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RF Design Requirements
Propagation Models
The prediction of propagation loss in a mobile radio environment is very difficult given multiple factors, such as:
Irregular configuration of the terrain Various shapes of architectural structures Weather changes.
An easy analytic solution to the problem does not exist. Combining both statistics and electromagnetic theory helps to predict the propagation loss.
Models
There are few theoretical models and many empirical models to predict the propagation path loss. The Okumura-Hata model The Walfisch-Ikegami model.
Okumura-Hata model
The Okumura-Hata radio wave propagation prediction is based upon empirical information obtained from measurements in Japan(Okumura, 1965). The Hata formula is a mathematical fit for the Okumura graphical measurement data.
Okumura-Hata model
The Okumura-Hata model predicts the path loss L between the transmitter and receiver, taking into consideration the frequency, the height of antennas, the propagation distance, and the terrain type. The model predictions correlate reasonably well with measurements, especially in urban and suburban areas. This is not the case in rural areas with irregular terrain. Correction factors are used for irregular terrain types such as: rolling hills, isolated mountains, general slopes (up or down), and mixed land-water paths.
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General formula
The Walfisch-Ikegami is preferably used for microcells because it takes into account the effects of diffraction and scattering The Okumura-Hata model is based on quasi-smooth terrain with no obstacles and therefore it is best applicable for macrocells.
LINK BUDGET
Link Budget Elements of a GSM Network BTS Antenna Gain Max. Path Loss Fade Margin Feeder Loss Diversity Gain BTS Receiver Sensitivity
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LINK BUDGET
BTS Transmit Power Penetration Loss MS Antenna Gain, Body and Cable Loss Mobile Transmit Power Mobile Receiver Sensitivity
TRANSMITTING END TRANSMITTING END TRANSMITTER POWER OUTPUT TRANSMITTER POWER OUTPUT BODY LOSS BODY LOSS COMBINAR LOSS COMBINAR LOSS FEEDER LOSS (@2dB/100M) FEEDER LOSS (@2dB/100M) CONNECTOR LOSSES CONNECTOR LOSSES TRANSMITTER ANTENNA GAIN TRANSMITTER ANTENNA GAIN EFFECTIVE ISOTROPIC RADIATED POWER EFFECTIVE ISOTROPIC RADIATED POWER
BTS (DL) BTS (DL) 43dBm 43dBm 0 0 0 0 -1.5dB 1.5dB -2dB 2dB 17.5dB 17.5dB 57dBm 57dBm
RECEIVING END RECEIVER SENSITIVITY RECEIVE ANTENNA GAIN ANTENNA DIVERSITY GAIN CONNECTOR LOSS INTERFERENCE DEGRADATION MARGIN BODY LOSS DUPLEXERLOSS FADE MARGIN REQUIRED ISOTROPIC RECEIVE POWER
Antenna Selection
Gain of antenna Height of antenna Beamwidths in horizontal and vertical radiated planes VSWR; Nominal impedance Frequency range Radiated pattern (beamshape) in horizontal and vertical planes; Polarisation Downtilt
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RF Planning Tool
Site Properties
Transmitter Properties
TRXs Properties
Neighbours List
Optimization ?
What is Optimization ?
Why Optimization ?
What is Optimization
Why Optimization ?
Implementation
Antenna radiation pattern and effective radiated power
Environment
Seasonal environmental changes, e.g trees, leaves and other environmental changes such as new highways, new buildings
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Performance Determinants
Coverage
Interference Handover Behaviour Traffic Distribution
Performance Determinants
Performance Determinants
Handover Behavior - The quality of the airinterface in a cell with respect to handover behavior is good, no unnecessary handovers, Rxquality at acceptable level, BTS & MS use minimum transmit power.
Initial network coverage verification and benchmarking Verification before and after changes Locating and measuring interference Locating areas where traffic problems exist Locate coverage holes Preventive maintenance
CELL ID including BSIC, LAC, and time slot RXLEVEL for the serving and the neighbour cells RXQUALITY for the serving cell BCCH, BSIC for the serving and the neighbour cells TRANSMIT POWER GPS POSITION DATA
Primary route (street level) includes all major roads, highways and wide thoroughfares Secondary route (street level) includes all streets, subdivisions and compounds when accessable Miscellaneous routes (in-building and special locations) includes golf courses, beach resorts, shopping mails, department stores, convention centers, hotels and resorts
Performance Problems that often encountered: Cell Dragging Dropped Calls Ping-Ponging System Busy Handover boundary
Cell Dragging - Calls may drag a cell beyond the desired handover boundary. This might result dropped calls or bad Rxquality. Suggestions: Create an appropriate neighbour cell list Check serving cells cell identifier in the neighbour cells neighbour list Check neighbour cells BCCH, BSIC, LAC, Cell ID, etc
Dropped Calls - Caused by either RF environments or incorrect system parameters Suggestions: Check if an appropriate neighbour cell list is defined Check HO parameters Existing or new coverage holes Abnormalities such as call setup failure
Ping Ponging - Serving keep changing and as a result of bad audio quality Suggestions: Check if an appropriate neighbour cell list is defined Check HO parameters Poor coverage No optimal antenna configuration
System Busy - System busy on several call attempts and site appears consistently on the traffic report Suggestions: Short Term : Reduce the traffic on the congested cell/site. re-design the antenna configuration, Change BTS configuration Long Term: Build a new cell site to off-load traffic
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Handover Boundary - Handovers do not occur at the desired HO boundary, the result is an imbalance in traffic distribution across the system Suggestions: Check if an appropriate neighbour cell list is defined/Check HO parameters Inappropriate antenna configurations of the serving and neighbour cells No TCH available (neighbour cells congestion)
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Typical example of drive test equipment components: Test Mobile phone Scanning receiver Transceiver system Antennas GPS Visual display unit Laptop computer
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Any Questions?
Thank You!
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