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Ch 11 of ASCE 7- 05:
Seismic Design Criteria
Ch 12 of ASCE 7- 05:
Seismic Design Requirements for Buildings
Presentation highlights select provisions of interest Emphasize on understanding the intent and the basis for the code provisions Comparison of provisions with UBC 97 where applicable
CBC- Ch 16, ASCE - Ch 11 & 12
Set a proper design level to achieve the performance objective for the building
Immediate Occupancy:
Slight damage to the structural system. Retains nearly all pre-EQ strength and stiffness
Life Safety:
Structural stiffness loss significant, but building retains significant margin against collapse
Collapse Prevention:
Substantial degradation, little margin against collapse. Aftershocks can cause collapse. Commentary NEHRP 2003, Understanding The Code
CBC Ch 16
Commentary - ASCE 7- 05
Understanding Chapters 11 & 12: EQ Loading & Design Requirements The basic components
1. Determine the EQ intensity (i.e. loading) based on the location of the building: The Demand Side 2. Determine EQ Design level to be implemented in response to the EQ level: The Supply Side 3. Provide Detailed Seismic Design information i.g. System parameters, Analysis requirement, EQ loading combinations, drifts limits
Commentary - EQ Loading & Design Reqmnt
Understanding Chapters 11 & 12: EQ Loading & Design Requirements Factors influencing EQ Intensity (loading) :
Regional seismicity defined by acceleration parameters: Ss, S1 Site specific classification: Fa, Fv adjustments for the local soil characteristics
Design Building
Commentary - EQ Loading & Design Reqmnt
CALCULATE MAXIMUM CONSIDERED EQ. (MCE) PARAMETER, SMS = FaSS & SM1 = FVS1
CONSTRUCT A DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRA USING SPECTRAL ACCELERATION SDS = 2SMS/3 & SD1 = 2SM1/3
(5) (6)
OCCUPANCY CATEGORY (CBC TABLE 1604.5) & IMPORTANCE FACTOR (ASCE TABLE 11.5-1)
SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORY (SDC) A, B, C, D BASED ON SDS, SD1 & OCCUPANCY CATEGORY I, II, III, IV (ASCE TABLE 11.6-1 & 2)
Ch 11 & Ch 12
(1)
(2)
Site Class: A- Hard Rock thru F- Collapsible Soil (Not to be confused with SDC A-F) A-
Maps normalized for Site Class B : Rock Fa, Fv adjust Ss & S1 for the specific site characteristics Softer soils impact lower intensity Ss more than higher intensity Ss Softer soils impact S1 more relative to Ss
(3) (4)
Soil type SD or D
(5)
Importance Factor:
Amplifies design requirements for buildings with higher occupancy classification Modifies R lower and thus adjusts the design base shear higher i.e. requiring higher strength Modifies allowable drifts lower, thus limits damage and also results into lower ductility demand
Note increase in I for: Occupancy category III i.e. Group A Occupancy Select Structures in Occupancy Category IV - Fire Stations
(6)
D
E
D
E
D
F
Geotechnical Consideration
SDC E and F: site shall not be located at a fault rupture Soils report for SDC C - F shall address:
Slope instability Liquefaction Differential settlement Surface displacement due to faulting or lateral spreading
Mitigation measures, selection of foundation type selection of structural systems to accommodate the displacements 11.8 Geological Hazards & Investigation
More than 6 ft above Grade Plane More than 6 ft above ground for 40% of building perimeter More than12 ft above ground anywhere on the floor
Grade plane: Average ground level adjoining the structure For ground sloping away from structure: Lowest adjacent point up to the property line or 6ft. away whichever is less
Cd = Deflection Amplification Factor-Introduced to better predict inelastic deflections for various systems
12.2 Structural System Selection
Vertical Combination:
R for any story R used in any level above Cd, and 0 for any story Cd, and 0 used in any level above
Exceptions: 1. Roof top structure < 2 stories and < 10% of bldg. weight 2. Supported systems < 10% of bldg. weight 3. Detached 1 or 2 story dwellings
Note: Building need not be regular for 2- stage analysis as required by UBC 97
Diaphragm Classification
Note:
Must Consider Semi-Rigid if SemiHorizontal Irregularity Exists or if Span 3 D Depth
CBC 1613.6.1 provides alternative provisions; wood panels and steel decks can be considered as flexible diaphragms if:
Conc. topping on wood diaph. 1-1/2 Drifts code allowable Lateral systems: light frame wall with wood or steel sheet Cant. Diaphragm are designed per section 2305.2.5
Horizontal Irregularity
Prohibited irregularity for SDC E & F Horizontal irregularity 1b Support elements shall be designed for Em = oQE Ev Design force shall be increased by 25% for diaphragm to vertical element connection and connection to collectors and collector to vertical element. Or alternatively design for: 12.4.3.2 load combination: (1.2+0.2 SDS)D + oQE + L + 0.2S (0.9 0.2 SDS)D + oQE + 1.6H 12.7.3 Rigid elements shall not inhibit the performance of moment frames 2 3. No amplification for light frame construction is required. 12.8.4.3 Amplify accidental torsion with Ax = max 1.2 avg 12.12.1 shall be computed at the edges of the building 16.2.2.3 3-D Non-Linear Time History Analysis required Table 12.6-1 Prescribes Analysis Procedure
Note: 12.3.3.3 requires that o apply to podium floors with light frame shear walls
Vertical Irregularity
Exceptions: 1.Type 1a, 1b, or 2 not applicable where all story drift is < 1.3 X the adjacent story drift. Torsional effects need not apply. The top two stories need not be considered. 2.Type 1a, 1b and 2 need not be considered in : a) One story structures in any category, b)2 story buildings in SDC B,C, D Provisions: 12.3.3.1 Prohibited irregularity: for SDC D Vertical irregularity 5b, For SDC E & F vertical irregularity 1b, 5a, or 5b 12.3.3.3 Support elements shall be designed for Em = oQE Ev 12.3.3.4 Design force shall be increased by 25% for diaphragm to vertical element connection and connection to collectors and collector to vertical element. Or alternatively design for: 12.4.3.2 load combination: (1.2+0.2 SDS)D + oQE + L + 0.2S (0.9 0.2 SDS)D + oQE + 1.6H Table 12.6-1: Prescribes analysis procedure
Note: 12.3.3.3 requires that o apply to podium floors with light frame shear walls
Redundancy
is always = 1.0 for these conditions Redundancy Factory by default is = 1.3 for structural systems in SDC D F except as noted below:
L Hs
2xL Hs
Note: CBC section 1605.3.2 offers Alternative basic load combination same as UBC 97 for allowable stress design where Ev is zero as follows:
D+L+S+E/1.4 & 0.9D+E/1.4
(If these combinations are used for foundation design then reduction of foundation forces per ASCE 12.13. 4 is not allowed)
&
Allowable Stress Increase: use a 1.2 x for combinations with over strength factor
Not to be combined with any other load duration factors except those in AF&PA NDS
Direction of Load
Loads may be applied independently in each of the orthogonal direction. Applied direction shall produce the most critical load effect . For non-parallel systems (horiz. Irreg. Type 5) the critical load effect is assumed to be satisfied if one of the following is used: 1) Orthogonal Combination Procedure:
Loading is applied independently in 2 orthogonal direction, using ELF, response spectrum or time history analysis. Apply 100% of the force in one direction + 30% in the orthogonal direction and alternate directions. Use the maximum force generated in the element for design.
ELF procedure is allowed only for building with T< 3.5 Ts 12.6 Analysis Procedure Selection
Modeling Criteria
Foundation Modeling:
Model shall be Fixed or Pin consistent with the design intent Soil flexibility may be modeled per Ch 19 i.e. Soil-Structure interaction
Structural Modeling:
P- must be considered Use 3-D modeling for torsional, out of plane offset, & non-parallel system irregularities Semi-rigid diaphragms shall have their stiffness modeled. Use cracked section property for CMU and Concrete elements Contribution of panel zone deformation on drift shall be considered
Adjoining rigid elements shall not inhibit the performance of moments frames:
Their effects at m must be considered Their effects on causing irregularity must be considered upon failure of these elements 12.7 - Modeling Criteria
CS =
( 1R )
SD1 T R
SDS
Max CS =
(1 ) ( )
R 1
for T < TL
S T Max CS = D1 L 2 T
for T > TL
( )
R 1
0.5 S1
ELF is essentially the formulation of the code spectra for a given T, R and I incorporated. Regular structures 5 stories with T 0.5S may use Ss =1.5 for determination of Cs
S E T A A C L R T N(g P C R L C E E A IO 's)
ASCE & UBC base shear are comparable however design forces may vary due to differences in irreg. require., I, & R.
Soil type SD or D
1.500
1.000
Soil type SB or B
0.500
0.000 0.000
0.500
1.000
2.000
2.500
3.00
Determination of Period
Period Determination for strength demand for ELF Procedure:
Find build. T & limit it Maximum T: Cu Ta or Alternatively Use Ta Ta: Ct h xn
Distribution of Forces
Vertical Distribution :
k=1 for T 0.5 sec k=2 for T 2.5 sec For 0.5 < T < 2.5 Interpolate
Determination of Drifts
Location where drift is measured:
Difference of deflection at the center of mass Where torsional irregularity exists drift () is calculated at edges of building
x = Cd xe I
xe = Deflection by elastic method with I factor included in the EQ loading Cd = Amplification factor to simulate inelastic NOTE: The importance factor ( I ) has been neutralized in the calculation of drifts. i. e. The importance factor does not effect the calculation of deflections.
Drifts shall be calculated using strength level seismic forces even when allowable stress approach is used. Drifts are calculated using seismic base shear with no upper limit on the period.
12.8 - Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
Amplification of torsion is not required Where loads applied concurrently in orthogonal directions the 5% eccentricity shall only be applied for the direction with maximum effect P - Delta effects shall be considered Soil structure interaction reduction is permitted (Ch. 19)
Where diaphragm transfers forces from one vertical load resisting element to another due to offsets or changes in stiffness these forces shall be added to the above forces applies to diaphragms in SDC D F in the following manner:
For forces calculated per eq 12.10-1 (above), =1.0 For transfer forces = same as the building
Walls shall be designed to resist bending between anchors where anchor spacing > 4 ft. Anchorage of conc. or CMU walls to Flexible Diaphragms: Fp = 0.8 SDS I wp (Note 2 X the typical out of plane force) Connection shall extend into the diaphragm sufficiently to develop the forces into the diaphragm. (i.e. Tear out of diaphragm shall be avoided)
12.11 Structural Walls & Their Anchorage
ASCE and UBC 97 have comparable out of plane forces for Ss 1.5 No min. limit prescribed by ASCE.
Comparable anchorage forces for flexible diaphragm ASCE has lower anchorage forces for rigid diaphragm
12.11 Structural Walls & Their Anchorage
Foundation Design
Foundation flexibility can be modeled per Ch. 19 (i.e. Soil Structure Interaction). Overturning for foundations may be reduced:
by 25% with ELF procedure except for inverted pendulum system (not permitted when the Alternative ASD Load per 1605.3.2 is used.) by 10% for structures designed with the modal analysis
Note: These reductions not allowed for alternative basic load combination per CBC 1605.3.2
Foundation Ties shall be provided for pile caps, drilled piers and caissons. Tension or compression strength = 0.1 SDS x the larger pile capacity or column factored (DL + LL). Restrain may be demonstrated to be provided by slab on grades or competent soil Foundation ties as defined above shall be provided for footings in soil class E or F The provisions provide requirements for pile anchorage to caps to resist uplift or provide rotational restraint
12.13 Foundation Design
Minimum 2 lines of lateral resistance in each of the 2 major directions Minimum 1 line of resistance on each side of center of mass For flexible diaphragms, overhangs beyond outside line of shear walls or braced frames shall conform to: a < d/5 8. For buildings with non flexible diaphragm, the building shall not have adequate torsional resistance per prescriptive requirements listed in the UBC 9. Lines of resistance shall be oriented at angles no more than 15 degrees from major orthogonal directions 10. Simplified procedure shall be used for each major orthogonal direction 11. System irregularities caused by in plane or out of plane offsets is not permitted 12. Lateral-Load-Resistance of any story shall not be < 80% of any other story
Load combination with EQ for allowable stress design: (same as CBC 1605.3.1)
5. 6. 8. (1.0+0.14 SDS)D + H + F + 0.7QE (1.0+0.105 SDS)D + H + F + 0.525QE + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or R) (0.6- 0.14 SDS)D + H + 0.7QE
Em need not exceed maximum mechanism load using expected values of the material.
Vertical Combination:
R used for any story shall be < R used in any level above in the same direction
Components common to different lateral systems shall be designed per detailing requirement for highest R.
Fa = 1.0 for rock sites or 1.4 for soil sites or per 11.4.3 Ss per the maps Max Ss = 1.5
VERTICAL FORCE DISTRIBUTION
F = 1.0 for one story buildings F = 1.1 for 2 story building F = 1.2 for 3 story building
Wx Fx = W V
Overturning: The foundation shall be designed for > 75% of foundation overturning Drifts are not required to be calculated For building separation, cladding design, etc. Drifts may be taken as 0.01 x building height, unless computed to be less.
ASCE simplified base shear is on par with UBC 97 for 3-story structure but lower for a 1-story structure
12.14 Simplified Alternative Design Criteria
Conclusion
As the state of knowledge advances, the codes will become more complex and expanded. The most effective way to stay abreast of the code changes is to understand the basis and the intent of the design provisions. This enables one to proactively look for and apply the appropriate provision. The commentary part of the code and the sited references are the best resource for understanding the basis of the provisions.
Commentary