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Seismic Design Criteria & Requirements Per CBC 2007

by

Mehran Pourzanjani S.E.


January 26, 2008

SEAOSC Seismology Committee

Overview of the Presentation


Structure of CBC 2007 Ch 16 of CBC 2007:
Structural Design

Ch 11 of ASCE 7- 05:
Seismic Design Criteria

Ch 12 of ASCE 7- 05:
Seismic Design Requirements for Buildings

Presentation highlights select provisions of interest Emphasize on understanding the intent and the basis for the code provisions Comparison of provisions with UBC 97 where applicable
CBC- Ch 16, ASCE - Ch 11 & 12

The Structure of CBC 2007


CBC 2007 adapts other codes by reference with modifications noted in the corresponding chapters:

Commentary -The Set-up of CBC 2007

Code Seismic Design Criteria Philosophy

Consider an appropriate E.Q. hazard

Set a proper design level to achieve the performance objective for the building

Commentary NEHRP 2003, Understanding The Code

EQ Levels Considered by Code


Maximum Considered EQ (MCE):
Basis E.Q.: (Most Areas) Probabilistic approach with 2% chance of exceedance in 50 year Return period of 2500 year Deterministic (cap) event with varying recurrence interval ranging from less than 500 year to 1300 year or more depending on the site.

Near Fault Areas: (i.g. Coastal California)

Design (Basis) EQ= 2/3 of MCE Maximum Probable EQ (MPE):


50% chance of exceedance in 50 years Return period of 72 year

Commentary NEHRP 2003, Understanding The Code

Code Performance Objectives


Performance Levels:
Operational:
Negligible damage to the structural system

Immediate Occupancy:
Slight damage to the structural system. Retains nearly all pre-EQ strength and stiffness

Life Safety:
Structural stiffness loss significant, but building retains significant margin against collapse

Collapse Prevention:
Substantial degradation, little margin against collapse. Aftershocks can cause collapse. Commentary NEHRP 2003, Understanding The Code

Building Performance Objective

Commentary NEHRP 2003, Understanding The Code

Actual Performance of Structures


Variation in performance of buildings will occur even when designed to the same criteria, due to:
Site conditions Quality of construction Structural systems Detailing Overall configuration of the building Inaccuracies in our analysis techniques Others

Commentary NEHRP 2003, Understanding The Code

CBC Ch. 16 Structural Design


Ch 16- Structural Design Issues
1601 & 1602: Scope, Definitions and Notations 1603: Construction Documents Information required on the CD documents 1604: General Design Requirements Deflections, Occupancy Category, Anchorage, Refers to ASCE for wind & Seismic Detailing 1605: Load Combinations 1606, 1607, 1608, 1609, 1610, 1611, 1612: Dead Loads, Live loads, Snow Loads, Wind Loads, Soil Loads, Rain Loads, Flood Loads

1613 Earthquake Loads


Site Classification & coefficients, SDC, Maps, Alternates to ASCE 7-i.g. Flexible diaph. 1613.1: Every structure, and portion thereof, including nonstructural components that are permanently attached to structures and their supports at attachments, shall be designed and constructed in accordance with ASCE 7, excluding Chapter 14 and Appendix 11A. The seismic design category for a structure is permitted to be determined in accordance with Section 1613 or ASCE 7.
(ASCE 7- Ch 14: exceptions to Material Standards, App 11A contains QA/QC provisions) CBC provides similar provisions in lieu of these

CBC Ch 16

ASCE 7- 05 Seismic Chapters


Ch 11 - Seismic Design Criteria Ch 12 - Seismic Design Requirements for Building Structures Ch 13 - Seismic Design Requirements for Nonstructural Components Ch 15 - Seismic Design Requirements for Nonbuilding Structures Ch 16 - Seismic Response History Procedure Ch 17 - Seismic Design Requirements for Seismically Isolated Structures Ch 18 - Seismic Design Requirements for Structures with Damping Systems Ch 19 - Soil Structure Interaction for Seismic Design Ch 20 - Site Classification Procedure for Seismic Design (Soil Related) Ch 21 - Site Specific Ground Motion Procedures for Seismic Design (Soil ) Ch 22 - Seismic Ground Motion and Long- Period Transition Maps Ch 23 - Seismic Design Reference Documents ASCE 7- 05 Seismic Chapters

Complexity of ASCE 7 05 Code


Five Different EQ Loading Procedures Six Levels of Design Categories

Commentary - ASCE 7- 05

Understanding Chapters 11 & 12: EQ Loading & Design Requirements The basic components
1. Determine the EQ intensity (i.e. loading) based on the location of the building: The Demand Side 2. Determine EQ Design level to be implemented in response to the EQ level: The Supply Side 3. Provide Detailed Seismic Design information i.g. System parameters, Analysis requirement, EQ loading combinations, drifts limits
Commentary - EQ Loading & Design Reqmnt

Understanding Chapters 11 & 12: EQ Loading & Design Requirements Factors influencing EQ Intensity (loading) :
Regional seismicity defined by acceleration parameters: Ss, S1 Site specific classification: Fa, Fv adjustments for the local soil characteristics

Result: Design Response Spectrum - i.e. EQ loading demand


Commentary - EQ Loading & Design Reqmnt

Understanding Chapters 11 & 12: EQ Loading & Design Requirements


Factors influencing the Seismic Design level to be implemented: The Supply Side
Occupancy Category: Categorizes Buildings in Accordance to Hazard to Human Life and Essentiality: Varies from I- Low hazard to human life to IVessential facilities. Importance Factor: Factor Assigned to Occupancy Category in Accordance to the Classification Higher Occupancy Category Higher Importance Factor

Result: Seismic Design Category (SDC):


The appropriate design level for the EQ intensity considered. (6 SDC levels : A thru F)
Commentary - EQ Loading & Design Reqmnt

Understanding Chapters 11 & 12: EQ Loading & Design Requirements


Determining Design Level
Determining Seismic Loading Structure Location Seismicity of Region Acceleration SS, S1 Incorporate Site Soil Conditions; Fa & Fv to determine SDS SD1 Seismic Spectra

Structure Occupancy Category Importance Factor Seismic Design Category (SDC)

Design Building
Commentary - EQ Loading & Design Reqmnt

The Quest for EQ Loads & Design Requirements


BUILDING LOCATION

(1) (2) (3) (4)

SPECTRAL ACCELARATION: SS & S1 (MAPS OR USGS WEBSITE)

The path to EQ load demand and design requirements

SITE CLASSIFICATION ADJUSTMENT: Fa & Fv (Table 11.4-1 & 2)

CALCULATE MAXIMUM CONSIDERED EQ. (MCE) PARAMETER, SMS = FaSS & SM1 = FVS1

CONSTRUCT A DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRA USING SPECTRAL ACCELERATION SDS = 2SMS/3 & SD1 = 2SM1/3

(5) (6)

OCCUPANCY CATEGORY (CBC TABLE 1604.5) & IMPORTANCE FACTOR (ASCE TABLE 11.5-1)

SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORY (SDC) A, B, C, D BASED ON SDS, SD1 & OCCUPANCY CATEGORY I, II, III, IV (ASCE TABLE 11.6-1 & 2)

ANALYSE AND DESIGN THE BUILDING

Ch 11 & Ch 12

The MCE Ground Motion Maps


Determine Regional Seismicity characteristics
May obtain coordinates at: http://stevemorse.org/jcal/latlon.php

(1)

Maps from ASCE 7-05 or USGS web site: http://eartquake.usgs.gov

11.4 Seismic Ground Motion Values

Site Class & Coefficients


Site Specific Adjustments to EQ loading
Classifications from soils report If soil property not known, use Class D

(2)

Site Class: A- Hard Rock thru F- Collapsible Soil (Not to be confused with SDC A-F) A-

Site Coefficient: Fa, Fv

Maps normalized for Site Class B : Rock Fa, Fv adjust Ss & S1 for the specific site characteristics Softer soils impact lower intensity Ss more than higher intensity Ss Softer soils impact S1 more relative to Ss

11.4 Seismic Ground Motion Values

Code Response Spectra


Maximum Considered EQ (MCE) adjusted for site : SMS= FaSs & SM1= FvS1 Design Spectral Parameter: SDS= 2 SMS & SD1= 2 SM1
3 3

(3) (4)

11.4 Seismic Ground Motion Values

ASCE 7-05 Response Spectra vs. UBC 97


ASCE & UBC spectra are comparable. However design forces may be different due to differences in Ss S1, Irreg. require., I, R, &

Soil type SD or D

Soil type SB or B 11.4 Seismic Ground Motion

Importance Factor & Occupancy


Occupancy Category:
Categorizes buildings based on hazard to human life and essentiality after EQ

(5)

Importance Factor:
Amplifies design requirements for buildings with higher occupancy classification Modifies R lower and thus adjusts the design base shear higher i.e. requiring higher strength Modifies allowable drifts lower, thus limits damage and also results into lower ductility demand

Note increase in I for: Occupancy category III i.e. Group A Occupancy Select Structures in Occupancy Category IV - Fire Stations

11.5 Importance Factor & Occupancy Category

Seismic Design Category (SDC)


Commentary

(6)

Use the more severe SDC per the two tables

0.2 < SD1 0.5 < SDS

D
E

D
E

D
F

Where Near Source which is SD1 > 0.75

11.6 Seismic Design Category

Geotechnical Consideration
SDC E and F: site shall not be located at a fault rupture Soils report for SDC C - F shall address:
Slope instability Liquefaction Differential settlement Surface displacement due to faulting or lateral spreading

Additional Requirement for SDC D F:


Determination of lateral pressure on basement wall due to E.Q Potential for liquefaction or soil strength loss Consequences of liquefaction and soil strength loss
Diff. settlement, lateral movement, lateral loads on foundations, reduction in soil bearing, increased in lateral pressure on retaining walls and floatation of underground structures

Mitigation measures, selection of foundation type selection of structural systems to accommodate the displacements 11.8 Geological Hazards & Investigation

Select New Definitions


Story above grade (i.e. grade being Seismic Base):
Floor is entirely above grade Where grade slopes along the length of building, floor is above grade if:
1. 2. 3.

More than 6 ft above Grade Plane More than 6 ft above ground for 40% of building perimeter More than12 ft above ground anywhere on the floor

Grade plane: Average ground level adjoining the structure For ground sloping away from structure: Lowest adjacent point up to the property line or 6ft. away whichever is less

Ch 11- Seismic Design Criteria

Structural Systems for EQ Resistance


Many New Lateral Load Resisting Systems

Parameters Defining a Structural System:


R = Response Modification Factor - an indicator of
ductility for the systems
Has changed for some of the systems from UBC 97

0 = Systems Overstrength Factor- an indicator of actual


system strength vs. calculated strength
Has changed for some of the systems from UBC 97

Cd = Deflection Amplification Factor-Introduced to better predict inelastic deflections for various systems
12.2 Structural System Selection

Structural Systems Design Coefficients


(R, 0, Cd)

12.2 Structural System Selection

Structural Systems Design Coefficients


(R, 0, Cd)

12.2 Structural System Selection

Structural Systems Design Coefficients


(R, 0, Cd)

12.2 Structural System Selection

Combination of Framing Systems


Different Orthogonal Directions: Horizontal Combination:
Use applicable R, Cd, and 0 for each direction Use lowest applicable R in any given direction Combination in the same line permitted only if:
Occupancy Category I, II Less than 2 stories Light frame structure with flexible diaphragm Cd, and 0 shall correspond to the R value used

Vertical Combination:

R for any story R used in any level above Cd, and 0 for any story Cd, and 0 used in any level above
Exceptions: 1. Roof top structure < 2 stories and < 10% of bldg. weight 2. Supported systems < 10% of bldg. weight 3. Detached 1 or 2 story dwellings

Combination Framing Detailing Requirements:


Components common to different lateral systems shall be per detailing requirement for highest R

12.2 Structural Systems Selection

Two Stage Analysis


For structures with a flexible upper & a rigid lower portion, provided:
Lower portion is = 10 X stiffer than upper portion T (entire structure) 1.1 x T (upper portion by itself) Upper & lower portion designed as separate structures (R/) Apply reaction from upper portion to top of lower portion x (R/) upper 1.0
lower

Note: Building need not be regular for 2- stage analysis as required by UBC 97

12.2 Structural Design Basis

Diaphragm Classification
Note:
Must Consider Semi-Rigid if SemiHorizontal Irregularity Exists or if Span 3 D Depth

CBC 1613.6.1 provides alternative provisions; wood panels and steel decks can be considered as flexible diaphragms if:
Conc. topping on wood diaph. 1-1/2 Drifts code allowable Lateral systems: light frame wall with wood or steel sheet Cant. Diaphragm are designed per section 2305.2.5

12.3 Diaphragm Flex., Irregularity & Redundancy

Horizontal Irregularity

Provisions: 12.3.3.1 12.3.3.3 12.3.3.4

Prohibited irregularity for SDC E & F Horizontal irregularity 1b Support elements shall be designed for Em = oQE Ev Design force shall be increased by 25% for diaphragm to vertical element connection and connection to collectors and collector to vertical element. Or alternatively design for: 12.4.3.2 load combination: (1.2+0.2 SDS)D + oQE + L + 0.2S (0.9 0.2 SDS)D + oQE + 1.6H 12.7.3 Rigid elements shall not inhibit the performance of moment frames 2 3. No amplification for light frame construction is required. 12.8.4.3 Amplify accidental torsion with Ax = max 1.2 avg 12.12.1 shall be computed at the edges of the building 16.2.2.3 3-D Non-Linear Time History Analysis required Table 12.6-1 Prescribes Analysis Procedure

Note: 12.3.3.3 requires that o apply to podium floors with light frame shear walls

12.3 Diaphragm Flex., Irregularity & Redundancy

Vertical Irregularity

Exceptions: 1.Type 1a, 1b, or 2 not applicable where all story drift is < 1.3 X the adjacent story drift. Torsional effects need not apply. The top two stories need not be considered. 2.Type 1a, 1b and 2 need not be considered in : a) One story structures in any category, b)2 story buildings in SDC B,C, D Provisions: 12.3.3.1 Prohibited irregularity: for SDC D Vertical irregularity 5b, For SDC E & F vertical irregularity 1b, 5a, or 5b 12.3.3.3 Support elements shall be designed for Em = oQE Ev 12.3.3.4 Design force shall be increased by 25% for diaphragm to vertical element connection and connection to collectors and collector to vertical element. Or alternatively design for: 12.4.3.2 load combination: (1.2+0.2 SDS)D + oQE + L + 0.2S (0.9 0.2 SDS)D + oQE + 1.6H Table 12.6-1: Prescribes analysis procedure

Note: 12.3.3.3 requires that o apply to podium floors with light frame shear walls

12.3 Diaphragm Flex., Irregularity & Redundancy

Redundancy
is always = 1.0 for these conditions Redundancy Factory by default is = 1.3 for structural systems in SDC D F except as noted below:

L Hs

2xL Hs

Members to be removed within a story

12.3 Diaphragm Flex., Irregularity & Redundancy

Seismic Load Effects & Combination


E= Eh + Ev & E= Eh - Ev use in load combination 7 or 8
Eh = QE Ev = 0.2SDSD (Zero for determining demand on soils for foundation design)

Load combination with EQ for strength design: (Same as UBC 97)


5. 7. (1.2+0.2 SDS)D + QE + L + 0.2S For LL 100 psf Use 0.5 L Except in garages or public assembly areas (0.9 0.2 SDS)D + QE + 1.6H If H counter acts E do not include it (1.0+0.14 SDS)D + H + F + 0.7QE (1.0+0.105 SDS)D + H + F + 0.525QE + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or R) (0.6 - 0.14 SDS)D + H + 0.7QE NEW

Load combination with EQ for allowable stress design:


5. 6. 8.

Note: CBC section 1605.3.2 offers Alternative basic load combination same as UBC 97 for allowable stress design where Ev is zero as follows:
D+L+S+E/1.4 & 0.9D+E/1.4

(If these combinations are used for foundation design then reduction of foundation forces per ASCE 12.13. 4 is not allowed)

Minimum Upward Forces for Horizontal Cantilevers for SDC D - F:


Net upward force of 0.2 X DL

12.4 Seismic Load Effects & Combinations

Seismic Load Effects Including Overstrength Factor o


Em = Emh + Ev
Emh = oQE Em need not exceed maximum mechanism load using expected values of the material.

&

Em = Emh - Ev use in combination 7 or 8

Load Combinations for strength design: (comparable to UBC 97)


5. (1.2+0.2 SDS)D + oQE + L + 0.2S For LL 100 psf 0.5 L Except in garages or public assembly areas 7. (0.9 0.2 SDS)D + oQE + 1.6H If H counter acts E do not include it

Load Combinations for allowable stress design: NEW


5. (1.0+0.14 SDS)D + H + F + 0.7oQE 6. (1.0+0.105 SDS)D + H + F + 0.525oQE + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or R) NEW 8. (0.6 - 0.14 SDS)D + H + 0.7oQE

Allowable Stress Increase: use a 1.2 x for combinations with over strength factor
Not to be combined with any other load duration factors except those in AF&PA NDS

12.4 Seismic Load Effects & Combinations

Direction of Load
Loads may be applied independently in each of the orthogonal direction. Applied direction shall produce the most critical load effect . For non-parallel systems (horiz. Irreg. Type 5) the critical load effect is assumed to be satisfied if one of the following is used: 1) Orthogonal Combination Procedure:
Loading is applied independently in 2 orthogonal direction, using ELF, response spectrum or time history analysis. Apply 100% of the force in one direction + 30% in the orthogonal direction and alternate directions. Use the maximum force generated in the element for design.

2) Simultaneous Application of Orthogonal Ground Motion:


Using linear or non-linear time history with orthogonal pairs of ground motion applied simultaneously.

Columns or walls forming 2 intersecting seismic resisting systems in SDC D-F:


If axial load due to EQ in either direction > 20% of capacity they shall be designed for most critical load effect due to EQ in any direction. Either 1) or 2) above may be used to satisfy this requirement. For flexible diaphragm 2-D analysis is permitted.

12.5 Direction of Loading

Analysis Selection Process


TABLE 12.6-1 PERMITTED ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES

ELF procedure is allowed only for building with T< 3.5 Ts 12.6 Analysis Procedure Selection

Modeling Criteria
Foundation Modeling:
Model shall be Fixed or Pin consistent with the design intent Soil flexibility may be modeled per Ch 19 i.e. Soil-Structure interaction

Structural Modeling:
P- must be considered Use 3-D modeling for torsional, out of plane offset, & non-parallel system irregularities Semi-rigid diaphragms shall have their stiffness modeled. Use cracked section property for CMU and Concrete elements Contribution of panel zone deformation on drift shall be considered

Adjoining rigid elements shall not inhibit the performance of moments frames:
Their effects at m must be considered Their effects on causing irregularity must be considered upon failure of these elements 12.7 - Modeling Criteria

Equivalent Lateral Force Method


V = CS W

CS =

( 1R )
SD1 T R

SDS

Max CS =

(1 ) ( )
R 1

for T < TL

S T Max CS = D1 L 2 T

for T > TL

Min CS = 0.01 Min CS =

( )
R 1

0.5 S1

Where S1 > 0.6

ELF is essentially the formulation of the code spectra for a given T, R and I incorporated. Regular structures 5 stories with T 0.5S may use Ss =1.5 for determination of Cs

12.8 - Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure

ELF Base Shear - ASCE vs. UBC


2.000

S E T A A C L R T N(g P C R L C E E A IO 's)

ASCE & UBC base shear are comparable however design forces may vary due to differences in irreg. require., I, & R.

Soil type SD or D
1.500

1.000

Soil type SB or B

0.500

0.000 0.000

0.500

1.000

1.500 PERIOD (seconds)

2.000

2.500

3.00

12.8 ELF procedure

Determination of Period
Period Determination for strength demand for ELF Procedure:
Find build. T & limit it Maximum T: Cu Ta or Alternatively Use Ta Ta: Ct h xn

Alternatively for buildings with:


steel or concrete moment frames 12 stories & Story Heights 10 ft Ta = 0.1N masonry or concrete shear walls Ta = 0.0019 hn/Cw

12.8 - Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure

Distribution of Forces
Vertical Distribution :
k=1 for T 0.5 sec k=2 for T 2.5 sec For 0.5 < T < 2.5 Interpolate

Horizontal Distribution: Based

on relative stiffness of vertical resisting elements

Accidental Torsion: Displace center of mass by 5% in the direction that produces


maximum effect

Amplification of Accidental Torsion for Torsional Irregularity:

Ax=1.0 for light frame construction

12.8 - Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure

Determination of Drifts
Location where drift is measured:
Difference of deflection at the center of mass Where torsional irregularity exists drift () is calculated at edges of building

Inelastic Deflection Calculation:

x = Cd xe I

xe = Deflection by elastic method with I factor included in the EQ loading Cd = Amplification factor to simulate inelastic NOTE: The importance factor ( I ) has been neutralized in the calculation of drifts. i. e. The importance factor does not effect the calculation of deflections.

Drifts shall be calculated using strength level seismic forces even when allowable stress approach is used. Drifts are calculated using seismic base shear with no upper limit on the period.
12.8 - Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure

Modal Response Spectrum Analysis


At least 90% mass participation Use the Spectra in section 11.4 or a site specific spectra divided by R for the analysis I Multiply displacements and drifts by Cd (assumes I already included in the EQ loading) I CQC method of combination shall be used when closely spaced modes occur For force calculations: use analysis results but as a minimum scale up the modal response shear Vt 0.85 VELF if lower
NOTE: Scaling up for drifts calculations is not required. The Cd factor does the required adjustments

Amplification of torsion is not required Where loads applied concurrently in orthogonal directions the 5% eccentricity shall only be applied for the direction with maximum effect P - Delta effects shall be considered Soil structure interaction reduction is permitted (Ch. 19)

12.9 - Modal Response Analysis

Diaphragm Design Forces


Use forces from analysis but not less than eq 12.10-1:
eq 12.10-1
with

Max Fpx = 0.4SDSIwpx Min Fpx = 0.2SDSIwpx

Where diaphragm transfers forces from one vertical load resisting element to another due to offsets or changes in stiffness these forces shall be added to the above forces applies to diaphragms in SDC D F in the following manner:
For forces calculated per eq 12.10-1 (above), =1.0 For transfer forces = same as the building

12.10 Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors

Min. & Max. Diaphragm Forces


ASCE7-05 vs. UBC 97

Parity in Min. & Max. forces between ASCE5-07 and UBC 97


12.10 Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors

Out of Plane Wall Forces


Out of plane forces for structural walls = 0.4 SDS I x wall weight > min. 10% x wall weight Anchorage of concrete or masonry wall force shall be the greater of:
Out of plane force above or Force = 400 SDS I lbs/ft of wall > min. of 280 lbs/ft of wall (Concrete with UBC)

Walls shall be designed to resist bending between anchors where anchor spacing > 4 ft. Anchorage of conc. or CMU walls to Flexible Diaphragms: Fp = 0.8 SDS I wp (Note 2 X the typical out of plane force) Connection shall extend into the diaphragm sufficiently to develop the forces into the diaphragm. (i.e. Tear out of diaphragm shall be avoided)
12.11 Structural Walls & Their Anchorage

Wall Anchorage to Diaphragm


The forces shall be increased by 1.4 for the steel elements of the connection with the exception of anchor bolts and reinforcing steel Metal deck diaphragm shall not be used as continuous ties in the direction perpendicular to the deck. Wood Diaphragms:
Continuous ties shall be in addition to the sheathing. Anchorage shall not be accomplished through: toe nailing, nails in withdrawal or cross grain bending in wood ledgers, or cross-grain tension Diaphragm sheathing shall not be considered effective as providing the ties or struts required by this section

12.11 Structural Walls & Their Anchorage

Out of Plane Wall Forces


ASCE7-05 vs. UBC 97

ASCE and UBC 97 have comparable out of plane forces for Ss 1.5 No min. limit prescribed by ASCE.

12.11 Structural Walls & Their Anchorage

Wall Anchorage Forces


ASCE 7-05 vs. UBC 97

Comparable anchorage forces for flexible diaphragm ASCE has lower anchorage forces for rigid diaphragm
12.11 Structural Walls & Their Anchorage

Story Drift Limits


ASCE lowers the allowable drifts for buildings with higher I factor. UBC 97 calculates higher pseudo for buildings with higher I. ( i.e. UBC includes I in EQ loading used for the calculations of I) Moment frames in SDC D-F are limited to drifts < a/ This forces additional bays of frame in the building
ASCE has lower drift limits for the critical occupancies III, & IV vs. UBC 97. 97

Building Separation Clarification: Separation = x12 + x22


12 .12 Drift & Deformation

Foundation Design
Foundation flexibility can be modeled per Ch. 19 (i.e. Soil Structure Interaction). Overturning for foundations may be reduced:
by 25% with ELF procedure except for inverted pendulum system (not permitted when the Alternative ASD Load per 1605.3.2 is used.) by 10% for structures designed with the modal analysis
Note: These reductions not allowed for alternative basic load combination per CBC 1605.3.2

Foundation Ties shall be provided for pile caps, drilled piers and caissons. Tension or compression strength = 0.1 SDS x the larger pile capacity or column factored (DL + LL). Restrain may be demonstrated to be provided by slab on grades or competent soil Foundation ties as defined above shall be provided for footings in soil class E or F The provisions provide requirements for pile anchorage to caps to resist uplift or provide rotational restraint
12.13 Foundation Design

Requirements for Simplified Design Procedure


May be used if the following limitations are met:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Occupancy Category I or II Site shall not be Class E or F Structure < 3 stories Seismic lateral system: Either bearing wall or Building Frame system

Minimum 2 lines of lateral resistance in each of the 2 major directions Minimum 1 line of resistance on each side of center of mass For flexible diaphragms, overhangs beyond outside line of shear walls or braced frames shall conform to: a < d/5 8. For buildings with non flexible diaphragm, the building shall not have adequate torsional resistance per prescriptive requirements listed in the UBC 9. Lines of resistance shall be oriented at angles no more than 15 degrees from major orthogonal directions 10. Simplified procedure shall be used for each major orthogonal direction 11. System irregularities caused by in plane or out of plane offsets is not permitted 12. Lateral-Load-Resistance of any story shall not be < 80% of any other story

12.14 - Simplified Alternate Design Criteria

Seismic Load Effects-Simplified Method


E= Eh + Ev & E= Eh - Ev use in load combination 7 or 8
Eh = QE notice no Ev = 0.2SDSD (Ev = Zero for determining demand on soil foundations)

Load combination with EQ for strength design: (COMPARABLE TO UBC 97)


5. 7. (1.2+0.2 SDS)D + QE + L + 0.2S For LL 100 psf Use 0.5 L Except in garages or public assembly areas (0.9 0.2 SDS)D + QE + 1.6H If H counter acts E do not include it

Load combination with EQ for allowable stress design: (same as CBC 1605.3.1)
5. 6. 8. (1.0+0.14 SDS)D + H + F + 0.7QE (1.0+0.105 SDS)D + H + F + 0.525QE + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or R) (0.6- 0.14 SDS)D + H + 0.7QE

12.14 - Simplified Alternate Design Criteria

Seismic Load Effects Simplified Method


Seismic Load Effect Including a 2.5 Over Strength Factor:
Em = Emh + Ev Emh = 2.5QE & Em = Emh Ev use in combination 7 or 8

Em need not exceed maximum mechanism load using expected values of the material.

Load Combinations with over strength factor for strength design:


5. (1.2+0.2 SDS)D + 2.5QE + L + 0.2S For LL 100 psf 0.5 L Except in garages or public assembly areas 7. (0.9 0.2 SDS)D + 2.5QE + 1.6H If H counter acts E do not include it

Allowable Stress Design with over strength factor


5. 6. 8. (1.0+0.14 SDS)D + H + F + 1.75QE (1.0+0.105 SDS)D + H + F + 1.313QE + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or R) (0.6 - 0.14 SDS)D + H + 0.7oQEQE

For allowable stress use a 1.2 x increase


Not to be combined with any other load duration factors except those in AF&PA NDS

12.14 Seismic Load Effects & Combinations

Seismic Force Resisting System


TABLE 12.14-1 DESIGN COEFFICIENTS AND FACTORS FOR SEISMIC FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS FOR SIMPLIFIED DESIGN PROCEDURE

12.14 Simplified Alternative Design Criteria

Seismic Force Resisting System


Horizontal Combination:
Two different systems along each of the two orthogonal directions is permitted. The corresponding R for each direction shall be used. Combination in the same direction permitted within the limitation of each system. The lowest R shall be used. Exception: Light frame construction < 2 story or flexible diaphragm, can use the lowest R value for the different seismic resisting system in each line of resistance. The diaphragm shall be designed for the lowest R in the story.

Vertical Combination:
R used for any story shall be < R used in any level above in the same direction

Components common to different lateral systems shall be designed per detailing requirement for highest R.

12.14 Simplified Alternative Design Criteria

Simplified Design Procedure Base Shear


Base Shear V = FSDSW R where SDS = 3 FaSs
2

Fa = 1.0 for rock sites or 1.4 for soil sites or per 11.4.3 Ss per the maps Max Ss = 1.5
VERTICAL FORCE DISTRIBUTION

F = 1.0 for one story buildings F = 1.1 for 2 story building F = 1.2 for 3 story building

Wx Fx = W V

Overturning: The foundation shall be designed for > 75% of foundation overturning Drifts are not required to be calculated For building separation, cladding design, etc. Drifts may be taken as 0.01 x building height, unless computed to be less.

12.14 Simplified Alternative Design Criteria

Simplified Procedure Base Shear


ASCE 7-05 vs. UBC 97
ASCE7-05

ASCE simplified base shear is on par with UBC 97 for 3-story structure but lower for a 1-story structure
12.14 Simplified Alternative Design Criteria

Conclusion
As the state of knowledge advances, the codes will become more complex and expanded. The most effective way to stay abreast of the code changes is to understand the basis and the intent of the design provisions. This enables one to proactively look for and apply the appropriate provision. The commentary part of the code and the sited references are the best resource for understanding the basis of the provisions.
Commentary

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