Professional Documents
Culture Documents
"!#%$
'&)(+*,.-0/21435)687:9<;=?>;A@CBEDFHGID<DKJ2FHL*10&)(+-0*HMON
PRQLSTVU+WYX[Z+\^]`_VU?acbd_V]feW0eEghgh\jik]fXmlhnpoCSrqsZ+XmWfl^]f\jik\'g'\jg'TV]feAtm\jWYWulwv:_VU+U+\jtyxzQ|{TVikvikv+\'XmU+}~i
_VU+Z iYv+\CTR~iY}+~il_VU v:_R\TRU+\%TVikv\a _Vtm~\^WEjza P2Qv\ik]Y_VU+WYXikX[TRU
}]YTR:_+Xmt[X[ikX[\^W_V]Y\
P v+\jUL
qs Ix
: v+\jUL
nO\ik\j]YghXmU+\OiYv+\pl_V}:_l^X[ideTViYv+\plwv:_VU+U\^t
Q
KsK v+\lwv:_VUU+\^tHXmWul^tm\^_V]YteWfeAghg'\ik]YX[lVWYXmUl^\_tmtikv\]YTW_U+Z?_Vt[WYTljTRtm~g'U+WuTV
iYv+\4iY]k_VU+WfX[iYXmTRUg4_iY]YX%q Ixp_V]Y\}K\^]fg~ik_ikX[TRU+W`T\_VlwvTViYv+\^]jQ{\^l^_V~+Wf\%_tmt2WfeAghg'\ik]YX[l
lwv+_VU+U+\jtmW)_V]Y\OH\_Vte|WfeAg'gh\jiY]YX[lVH\pl_VU%_V}+}+tev+\jTR]Y\jgQEQ[PVQ:_VWsTRtmt[TW^
tmTRO ?q]fTTVik]Y_VU+WYXikX[TRUg'_ik]fXx
P
a P
tmTRa LtmTV<q0PCKxt[TR:qPLC.xLtmTR.qa
Px
_U+Z8iYv+\pl_V}+_Vl^XideXmW_VlwvXm\jV\^Z%e_h~+UX[sTR]fgZ+X[WfiY]YXm~ikX[TRUTRUikv+\pX[U+}+~i)_Vt[}+v:_VK\ji^Q
EQXmU+Zikv+\l^_V}:_VljX[ideTViYv+\Z+X[WYlj]Y\jiY\4gh\^ghTR]feAt[\^WYWlwv:_VU+U\^tWfv+TU?XmU"XmR~]Y\8PRQv+\4U+TRXmWf\
_V]fX_Vtm\`v:_VWiYv+\Z+XmW0ik]fXm+~iYXmTRU]jE2]j+ Qv\_Vtm}+v+_VI\isTR])X[W
PVHQWfWY~+gh\`iYv:_iOXmWLXmUZ+\^}K\^U+Z\^UiTV Q)O+WY\j]fV\`ikv:_i)iYv+\`lwv:_U+U+\^tl_V}+_Vl^Xide
Z\^}K\^U+Z+W)TRUikv+\_Vt[~+\TV)Q
Z
PROBLEM 5
IN
TUTORIAL SHEET
++
Y
X[R~+]f\PR2U8_VZ+ZX[ikXR\U+TVXmWY\plwv:_U+U+\^tQ
KsK v\^]Y\u_V]f\sTR~+]Z+X\j]Y\^UiLl_WY\^WLZ+\j}I\jU+Z+XmU'TRUiYv+\V_tm~+\TV:
qsXyxdUikv+X[W<l_VWf\ _U+Zpg4_Iq ? `x2g'_?q xPX[i}K\^]ik]Y_VU+Wfg'X[WYWYX[TRU<Q
qsXmXx
zPH)Tv:_WLsTR~]L}KTRWfWYXmtm\_Vtm~+\jW^HPR._VU+ZP)Q2XmWU+TU<KWYT4X[W
:_U+Z%v\^U+lj\`?q x2QHETg'_q ? `xg4_?q xPu+Xi}I\j]iY]k_VUWYghXmWYWfXmTRUQ
qsXmX[XyxP2uv+\4TV~ik}+~Eiv:_VWpikv+]f\^\'}ITRWfWYX[+tm\_Vtm~\^W^`P4_VUZ?E_VU+Zikv+\'lwv:_VU+U+\jtHX[W
\j~+X[_Vt[\^UiiYTikv\+X[U:_V]fe\j]k_VWf~+]Y\lwv:_VU+U+\jtIXikvPR4qsWY\j\ikv+\)tm\jljik~]Y\^WkxQv+\)l_V}+_Vl^Xide
X[WPPR+Xi}I\j]iY]k_VUWYghXmWYWfXmTRUQ
qsX[x2uPv+XmWHXmWWYXmghXmtm_V]iYT`ikv+\)l_VWf\PRE\zEl^\^}Eiikv:_iikv\}KTRWYWfXm+t[\)_Vtm~\^WTV_]Y\
ZX[I\^]Y\jUiQ2v+\ul_V}:_l^X[ide4XmW_VR_VXmUPR`X[i}K\^]ik]Y_VU+WYghXmWfWYX[TRU<Q
QXmU+Z8ikv+\ul_V}+_Vl^Xide%Tikv+\ul_WYl_Z+\l^TVU+U+\^likX[TRUTV"+X[U:_V]fe|W0eAg'gh\jiY]YXmlplwv:_U+U+\^t[W)Xikv%iYv+\
WY_Vgh\Hlj]YTRWfWYTR\j]q\j]Y]fTR]wx<}+]fTR:_V+X[tmXideQcv+_iXmWikv+\l_}:_Vl^Xidev+\^Uuikv+\U~+gK\^]TV+lwv+_VU+U+\jtmW
VTE\jWiYTXmU:UX[ide
PROBLEM 4 KsK v+\)iYTViw_tKlwv+_VU+U+\jtXmWl^t[\_V]ft[eh_{+SAI\jl_V~+Wf\_Vt[t.iYv+\ljTRgh}ITRU\^Uilwv+_VU+U+\jtmW_]Y\
{+SWj_U+ZhiYv~+WHXig'_VV\jWHU+TpZ+X\j]Y\jU+l^\ikTikv\L}]YTR:_+Xmt[X[ideTV\j]Y]fTR]X[Kikv+\X[U+}+~i2W0eEg`ITRt:X[W
IN
LTR]PRQ)U\^]f]YTR]TAl^l^~]YWX+_U`TAZ+Z`U~+gK\^]TV:lwv:_U+U+\^t[W}+]fTEZ~+l^\jW_VU\^]Y]fTR]^Qv+\H}+]YTR+_V+Xmt[X[ide
TUTORIAL
TiYv+XmWXmW
qPLwx
0 0k r
SHEET
0k
v\}+]fTR:_VXmtmXide4iYv:_i)_VU8\jR\jUCU~+gK\^]TVlwv:_VU+U+\jtmWL}+]YTAZ+~+lj\^W_VU%\j]Y]fTR]XmWU:_iY~+]k_Vt[t[e'RX[V\^U
e
q0P?wx
_U+Z8iYv+\sTRtmt[TXmU+\j~:_ikX[TRU|v+TRt[Z+W^
fY
P2
qPx
q0P?wx
0k
q0)wx q0Pwx
0k
qRx
A TRt[AXmU`s]YTRg q0PxH_VU+Zq
VxH\R\jiL0 0k qPqP"Vwx x.EX[U+l^\)ikv+\OiYTViw_VtIlwv:_VU+U\^t
X[W_'{+S:X[iYWl_V}:_l^X[ideXmWRXR\^U8e
qxPLqfVx
QLSTVU+WYX[Z+\^]iYv+\"XmU:_V]0ebdXmU}+~i~:_ik\^]fU:_V]0ebTR~iY}+~inpoCS qsZ+XmWfl^]f\jik\"g'\jg'TR]0eAtm\^WfW%lwv+_VU+U+\jtyx
Wfv+TUX[U%XmR~+]f\uEQ
q_xnO\jiY\^]fg'X[U+\Oikv+\pl^_V}:_VljX[ideTVikv\ulwv+_VU+U+\jt
Q
qs.xEv+TiYv:_iikv\ulwv+_VU+U+\jtX[W\^~+XV_tm\^UiiYT'_h{+SQ
KsK
q_xSv:_VUU+\^tXmWW0eAg'gh\jiY]YXmlp_U+Z%WfT
t[TR ?qs]YTTViY]k_VUWYX[iYXmTRUg'_iY]YXx
PC x
t[TR.q x?q PC
x
O +q tmTR t[TR P
PH
q0PCKxtmTV:q0PCKx
sq .xuv\4l_}:_Vl^XideXmWul^tm\^_V]Yte\^~:_tiYT%ikv\4l_}:_Vl^XideTV_{+SX[iYv"\^]f]YTR]u}+]fTR:_V+X[tmXideuQ
v\\^~+X[_Vt[\^U+lj\l_VU?K\WY\j\^UeR]fTR~+}+X[U+iYv+\TR~iY}+~iW0eEg`ITRt[WXmUiYT? k %_VU+Z
" !Y$ #HQv+X[WL]f\^Wf~+t[iYWLX[U8_h{+ScXikv|ikv+\ik]Y_VU+WfX[ikX[TRU}+]fTR:_V+X[tmXikXm\jW
q<
q
x qs x q x PC
x?u q< x2u q xPu
( 1
- p
) / 2
( 1
( 1
- p
- p
) / 2
) / 2
2
( 1
- p
) / 2
/ 2
/ 2
p
/ 2
/ 2
XmR~+]f\uE+XmU+_V]febdX[U+}+~i^~:_iY\^]fU:_V]febTR~ik}~i)npoCSQ