MODULE 3

LINEAR LAW

CHAPTER 2 : LINEAR LAW Page Contents

3.0 CONCEPT MAP 2

3.1

UNDERSTAND AND USE THE CONCEPT OF LINES OF BEST FIT Draw lines of best fit by inspection of given data Exercises 1 Write equations for lines of best fit Exercises 2 Determine values of variables from a) lines of best fit b) equations of lines of best fit Exercises 3

3.1.1

3 4

3.1.2

3.1.3

3.2 3.2.1

APPLY LINEAR LAW TO NON- LINEAR RELATIONS Reduce non-linear relations to linear form Exercises 4 Determine values of constants of non-lineas relations given Exercises 5

7 7

3.2.2

3.2.3

Steps to plot a straight line

Exercises 6

10

3.3 SPM Questions 3.4 Assessment test 3.5 Answers

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CHAPTER 2 : LINEAR LAW

LINEAR LAW

Linear Relation

Non Linear Relation

Reducing non-linear relation to linear form

Lines of best fit

Determining values of constants Formation of equation

Obtaining information

UNDERSTAND AND USE THE CONCEPT OF LINES OF BEST FIT

THE CONCEPT OF LINES OF BEST FIT.

The properties of the line of best fit. The straight line is drawn such away that it passes through as many points as possible. The number of points that do not lie on the straight line drawn should be more or less the same both sides of the straight line.

Example. Draw the line of best fit for the given graph below. y

x EXERCISE 1 1. Draw the line of best fit for the following diagrams. x

Exercises 1
(a) y x (b) y x

Exercises 2
Example 1 Example 2 y

y x (3 , 8) 2 0 1 x (1, 3)

x (3, 7)

The equation that can be formed is: Y = mX + c 82 =2Gradient , m = 30 Y intercept = 2 Therefore, y = 2x + 2

Linear form

0x The equation that can be formed is: Y = mX + c 73 =2Gradient , m = 3 1 The straight line also passes through the Point (1, 3) xY Another equation can be formed is, 3 = 2(1) + c .c = 1 Therefore, y = 2x + 1 Linear form

y a) 9 .x (8, 1) 0 x b)

y x (3, 6)

y c) x ( 5 , 2) d) x (8, 8)

x ( 6,4) 0 7 x 0 x

3.1.3 Determine values of variables from:

a)

lines of best fit

y X (7, k)

b) Equations of lines of best fit

Example 1

Example 1

y x (3, k) y = 3x + 4

x (2, 4) 2 42 Gradient = =1 20 k4 Therefore,=1 72 .k 2 = 5 .k = 7 x 0 4

The straight line also passes through the point (3, k) Another equation that can be formed is .k = 3(3) + 4 .k = 9 + 4 = 13

a) lines of best fit

i) y X (6, k)

b) Equations of lines of best fit

i) y X

x (3, 3) 1 0 x (k, 3) x 0

.y = 2x - 3

ii)

y X (k, 6)

ii)

y y= 6 - x

x (3, k) x (5, 2) 0 0 7 x x

iii)

y X (8, 8)

iii) y X (4, k)

x (6, 4) .y = x + 2 x 0 (k, 2) 0 x x

APPLY LINEAR LAW TO NON- LINEAR RELATIONS

3.2.1 Reduce non- linear relations to linear form Example 1
2

Y = mX + c

Example 1

x y = ax + b

Non- linear

a) y = pxq log10 y = log10 (pxq) log10 y = log10 p + log10 xq

Non- linear Take log of Both siders

yaxx2 =+ xxxb y1 =a+x xb Y = c + Xm

Divided by x

Linear form

log10 y = log10 p + qlog10 x Y = c mX

Linear form

Exercises 4
Equation a) y2 = ax + b Linear form Y X m c

b) y = ax2 + bx

c)

ab =+ 1 yx

d) y2 = 5x2 + 3x

e) y = 3 x +

5 x

f) y = abx

g) y =

4 (x + b)2 a2

Exercises 5
xy Example 1 X (11, 6)

a)

y x 10

x (1, 2) x2 The above figure shows part of a straight line graph drawn to represent the equation . xy = ax2 + b Find the value of a and b

.x (4, 2) 0x The above figure shows part of a straight line graph drawn to represent the equation . y = ax2 + bx Find the value of a and b,

62 Gradient , a = 11 1 2 A= 5 22 Therefore, xy = x +b 5 Another equation that can be formed is 2 .(1)(2) = (1) 2 + b 5 28 b, = 2 -= 55 2 8 Hence a = 5 , b= 5

y b) x (1, 9) c) x (3, 6)

1 .lg x 0 The above figure shows part of a straight line graph drawn to represent the equation .of y = axb Find the value of a and b,

1 x The above figure shows part of a straight line graph drawn to represent the equation 0 1 .of xy = a + bx Find the value of a and b,

STEPS TO PLOT A STRAIGHT LINE 3.3.1. Using a graph paper.

Change the non-linear function with variables x and y to a linear form Y = mX + c

Construct a table

Choose a suitable scale Label both axes

Line of best fit

Determine : gradient m Y-intercept c

QUESTIONS X Y 2 2 3 9 4 20 5 35 6 54
Table

The above table shows the experimental values of two variables, x and y. It is know that x and y are related by the equation y = px2 + qx
Non- linear

a) Draw the line of best fit for b) From your graph, find, i)the initial velocity ii)the acceleration

y against x x

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STEP 1 y = px2 + qx ypx = xx y = px + q x Y = mX + c

2

Reduce the non-linear To the linear form The equation is divided throughout dy x To create a constant that is free from x On the right-hand side i.e, q

qx + x

Linear form Y = mX + c

STEP 2

construct table

.x

.y y x

20

35

54

STEP 3

Using graph paper, - Choose a suitable scale so that the graph drawn is as big as possible. - Label both axis - Plot the graph of Y against X and draw the line of best fit

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10 x 8 x 6 x 4 x 2 x
1

-2

-4

STEP 4

From the graph, find m and c

9 1 Gradient , m ==2 62

Construct a right-angled triangle, So that two vertices are on the line of best fit, calculate the gradient, m

Y- intercept = c.= -3

Determine the Y-intercept, c .from the straight line graph

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1. The table below shows some experimental data of two related variable x and y It is know that x and y are related by an equation in the form y .x = ax + bx2 ,1where. a and b are constants 2 3 4 .y 7 16 24 24 . y a) Draw the straight line graphagainst x of x b) Hence, use the graph to find the values of a and b 5 16 6 0 7 -24

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.x y

0 1.67

2 1.9

4 2.21

6 2.41

8 2.65

10 2.79

It is known that x and y are related by an equation in the form axb .y =+, where a and b are constants. yy a) Draw the straight line graph y2 against x b) Hence, use the graph to find the values of a and b

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1. SPM 2003( paper 1, question no 10) x and y are related by equation y = px2 + qx , where p and q are constants. A straight y against x, as show in Diagram belowline is obtained by plotting x y x x (2, 9)

x (6, 1) 0 Calculate the values af p and q. x

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Diagram below shows a straight line graph of y x

y against x x

x (2, k)

x (h, 3) a. x Gigen that y = 6x x2 , calculate the value of k and of h

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SPM 2005( paper 1, question no 13) The variable x and y are related by the equation y = kx4 where k is a constant. a) Convert the equation y = kx4 to linear form b) Diagram below shows the straight line obtained by plotting log10 y against log10 x log10 y

. x (2, h) (0, 3) x log10 y 0 Find the value of i) log10 k ii) h.

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SPM 2003( paper 2, question no 7) Table 1 shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from on experiment. It is x 2 , where p and k are constants.known that x and y are related by the equation y = pk x y 1.5 1.59 2.0 1.86 2.5 2.40 3.0 3.17 3.5 4.36 4.0 6.76

(a) Plot log y against x2. Hence, draw the line of best fit (b) Use the graph in (a) to find value of (i )p ( ii ) k

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Table 1 shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from on experiment. Variables x and y are related by the equation y = pkx , where p and k are constants. x y 2 3.16 4 5.50 6 9.12 8 16.22 10 28.84 12 46.77

(a) Plot log10 y against x by using scala of 2 cm to 2 units on the x-axis and 2 cm to 0.2 unit on the log 10-axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit (b) Use the graph in (a) to find value of (i )p ( ii ) k

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Table 1 shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from on experiment. r ,The variables x and y are related by the equation y = px + x 1.0 y 5.5 2.0 4.7 px 3.0 5.0 4.0 6.5 5.0 7.7 5.5 8.4

(b)where p against x2constants.scala of 2 cm to 5 units on both axes. Plot xy and r are by using Hence, draw the line of best fit (b) Use the graph in (a) to find value of (i )p ( ii ) r

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1.

xy

(0, h)

.x 0

(8, k) x

The above figure shows part of a straight-line graph drawn to represent the equation 61 -Find the value of h and of ky = x2

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.x Y

1 - 1.5

2 9

3 43.5

4 114

5 232.5

It is know that x and y are related by an equation in the from .y = ax3 - bx , where a and b are constants. a) Change the equation to the linear form and hence draw the straight line graph for values of x and y b) From your graph, I).determine the values of a and b II).find the value of y when x = 3.5

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Exercises 2 a) b) c) d) y y y y = = = = -x+9 3x 3 -x+7 2x - 8 a)

Exercises 3 i) k = 5 ii) k = 1 iii) k = 5 b) i) k = 3 ii) k = 3 iii) k = 6

Exercises 4

Exercises 5

Y
a) b) c) d) .y
2

X
x x

m
a a

c
b b

a) a = 1, b = 2 b) a = 11, b = 8 c) a = 3 , b = 3

y x 1 y y2 x

1 x
x x x

b a
5 3 lg b

1 a
3 5 lg a

Exercises 5
1) a = - 1 , b = 10 2) a = 0.5 , b = 2.8

e) y x f) lg y g)

2 a

2b a

SPM Questions 1) p = -2 , q = 13 2) h = 3 , k = 4 3) a) lg y = 4lg x + lg k b) k = 100, h = 11 4) p = 1.259 , k = 1.109 5) p = 1.82, k = 1.307 6) P = 1.37, r = 5.48

Assessment test
1) h = 6 ,k=2

2)

a)

= ax2 b x b) i. a = 2 , b = 3.6 ii. y = 73.5

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