"Mexican Miracle" Amerindians Bracero Program Calderon, Felipe camarillas Cardenas, Cuauhtemoc

MEXICO TERMS a period from 1940 to 1960 in which Mexico experienced significant economic growth while also making an orderly transition from an authoritarian to a democratic government indigenous people of Mexico a program that brought Mexican agricultural workers to the U.S. during World War II; abandoned in 1964, but helped to establish the tradition of young Mexican men coming to the United States to earn money. elected President of Mexico in 2006 patron-client networks son of Mexico's famous and revered president Lazaro Cardenas. He was PRD's presidential candidate in 1989 and 1994, after being ejected from PRI for demanding reform that emphasized social justice and populism. charismatic president of Mexico from 1934-1940. Sometimes called the "Roosevelt of Mexico," Cardenas both stabilized the country and gave voice to many of the peasant demands from the Revolution of 1910 and made radical changes in Mexican politics, including redistribution of land, nationalization of industry, investment in public works, and encouragement of peasant and union organizations. political/military strongmen from different areas of the country who frequently competed for power. Patron-client systems, involving large numbers of citizens, coalesced around them. Two famous caudillos , Zapata and Villa, emerged to lead peasant armies. The lower house of Mexico's bicameral legislature, composed of 500 representatives rebellion that began in 1994 in Chiapas, a poor, southern state. Led by Emiliano Zapata, armies of Amerindian peasants demanded land and other populist reforms. a group of advisors who believed in bringing scientific and economic progress to Mexico, encouraged entrepreneurship and foreign investment divisions within society in which every dispute tends to align the same groups against each other; predictable and explosive divisions within society in which many potential groups may disagree on one issue but cooperate on another; more fluid, and social conflict is more moderate

Cardenas, Lazaro

caudillos

Chamber of Deputies Chiapas (Zapatista) rebellion

cientificos cleavages: coinciding cleavages: cross-cutting

corporatism

a system of interest representation in which the government allows certain group privileged access to the policy-making decisions in exchange for loyalty. One of the bloodiest conflicts in Mexican history. Beginning in the 1920s, Catholic priests led a rebellion against new laws that prohibited priests from voting, put federal restrictions on church-affiliated schools, and suspended religious services. These laws were promoted by liberals who saw the Church as a bastion of conservatism. Hundreds of thousands of people, including many priests, were killed in the conflict. In an effort to industrialize, the Mexican government borrowed heavily against expectations that oil prices would remain high indefinitely. When the price of oil plummeted in 1982, Mexico's economy followed, and by 1987 its debt was over $107 billion, representing 70% of GNP. the process of transition from authoritarian to democratic rule Mexican general who staged a military coup in 1876 and instituted himself as president, thereafter ruling for 34 years. Introduced the cientificos , and presided over an administration marked by stability, authoritarianism, foreign investment, economic growth, and a growing gap between rich and poor. collective land grants formed by property taken from large landowners and foreigners and redistributed to be worked by peasants an independent regulatory body created to safeguard honest and accurate election results. It is responsible for reforms including campaign finance restrictions, freer media coverage, international watch teams and election monitoring by opposition party members. President of Mexico 2000-2006; PAN party General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: a multilateral agreement that attempts to promote freer trade among countries. This agreement gave rise to the World Trade Organization. a strategy for economic development that employs high tariffs to protect locally produced goods from foreign competition, government ownership of key industries, and government subsidies to domestic industries

Cristeros Rebellion

debt crisis democratization

Diaz, Porfirio

ejidos

Federal Election Commission (CFE) Fox, Vincente GATT

Import Substitution Industrialization

maquiladora

a manufacturing zone created in the 1960s in northern Mexico just south of the U.S. border, in which Mexican workers produce goods primarily for consumers in the U.S. A number of U.S. companies established plants in the zone to transform imported, duty-free components or raw materials into finished industrial products. The maquiadora district employs hundreds of thousands of Mexican workers and accounts for over 20% of the country's industrial workforce. the process of racial mixing between Mexicans and indigenous people Mexicans of mixed European and Amerindian heritage a government policy after the revolution devoted to all things Mexican Mexican parish priest of Spanish origins who led a popular rebellion against Spanish rule in 1810. Seen as a champion of the indigenous people of Mexico, symbol of the political rights of the peasantry. North American Free Trade Agreement: signed by Mexico, Canada and the U.S. with the goal of more closely integrating the economies of these countries by eliminating trade barriers, providing protection for foreign investors, and reducing restrictions so that companies can expand into all countries freely. NAFTA does not allow for free movement of the human work force, and the U.S. Congress has banned Mexican trucks from entering the U.S. interest group politics where private sector groups take the lead and dominate policy making (contrast state corporatism) the process of limiting the power of the state over private property and market forces; a strategy that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade and limited government intervention in the economy The current leader of PRD; former mayor of Mexico City, barely lost the 2006 presidential election to PAN candidate Calderon Party of the Democratic Revolution: the center-right party that was the first to win the presidential elections after the breakdown of PRI's one-party rule. semi-autonomous or autonomous government agencies, often produce goods and services that in other countries are carried out by private individuals or companies giant government-controlled oil company; a large, inefficient parastatal

mestizaje mestizos Mexicanization Miguel Hidalgo

NAFTA

neocorporatismn (societal corporatism)

neoliberalism (economic liberalism)

Obrador, Andres Manuel Lopez PAN

parastatals PEMEX

pendulum theory/effect pluralism politicos Porfiriato PRD PRI

a shifting of political and economic strategy between state-led development and economic liberalization. a basic principle of democracy; power is split among many groups that compete for the chance to influence the government's decision making old-style heads of camarillas (patron-client networks) the regime of Porfirio Diaz, President of Mexico from 1876 until he was ousted by a military coup in 1910. The Democratic Revolutionary Party, represents PRI's opposition on the left. Formed in 1989, it is a diverse coalition of the left. Institutional Revolutionary Party, formed in 1929, stabilized political power in the hands of its leaders, presided over single-party rule until the election of a President from a different party in 2006 money sent by Mexican immigrants in the U.S. to their families in Mexico. It amounts to about $9 billion annually, the third largest source of foreign exchange after oil and tourism. Started by an elite coup to end the Porfiriato, this conflict initiated a period of instability, disorder and warlordism in Mexico each president of Mexico is limited to this single, 6-year term of office a method of cooptation in which the state mediates among different groups to ensure that no one group successfully challenges the government. educated, business-oriented leaders who favored a moderate, free-market approach to politics one of two leaders to emerge during the Revolution of 1910 [the other was Emiliano Zapata] to lead peasant armies against the Porfiriato, later assassinated.

remittance Revolution of 1910-1911 sexenio state corporatism technicos Villa, Pancho