reaction of both sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 and lead nitrate, Pb(NO3)2. The process of this reaction is illustrated in Figure 7.

The principle involved is this process is based on the solubility. The preparation of insoluble salt needs the mixture of two soluble salt solutions. Insoluble salt is not dissolved in water, so it is can easily obtain by filter the mixture of both soluble salt and the remaining precipitate that formed is the desired salt. The two soluble salt solutions will donate its ion to form the desired substance. In this process, sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 will donate its carbonate ion,CO3 2- while lead nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 will donate its lead ion, Pb2+ , so the mixture of both ion will formed lead carbonate, PbCO3 which is in soluble.

Figure 7: The preparation of insoluble salt (Lead(II)carbonate, PbCO3) REFERENCES

Whitten, K. W., Davis, R. E., Peck, M. L., & Stanley, G. G. (2010). Chemistry (9th ed.). Belmont: Brooks/Cole. Brown, T. L., Lemay, H. E., & Bursten, B. E. (2000). Chemistry: The central science (8th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia _ Bahagian Pendidikan Guru. (1995). Buku sumber pengajaran pembelajaran sains sekolah rendah: Strategi pengajaran dan pembelajaran sains. Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. Hewitt, P. G. (1998). Conceptual physics (8th ed.). Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley.