Literary Terms Poetry terms: Alliterationuse of the same consonant or vowel sound at the beginning of each word or stressed

syllable in a line of verse Assonanceuse of the same vowel sound with different consonants Blank verseunrhymed verse Consonanceuse of same consonant sound, especially at the end of a word Free verseverse that does not follow a fixed pattern Hyperboleobvious and intentional exaggeration Imagerycreating mental pictures/ images Onomatopoeiaformation of a word by imitation of a sound Refrain-- a phrase or verse recurring at intervals Repetitionact of repeating; reiteration Rhymesimilar identity of sound -endlast word in lines of poetry rhyme -internalwords rhyme within a line of poetry Rhythmuniformed or patterned beats Stanzaarrangement of a certain number of lines

Nonfiction terms: Autobiographywriting about ones own life Biaspersonal judgment, one-sided/ prejudice Biographywriting about someone elses life Cause and Effectrelationship between actions/ events and the result Chronologysequential order of events Comparelook at the similarities in two or more things Contrastlook at the differences in two or more things Essayshort piece of writing Editorialan article to show opinion Facta reality or truth Narratorperson telling the story Opinionbelief or judgment that is not completely certain Paraphraserestate or reword a passage

Plagiarismusing the thoughts of another author without authorization or credit Propagandainformation or ideas spread to help or harm a group or person Proseform of spoken/ written language (paragraphs) Rhetoricability to use language effectively Satireuse of irony or sarcasm to expose or denounce Stereotypeset of inaccurate generalizations about a group that allows others to categorize them

Fiction terms: Characterperson who takes part in a story -antagonistperson who goes against the main character -protagonistthe leading character, hero -roundreader knows many details about the character -flatreader knows very little about the character -staticthe character stays the same throughout the story -dynamicthe character changes throughout the story Character developmentthe way a character changes over time or throughout the story -direct characterizationauthor directly tells you information about the

character -indirect characterizationauthor tells you about the character through actions Connotationan idea suggested by a word Denotationdefinition of a word Figurative languagelanguage that uses figures of speech (metaphor, simile) Flashbackevent taking place before present time is inserted into the chronological structure Foreshadowto show or indicate beforehand Genrecategory of art having a particular form, content or technique Ironyuse of words to convey a meaning that is opposite of its literal meaning Metaphora comparison to something not similar without using like or as Motifa recurring subject, theme, idea in piece of work Plotsequence of events -epiphanymoment of realization or insight -denouementthe part of the plot where the resolution/ outcome is made known Point of viewposition of the narrator to determine how much information the reader is given -1st persontold through one persons eyes

-3rd person limitedtold outside of the story through ones eyes -3rd person omniscienttold outside of the story but can see all points Settingplace and time of the story Similea comparison to something not similar using like or as Stylemanner in which it is expressed Symbolismact of representing things using symbols (an object to represent something else) Themeunifying or dominant idea or motif Tonequality or style of writing

Drama terms: Asidewords spoken by an actor directly to the audience, which are not heard by other characters on stage

Choruscharacter or group of characters who comment on the action of the play without participation Dialogueconversation of characters Expositionfirst stage of fictional or dramatic plot giving necessary background information Foilcharacter who contrasts and parallels the main character Fourth wallimaginary wall of the box theater setting Monologuespeech by a single character without another characters response Pathosquality of a plays action that stimulates the audience to feel pity for a character Soliloquya speech that is meant to be heard by the audience but not by other characters on stage Stage directionauthors comments that provide readers and actors with information about dialogue, setting and action Tragedytype of drama in which characters experience suffering or catastrophe Tragic flawweakness or limitation of character, resulting in the fall of the hero Tragic herocharacter of high status suffers a fall from glory into suffering

Speech terms: Abstractideas or concepts; no physicalities Concrete wordsobjects available to the senses Argumentcourse of reasoning aimed at demonstrating truth or falsehood Audiencespectators or listeners can impact how you speak Body languagegestures, postures, and facial expressions by which a person communicates nonverbally with others Burden of proofresponsibility of proving a disputed charge or allegation Claimsstatement of something as a fact Credibilityquality, capability or power to elicit belief Critical listeninglistening to gain information -ethoscredibility of the speaker -logoslogical argument -pathospsychological appeals Deductive reasoningprocess of reasoning to reach a logical conclusion Enunciationpronounce or articulate Evidencethings helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment

Extemporaneousimpromptu; little or no preparation Fallacyfalse notion or statement based on false inference Feedbackevaluative response Improvisationno preparation Inductive reasoningprocess of reasoning based on abstract ideas Inflectionmodification of a word to express different ideas Jargontechnical terminology Kinesicsinterpretation of body language Parallelismrepetition of similar words, phrases, or clauses for rhetorical effect Raterelative speed Thesis statementshort statement that summarizes the main point Transitionmovement from one subject to another

Elements of Film Making Creating a film: Adaptationrewriting someone elses original work, either just changing it from novel form to screenplay, or altering it completely with a new angle

Script-- Screenplay Screenplaya story written in a specific format that allows it to be easily transferable into a motion picture, including setting description, action and dialog only, nothing that cannot be seen or heard on film
--Scene

heading-- describes whether we are inside (INT. / interior) or outside (EXT. / exterior), what location, and if it is day or night information is mostly for director, cinematographer, lighting crew, and locations --Dialoguethe spoken lines Storyboard-- series of sketches that lays out the set-ups of the shots; shots sketched in advance like a comic strip

Camera Work: shot-- single piece of film, basic element scenesection of film; shot cut to the desired length sequence-- group of related scenes edited together transition-- the change from 1 scene to another --can signify time has passed or space has been traveled

Types of Shots: establishing shot-- often at the beginning of sequence to familiarize audience with general surroundings medium shot-- used to focus attention on a scene and bring audience closer to action close-up shot-- often used for contrast; helps audience identify with character subjective (point of view) shot-- shows scene through eyes of a character

Camera Angles/ Movements: high-angle shot-- look down on subject (object looks smaller) low-angle shot-- looks up (equals strength or power) flat-angle shot-- same height and angle pan-- camera pivots; helps audience orient itself tilt-- camera pivots up and down travel or follow shot-- moves with subject zoom-- images appear to get closer or farther away without moving camera How directors show Theme: plot-- emphasis on chain of events emotional effect or mood-- single emotion prevails character-- focus on a unique character (description of the central character)

style or texture-- story is told in such a unique way or texture is dominant; often not commercially effective idea-- action and characters have a significance beyond the film; usually stated indirectly we find our own interpretation

How directors use Characterization: (must be believable) appearance-- by the physical features (can be false) dialogue-- what a character says and how it is said (accents , grammar) external action-- what a character does internal action-- daydreams, thought, goals, memories reaction of other characters-- how others perceive them contrast-- dramatic foils; uses opposite characteristics of the main character caricature-- 1 feature is exaggerated (ex: M*A*S*H-- Radars shyness and hearing) leitmotif-- repetition of a single phrase or idea (ex: Momma always said... Forrest Gump) choice of name-- actors change names stock character-- actions are completely predictable; serve more as part of setting stereotype-- somewhat more important and fit into preconceived patterns of behavior (sidekick, old maid aunt)

developing character-- affected by the action of the plot; undergo some change static character-- remains the same throughout the film flat character-- 2-dimensional; predictable (static) round character-- unique, cannot be categorized easily, complex (developing) voice-over (narration)commentary by an unseen character or narrator

Physical elements in one scene: Mise-en-scenethe elements used in every scene and how those elements are related to each other -does not include documentaries - there are many but we will focus on 8

--degree and quality of anything artificial -- the set/ location creates a believable setting for the viewer - Do all items look real? - Is it realistic? - Am I convinced? --frame-- director knows what they want to see or happen in every frame, every second - Are the actors/ objects controlled or not? - How do they use the entire space (width and depth)? - Does each item and person have a purpose? - Does it look accurate?

--music-- helps the plot along - Scoremusic composed for film - Is it too much? Too little? - Does it fit? Set the mood?

--how objects relate to each other -- viewers eyes are drawn to the main object on screen - usually the actor - Do all other things create an evenness/ fluidity so that you can focus on the main object? - What does the director want you to see? Where is the focus?

--lighting-- important in all scenes to set the tone and mood --2 kinds of lighting 1. high key-- bright/ intense (usually comedies) 2. low key-- diffuse and shadowy

--character placementhow characters are set to interact allows the audience to relate to them and understand relationships - Does it say something about relationships? - Does it affect how the viewer thinks of the character? (characterization) - blocking is planned

--decor-- where to shoot the scene and what the set looks like - Is it interior (on a set) vs on location? - How is the furniture, setting, etc. used to help the scene? - Does it create a believable setting?

--editing-- final product, done after all scenes are shot How are special effects/ computerization used? - Do the cuts in scenes flow together? - No visible mistakes. - Is it cut in a way to help the movie flow?