1

kzmX{yw Xs AarXw
tUm. AypXvi Fkv. \mb Ubd, knUnv

BapJw
\mev ImcyfmWv Rm Cu teJ\n kanphm {ianpXv Hv: tkm^vv shb kzmX{yspdnp N hfsc hnimeamb Hcp Imhmkn \nv ASnsbSpnpXmWv. cv: Hs am\ZWvUfpsS ]mene, kmnI, kmaqlnI, kmtXnI anIhpIfpsS ka{K ]men thWw kzX{ tkm^vv shbdpIsf hnebncptXv. aqv: hynIfpsS ta kzX{ tkm^vv shb D]tbmKnpXn\v \n_w sNepm\mbnsnepw s]mXpapX apSn km tkm^vv shb hmpItbm \nnpItbm sNp Ahkcfn tkm^vv shb kzmX{yw AhKWnpXp \psS cmPyns ]cam[nImcs Xs ASnbdhbvpXn\v XpeyamWv. \mev: kzX{ tkm^vv shbdns\pdnp N bYmn sF.n. cwKs hymhkmbnI hnIk\ns ]pXnsbmcp amXrIsbpdnp NbmWv.

Hcp Iev]nX _unI kzhImi IY

\n Fw.Sn. hmkptZh \mbcpsS Hcp ]pkvXIw ISbn sNp hmpp Fv knpI. ]pkvXIw hmptm ]WaS ckoXn\p ]nn {]nv sNbvX Nne \n_\Iv Iosg HnSphm \ntfmSv BhiysSpp Fp IcpXpI. {]nv sNbvXXmWtm Fmbmepw Fmhcpw HntSXmWtm F [mcWbn \nfpw HnSpp. Fnv Cu ]pkvXIhpambn \n honsepp. hmbnmkzZnpp. \nfpsS ]pkvXItiJctmsSmw tNpp. GXm\pw Znhkptijw \nfpsS ]T\apdnbnse P\ XIs \nebn Ispp. ]pkvXItiJcancp Aeamc Aetmesncnpp. AXnse Nne ]pkvXI apv Iqnbnv InXns eWhpw ImWpp. t]meokv Fn At\zjWw \Sptm \n hmnb ]pkvXIw {]knoIcn m]\amWv Cu `h\t`Z\w \SnbncnpXv Fv Ispp. AXn\pImcWambn Ah t]meoknt\mSv NqnmWnXv ]WaSckoXn\p ]nn \n Hnp \Inb \n_\bmWv. C\n]dbpw {]ImcamWv B \n_\I. Cu ]pkvXIw \n am{Xta hmbnq, AXpw \nfpsS hyn]camb Bhiyn\v honencpp am{Xw. Cu ]pkvXIw ampw hnpItbm ISwsImSppItbm sNpX. Cu ]pkvXIns _unI AhImi XXzv hncpsap tXmp GsXnepw ]pkvXIw \nfpsS ]pkvXItiJcn hp tNm AXv Ftm thWtam \nfpsS hon ISpIbdn ]cntim[nphm\pw Acw _unI AhImiXXzv hncpamb GsXnepw ]pkvXI Isnbm Ahsb "\nohamphm \n {]km[I\v A[nImcw \Ipp. Cv Ghpw {]Nmcnep IppI HmtdnMv knw tkm^vv shbdns \ho\ ]XnmWv \n

D]tbmKnpsXn Ccsamcp [mcWbnemWv \n GsncnpXv. \nfpsS Iyqdn {]kvXpX HmtdnMv knw {]hnppsn Acn Hcp [mcWbn \n GsXmbn thsd sXfnhv Bhiyan. ImcWw Cu tkm^vv shb {]h\ kamIWsan \mw XnI emLhtmsS OK AYhm I Agree nv sNbvXv ISp t]mIp Zriy Ccnsemcp [mcWbmWv \ssmv AwKoIcnnpXv. [mcWbntesncnp I\nbpsS "UnPn ssdvkv amt\Pvsav' XXzv hncpamb GsXnepw tkm^vv shb \nfpsS Iyqdnepsn C s\v hgn Ah ]cntim[nm\pw \nPohamphm\pamWv Ccn \n A\paXn \IpXv. C{Xbpw KpcpXcambnp Hcp \n_\bntev Hcp ]pkvXI hmb\mc\pw AdnpsImv XehpsImSppw Fv tXmpn. KpcpXcamb Cu [mcWbn Gsmepw ]pkvXIns Imcyn `h\t`Z\hpw apw \nbahnt[bamIn. Fm Iyqdns Imcyn \mw AdnbmsX Hcp UnPn `h\ t`Z\hpw \ioIcWhpw kpkm[yamWv. hntUmkv XPHmtdnv knw tkm^vvshbdn Cs\v BIvnthj F {]hn \Sptm (CXv \n_amWv) \nfpsS Iyqdns\ ssat{Imtkm^vv hyambn Xncndnbpw kn]nbp Nnnse thdn kqN\m kwJyhgn GXp ISbn \np hmn, IqSmsX s\v hgn _sSptm GXp cmPyv GXp taJebn {]hnpp, Fsms tkm^vv shbdpI D]tbmKnpp Fpw. {]XymLmX AdnbmXpsImpw {]XymLmX Xmew \nehnhpImWmXpsImpw am{XamWv tkm^vv shbdns Imcyn Ccsamcp [mcWbn emLhtmsS Cv \n ]ecpw GsncnpXv. av `uXnI D hmpXn \nv hn`namWv Hcp tkm^vv shb hmpXv. DZmlcWn\v Hcp Im hmptm AXv ]qWambpw \nfpsS kzambn amdpp. AXns \ndtam BIrXntbm b{`mKtfm ammt\m, an\w b{`mK IqntbmPnnphmt\m FPn Xpdv ]T\mYw ]cntim[nphmt\m aphv Im hmSIbvp sImSpphmt\m hnphmt\m kuP\yambn \Iphmt\m ImgvNbnepw {]hnbnepw kam\amb asmcp Im DmnsbSpphmt\m \nhImiapv. AXyXnkm[mcWamb Cu AhImi Hcp tkm^vv shbdns Imcyne`ya FXmWv ckIcamb hkvXpX (kzX{ tkm^vv shb Hgnv). \nsfmcp tkm^vv shb hmptm \n am{Xw AXp]tbmKnm\psmcp ssekkmWv bYmn \n hmpXv. tkm^vv shbdns BcnI hniZmwi (tkmgvkv tImUv) ImWphmt\m, ]cnjvIcnphmt\m, asmcmv \Iphmt\m \nv AhImian. kmlnXykwKoX IrXnIv ]IhImiw \nbaw hgn e`nnp Fm \nba ]cncbpw tkm^vv shbdpIv Cy DssSbp cmPyfn \Inbnpv. UnPn am[yafntev anhmdpw Fm kKmI{InbIfpw knthinnphm Ignbp Cu ImeLn C \nba ]cnc XnIpw \qX\amb km[yXIv hgn Xpdncnpp. tkm^vv shb cwKs IpII Cu \nbanse ]gpXpI ]camh[n NqjWw sNbvXv ]Ww hmcptm \yq\]sanepw

AWat\m`mhtmsS Hcp kwLw sF.n. {]hI iambpw ^e{]Zambpw sNdpphm XpSnbncnpp.

CXns\

UnPn DfpsS ]IhIminse A]ISw NqnmWn phm HcpZmlcWw am{Xw ChnsS ]dbmw. ISemkn ap{ZWw sNbvX ]pkvIsfm Npcpnb DXv]mZ\sNehn C_pv kn.Un.tdman {]knoIcnphm km[npw. km[mcW ]pkvXIw hmpXpw C]pkvXIw hmpXpw Xn ]IhImi ImgvNmSn Gsd hyXymkapv. km[mcW ]pkvXIw \nfpsS kplrn\v hmbnphm \Imsanepw \np thn ssekkv \Inbnp C_pv kplrn\p ssIamdpXv \nbahncpamWv. km[mcW ]pkvXIw ]gb ]pkvXI hnp ISbn hn\bvp hbvImsanepw Hcp C_pv A{]Imcw sNphm ]mSpX. Fn\v, `mhnbn \np ssekkv sNbvX CeIvt{SmWnIv ]pkvXIw \nfpsS Iyqdn shpXs asmcm hmbnpXv ]IhImi ewL\ambn IcpXnsbp hcmw (dnmUv mams Zn ssdv p doUv F teJ\w). Ccw `oIcamb \nbaIpcppIfn tkm^vvshb D]tbmmsf sInhcnbp ]IhImi \nbans hymJym\sam sWpw kzX{ tkm^vv shb {]hI CXns\ Fs\ adnISpp Fpw AdnncnXpv.

_unI kzv
_unI kzhImi \nbans Ncn{X ]mehpw AXns kmaqlnI ]cnWmahpw A]{KYnv N sNtpXv tkm^vv shb kzmX{yns Nv aptmSnbmbn AXymt]nXambn sNbvXncnt HmWv. _unI kzhImiw ap kzhImifn \nv hn`namtWm? FpsImv? _unI Ignhv D]tbmKnv \mw krnpsXpw _unI kzmsWpw AXn\p apIfn {kmhn\v AhImiw m]nphm\pw B kzns\ ]cncnphm\pw {Ibhn{Ibw sNphm\pw kaqlw \nehn hcpnb \nbafmWv _unI kzhImi \nba Fv ]cs hnizknsSpp. t]pI, ]IhImi, t{SUv amv, t{SUv ko{Iv Fns\ hnhn[Xcw _unI kzhImi Hc \qmmbn temIsamSpw \nehnepv. _unI kzhImi \nbafpsS Hcp {]tXyIX Ahsbmw Xs \nnXIme]cn[npn kzpsf kaqln\v \Ipp FpXmWv. `uXnI kzpv Ccsamcp nXn hntijan Fv {inpI. Rm Fs `uXnI {]bXv\neqsS DmnsbSp mhc PwKa hkvXp Fs Imetijw Fs A\cmhIminIv ssIamdspt]mhpIbmWv ]Xnhv. CXn \nv Xs \apv a\nempXv _unI kzv _unI {]bXv\w sNp hynbpsS kzambn kaqlw ]papX IcpXnbncpnn FpXmWv. t]spI 20 Xmsg hjhpw ]IhImi 70 Xmsg hjhpamWv icmicn \ne\nmdv. _unI kzv iq\yXbn \nv krnm\mhn FXmWv CXns\mcp ImcWambn NqnmWnsSpXv. (`uXnI kzn\pt]mepw Cu hoWw

hensbmcfhphsc icnbmIm\mWv km[yX). _unI kzv ]etmgpw kaqlns hnm\ns XpSbmbp hnIk\ns `mKambn am{Xta ImWphm km[nqIbpq. _unI kzhImi\nba _unI kzns hnIk\ns\ ]cnt]mjnnphm\pw IqSpX Acw kzv kaqln\v DmIphm\pw thnbmWv \nehn hsX hmZw AXpsImmWv \ne\npXv. _unI kzhImiw Fm taJeIfnepw {]tbmKnncpp shn Fmbncnmw nXnhntijw FpXn\v Hv cv DZmlcW ]dbs. _unI kzhImi \nbasf Ghpw IqSpX ssIImcyw sNpXv \nba XsbmWtm. \nbacwKv Cu kzhImiw \nehnhm Fs\bncnpw FmtemNnpt\mp. tImSXnbn Hcp {]amZamb tIkn Hcp ho Atlns _pnbnepZn Hcp bpn kaambn {]tbmKnv tIkv PbnpIbmsWn bmsXmcp hn[ssekknMv ^otbm hmmep A\paXntbm Hpw BhiyanmsX atsXmcp hoen\pw CtXbpn kam\amsbmcp tIkn {]tbmKnmhpXpw am{Xhpa t\cs {]tbmKnXmsWpw Atm tImSXn AwKoIcnXmsWpw kqNnnv AXn\v IqSpX km[pX \Iphm\pw km[npp FpXv {]tXyIw {inpI. kwKoX kmlnXy taJeIfnemsWnepw NneXefn _unI kzv aph kzmX{ytmsS D]tbmKnpXv B taJebpsS hfv ImcWamIpp Fp ImWmw. XymKcmPkzmanIfpsS Io\ ItcnIfn Be]nsSpXv AtltmSp Ghpw henb _lpam\ kqN\Iambn \mw Cpw IcpXnhcpp. Ahbn ]IhImiw \nesImncp Imept]mepw As\Xsbmbncpp Fv \apv DulnmhptXbpp. Hcp {]tXyIcmKns Bem]\w kzXknamb ssienbn GsXnepsamcp kwKoX {]tbmKnpIbmsWn AXv tIp bph kwKoXtcm kwKoX cknItcm AXv A\pIcnm {ianpIsbXv kwKoX taJebpsS Hcp km[mcW kz`mhamWv. kmlnXycwKmsWn GXv kmlnXyImc\v ]dbphm km[npw, Atlw ap kmlnXy krnIfn \nv DtP\w Dsmnn Fv? Hcp ]t t\cnv {]Xn^enp coXnbnembncnn. Fnepw asmcp hynbpsS _unI kzv ]tcmambn D]tbmKnsSpp Fv ]dbmXncnm km[nn. CtXmsSmw Xs NqnmWns _unI kzhImi \nbaw \nehn hcphm\pmb kmlNcyv Xtiobamb Hcp DZmlcWw. Bdpf ImSn \nnpXns clkyw XeapdIfmbn AXpambn _s IpSpw_w ]pdw temIn\v \ImsXbncpp. Ccnsemcp clkyw ]pdp sImphcpXn\mWv t]sv kwhn[m\apXv. clkyw Khsan\v ssIamdpXn\p]Icambn 20 hjn\p Xmsgbp Hcp IppI Ip]nSnns {]tbmKn D]mXmhn\v \IpIbpw AXn\ptijw Cu clkyw kaqlns kzmbn amdpIbpw sNpw \psS \mn t]sv k{Zmbw ]v \nehnepmbncpsn Bdpf ImSnbpsS clkyw, AXpt]mse Xs at\Iw \mp clky kaqln\v tcJsSpn e`ntt\. hnm\n\p apIfn

IpI \IpI FpXv Ccn t\mptm AXnt\m hnimeamb \bmb hnm\w kaqln XSanmsX FnpI Fp eyntep Aev]w hgnsXnbp Hcp kmcamWv Fv ImWmw. BtKmfhXvcWns ]men IpI I\nIv AanXem`w sImphm\p AXnkqva\nba{]tbmKns ]me nemWv Cp \mw _unI kzhImi \nbasf t\mnmtWXv. tkm^vv shb ]IhImi cwKv ]IhImiw ewL\ns\ kqNnnm \mw D]tbmKnphcp ]Zw ss]dkn FmsWXv Gsd {]kamWv. P\XXnbn \npw Hsv kap{Zns \Spv AIsncnp \nlmbcmb I bm{Xmsc A{IaneqsS IogvsSpn sIm sNp {]{Inbsb kqNnnphm\ptinp ]Zw ImgvNbnsenepw \ntmjhpw A{IaclnXhpamb tkm^vv shb ]Iens\kqNnnphm D]tbmKnsSpp FXv BIkvanIa. AXn`oIcamb \nba ewL\amWv \SpXv F am\knI Nn D]tbmmfn iamphm thn {]tXyIw sXcsSpnp ]Zw XsbmWnXv Fv dnmUv mam ]etmgpw NqnmWnmdpv. BtKmf hXvcWns ]msmSnYbpambn IpI tkm^vv shbdpIv At`Zyamb _apv. ]msmSn kuP\yambn hnXcWw sNbvXv Hcp cmPys IpnIsf apemen \nInb tijw ]msmSn hnebnphnp X{w XsbmWv tkm^vv shb temIv Dcpncnp hcpXv. ssN\bnse tkm^vv shb ss]dkn 95% tmfamWv Fp ]dbsSpp. AXn Xmew Ipgan Fm ssN\mm ss]tdv sNpXv apgph ssat{Im tkm^vns D Xs BbncnWw Fv am{Xtabpp. FmWv AXns\pdnv _n tKvkv ]cmainXmbn ]dbsSpXv. ZoL hoWtmSpIqSnb Hcp hnphogvNbmWv tkm^vv shb ss]dknp t\sc ISptm Ccw m]\ sNpXv. Xncph\]pcv Ghpw IqSpX Iyq hngnp Hcp m]\w amkw 600 Hmfw IyqdpI hnpXmbn Adnbpp. AXn ]n Xmsg IyqdpIfn am{Xta kqambn \nbahnt[bambn tkm^vv shbdpI m]nv \Imdpp. _mnbp 590 epw CXp hsc Ipgsampw kw`hnnntm F BizmktmsS \nbat_mw_pI Bbn IyqdpI ]pdtmpt]mIpp. GXm\pw hjIw Ccw IyqdpIfpsS kwJy AXn`oaambncnpw. Acnsemcp Ahkcn \nba\S]SnbpsS Bhiyw hcn. \nba\S]Snsbpdnv t\cnb kqN\ Asn Htm ctm amXrIm \nba\S]SnI am{Xw aXnbmIpw. tIkn\p]Icw Hcp kvs]jy ss{]kn ssekkpI \In IyqdpIsf \nba]cambn kpcnXamphm hInS I\nIv {ianm km[npw. Ccsamcp \nba `ojWnbpsS Ahkcn kzX{ tkm^vv shbdntebvv amdnfbmw Fv IcpXpIbmsWn AX{X kpKaamIn C{Xbpw IyqdpI CXn\Iw Xs ]ciXw tcJI IpI t^mampIfn krnp ImWpw. Iyq hXvcWns Cs tXmXn Ccsamcp h tcJm kRvPbs Hgnp \nnsmv ssZ\wZn\ {]h\ aptmpsImp t]mIphm

km[nm Ahbmbncnpw. Cu tcJIsf kzX{ tkm^vv shbdpIv ssIImcyw sNphm km[np coXnbntev ampI Fp `oaamb {]hrn IqSn \mw sNtnhcpw.

tkm^vv shb ]IhImiw

kmlnXy IrXnIpw kwKoXn\pw Nn{XpamWv apImefn ]IhImi\nbaw _m[IambncpXv. {kmhn\v am{Xta Ch ]Iphmt\m, {]Zinnphmt\m, ]cnjvIcnmt\m A\phmZapq. 1980 Ifnepw 90 Ifnepambn CybSw Gsd cmPy kmlnXykrn FXns ]cn[nbn tkm^vv shbdpw IqSn sImphp. (Ccn t\mnbm P\nXI hnhcfpw kmlnXykrnsbp ]dbmw. A,G,C.T F \mec D]tbmKnv aqc ]ZfneqsSbmWv Pohs ]pkvXIw' cNnncnpXv). Cu \nbaw {]m_eyn hcpXn\p apv Iyq t{]m{KmapIfpsS cNbnXm Ah Xmdmnb tkm^vv shbdpI ssIamdpIbpw \sXp tXmp Awi D]tbmKnpIbpw sNpambncpp. Acw klhnXzneqsS bmbncpp tkm^vv shb cwKs ]ptcmKXn. Fm tkm^vv shb hn]Wn hftXmsS ]IhImi \nbaw tkm^vv shb cwKv AXniambn {]NmcnemIphm XpSn. BZyImefn CXns {]XymLmX s]mXp P\ a\nemnbncpn. dnmUv mam\mWv Cu hnjbw BZyambn temI{ibn sImphsXpXs ]dbmw. mam ]IhImi {]iv\w ap\nnbmWv Fw.sF.nbnse tPmen cmPnhXv . Xs tkm^vv shb krnIsf Fw.sF.n. ]IhImin IpSpmXncnphm \mbncpp cmPn. tkm^vv shbdpI Hm_vPv tImUmbn am{Xw hnXcWw sNpXpw Bimkyasv mam hmZnp. FmWv tkmgvkv tImSv, Hm_vPv tImUv Fv sNdpXmsbmp hniZoIcnmw. Iyqdns _mly`mjbmb t{]m{KmanMv `mjI Cwojns D]KWambXn\m \apv IpIfpw teJ\fpw apw FUn t{]m{KmapIfp]tbmKnv hmbnpXpt]mse Chbpw hmbnmhpXmWv. t{]m{KmanMv `mjbnsegpXnb \ntZisf tkmgvkv tImUv Fp ]cmainmdmWv ]Xnhv. Fm BcnI `mjbmb sajn emwtKzPv \apv hmbnphm IgnbpX (Acfmbn IcpXn hmbnphm {ianm Akw_ambn tXmpw). 0,1, FnhbpsS t{iWnbn Xop tImUv`mjbmWv sajo emwtKzPv. tkmgvkv tImUpw sajo emwtKzPpw Xnep _hpw hyXymkhpw a\knemphm GXm\pw D]aI ]dbmw. Hcp ]mNIpdnpw AXp]tbmKnpmnb ]mbkhpw kev]npI. ]mNIpdnv tkmgvkv tImUpw ]mbkw Hm_vPv tImUpamWv. ]mbmkamWv bYmn D]tbmK{]Zw. FmeXv hopw DmWsan ]mNIpdnv thWw. AXn am hcpWsanepw ]mNIpdnv thWw. asmcp D]a: Hcp t^mtmbpw AXns s\Kohpw kev]npI. s\Kohn \nmWv t^mtm {]nv FSppXv. t^mtmbmWv bYmn D]tbmK{]Zw. Fm

AXpmm s\Kohv BhiyamWv. am{Xa sXfnw Iqntbm, Ipdtm, henw Iqntbm Ipdtm {]nsSpWsan s\Kohv ssIhiw thWw. tkm^vv shbdns ]mNIpdnmb tkmgvkv tImUv \ImXncnpXv ]qgvnhbvn\p XpeyamsWv Atlw hmZnp. ]IhImiw kwcnphm (tkm^vv shb ]Tnv ]cnjvIcnpXv XSbm) BWv tkmgvkv tImUv \ImXncnpXv. tkm^vv shb hnm\amsWpw Ah Dfspw Ahbn ]IhImiw Btcm]npXv ss\XnIaspw mam hmZnp. tkm^vv shb hn]Wnbnse "AXym{Klns Dcps]m kaqlnse hnm\ns kpKaamb Hgpns\ izmkw apnpIbmsWpw Atlw A`n{]mbsnpv. Fm ]IhImins hm NqnmpXv \hbpK kZv hyhbpsS C\w Xs _unI kzhImiamsWpw AXn\p kwcWw CmXmpXv kZvhyhbpsS hfsb {]XnIqeambn _m[npw FpamWv. kzw {]bXv\ns ^esa \nebn kzambn kzp kmZnphm\p AhImis FXnphm\p amIvknb kao]\amsWpw Cu hn`mKw NnI IcpXpp. CsXmcp "sdUv s_bnnMv Bbn mam AhKWnpp. Xpd kaqlsftmse Iyq kwhn[m\fpw ]ckv]c hnizmknepw kpXmcyXbnepw A[njvTnXambncnpI FXmWv mams kz]v\w, Atlw Fw.sF.n. bnse Iyq irwJebnse bqk sF.Un.bpw ]mkvthUpw clkyamn hncpn (cpw rms Bbncpp). 1990 Fw.sF.n. kpcmImcWfm Atlns Iyq irwJem AwKXzw ]nhentm Atlw ]dXv, Hcp t]meokv cmPn\pIogn IgnbpXns\m htmgpsamcp sXmSnsb t\cntSnhcpXpXs t`Zw FmWv! 1979 bqWnIvkv F HmtdnMv knns (Iyqdns ASnm\ tkm^vv shb) hmWnPyhcWtmsSbmWv kzX{ tkm^vv shb NnmKXn DSseSpsXp ]dbmw. dnmUvmam kzX{ tkm^vv shb ^utj (F^v.Fkv.F^v.) F kwLS\ 1984 HIvtSm_dn m]nv Cu NnmKXnv DtP\w \In. hnZym`ymk m]\fn Av Gsd {]NmcnepmbncpXpw ]noSv hmWnPyhcn sXpamb bqWnIvkn\p _Zembn kam\amb kzX{ tkm^vvshbdmbn p F HmtdnMv knw Atlhpw kl{]hIcpw IqSn hnIknnpIbpmbn. GNU is Not Unix FmWv GNU s kqWcq]w. bqWnIvkpambn kZriamsW kqN\ \IpXns\mw bqWnIvkns\ \ntj[npI FXmWv Nnmpgapmp Cu t]cn\p ]nn. GNU s kqW cq]n GNU F ]Zw hopw {]XysSpXv t{]m{KmanMv cwKs dnj' F Bibns ckIcamb {]tbmKw IqSnbmWv. phns tI{LSIw ]qnbmImsX Ahtijnp thfbn, ^n\ojv hnZymYnbmb en\kv tSmhmUvkv HmtdnMv knns tI{LSIamb "tIW' Cs\n {]knoIcnpIbpmbn. tSmhmUvknsbpw kl{]hIcpsSbpw klIcW^eambn 1994 en\kns _lpam\mw "en\Ivkv" Fp \maIcWw sNs _Z HmtdnMv knw P\npIbpmbn.

phns ]qoIcWamWv en\kv \nhlnsXXn\m HmtdnMv knns\ p/en\Ivkv Fpw ]cmainmdpv (dnmUv mam CXv \njvIjnpp). 1994 p/en\Ivkn\v Hcp ew D]tbmm Dmbncpp. CXv Hcp tImSnbne[nIambn hfncnpp Fp ]dbptm Xs en\Ivkns h[nphcp {]m[m\yw hyamIpatm.

tkm^vv shb t]v

Cy \nba {]Imcw tkm^vv shb cwKv t]n. BtKmfhcWns kn Acw \nba t`ZKXnI hpIqSmbvIbn. Ignamkw tIcfn ki\w \Snb thfbn tkm^vv shb t]pIfpsS A]ISspdnv mam {]`mjWw \SpIbpmbn. HcmsfgpXnb IY Acw{]Xn AXpt]mse \psS kzw _pnbn DZnm, AXv sXfnbnm Ignm ]IhImiewL\mtcm]Wn \nv HgnhmImw. Fm t]pIv As\ Hcp kwhn[m\w \nehnen. AXmbXv t]v \Inb Ip]nSnw \psS kzw _pnbnepZnv \mw D]tbmKnXmbn sXfnbnm Ignmepw t]v ewL\ \nbaw \s shdpsX hnSn. Atacnbn \qdpWn\v t]pI hjw tXmdpw \In hcpp. {]mtbmKnIambn t]pI ewLnsSpptm Fp Ip ]nSnp Xv ]etmgpw tkm^vv shb DmIpXnt\mftam AXns\mfptam Nnehp {]hnbmbn amdpw. acw Dbp sNdpInS I\nIsf t]v tIkpIfn s]Spn Xfm IpIImIpw. {]iv\]cnlmcn\p bpn{Iafmb AtKmcnX fmWv Atacnbn t]v sNphm km[npXv. \psS bpn Nnbvp apIfn hmWnPy t{]mml\n\mbn IppI \Ip Cu coXn av cwKfntebvv hym]nnp Ah HmtemNnp t\mq. Hcp a{nk`sb adnnSm {]tbmKnp Iq _pn t]p sNm \nbaw A\phZnmtem? cmKfpsS hnkvXmc{Iatam, \rnse ap{ZItfm `mhnbn P\nXI auenIXtfm t]v sNbvXm Fmbncnpw nXn? ASpbnsS {insnp Hcp t]v {]iv\amWv kwKoX cwKv Gsd {]Nmcw t\Snbnp MP3 kw_amb {]iv\w. kwKoX ^bepI henw Npcpn tiJcnphm\p Hcp AtKmcnXamWv MP3 bvv ]nnse in. MP3 BtKmfXen {]NcnpIbpw MP3 sbdpI Gsd {]Nmcn hcnIbpw sNbvXncnp Cu thfbn MP3 t]v AhIminI ]pXnsbmcp \n_\sImphncnpp. MP3 t^mamn ]mpI dnmUv sNbvXv hnpIbmsWn 1% tdmbn Ahv \IWas{X. MP3 bvv _Zembn en\Ivkv mv t^man {]hnp OGG t^mamv Cu ]men {itbamWv. Fm MP3 bpsS \nehnep {]Nmcw Hcp ams A{X Ffpamn. t]pIfpsS Hcp {]tXyIX Ah D]tbmKnmsX Xs Imfmw Fp XmWv, s{Sbn\n bm{X sNmsX NnI Xqme hncnv kov ISn ]Ww hmn kov Hgnp \IpXpt]mse. Fmbmepw tkm^vv shb t]pI \psS \mn XevImew \nehnenmXpImcWw \apv sXsmmizknmw. \psS \mnse Gsd {]iamb Hcp t]v Cu Ahkcn ]cmains. hgntbmcfn ImWp,

apIfntebvv henp ]nSnp \nnbm am{Xw shw Inp Pbvk SmpI Ch Xncph\]pcpImc\mb hynbpsS _pnbnepZnpIbpw AXn\v t]v e`npIbpw sNbvXXmWv. XkqNnbpw tk^vn]npsams t]pIfm kwcnsncpp FXpw kqNnnpsIms.

kzmX{yns ]{]amW
{^o Fm kuP\ysa, kzX{w Fs{X. (aebmfn Nnmpgansnepw Cwojnse "{^o Nnmpgapmpp) kzX{ tkm^vv shbdns D]tbmmv Av kzmX{y Dmbncnpw. Ahsb tkm^vv shb kzmX{yns ]{]amW Fp ]dbmw. (\mev kzX{yfmWv km[mcWbmbn ]dbmdv freedom0, freedom1, freedom2, freedom4 Fns\. ]cnjvIcnpI, ]p\hnXcWw sNpI Fnh kwtbmPnnv BWv freedom4 km[mcW ]cmainmdv.) 1. {]hnnphm\p kzmX{yw: \mw hmnb tkm^vv shb GXp coXnbnepw {]hnnphm\p kzmX{yamWv CXpsImp tinpXv. km[yamb GXp kwhn[m\nepw, Iyq irwJebneqsSbpw atXpcoXnbnepw tkm^vv shb"d" sNphm Cu kzmX{yw D]tbmmhn\v A[nImcw \Ipp. 2. ]Tnphm\p kzmX{yw: \mw hmnb tkm^vv shbdns {]h\ coXn a\nempI FXpw AXn\pth ]cntim[\ \Sphm DXIp hnhc e`yamnbncnpI FXpw \psS AhImiamWv. tkm^vv shb ]cnjvIcnphm\p kzmX{yw AXymt]nXamWv. CXn\mbn tkm^vv shbdns 'tkmgvkv tImUv' D]tbmmhn\v e`yambncnWw. kmtXnIambn sshZKv[yanm D]tbmmhn\v Cu kzmX{yw A{]ksanepw ]ca{][m\amb kzmX{yamWnXv. (CtXpdnv ]noSv ]cmainmw) 3. ]Iphm\p kzmX{yw: bmYmnXnI ]IhImis \ntj[np Cu kzmX{yw, tkm^vv shb Cm\pkcWw ]Iphm\p kzmX{yw D]tbmmhn\v \Ipp. 4. ]cnjvIcnphm\p kzmX{yw: \mw hmnb tkm^vv shb \psS Cm\pkcWw ]cnjvIcnphm\p kzmX{yw. tkm^vv shbdpIfpsS \hoIcWn\pw sasSpen\pw kzw Bhiypthn ]p\{IaoIcnpXn\pw Cu kzmX{yw AXymt]nXamWv. tkmgvkv tImUv e`yamsWn am{Xta Cu kzmX{yw ]cncnm\mIq. 5. ]p\hnXcWw sNphm\p kzmX{yw: tkm^vv shbdn ]cnjvImc hcpnb tijtam AmsXtbm AXv \n_m[w ]p\hnXcWw sNphm\p AhImiamWv Cu kzmX{yw hn`mh\ sNpXv.

10

apIfn \nhNn Av kzmX{yfpw kwcnphm\mbn tkm^vv shbdpIv ]IhImin\p ]Icambn ]Iv Dt] (copy left ) F Bibw {^o tkm^vv shb ^utj \ntZinnpv. p P\d ]nIv ssekkv (Pn.]n.F) F tkm^vv shb hnXcW \nbaamWv ]Iv Dt] \Snemphm D]tbmKnpXv. km[mcW ]IhImi {]kvXmh\bn "Fm AhImifpw teJI\n \njn]vXambncnpp, ]cnjvIcnphmt\m, {]Zinnphmt\m, hnXcWw sNphmt\m ]mSpX" Fp ImWptm Pn.]n.F hgn ]Iv Dt] \SpXv Cs\bmWv. "Cu tkm^vv shb ]IpItbm ]cnjvIcnpItbm hnXcWw sNpItbm BImw. hnXcWw sNpXv CtX hyhItfmsS BIWsap am{Xw " {^o tkm^vv shb hnXcWw sNptm Bscnepw AXn am hcpn ]IhImi tkm^vv shbdmbn ammXncnphm\p X{w IqSn Pn.]n.F. Dsmpp. \nba]cambn, Pn.]n.F. tkm^vv shbdnepw ]IhImiw \nesImppv. ssekkv hyhI ewLnm (] kzmX{y D]t`mmhn\v \Inbnsn) ]IhImi \nbaw ASnm\amns Pn.]n.F. tkm^vv shbdpI \namXmv \S]SnI FSpmhpXmWv. AXpsImmWv kzX{ tkm^vv shbdnepw ]IhImi Nnw (c) {]XysSpXv. AXmbXv, hmWnPy IpII kmaqlnI hncpambn Zpcp]tbmKw sNp AtX \nba Xs tkm^vv shb kzmX{yw kwcnm hnZKv[ambn D]tbmKnp coXnbmWv Pn.]n.F. kzX{ tkm^vv shbdpIfpsS kmaqlnI anIhv CXn \npXs hyamIpatm. kzX{ tkm^vv shb Bibw hnimemYn DsmpXs Cwojnse {^o F hmnse Nnmpgw Hgnhmm\pw Cu hmn\v BtKmf hmWnPy cwKp AkzoImcyX ]cnKWnpamWv "Hm tkmgvkv tkm^vv shb F {]tbmKhpw kao]\hpw \nehnepXv. Fm kzX{ tkm^vv shb {]m\hpambn IqSpX hnjbfn hyXykvX kao]\fpw \ne]mSpIfpw Hmtkmgvkv A\p`mhnI {]ISnnphcppv. p/ en\Ivkv am{Xa, Ht\Iw kzX{ tkm^vv shbdpI Cv {]Nmcnepv. p/en\Ivkns kXklNmcnIfmb CamIvkv (sSIvv FUn), Pn.kn.kn. (knt{]m{KmanMv `mjm XPabvp kwhn[m\w), ptmv ({Km^pI {]Zinnphm\p tkm^vv shb) Fnhbvv ]pdsa Amtj skh (sh_v sskpI hn\yknm\p tkm^vv shb) _bv (Cs\nse hnhn[ IyqdpIfpsS m\w kqNnnp sUmssa s\bnw kh) t], ss]t t{]m{KmanMv `mjI, Hm Hm^okv (ssat{Im tkm^vv Hm^okn\v kam\w), sSIv (imkv{X kw_nbmb kmlnXyw Un.n.]n. sNphm\p kwhn[m\w), HtaK (sSIvt]mse, Fm _lp`mjmtijnbp tkm^vv shb) Fp XpSn FaXpw anIhpXpamb tkm^vv shbdpI {]Nmcn hp sImtbncnpp.

11

kzX{ tkm^vv shb anIhpI

hyn]camb Imcypw HutZymKnI/hmWnPy/hyhkmb/ `cW Imcypw kzX{ tkm^vv shb D]tbmKnpXn\v hn`n ImcWfmWpXv. Fnepw s]mXphmb aqv tkm^vv shb anIhpI \apv ImWmw: 1. kmnI anIhv: kzX{ tkm^vv shbdpI Ftmgpw kuP\yambnsmWsan Fnepw Ahbnse tkm^vv shb kzmX{yw hn]Wnsb kzm[o\npXn\m kzX{ tkm^vv shb DXv] Ipdhnebvtm kuP\yambnstbm e`yamWv. am{Xhpa, ]Iphm\p kzmX{yw DXn\m h Iyq kwhn[m\fn (DZ: CKthWkv) Gsd kmnI t\w ssIhcpphm km[vpw. tkm^vv shb sabn\kv sNehv GsdbmbXn\m Cu kuP\yw sImv KpWnsmWv FXnhmZw. samsehv (tSm tImv Hm^v HmWjnv) ASnm\n thWw tkm^vv shb XncsSptsXpw Cu ASnm\n kzX{ tkm^vv shb sNethdnbXmsWpamWv Cu hmZapbph ]dbpXv. CXv ]qWambn icnbsp am{Xa, kzX{ tkm^vv shb hn\ymkw IqSpX {]Nmcn hcptXmsS hn]Wn \nba acaamb sabn\kv tkh\w \nehn hcppw Fpw A\pam\nWw. Hcp k kwLS\ Hcp ]pXnb C\w kuP\y ImdpI hnXcWw sNpp Fv IcpXpI. Imdnse AIpWnI Xmew Ulnbn am{Xta Dq Fpw IcpXpI. Cu Imdns tSm tImv Hm^v HmWjnv Gsdbmbncnpw. Fm Gsdt tIcfn Cu Im hmnbm Cu Imdns ]Wn GsSpm hv tjmpI {]XysSpIbnt? t]gvkW Iyq D]tbmKnph {inpI - Hm^okv ]mtPvIqSn ssektkmsS hmnm \nfpsS Iyqdns hne 30% hsc hntmw. Fm en\Ivkn Hm Hm^otkmSpIqSn hmpItbm, hntUmkn Hm Hm^otkmsS hmpItbm sNbvXm Cu A[nInehv Hgnhmmw. ssat{Im tkm^vv Hm^oknse tcJI anXpw XpSv {]hnnmw. (ssat{Im tkm^vv AIvkkv HgnsI) ssat{Imtkm^vv Hm^okns kwhn[ma. kqW Hm Hm^okn \nehnepsv XevImew ]dbm \nhrnbn. 2. kmtXnI anIhv: Cp {]apJ kzX{ tkm^vv shbdpI {]tXyInv p/en\Ivkv HmtdnMv knw, Amtj kh, Pn.kn.kn. Fnhsbmss kam\amb ]IhImi tkm^vv shbdpIsfm kmtXnI anIhpXmsWv ]cs AwKoIcnsncnpp. tkmgvkv tImUv clkyambn hmWv ]IhImi tkm^vv shbdpI Ahbnse kpcm kwhn[m\ iampXv'. Fm kzX{ tkm^vv shbdpIfpsS tkmgvkv tImUv ]ckyambXn\m AXnse tIm temIsamSpap tkm^vv shb hnZKv[ \nconpIbpw X^eambn ]cnlcnsSpIbpw sNpp. kzX{ tkm^vv shb kmtXnI anIhns ImcWw CXpXsbmWv. Hcp m]\nse am{Xw hnZKv[cpsS

12

sshZKv[yw ]IhImi tkm^vv shbdn \ngenptm temIsamSpap kzX{ tkm^vv shb {]hIcpsS sshZKv[ynemWv kzX{ tkm^vv shbdpI anIhmPnpXv. tkmgvkv tImUv e`yamIpXv km[mcW P\v {]ka Fsmcp hmZapv. Hcp hyn tkmgvkv tImUv t\cnp amw hcpppthm FpX {]iv\w. tkmgvkv tImUv e`yambncpm kaqlns Bhiya\pkcnv kmtXnI hnZKv[v am hcpphm Ignbpw FXv ]tcmambn hynIsf _m[np ImcyamWv. hntUmkn\v aebmfw ]Xnv Dmm _ntKv I\ntbnhcpXpXsbmWv DZmlcWw. en\Ivkns aebmfw ]Xnv tIcfn Hne[nIw m]\ Xmdmn hcpXv CXpambn XmcXaysSppI. am\wacymZbmbn Pohnp _lp`qcn]w ]ucmpw a\pjymhImi \nbasImv Hcp t\hpan' Fp ]dbpXpt]mse _meniamWv tkmgvkv tImUns e`yXsImv km[mcWmv t\an Fp ]dbpXv. bqWnIvkns\pdnp ]gb [mcWI shp]peph p/ en\Ivkn\v P\Iob HmtdnMv knw BIphm C t^kn\v Hcp henb ]cnanXnbpspw Iyqdn\v \Im\p \nti Hmanpshv ssSv sNbvXpsImSpWsapw, CXn\v \ ]cnNbhpw sshZKv[yhpw thWsapw D]tbmmhn\v Ffpn ssIImcyw sNmhp Nn{XtfmSpIqSnb Hcp Ct^kns A`mhw bqWnIvkns Ghpw henb \yq\XbmsWpw apw CIq ]dpImWpp. an\n IyqdpIfn {]hnph bqWnIvkv kwhn[m\v 1990 Ifn s hntUmkv kam\ Ct^kmb FIvkvhntUmkv teJI \nehnepmbncpp. en\Ivkn\v Cv At\Iw kNn{X Ct^kpI \nehnepv (tmw, sI.Un.C.) XpSnbh. Ch hntUmkns {]h\n\v Gsd kam\amb coXnbnemWv {]hnpI FXv an\npIIw Bpw ]condnbmw. hntUmkv en\Ivkv Ukvv tSmpIfpsS XmcXayn\mbn Nn{Xw 1,2, Fnh ImWpI.

hntUmkns Hcp ]Xnn \np asmntebvv amdp an\ttS hntUmkn \nv en\Ivkntebvv amdpXn\p (ssI t]mnen tijw hnebncpnbm Hcp ]s hntUmkns\m Gsd saamWv en\Ivkv Fv s]sv a\nemIpw!)

13

3. kmaqlnI anIhv: hnm\ns XSanm hn\ymkw F Bibne[njvTnXamWv kzX{ tkm^vv shb. mams Xs hmpIfn 'AXym{Klns Dcps]men' A[njvTnXamWv ]IhImi tkm^vv shb. Hcp ]t s]mXpP\sf Ghpw IqSpX BIjnpXv kzX{ tkm^vv shbdns kmaqlnI anIhv XsbmbncnWw. Cu Bibns AwKoImcn\v sXfnhmbn CXns ap taJebntep {]tbmKw Xs IWmsSpXmWv. lyqsa Pnt\mw t{]mPnepw AXns A\p_ ktXfnepw Cu Bibw ISpsNnpv (Hm tkmgvkv _tbmfPn). Iem kmwkvImcnI cwKfnepw hnm\ tiJcfnepw {]knoIcW cwKpw kzX{ tkm^vv shb aptmphbvp kzmX{yw F Bibw hn`n cq]fn {]tbmKnpXpSnbnpv. CKthWkvt]mep kwcw`fn s]mXpapX apSn hmp tkm^vv shbdns tkmgvkv tImUv Khsan\p t]mepw ]cntim[nphm km[nn FXv Kuchtadnb Hcp hnjbamWv. ]ucmscpdnp hnhc tkm^vv shb clkyambn Cs\neqsS ISpptm Fv ]cntim[nphm t]mepw `cWIqSn\v IgnbmsX hcp `oIcmh IWnseSp tnbncnpp. ssat{Imtkm^vv Xs Ahv Xmcyap Npcpw Nne m]\fpambpw `cWIqSfpambpw (DZ:djy) tkmgvkv tImUv ]phbvp tjtbUv tkmgvkv tImUv F ]Xn \nehn hcpnbnpv, tkmgvkv tImUv ]cnjvIcWw A\phZnnnsnepw.

kmcpIfpw tkm^vv shbdpI kzmX{yhpw

kzImcy hynIsfbpw kzImcym]\sfbpwIm km tkm^vv shbdpI hmp thfbnemWv tkm^vp shbdpI kzmX{yns {]tbmKw hfsc \nmbIamIpXv. apIfn kqNnn kmaqlnI anIhv Hcp kmcn\pw AhKWnm\mhn. temIv Ht\Iw cmPyfn Cu hnjbw kmcpI Kuchambn FSpp Ignp. P\n, atejym, s]dp, {_ko Fp XpSn ]mnm\pw t\mfpw hsc Cu ]nIbn s]Spw. CXn s]dphnse \nba \nmWw kzX{ tkm^vv shb NbpsS BWnmbn amtd HmWv. {^o tkm^vv shb C ]nv AUvan\nkvt{Sj F 2002mw amnse _n \ 1609 Ncn{Xn m\w t\Snbncnpp. Cu _nns\ FXnpsImv 13 hmZ s]dphnse ssat{Imtkm^vv P\d amt\P s]dphnse tIm{Kkv AwKamb FUvK hneypt\h \yqs\kn\v AbpIbpbn. Chsb ]ntXmNnXamb Hcp adp]SnbneqsS bpnbpw tUm. FUvK JnpIbpmbn. Cu kwhmZn Dbs {]iv\fpw Ahbvp adp]SnIpw ]pdv av hnjbsfmpw Xs \psS \mnepw Dv Fv tXmpn. s]dphnse \nbahpw takqNnn kwhmZhpw Cs\n kpe`amWv. Cybnepw ay{]tZivt]mep kwm\fn kzX{ tkm^vv shb t{]mmlnnsSppv. cm{]Xn tUm. Ap Iemw CXns anIhpIsfpdnv Nne \ne]mSpI FSpXv Cybnse kzX{ tkm^vv shb {]tbmmv Hcp cm[nImcnsb e`n {]XoXn DfhmnbncnpIbmWv. tIcfn Cu cwKs kwhmZw cp

14

hjambn ]IzXbmPnp hcpp. Fnepw Nmc tNmc Btcm]WfpsS Xen \npw s]dphnse Nbnse Xentebvv Fphm C\nbpw apttdXpv. tIcf kmcns sF.n.\bn {]kamb k`fn kzX{ tkm^vv shb t{]mmlnnpsav ]cmaiapv. hyhkmb cwKs ]p\pWmbmWv \mw sF.nsbImWpXv. kzm`mhnIambpw Cu cwKs km[yXsb kzX{ tkm^vv shb {]Nmcw Fs\ _m[npw FXv hnIk\ Xev]csc Aep tNmZyamWv. kzX{ tkm^vv shbdns\ Ipdnv _nkn\v kwcw`I km[mcW {]ISnnp `bw Xmsgdbpw {]ImcamWv. hInS I\nI h apXapSn \nanp tkm^vv shbdpI Bpw ]InsbSpmw F \ne hm sF.n hyhkmbcwKw XIcnt? Hcp cmPyw k{qambn kzX{ tkm^vv shbdntev Xncnm sF.n. cwKv Cp ImWp coXnbnep Akzm`mhnI em`w sIm km[npIbn F Imcyn kwiban. Fm sNdpInS kwcw`Iv km[yXIfpmIpw FXpw kaqln\v samn KpWIcamIpw FXpw IqSn IWnseSpp sImpthWw Cmcyw hnebncpm. hyhkmb cwKs a\pjhn`htijnbpsS hfbpsS Imcynepw kzX{ tkm^vv shbdns XncsSpv {]XymLmXapmpw. tkmgvkv tImSv e`yam ASnm\ tkm^vv shb LSIp apIfn Hcp {]tXyI Xen am{XamWv IpI tkm^vv shb A[njvTnX tkm^vv shb hnIk\w \Sp _lp`qcn]w t]pw sshZKvZyw hfphm km[npI. Fm Hmtdnv knw Xen XpSn Fm tkm^vp shb LSIfpsSbpw Fm Xefnepw hnIk\w \Sphm\p sshZKvZyn\v kzX{ tkm^vv shb hnIk\w Ahkcapmpw. Sqdnkw hyhkmbw ]cnt]mjnnphm thiymhrn t{]mmlnn phm GsXnepw cmPyw HcpsSpXpt]mse XsbmWv sF.n. hyhkmbw kwcnm a\pjymhImifpsS `mKsap hmZnmhp tkm^vv shb kzmX{y l\np IppI tkm^vv shbdpI ]cnt]mjnnpXv. hInS kwcw`sf kzX{ tkm^vv shb {]XnIqeambn _m[npIbpw ssat{Im F ss{]kpIv km[yX hnnpIbpw sNpw FXmWv hmkvXhw. sF.n. hyhkmbcwKs hnIk\ amXrIsbIpdnp Hcp kp{][m\ Xocpam\amWv kzX{ tkm^vvshbdntebvv XncnbtWm thtbm FXv. D]cnhamb NIfpw ]nSnhminbpa, adnv ZoLhojWhpw Bghpw ]cpap NIfmWv \apmhiyw. tIcfn 4 ]XnIfmWv sF.n.cwKv kmtXnI hnZybpsS XncsSpn \nmbIambnpXv (1) Bbncn Ccpqdne[nIw ]mbIfpsS Iyq hXvcWhpambn _s C^taj tIcfm anj (2) tIcfnse icmicn ]uc\v sF.n. kmcX \Iphm\pw XpSv Ctkh\ \Iphm\pw eyannp Ab ]Xn. (3) \psS bphXeapdv sF.n. cwKv {]mYanI ]cnioe\w \Iphm\pw A`n\nthiw Dmphm\pambp sF.n. Av kvIq ]Xn (4) DX hnZym`ymk cwKs sF.n./ sF.n A\p_hnZym`ymk ]XnI. Cu

15

\mev taJeIfneqsSbmWv kmtXnI hnZybpsS hn[n\nbnsSp sXv Rm hnizknpp. CXn C^taj tIcfm anj \Snemnhcp ]mbv Iyq hXvcW ]Xn Ghpw {]apJhpw {]khpamb CKhsWkv ]XnbmWv. CXneqsS GXv kmtXnI hnZybmtWm tIcfw kzmwioIcnpXv, AXv ]noSv amphmt\m Xncpphmt\m A{X Ffpambncnn. sF.n.Av kvIq ]Xnbnse tkm^vv shb sXcsSpv asmcp hn[n CXnt\m {]kamWv. apXn Xeapd Cu kmtXnI hnZybpambnv bphXe apdsbtmse kacksSphm\p kmyXIpdhmWv. bphXeapd tkm^vv shbdpIsfpdnv Fv kao]\w kzoIcnpp FpXv \nbnsSpXv sF.n. Av kvIq ]XnbneqsSbmWv. CXv DS\Sn am{Xa hcpw Imefnepw amnsbSpphm km[nm A`ncpNn {]iv\ krntmw. (Cens Sov Sp Zn ^yq F ssat{Im tkm^vvshb kuP\y ]cnioe\ ]cn]mSnbpsS ssIpkvXIns 50% `mKhpw _unI kzhImi \nbasf ]menpXns\ IpdnmWv FXv BIkvanIa). Ab kmcXm ]XnbneqsS kaqlns XmsgnSbnt]mepw tkm^vv shb A`ncpNn krnsSpphm km[npw Fv {inncntXmWv. ]cnioe\smtfsd Ab tI{fn Fv tkm^vv shbdpI D]tbmKnsSpp FpXn\mbncnpw IqSpX {]XymLymXw Fpw IcpXmw. kzX{ tkm^vv shbdpIv FXncmbp {][m\ hmZw AXn\v thp kmtXnI klmbw KpWnepw Afhnepw e`yamXn\m sam sNehv hnpw FpXmWv. Hcp ]t Cs Ahbn AXv icnbmbncnmw. Fm `mhnsbpdnv {]hN\ \Sp Xns\mfpw `mhn cq]I]\sNbvXv \apv A\ptbmPyamw hn[w krnm\mbncnWw \psS {iaw. DXhnZym`ymk cwKs tImgvkpIfn kzX{tkm^vv shbdns DSw AXn _rlmbn hn]peoIcntnbncnpp. AmUanIv cwKv kzX{ tkm^vv shbdn\v temIsmbnSpw e`np hcpXpt]mse tIcfnepw Kuchamb ]cnKW\ e`np hcppvv. AXpsImv Xs Cu cwKv AmUanv Xen D \S]SnI am{Xta Bhiyapp. Iyq imkv{X A\p_ hnjbfnep t_mUv Hm^v Uokv kKuchw Cu hnjbw N sNpIbmsWn Cu hjw apX Xs Cu cwKv \S]SnI Bcw`nmhptXbpp. Iq kIemime Cu hnjbn hjp apv Xs t\XrXzw GsSpncnpp FXv mJ\obamWv. av kIemimeIfn sNdnb tXmXn \S]SnI Bcw`nnpv. FPn\obdnwKv tImtfPpIfn hfsctbsd hnZymn kwL CXn X]ccmbpv Fv F\nv t\cnv Adnbmw. FdWmIpfs tamU FPn\obdnwKv tImtfPv kzX{ tkm^vv shbdns {]tbmKnepw AmUanIv DSnepw Btdgv hjambn kPohamWv FXv {itbamWv.

16

knUnv, ssat{Imtkm^vv, kzX{tkm^vv shb

tIcfkm m]\amb knUnv hgnbmWv ssat{Imtkm^vv tIcfns IyqhXvcW cwKtbvv ISp hcpXv. 1999 knUnpw ssat{Imtkm^vvshbdpambn Hcp [mcWm]{Xw HnSpIhgn knUnv ssat{Im tkm^vns kv{SmPnv ]mfnbmbn amdn. knUnns sF.n. sshZKvZyw sIm, adnv Ign Khsans ImeLn sF.n. cwKs \bcq]oIcWn knUnn\pmbncp kp{][m\ ]ns ]menembncnWw Cu [mcW \nehn hXv. knUnnse kmtXnI hnZym imkv{X{]hI Cu [mcWsb ApXs FXnncpp. Cv knUnns sNbam\mbncnp {io. Fw.Fw. l\pw Cu [mcWsb FXnncpp. Cu [mcW Fmbmepw Cv \nehnen. knUnns Hcp t{]mPmb C^taj tIcfm anjs {]h\s am{Xw kw_npsXv ssat{Imtkm^vv A`n{]mbsnp Hcp t{]mUIvv Ct{Kj A{Knsav Cpw \ne\nevppt{X. ]mbv IyqhcWhpambn _s Cu [mcWbpsS s]mcp FmsWv C\nbpw A]{KYntnbncnpp. 1999se [mcWm]{Xw Hnv Gsd XmaknbmsX ssat{Imtkm^vv tIcfnse BZys {^o tkm^vv shb kwc`n ImXemb ]v hlnp. tIcf km m]\amb Xncph\]pcs {^vkv P\tkh\ tI{n\p thn knUnv hgn, ssat{Imtkm^vv Ah XncsSp Hcp kzImcy I\nsb IqSn ]sSpnv \nnXmbn ]dbsSp Hcp tkm^vv shb {^o Bbn kw`mh\ sNpIbpmbn. knUnpamtbm, kmcpamtbm Cu kuP\y kw`mh\bpsS {]Xytam ]tcmtam Bb {]XymLmXsf Ipdnv Hcp [mcWbpanmsXbmWv ssat{Imtkm^vv tIcfnse Hcp {]apJ CKthWkv cwKv ]nWnbn \npsImv ActdnbXv. 2001 13 PnIfn IqSn {^vkv tI{ hym]nn thfbn BZy Ln {^o Bbn kw`mh\ \Snbhv 13 ew cq] Issatkj F t]cn knUnv \In. CdnbpXv Hmw Lnse Nnehmb Hc etmfw cq] ssat{Imtkm^vv \InsbmWv. {]q^v Hm^v tImk]vv BbmWt{X tIcfnse P\pthn ZoLhojWtmsS Cu apXapSv. Fv Bibns sXfnhv BmWv ssat{Imtkm^vv \InbsXv C\nbpw a\nemm \ncnptX Dq. {^vkv tkm^vv shbdns\ Ipdnv Xw DSseSpv t]meokv tIkv hsc sNsngntm ssat{Imtkm^vv {]iv\]cnlmcn\mbn CSsp: knUntm kmtcm AdnbmsX Hcp _unI kzhImi kn^nv Ah ]pdsSphnp. ssat{Imtkm^vv AhcpsS Hcp ImelcWs tkm^vv shb t]mepw D]tbmmv kuP\yambn \Iptm kwibn\v AWphnSt]mepw \ImsX \nba`mjbn Xmdmnb ssekkv \n_\I apIqdmbn AdnbnmWv \IpsXXv {]tXyIw kvacWobamWv. tIcfnse P\v kw`mh\ \Iptm CsXmpw thsv shbvphm\p. ssat{Imtkm^vns ZoL hoWs \apv A`n\nmw.

17

ssat{Im tkm^vns kn^nv Dmbnv t]mepw eWn\p s]mXpapX Nnehnv \nn {^vkv tkm^vv shbdns AhImiw tIcf kmcn\msWv tIcf ssltmSXn ASpbnsS hn[nXns\pdnv ssat{Im tkm^vns {]XnIcWw Adnbm\ncnpt Dq! kzX{ tkm^vv shb cwKtbvv knUnv ISp hXv {^vkv Xns ]menemsWv Nne {]tXyI tI{ Btcm]Ww Dbnppv. Cu Btcm]Ww sXmsWnepw \ntj[ntXpv Fp tXmpn. ImcWw As\bmsWntmepw knUnv FpsNpp Fp am{Xw hnebncpt Imcyta Dq. kzX{ tkm^vv shbdns\ Ipdnp N 2001 emWv tIcfn sImgppXv. AXn\v cv hjw ap]v, ssat{Imtkm^vns\ ]pdw Xnbm ]Icw Fv F tNmZyn\v CtXpt]mse hyhpw ihpamb DcanmXncp ImeLn Xs ssat{Imtkm^vns tkm^vp shb IpIhcWs FXn Ncn{Xw knUnn\pv. 2002 BZyw Xs Poh\mv en\Ivkn ]cnioe\w \Sphm knUnv \S]Sn kzoIcnp XpSnbncpp. {^vkv tkm^vv shb en\Ivkntebvv ampsav Xncph\]pcv Hcp skan\mdn ]cky {]Jym]\hpw {^vkv hnhmZn\p amkp ap]p Xs knUnv \Snbncpp. Cv knUnnep 11 SoapIfn Hv Hm tkmgvkv sSIvt\mfPn SoamWv. bph Fn\obdmb {ioaXn PnPn ]n.Pn.bmWv Cu Soan\v anIhp t\XrXzw \InhcpXv. Ab ]Xnbvpthn en\Ivkv A[njvTnX ]T\ hn`h knUn \nnpIbpw knUnns Xs DXv]amb Nn{XpSp (tIcfob Zriy {ihy nv Bv knUn) en\Ivkv ]Xnn ]pdndpIbpw sNbvXnpv (MP3 \p ]Icw OGG t^mamnemWv CXn kuv npI \evInbnpXv). sh_vZin\n F tIcfob sh_v {_uk asmcp en\Ivkv A[njvTnX tkm^vv shbdmWv. knUnns en\Ivkv Unkv{Sn_yqj\mb knUnv ssIcfn en\Ivkv Xmdmbn hcpp. en\Ivkv {]Nmcn\mbn tIcf `mjm Cnyqpambn tNv Ignhjw knUnv Hcp aebmf ]pkvXIw {]knoIcnpIbpw Bbncntesdtv GIZn\ ]cnioe\w \IpIbpw sNbvXnpv.

ASp]Sn
Cv \Sp Cu kwhmZw intNmcmsX aptmv sImp t]mhpI FXv AXymt]nXamWv. Cu kwhmZw Hcp cm{ob kwhmZamtbm Btcm]W {]Xymtcm]Wamtbm am{Xw Ahkm\nmsX \psS hymhkmbnI hnIk\ns amXrIsbpdnp Ghpw Kuchamb Nbmbn \ne\ntpXpv Cu Nbn Cv IqSpXepw kmtXnI hnZKv[ XsbmWv apnv \npXv. PohnXnse Fm Xpdbnepap hynIsfbpw Cu Nbntev \apv sImphcm km[nWw. AXn\mbn thpXv Nnpw Bhnjvmcn\p kzmX{ys pdnpw, klIcnm\pw ]phbvm\pap kzmX{y spdnpw kmIamb Nbmbn kzX{ tkm^vv shb N kaqln\v apn AhXcnnpIbmWv. Cu N XmsgnSbn

18

FWsan AXn kmtXnIXzw \nd Hcp lm Xen \npw N km[mcWmc\ntep imkv{X hn\nab ssienbntev amtdnbncnpp. tkm^vvshbdns kmtXnIXzsampw a\knemIm hpw Nbn ]sSpphm km[nhw CXns ASnm\ Bib N sNtnbncnpp. Cu cwKv At\Iw m]\fpw kwLS\Ifpw ISphcnIbpw Ah Cu hnjbs ]ehn[n t\mn ImWpIbpw ]ehn[n hn\nabw sNpIbpw ]etaJeIfntev hym]nnpIbpw sNtnbncnpp. 2001 kzX{ tkm^vv shb ^utj DXvLmS\w sNphm mam tIcfnsenbXns\m Ne\w krnphm 2004 se Atlns ki\n\p Ignp (cm{ob kw`h Hgnp \nnsmpXs). CXv ip`IcamWv. ]nSnhminIfnmsX, AanX thKXbnmsX Fm ka{Kambns tkm^vv shbdns kzmX{ysbpw IWmcSpIsfbpw kaql\ ap\nn N sNbvXv Hcpabvp Xocpam\nsem \apv IgnbWw.