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ote srl ras nas edtifs informatie Centrum vestiging Nimegen myn) = BC10-1 00642001 01 Foundation Design and Construction 7* edition eigendom van: HF ROYAL HASKOMING BEDRIJFS INFORMATIE CENTRUM HASKONING NEDERLAND BV Vestiging Nijmegen PETTY eT We work with leading authors to develop the strongest educational materials in engineering, bringing cutting-edge thinking and best learning. practice to a global market Under a range of well-known imprints, including Prentice Hall, we craft high quality print and electronic publications which help readers to understand and apply their content, whether studying or at work. To find out more about the complete range of our publishing please visit us on the World Wide Web at: ‘www, pearsonedue.com Foundation Design and Construction Seventh Edition M. J. Tomlinson CEng, FICE, FIStructE with contributions by R. Boorman BSc, MEng, MICE, FiStructE SPron ay ea ot Pearson Education Pearson Education Lid Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 28 England and Associated Companies around the World Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www pearsoneduc.com First published by Pitman Publishing Limited 1963 Second edition 1969 Third edition 1975 Fourth edition 1980 Fifth edition published under the Longman imprint 1986 Sixth edition 1995 Seventh edition 2001 ©M.J. Tomlinson and R. Boorman 1986, 1995 © Pearson Education Limited 2001 ‘The rights of M. J. Tomlinson and R. Boorman to be identified as the authors of this Work have been asserted by them in accordance with the ‘Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, Al rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agen:y Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP OLP. ISBN 0130-31180-4 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book can be obtained from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ‘Tomlinson, M. J. (Michael John) Foundation design and construction / M.J. Tomlinson ; with contributions by R. Boorman, — 7th ed. pcm, Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-13-031180-4 1. Foundations. 1. Boorman, R. TAT7S .T6 2001, 624.1'5—dea 00051642, 10987654321 05.04.03 02 01 ‘Typeset in 9.5/11pt Times by 35 Printed and bound in Great Britain by ‘TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall Preface to the frst edition ix Preface to the seventh edition xi Site investigations and soil mechanics 1 1.0 Ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 110 113 114 115 General requirements 1 Information required from a site investigation 2 Site investigations of foundation failures 3 Borehole layout 4 Exploration in soils 5 Exploration in rocks 16 Ground water 18 Borehole records 20 Investigations for foundations of works over water 20 Geophysical methods of site investigation 21 Investigations of filled and contaminated ground) 21 Laboratory tests on soils 22 Laboratory tests on rock specimens obtained by rotary core drilling 26 The foundation engineering report 26 Foundation properties of soil types 29 Foundation properties of rock types 33 References 36 ‘The general principles of foundation design 38 21 22 3 24 Foundation types 38, Foundation design procedures 39 Calculations for ultimate bearing capacity by analytical methods 45 Calculation of ultimate bearing capacity by semi-empirical methods 54 Contents e 25 Estimation of allowable bearing pressures by prescriptive methods 55 26 Settlement of foundations 58 2.7 Settlement of foundations on rocks 81 28 — The applicability of computerized methods to foundation analysis and design 85 29 Examples 92 References 102 Foundation design in relation to ground movements 105 3.1, Soil movements 105 3.2. Ground movements due to water seepage and surface erosion 115 3.3. Ground movements due to vibrations 117 3.4 Ground movements due to hillside creep 117 3.5. Ground movement due to mining subsidence 118 3.6 Foundations on filled ground 128 3.7 Machinery foundations 132 References 136 ‘Spread and deep shaft foundations 137 4.1 Determination of allowable bearing pressures for spread foundations 137 42. Structural design and construction 142 4.3 Foundations to structural stee! columns | 152 44 Grillage foundations 152 4.5. Raft foundations 153 4.6 Deep shaft foundations 156 47° Examples 164 References 174 vi Contents 5 Buoyancy rafts and basements (box foundations) 175 5.1 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 5.10 General principles of design 175 Drag-down effects on deep foundations 176 Buoyancy raft foundations 177 Basement or box foundations 181 Piled basements 194 Settlement-reducing piles in piled rafts and basements 197 ‘The structural design of basement rafts and retaining walls 198 ‘The application of computer-based methods to the design of rafts and piled rafts 208 Waterproofing basements 216 Worked example of basement retaining wall 218 References 221 6 Bridge foundations 223 61 62 63 64 Introduction 223 Code of Practice requirements 223 Bridges on land 224 Bridges over water 239 References 274 7 Piled foundations 1: the carrying capacity of piles and pile groups 276 TA 12 13 14 15 16 1 78 79 7.10 7A Taz Classification of piles 276 ‘The behaviour of piles and pile groups under load 277 Definitions of failure load on piles 279 Calculating ultimate loads on isolated driven piles in coarse-grained soils 280 Calculating ultimate loads on driven and cast-in-place soils 289 Calculating ultimate loads on bored and cast-in-place piles in coarse soils 290 Ultimate loads on piles driven into fine-grained soils 291 Driven and cast-in-place piles in fine-grained soils 295 Bored and cast-in-place piles in fine-grained soils 295 Calculation of the carrying capacity of piles in soils intermediate between sand and clay, layered soils, and uncemented calcareous sands 297 The settlement of a single pile at the working load 298 ‘The carrying capacity of piles founded fon rock | 298 713 714 1A5 116 TAT 718 719 7.20 7 72 Piles in fill-negative skin friction 304 ‘The carrying capacity of pile groups 306 ‘The design of axially loaded piles considered as columns 311 Piles resisting uplift 312 Piles subjected to horizontal or inclined loads 314 ‘The behaviour of piles under vibrating loads 321 Computerized methods for predicting the oad /deformation behaviour of the single pile and pile groups under axial and lateral loading 321 Calculation of carrying capacity and pile driveability by dynamic formulae 327 Procedure in correlating static methods of calculating pile resistance with driving records 332 Examples 332 References 343 Piled foundations 2: structural design and construction methods 345 81 82 83 84 8S 86 87 88 89 8.10 Bul 8.12 8.13 8.14 B15 816 8.17 818 Classification of pile types 345 Pile-driving equipment 346 Jetting piles 351 Pile driving by vibration 352 Pile driving over water 352 Pile driving through difficult ground 353, Test piling 353 Timber piles 359 Precast concrete piles 361 Jointed precast concrete piles 365 Prestressed concrete piles 366 Steel piles 369 ‘Types of driven and cast-in-place pile 373 ‘Types of bored pile 374 Types of composite pile 382 ‘The design of pile caps and capping beams 383 ‘The economics of piled foundations 385, The choice of type of pile 387 References 389 Foundation construction 390 91 92 93 94 95 Site preparation 390 Excavation methods 391 Stability of slopes to open excavations 392 Trench excavation 398 Support of excavations 401 10 u 96 97 98 99 9.10 Structural design of supports to excavations 416 Overall stability of strutted excavations 424 Inward yielding and settlement of the ground surrounding excavations 425 ‘The use of finite clement techniques for predicting deformations around deep excavations 428 Example 433 References 435 2 Cofferdams 436 10.1 10.2 103 104 105 10.6 107 108 10.9 Geotechnical processes 481 na 2 13 na Cofferdam types 436 Design of single-wall sheet pile cofferdams 444 Construction of single-wall sheet pile cofferdams 451 Double-wall sheet pile cofferdams 459 Cellular sheet pile cofferdams 460 Concrete-walled cofferdams 461 Movable coffexdams 464 Underwater foundation construction 464 Examples 470 References 479 13 Contents vii 11.5. Ground water under artesian head beneath excavations 509 11.6 The use of geotechnical processes for ground improvement 510 References 516 Shoring and underpinning 518 12.1 Requirements for shoring and underpinning 518 12.2 Methods of shoring 518 12.3 Methods of underpinning 522 12.4 Moving buildings 533 References 535 Protection of foundation structures against attack by soils and ground water 537 13.1 Causes of attack 537 13.2 Soil and ground-water investigations 537 13.3 Protection of timber piles 538 13.4 Protection of steel piling against corrosion S41 13.5 Protection of concrete structures 542 References 547 Appendix A Properties of materials 549 Ground improvement by geotechnical Appendix B Ground movements around excavations 550 processes 481 Appendix C Conversion tables 552 Ground water in excavations 481 Author Index 555 Methods of ground-water control 489 Subject Index 560 ‘The settlement of ground adjacent to excavations caused by ground-water lowering 507

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