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Principles of the WCDMA System

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Preface
Now, the most popular term in the mobile

communication field is WCDMA!

What is WCDMA? And what is its benefit? Today, lets go to know about WCDMA!

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Contents

Chapter 1
Chapter 2

WCDMA Principle
Technical Features of WCDMA FDD

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WCDMA Releases
WCDMA =UMTS = DS-CDMA 3G WCDMA , CDMA2000 , TD-SCDMA
UMTS Release 99
1999 2001
UMTS CN = enhanced GSM NSS UTRAN & WCDMA

UMTS Release 4

Bearer independent CS domain Low chip rate TDD mode UTRA repeater MMS LCS enhancements etc. IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) RNC connectivity to multiple CN nodes HSDPA etc.

2002

UMTS Release 5

2003

UMTS Release 6

WLAN-3GPP feasibility study Network sharing feasibility study Security enhancements Push services etc.

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Whats New in WCDMA?

Characteristic to WCDMA RAKE receiver takes advantage of multipath propagation Fast power control keeps system stable by using minimum power necessary for links Soft handover ensures smooth handovers Multiservice Environment
Data speed

Bit rate varies from 4.75 kbps up to 384 kbps Variable bit rate also available
Service delivery type

Real-time (RT) & non real-time (NRT)

Quality classes for user to choose

Different error rates and delays

Traffic asymmetric in uplink & downlink Common channel data traffic Inter-system handovers

Air Interface Capacity and coverage coupled cell breathing Neighbour cells coupled via interference Soft handover Fast power control Interference limited system (e.g. GSM frequency limited)

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WCDMA Network Architecture

UTRAN
(UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)

CN (Core Network)
circuit switched (cs) domain

Node B

Iu-CS

Iub Uu
Node B

RNC

MSC/VLR GMSC

PSTN/ ISDN

UE
Node B

Iur

Iu-PS

EIR HLR AC

Internet

Iub
Node B

RNC

SGSN GGSN
packet switched (ps) domain

RNC Radio Network Controller

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UE User Equipment

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RNC Tasks and Functions

WCDMA radio resource management Admission Control, Packet Scheduling, Load Control, Power Control, Handover Control, Resource Manager. Telecom functionality incl. Location & connection management (Transport Manager), ciphering, Iu and Iub channel management, ATM switching and multiplexing Maintenance incl. Fault localisation and reconfiguration Operation incl. RNC and Node B parameter modification

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Node B Tasks and Functions

O&M Processing.
Interfacing with NMS and RNC for alarm and control (Operations and Maintenance) functions.
Radio Channel functions.

Transport to physical channel mappings. Encoding/Decoding Spreading/Despreading user traffic and signalling.

Uu Interface WCDMA

RNC
Iub Interface ATM
Cellular Transmission management

Managing ATM switching and multiplexing over the Iub interface. Control of AAL2/AAL5 connections. Control of the physical transmission interfaces E1, PDH, SDH or microwave.

Air Interface management.

Controlling Uplink and Downlink radio paths on the Uu Air Interface. Baseband to RF conversion. Antenna multicoupling.
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3G Spectrum Allocation

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3G Terms
IMT 2000 (International Mobile Telephony)

Third generation mobile systems as defined by ITU (International Telecommunications Union) Global recommendation
3GPP

3rd Generation Partnership Project (Forum for a WCDMA standardization) Involved: ETSI (Europe), ARIB (Japan), TTA (Korea), T1P1 (USA), TTC (Japan) and CWTS (China)
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication Services)

Third generation telecommunication system, that is subject to specifications produced by 3GPP

WCDMA

Air Interface technology adapted for UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)
UTRA-FDD

WCDMA in 3GPP, FDD mode

UTRA-TDD

WCDMA in 3GPP, TDD mode

CDMA2000

Air Interface technology proposal from TR45.5 (USA) on evolution of IS-95 (CDMA)
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Duplex Technology Distinguish Users UL and DL Signal FDD

Frequency division duplex (FDD) : Distinguish the uplink and

downlink according to the frequencies.

Adopted by the WCDMA, CDMA2000 and GSM Advantage: It can be easily implemented. Disadvantage: The spectrum utilization is low when the uplink and downlink services (mainly the data services) are asymmetrical.

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Duplex Technology Distinguish Users UL and DL Signal TDD

Time division duplex (TDD) : Distinguish the uplink and downlink

according to the timeslots.

Adopted by the TD-SCDMA Advantage: The uplink and downlink can be allocated with different numbers of timeslots when the uplink and downlink services are asymmetrical. Therefore, the spectrum utilization is high. Disadvantage:
It cannot be easily implemented and needs precise synchronization. In the CDMA system, GPS synchronization is needed. When it is used with the CDMA technology, it is difficult to control interference between the uplink and the downlink.

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Multiple Access Technology - Distinguish Different Users

CDMA
Power

Traffic channels: different users are assigned unique code and transmitted over the same frequency band, for example, WCDMA and CDMA2000

TDMA
Power

FDMA

Traffic channels: different time slots are allocated to different users, for example, DAMPS and GSM

Power

Traffic channels: different frequency bands are allocated to different users,for example, AMPS and TACS

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Characteristics of CDMA System

High Spectral Efficiency

Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1.

Soft capacity

Quality Coverage Interference

Self-interference system

A UE transmission power is interference for another UE.

Wideband system

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WCDMA = DS-CDMA
WCDMA is a code-division multiple access technology which separates each

users voice or data information by multiplying the information by pseudo-random bits called "chips".
The pseudo-random bit sequences have a rate of 3.84 Mcps (millions of chips

per second), resulting in the narrowband information bits of the user being spread across a much wider bandwidth of approximately 5 MHz.
For this reason, CDMA technology is sometimes referred to as spread

spectrum.
The user data (signal) is first spread by the channelisation code (based on

Hadamard matrix) called Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) Code.

OVSF code has the property that two different codes from the family are

perfectly orthogonal if in phase

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Common Terms
Bit, symbol and chip

Bit (bps): the data that is obtained upon source coding and contains information.
Symbol (sps): the data obtained upon channel coding and interleaving. Chip (cps): the data obtained upon final spreading.
The spreading rate of WCDMA is: 3.84 Mcps

Processing gain

It refers to the ratio of the final spreading rate to the bit rate (cps/bps). In the WCDMA system, the processing gain depends on the specific service.

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Processing gain (Gp)

Gp = Wc/Wi
Where

Wc: chip rate

Wi: user data rate

Wi
signals is suppressed in the despreading process
Thus, processing gain can be seen as an improvement factor in the SIR (Signal to

Wc

The more processing gain the system has, the more the power of uncorrelated interfering

Interference Ratio) of the signal after despreading

Example: Voice AMR 12.2 Kbps Gp = 10*log(3840000/12200)= 25 dB After despreading the signal power has to be typically few dB above the interference and

noise: Eb/No = 7dB; therefore the required wideband signal-to-interference ratio is 7dB Gp = -18 dB.
In other words, the signal power can be 18dB under the interference and the WCDMA receiver

can still detect the signal

Wideband signal-to-interference ratio is also called carrier-to-interference ratio: C/I

Thanks to spreading and desporeading, C/I can be much lower in WCDMA than GSM (C/I =

9-12 dB)
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Basic Diagram of the WCDMA System

Source coding

Channel coding and interleaving

Spreading

Scrambling

Modulation

RF transmission

Radio link

Source decoding

Channel deinterleaving decoding and de-interleaving

De-spreading

De-scrambling

Demodulation

RF reception

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Source Coding in WCDMA

The WCDMA system adopts the adaptive multi-rate (AMR) speech coding.

A total of eight coding modes are available. The coding rate ranges from 12.2 Kbps to 4.75 Kbps.

Multiple voice rates are compatible with the coding modes used by current mainstream mobile communication systems. This facilitates the design of multimode terminals.
The system automatically adjusts the voice rate according to the distance between the user and the NodeB, thus reducing the number of handovers and call drop. The system automatically decreases the voice rate of some users according to the cell load, thus saving power and containing more users.

Source coding

Channel coding and Interleaving Spreading interleaving

Scrambling

Modulation

RF transmission

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Spreading Factor and Service Rate

Chip rate = symbol rate spreading factor

For WCDMA, if the chip rate is 3.84 MHz and the spreading factor is 4, the symbol rate is 960 Kbps.
For CDMA2000-1x, if the chip rate is 1.2288 MHz and the spreading factor is 64, the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbps.

Symbol rate = (service rate + check code) channel code repetition or punching rate
For WCDMA, if the service rate is 384 Kbps and the channel code is 1/3 Turbo, the symbol rate is 960 Kbps.

For CDMA2000-1x, if the service rate is 9.6 Kbps and the channel code is 1/3 convolutional code, the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbps.

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Spreading in WCDMA
Consists of 2 operations: 1. Channelization Transforms each symbol (data bit) to the number of chips (increases bandwidth) Number of chips per symbol = Spreading Factor (SF) 2. Scrambling Scrambling code is applied

Scrambling Code Data TX

Bit Rate

Chip Rate

Chip Rate

Channelization code (OVSF)

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OVSF codes (Walsh) are completely orthogonal OVSF & Walsh and their mutual correlation is zero. Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)

Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) Cch,1,0 = (1) Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)

Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

Spreading Factors (FDD mode): UL: 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 DL: 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 The spreading factor can be changed every TTI (10, 20, 40, or 80 ms).
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Why CDMA system is a self interference system?

Since all the users use orthogonal code, where does the self

interference come from? Comes from the code error during the transfer. If there are some code error on one users information, it misses some orthogonal to others. Then interference comes.

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Scrambling in the WCDMA System

Downlink: Different cells (sector carrier frequencies) have different downlink scrambles.
Each cell is configured with a unique downlink scramble. The UE identifies a cell based on the scramble. The OVSF code is used to differentiate different users in a cell.

Uplink: Scrambles are used to differentiate different users.

In a cell, each user is configured with a unique uplink scramble. The OVSF code is used to differentiate the services of a user.

Channel Source coding

Interleaving coding and

interleaving

Spreading

Scrambling

Modulation

RF transmission

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Usage of the codes

Channelization Code
Usage
Uplink: separation of physical data (DPDCH) and control channels (DPCCH) for the same terminal Downlink: separation of downlink connections to different users within on cell 4-256 chips In downlink also 512 chips Spreading Factor indicates the number of codes under one scrambling code Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) Yes, indicates bandwidth

Scrambling Code
Uplink: Separation of terminals

Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells) Uplink: 10ms = 38400 chips Downlink: 10ms = 38400 chips Uplink: over 16 millions Downlink: 512 10ms code: Gold Code 66.7s code: Extended code family No, does not affect bandwidth

Length

Number of codes

Code Family

Spreading

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Summary - Advantages of CDMA

RAKE receiver is adopted

The time diversity effect generated by channel coherence time is efficiently used.
Frequency diversity

Wideband frequency spectrum

Higher interference tolerance and security performance

Low signal transmission power

Great flexibility in carrying multiple services with largely

different bit rate and QoS requirement. Different spreading factors for different services with different data rates
High spectral efficiency

All users can share the same frequency spectrum simultaneously.

Supporting soft handover and softer handover.

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Contents
Chapter 1 Chapter 2 WCDMA Principle Technical Features of WCDMA FDD

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WCDMA System Characteristics

W-CDMA : 5 MHz Carrier Spacing : multiples of 200 kHz Carrier Spacing : 4.4 5.4 MHz
5 MHz

W-CDMA spreading rate = 3.84 Mchip/s

Chip Rate = 3.84 MHz
Segment A Segment B Segment C

Uplink and downlink modulation: QPSK/QPSK Information bit rate: between 4.75 kbit/s and 2 Mbit/s (currently up to 384 Kbit/s)

Spreading Factor (SF): 4 -256

Multiple Access Scheme : Wideband DS-CDMA Duplex Scheme : FDD and TDD modes 10 ms frame with 15 time slots

Voice coding: AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate)

NodeB synchronization: asynchronous Highly variable data rates, data rate constant within 10 ms frame Bandwidth on demand, efficient resource usage

Multiple services with different variable data rates over one physical channel
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WCDMA System Characteristics

Satisfy the minimum performance requirement of IMT2000 Compatible with GSM-MAP core network Comparatively steady version R99 has been released Support open loop and closed loop transmit diversity mode Support Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and Downlink

Share Channel, adapt to Internet data access mode

Support macro diversity, selection diversity of NodeB

location
Support different fast power control algorithms and open

loop, out loop power control

Fully support UE locating services

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Key features of WCDMA

Soft handoff: user equipment (UE) and base stations use special rake receivers that allow each UE to simultaneously communicate with multiple base stations. The diversity gain associated with soft handoff is known as the "soft handoff gain factor". Multipath reception: the rake receivers also allow the UE to decode multiple signals that have traveled over different physical paths from the base station. For example, one signal may travel directly from the base station to the UE, and another may reflect off a large building and then travel to the UE. This phenomenon, "multipath propagation", also provides a diversity gain. The same effect occurs on the uplink from the UE to the base station.

Power control: transmissions by the UE must be carefully controlled so that all

transmissions are received with roughly the same power at the base station. If power control is not used, a near-far problem, where mobiles close to the base station overpower signals from mobiles farther away, occurs. The base station uses a fast power control system to direct the mobile to power up or power down as its received signal level varies due to changes in the propagation environment. Likewise, on the downlink, transmissions from the base stations are power-controlled to minimize the overall interference throughout the system and to ensure a good received signal by the UE.

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Key features of WCDMA

Frequency reuse of 1: every base station in the CDMA system operates on the same frequency for a given carrier, so no frequency planning is required. As every site causes interference to every other site, careful attention must be paid to each site's radio propagation. Soft capacity: capacity and coverage are intertwined in CDMA, depending on the number of users in the system and the amount of interference allowed before access is blocked for new users. By setting the allowed interference threshold lower, coverage will improve at the expense of capacity. By setting the threshold higher, capacity will increase at the expense of coverage. Because of the fundamental link between coverage and capacity, cells with light traffic loads inherently share some of their latent capacity with more highly loaded surrounding cells.

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WCDMA Compared to GSM and CDMA IS-95

WCDMA vs. GSM WCDMA has some similarities with GSM technology, however, it is a fundamentally different technique for allowing multiple users to share the same spectrum and as a result it has many differences.

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WCDMA Compared to GSM and IS-95 CDMA

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Voice Evolution in WCDMA

Adopts AMR voice coding and supports the voice quality of 4.75 Kbps to 12.2 Kbps. Adopts soft handover and transmit diversity to improve capacity. Provides high-fidelity voice modes. Supports fast power control.

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Data Evolution in WCDMA

Supports up to 14.4 Mbps data services HSDPA and HSUPA Supports packet switching. Can evolution to All-IP structure. Provides QoS control. Provides mobile IP services (dynamic assignment of IP addresses) Provides high quality support for symmetric uplink and downlink data services, including the voice, videophone and video conference.

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Conclusion
This course describes the WCDMA system. This course first describes some key technologies. Then,

describes the basic principles of CDMA and the WCDMA FDD mode.
After studying this course, we can have a preliminary

understanding of WCDMA, thus laying a good foundation for subsequent study.

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Thank You !
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