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Base de logaritmos neperianos. Logaritmo natural o neperiano. Logaritmo vulgar o de briggs. Seno. Arco seno. Coseno. Arco coseno. Arco coseno. Tangente. Arco tangente. Cotangente. Arco cotangente. Secante. Arco secante. Cosecante. Arco cosecante. Exponencial. Diferencial de x. Valor absoluto de x.
g :
arc tg : co g arc co tg sec : arc sec : cos ec : arc sec : exp : dx : x:
IDENTIFICACIONES USUALES
.M
s e n n x = (s e n x) n
n x = ( x) n
ogx = og x
at
am = a mn , a 0 an
em
s e n 1 x = arcs e n x og n x = ( ogx) n
(ab) n = a nb n
at
ic
m.c.m:
a1
.c
om
an a = n ,b 0 b b
= n am =
( a)
n
an =
1 an
a 0 = 1, a 0
(a b)
= a 4 4a 3b + 6a 2b 2 4ab3 + b 4
a 2 b 2 = (a + b)(a b) a 3 b3 = (a b)(a 2 ab b 2 )
3. Sean b, n, x, y, z: nmeros naturales x ogb = ogb x ogb y og ( xyz ) = ogb x + ogb y + ogb z y n 1 ogb x = n ogb x ogb n x = ogb x n ogb 1 = 0 og bb = 1
e = 1 ex = x exp( x) = x
exp x = x = x e x = x
g =
s e n cos 2 s e n + cos 2 = 1
w .M
at
sen =
1 cos ec
em
1 cos 2
at
cos = 1 s ec 1 co g 2 1 + g = sec 2
1.
g =
1+ co g 2 = cos ec 2
cos cos ec = co g
cos g = s e n
2. (a) s e n( + ) = s e n cos + cos s e n
sen
s e n 2 = 2s e n cos 1 cos 2 s e n2 = 2
s e n( ) = s e n cos cos s e n
ic
a1 .
IDENTIDADES TRIGONOMETRICAS
co m
(b)
(c)
g + g 1 g g 1 cos 2 g 2 = 1 + cos 2 g ( + ) =
2 g 1 g 2 g g g ( ) = 1 + g g
g 2 =
g
(d)
1 [s e n( + ) + s e n( )] 2 1 cos cos = [ cos( + ) + cos( ) ] 2 + s e n + s e n = 2s e n cos 2 2 + cos + cos = 2 cos cos 2 2 s e n cos =
w .M
at
em
at
ic
a1
.c
om
FORMULAS FUNDAMENTALES
Diferenciales du 1.- du = dx u 2.- d (au ) = adu 3.- d (u + v) = du + dv 4.- d (u n ) = nu n 1du
du u 6.- d (eu ) = eu du
5.- d ( u ) =
7.- d (a u ) = a u adu 8.- d (s e n u ) = cos udu 9.- d (cos u ) = s e n udu 10.- d ( gu ) = sec 2 udu 11.- d (co gu ) = cosec2 udu 12.- d (sec u ) = sec u gudu 13.- d (co sec u ) = co sec u co gudu 14.- d (arcs e n u ) = 15.- d (arc cos u ) =
du = u +c u 6.- eu du = eu + c au +c a
7.- a u du =
w w
du 1 u du
2
.M
at
em
at
ic
a1
14.- 15.-
.c om
du
1 u2 du 16.- d (arc gu ) = 1+ u2 du 17.- d (arc co gu ) = 1+ u2 du 18.- d (arc sec u ) = u u2 1 du 19.- d (arc co sec u ) = u u2 1
= arc cos u + c 1 u2 du 16.- = arc gu + c 1+ u2 du 17.- = arc co gu + c 1+ u2 arc sec u + c; u > 0 du 18.- = 2 u u 1 arc sec u + c; u < 0 arc co sec u + c; u > 0 du 19.- = 2 u u 1 arc co sec u + c; u < 0
1 u2 du
= arcs e n u + c
10
8.- co ghudu = s e n u + c
u 2 a2 2 17.- u a du = u a u + u2 a2 + c 2 2
2 2
18.- a 2 u 2 du =
Realmente, algunas de estas integrales no son estrictamente inmediatas; tal como se ver mas adelante y donde se desarrollan varias de ellas.
1 u 15.- = +c u a2 u2 a a + a2 u2
du
at e
at
ic
= u + u2 a2 + c
a1 .
du
w .M
co m
14.-
du 1 ua = +c 2 u a 2a u+a
2
11
CAPITULO 1
INTEGRALES ELEMENTALES
El Propsito de este capitulo, antes de conocer y practicar las tcnicas propiamente tales; es familiarizarse con aquellas integrales para las cuales basta una transformacin algebraica elemental.
EJERCICIOS DESARROLLADOS
1.1 .- Encontrar: e x xdx
2
x4 +c 4
Respuesta: (3 x 2 + 2 x + 1)dx = x3 + x 2 + x + c 1.4.- Encontrar: x(x + a )( x + b)dx Solucin.3 2 2 x(x + a)( x + b)dx = x x + (a + b) x + ab dx = x + ( a + b ) x + abx dx = x 3dx + (a + b) x 2 dx + abxdx = = x4 x3 x2 + (a + b) + ab + c 4 3 2
x dx + (a + b) x dx + ab xdx
3 2
.M
at
em
at
ic
a1
Solucin.-
.c
om
Respuesta: e x xdx =
2
Frmula utilizada:
n x dx =
x n +1 , n 1 n +1
12
x 4 (a + b) x3 abx 2 + + +c 4 3 2
Solucin.3 2 2 3 2 6 2 3 2 6 (a + bx ) dx = (a + 2abx + b x )dx = a dx + 2abx dx + b x dx x4 x7 + b2 + c 4 7 4 2 7 abx b x + +c Respuesta: (a + bx3 ) 2 dx = a 2 x + 2 7 1.6.- Encontrar: 2 pxdx = a 2 dx + 2ab x3dx + b 2 x 6 dx = a 2 x + 2ab Solucin.-
dx nx n Respuesta: n = +c n 1 x
1 n n
dx
1 n n
(nx)
= =n
1 n n
dx = n
1
1 n n
1 n n
dx = n
1
1 n n
1+ n
.M
at
em
dx = x x
dx = n
1 n
1 n n
at
dx =
x x nx +c = +c = +c 1 1 + n n 1 +1 n n
x n dx
1 n +1 n
1 n n
xn
1+1
1 1+1 n
+c = n
1 n n
1 n n
xn
1 n
+c = n
1 n n
ic a1
1 +1 n
1+ n n
1+ n n
.c
1 2
om
nx + c = n
x +c = n
1 n
1 n + n n
xn + c = n nx n + c
1 1
dx = n nx + c
2 2
1.9.- Encontrar: (a 3 x 3 )3 dx
(a
x 3 )3 dx = a
2
( )
2 3
3 a
( )
2 2
x 3 + 3a
2
( x ) ( x ) dx
2
13
= (a 2 3a 3 x
4
2
4 3
+ 3a 3 x
2 3
x 2 )dx = a 2 dx 3a 3 x 3 dx + 3a 3 x 3 dx x 2 dx
4 2 2 4
5 7 3 4 3
Solucin.-
x + 1)( x x + 1)dx = ( x x ( x ) 2 +
1 2 3 2
x + x
3 2
x + 1)dx
5 5
em
x2 2x 2 = ( x x + 1)dx = ( xx + 1)dx = ( x + 1)dx = x dx + dx = + x+c = + x+c 5 5 2 5 2 2x Respuesta: ( x + 1)( x x + 1)dx = + x+c 5 ( x 2 + 1)( x 2 2)dx 1.11.- Encontrar: 3 2 x Solucin.( x 2 + 1)( x 2 2)dx ( x 4 x 2 2)dx x4 x2 2 = = 2 dx 2 dx 2 dx 2 3 2 x3 x3 x3 x3 x
10
w .M
= x dx x dx 2 x dx =
10 3 4 3
23
x3
+1
at
+1
at
ic
2
a1 .
+1
co m
10 +1 3
x3
4 +1 3
x3
2 +1 3
13
13 3
7 3
x
1
+c
3 13 3 7 1 x 3 x3 x x x4 3 x x2 3 x 3 6x 3 + c = 3 3 63 x + c = 3 3 63 x + c 13 7 13 7 13 7 2 2 4 2 ( x + 1)( x 2)dx 3x 3 x Respuesta: = 6 3 x + c 3 2 7 x 13 m n 2 (x x ) 1.12.- Encontrar: dx x Solucin.( x m x n )2 ( x2m 2 xm xn + x2n ) ( x2m 2 xm xn + x2n ) dx = dx = dx x1/ 2 x x
13
=3
= ( x 2 m 1/ 2 2 x m + n 1/ 2 + x 2 n 1/ 2 )dx =
4 m +1 2 m + 2 n +1 4 n +1
x 2 2x 2 x 2 2x 2 4x 2 2x 2 = + +c = + +c 4m + 1 2m + 2n + 1 4n + 1 4m + 1 2m + 2n + 1 4 n + 1 2 2 2
14
Respuesta:
x 2 dx 4a dx + 6a
1
x dx 4 xdx + a
2
dx
1 +1 2 1 +1 2
4ax + 6a
x
3 3 2
2 +1
1 +1 2
4 x2
2
x1+1
1+1
+ a x
5 5 2 5
3 +1 2 3 +1 2
+c
Respuesta:
x 10 x 10 1 10 +c = +c 20 2 10 x + 10 x + 10 dx x 10 10 = +c x 10 20 x + 10
2
Respuesta:
1.15.- Encontrar:
dx x +7
2
1 dx dx x = 2 = arc g + c 2 x +7 x +a a a
2
= 2a x 4ax + 4a x 2 x + 2a
3 2 1 2 1 2 3 2
.M
12
x 2 +c 5
at
em
at
1 2
ic
a1
4ax + 6a
+a
12
+c
.c
om
15
= x + 4 + x2 + c
Respuesta:
dx 4+ x
2
= x + 4 + x2 + c dx 8 x2 dx
2
Sea: a = 8 , Luego:
Solucin.La expresin:
2 + x2 2 x2 4 x4
1.18.- Encontrar:
dy x +9
2
2 + x2 2 x2 4 x4
2 + x2
2 2
dx =
dx
2 + x2 2 x2 dx dx 4 x4 4 x4
2 x2 (2 x ) (2 + x )
2 2
.M
dx
at
Respuesta:
8 x
em
dx
= arcs e n
2x +c 4
at
dx 2 x
2
ic a1
8 x x x = arcs e n + c = arcs e n +c 8 2 2
dx a x
2 2
= arcs e n
x +c a
.c
om
(2 x ) (2 + x )
dx =
dx 2 + x2
16
Sea: a = 2 , Luego:
= arcs e n
dx a x
2 2
dx a +x
2 2
= arcs e n
x x + a2 + x2 + c a
x x x + ( 2) 2 + x 2 + c = arcs e n x + 2 + x2 + c 2 2 2 + x2 2 x2
4
Respuesta:
dx = arcs e n
x x + 2 + x2 + c 2
dx 2x2 + 4
1 4 14
7x 2 2 14 +c = 56 7x + 2 2
Respuesta:
dx 14 = 2 7 x 8 56
x 2 dx x2 + 3
7x 2 2 +c 7x + 2 2
1.24.- Encontrar:
Respuesta:
.M
7x 2 2 +c 7x + 2 2
at
em
at
ic
a1
.c
om
17
1 x 3x arc g + c = = x 3 arc g +c 3 3 3
Respuesta:
Respuesta:
= dx
2 4
8x + 7 + 8x2 + c
7 5x2 =
(a x b x ) 2 dx ( a 2 x 2a x b x + b 2 x ) a2x 2 a xb x b 2x dx = x x dx x x dx + x x dx a xb x = a xb x ab ab a b
( a / b) 2x + (b / a ) + c ax bx a b = x dx 2dx + x dx = dx 2 dx + dx = a b b a b a b a
x x x x
(a / b)
a b
2x +
(b / a )
.M
b a
+c =
(a / b)
at
Respuesta:
em
dx
5 35 x arcs e n +c 5 7
at
ic a1
7 5x2
( 7) 2 ( 5 x) 2
.c
om
dx
1 5 arcs e n x +c 5 7
a b
2x
(b / a )
a b
+c
ax bx x x b a = 2x + c a b
a 2 x b2 x x x (a x b x ) 2 dx a b Respuesta: = 2x + c a xb x a b
18
x dx 2
sen
dx =
Respuesta: s e n 2
x x senx dx = +c 2 2 2 dx 1.29.- Encontrar: ;(0 < b < a ) ( a + b) + ( a b ) x 2 Solucin.dx dx Sea: c 2 = a + b, d 2 = a b, ; luego = 2 2 ( a + b) + ( a b) x c + d 2 x2 dx 1 dx 1 1 x 1 dx 2 c2 2 = d 2 c 2 2 = d 2 c arctg c + c = cd arctg c + c d d 2 +x +x d d d
1 2 a b
2 2
a bx a + b +c a bx + a + b
w .M
Respuesta:
dx 1 a b arctg = x+c 2 2 2 ( a + b) + ( a b) x a+b a b dx 1.30.-Encontrar: ;(0 < b < a ) ( a + b) ( a b ) x 2 Solucin.dx dx = 2 Sea: c 2 = a + b, d 2 = a b, Luego: 2 ( a + b) ( a b) x c d 2 x2 x c dx 1 dx 1 1 d + c = 1 dx c + c = = 2 = 2 2 2 dx + c 2cd c d c d 2c x+ c 2 d d 2 2 x2 x d d d
at
em
at
Respuesta:
ic
dx 1 = 2 ( a + b) ( a b ) x 2 a 2 b2 a bx a + b +c a bx + a + b
0 1.31.- Encontrar: ( a 2 x ) 1dx Solucin.-
a1
.c
om
19
EJERCICIOS PROPUESTOS
Mediante el uso del lgebra elemental, o algunas identidades trigonomtricas, transformar en integrales de fcil solucin, las integrales que se presentan a continuacin. 1.32.- 3x5 dx 1.33.- (1 + e) x dx 1.39.- 1.42.- 1.34.- (1 + gx)dx
x 1.35.- cos 2 2 dx
1.36.- (1 + x )3 dx
1.38.- 1.41.-
1+ 1+
2
x 2 x 3
dy
dx 5 x dx x +5
2 2
dx x2 5 dx x 5
2
dx
1.45.- x (1 x )dx
2
om
x 12 x 2 dx 2 x2 8
.M
at
x 2 + 12 dx
12 x 2 dx
ic
dx x + 12 dx
dx x 2 12 dx x x 2 12 dx 8 2x2
w w
em at
1.57.-
x 12 + x 2 dx 2 x2 + 8
a1
.c
1 cos 2 x dx s e n2 x 1.64.- (2 x 3x )0 dx dx 3 x
1.67.-
x 2 dx dx
1.70.- x 2 + 3 dx 4
dx
x 3 x2 1.74.- s e n 3 x dy
1.77.- e x dx
2
x x2 3 1.75.- u dx
1.78.-
1.73.-
dx
x 2 dx 2x
1.80.- x 2 11dx
1.81.- x 2 + 11dx
20
1.85.- 1.88.-
dx
3x 2 1
dx 1 + 3x 2 dx x 3x2 1
1 + 3x 2 dx 1.90.- 2 3x + 4 dx 1.93.- x 1 + 3x 2
1.96.- 1 + 3 x 2 dx 1.99.- (3 x 2 1) dx
0
1.87.-
dx
dx
1 3x 2 dx 1.91.- 2 3x 1 dx 1.94.- x 1 3x 2
1.100.- (3 x 2 1) du 1.106.- 27 x 2 dx
n
1.95.- 1 3 x 2 dx
x 3
)dx
1.102.- (e
2 x 1 2
)dx
1.109.- 1.112.-
dx
3x x2 1 dx
4 x x 2 + 16 1.116.- (1 + x + x) 2 dx
5 x x 2 25 1.117.- (1 x + x) 2 dx
.M
at
em
at ic
2x 1 x dx
om
dx
2
dx
3x 9 x2 (1 x ) 2 dx 1.115.- x2 1.118.- (1 + x) 4 dx
a1
.c
1.119.- e
1 cos x 2
dx
1 + x2 1.120.- exp 2 dx x
(1+ x )2 2
1.121.- e
1 s e n x 3
w w
dx
1.122.- (1 + x 3 x )0 dx
1.123.- e
dx
RESPUESTAS
1.32.- 3 x5 dx = 3 x 5 dx = 1.33.- (1 + e) x dx
3 x 5+1 x6 x6 +c =3 +c = +c 5 +1 6 2
ax (1 + e) x +c = +c Sea: a = 1 + e, Luego: (1 + e) dx = a dx = a (1 + e)
x x
21
x2 2 52 x2 2 + x + c = x + 2 x x + 3 + x2 x + c 2 5 2 5 0 1.37.- (1 + x ) dx = dx = x + c = x + 2x 2 + 3
3
1.38.- 1.39.-
1+ 1+
x 2 x 3
dy =
1+ 1+
x 2 x 3
dy =
1+ 1+
x 2 x 3
y+c
dx 5 x2 dx 5 x dx x ( 5) dx
2 2 2
dx ( 5) 2 x 2
= arcs e n
x 5x + c = arcs e n +c 5 5
=
=
= x + x2 5 + c
= x + x2 + 5 + c
2
dx x +5
2
x + ( 5)
2
1.43.-
dx dx 1 x 5 5 x 5 = 2 = +c = +c 2 x 5 10 x ( 5) x+ 5 x+ 5 2 5
2
1.44.- (s e n 2 x + cos 2 x 1)dx = (1 1)dx = 0dx = c 1.45.- x (1 x )dx = ( x x)dx = xdx xdx = 1.46.- ( g 2 x + 1)dx = sec 2 xdx = gx + c 1.47.-
= dx dx 1 x 12 1 x2 3 = 2 = +c = +c 2 x 12 x ( 12) 2 12 x + 12 4 3 x+2 3
2
.M at
5 5x arc g +c 5 5
em at
2 32 x2 x +c 3 2 dx 1 x arc g = +c 2 12 12 x + ( 12)
2
3 x2 3 +c 12 x+2 3 dx x + 12
2
1.48.-
Sea: a = 12 , Luego:
ic
a1
Sea: a = 5 , Luego:
dx 1 x arc g = +c 2 5 5 x + ( 5)
.c
om
dx x +5
2
22
1 2 3
arc g
2 3 dx = 2 x 12 dx
2
+c =
x + 12 dx 12 x 2
a = 12
,Luego:
dx 12 x 2
dx ( 12) 2 x 2
= arcs e n
1.52.-
=
x x 12
2
dx x 12 + x 2 dx 8 2 x2 dx 2 x2 8
= = =
3 6 dx
12 + 12 x 2
w .M
3 6
12 + 12 + x 2 =
2 x + x2 4 + c 2 1 dx dx 1 dx 2 1.57.- = = x2 + 4 = 2 x + x + 4 + c 2 2 2 2( x + 4) 2x + 8
=
= 2 x + x2 + 4 + c 2
at
+c
x 2 10 x 10 x + x 2 10 + c 2 2
em at
.c
om
+c
ic
a1
12 + 12 x 2
+c
23
1.62.- 1 s e n 2 xdx = cos 2 xdx = cos xdx = s e n x + c 1.64.- (2 x 3x )0 dx = dx = x + c 1.63.- 1 cos 2 xdx = s e n 2 xdx = s e n xdx = cos x + c
sen x 1.66.- gx dx = ( gx gx ) dx = 0dx = c cos x dx 3x 1.67.- x = 3x dx = +c 3 3 3 x 3 x x 2 + 4 arcs e n 3 + c 1.68.- 3 x 2 dx = ( 23 ) 2 x 2 dx = 4 4 2 2 2 x 3 3 2x 2 = +c arcs e n 4 x + 2 8 3 x 2 3 34 3 x 4 x + x2 4 + c 1.69.- x 2 3 dx = x 2 ( 23 ) 2 dx = 4 2 2 x 2 3 3 = x 4 x + x2 3 + c 4 2 8 x 2 3 3 3 1.70.- x 2 + 3 dx = x 2 + ( 23 ) 2 dx = x + 4 + x + x2 + 4 + c 4 2 8 dx dx 1 x 1.71.- = = +c 3 x 3 x2 3 + 3 x2 x ( 3) 2 x 2
= 3 3 x 3 + 3 x2 +c
1.72.- 1.73.-
dx x x 3 dx
2
= =
x x +3
2
w w
.M
at
em
at
ic
a1
.c om
24
1.74.- (s e n 3 x )dy = s e n 3 x dy = (s e n 3 x ) y + c
x2 +c 2
x3 +c 3 2 1 1 dx = dx x dx = 2x 2
1.78.-
x 2 x 2 x dx = dx dx = dx 2x 2x 2x 2x
1
1 1 1 x2 2 1 = x +c = x 2x 2 + c dx x 2 dx = 1 2 2 2 2
1.79.- 11 x 2 dx = 1.80.- 1.81.- 1.82.-
1.85.- =
dx 3x 1
2
dx 3 ( x 13 )
2
1.87.- 1.88.-
= =
dx 3 3
1 3
+x
= =
3 x+ 3 1 3 dx
1 3
1 dx 1 2 ( x 2 1 ) = 3 x + ( x 13 ) + c 3 3
.M
at
1 3
em
+ x2 + c = 1 x arcs e n 1 + c 3 3 x2
dx
1 3
x2
at
ic a1
.c
om
25
dx 1 dx 1 1 x 3 3x = 2 4 = 2 arc g 2 + c = +c arc g 2 3x + 4 3 x + 3 3 3 6 2 3 x dx 1 dx 1 1 = 2 1= 2 3x 1 3 x 3 3 2 13 x+ dx x 3x 1
2 1 3 1 3
+c =
3 6
3x 1 +c 3x + 1 1 1 3 arc sec x 1 3
dx 3x x 1
2
=
3
dx 1 1 x x2 1 = 3 3 3
+c
= arc sec 3x + c
1.93.-
dx x 1 + 3x x
1 3 2
dx 1 1 x 1 + x2 = 3 3 3
1 1 3
1 3
x +
1 3
+ x2
+c
1 3
+ x2
+c dx 1 x 1 x2 = 3 3
1 3
1.94.-
dx x 1 3x
2
x
1 3
1 3
x2
+c
1.95.- 1 3x 2 dx = 3
.M
at
em
x 3
)dx =
x 1 1 1x2 2 3 +c = x 2 +c dx = x 2 dx = 3 3 3 3 2 9
)dx =
2x 1 1 x2 1 dx = xdx dx = x + c 2 2 2 2
1.103.- (e 2 + e + 1) x dx
at
ic
3
a1 .c om
26
Sea: a= (e 2 + e + 1) , Luego: a x dx =
ax (e 2 + e 1) x +c = +c a (e2 + e 1)
1+ g 2x 1.104.- 1dx = (1 1)dx = 0dx = c 2 sec x x2 1.105.- exp( 1 + x )dx = (1 + x )dx = dx + xdx = x + + c 2 27 x x 1.106.- 27 x 2 dx = +c 27 x 2 + arc s e n 2 2 3 3 x 2 27 x 27 x + x 2 27 + c 1.107.- x 2 27dx = 2 2 x 2 27 1.108.- x 2 + 27 dx = x + 27 + x + x 2 + 27 + c 2 2 1 1 dx dx 1.109.- = = arc secx + c 3x x 2 1 3 x x 2 1 3
dx 2x 1 x2 dx 5x x + 1
2
= = =
1 dx 1 x x 1 x2 = 2 1 + 1 x2 + c 2
4 x x + 16
2
.M
dx
1 dx 11 x x x 2 + 16 = 4 4 4 + x2 + 16 + c 4
at
em
3x 9 x
at
ic
a1
dx
1 dx 11 x 1 x x 9 x2 = 3 3 3 + 9 x2 + c = 9 3 + 9 x2 + c 3
.c
om
1 dx 1 x x x2 + 1 = 5 1 + x2 + 1 + c 5
= (1 + 2 x 2 + 3x + 2 x 2 + x 2 )dx = dx + 2 x 2 dx +3 xdx + 2 x 2 dx + x 2 dx
1 3 1 3
2x 2 x2 x 2 x3 4x 2 x2 x 2 x3 x+ +3 +2 + +c = x+ +3 +4 + +c 3 5 2 3 3 2 5 3 2 2 27
1.117.- (1 x + x) 2 dx = (1 + x + x 2 2 x + 2 x 2 x 2 )dx
3
1 = dx + 4 xdx + 6 x 2 dx + 4 x 3dx + x 4 dx = x + 2 x 2 + 2 x3 + x 4 + x5 + c 5
1.119.- e
1 cos x 2
dx =
1.121.- e
1 s e n x 3
dx =
1.123.- e
=
(1+ x )2 2
dx =
(1 + x) 2 1 + 2 x + x2 1 1 dx = dx = dx + xdx + x 2 dx 2 2 2 2
.M
at
em
at
ic
a1
.c
om
1 x 2 x3 x+ + +c 2 2 6
28
CAPITULO 2
INTEGRACION POR SUSTITUCION
A veces es conveniente hacer un cambio de variable, para transformar la integral dada en otra, de forma conocida. La tcnica en cuestin recibe el nombre de mtodo de sustitucin.
EJERCICIOS DESARROLLADOS
2.1.-Encontrar:
e x dx x2 + 7 e x dx xdx = 2 2 x +7 x +7 xdx 1 2 xdx = 2 , 2 x +7 2 x +7
w w
w .M
at
em
at
ic
a1 .c
om
Se tiene:
1 2 xdx 1 du , integral que es inmediata. = 2 x2 + 7 2 u 1 du 1 1 Luego: = u + c = x2 + 7 + c 2 u 2 2 x e dx 1 Respuesta: 2 = x2 + 7 + c x +7 2 2 e x dx 2.2.-Encontrar: 3 x +8 2 e x dx x 2 dx x2 2 Solucin.- Como: e = x , se tiene: 3 = 3 x +8 x +8
Sea la sustitucin: w = x3 + 8 , donde: dw = 3x 2 dx , Dado que:
1 3x 2 dx 1 dw = integral que es inmediata. 3 x3 + 8 3 w 1 dw 1 1 Luego: = w + c = x3 + 8 + c 3 w 3 3 x2 e dx 1 Respuesta: 3 = x3 + 8 + c x +8 3 2.3.-Encontrar: ( x + 2) s e n( x 2 + 4 x 6)dx x 2 dx 1 3 x 2 dx = , x3 + 8 3 x3 + 8
Se tiene:
Solucin.- Sea la sustitucin: u = x 2 + 4 x 6 , donde: du = (2 x + 4)dx 1 Dado que: ( x + 2) s e n( x 2 + 4 x 6)dx = (2 x + 4) s e n( x 2 + 4 x 6)dx , se tiene: 2
29
1 1 2 (2 x + 4) s e n( x + 4 x 6)dx = 2 s e n udu , integral que es inmediata. 2 1 1 1 1 Luego: = s e n udu = ( cos u ) + c = cos u + c = cos( x 2 + 4 x 6) + c 2 2 2 2 1 Respuesta: ( x + 2) s e n( x 2 + 4 x 6)dx = cos( x 2 + 4 x 6) + c 2 2 2.4.-Encontrar: x s e n(1 x )dx
=
Solucin.-Sea la sustitucin: w = 1 x 2 , donde: dw = 2 xdx 1 Dado que: x s e n(1 x 2 )dx = (2 x) s e n(1 x 2 )dx 2 1 1 Se tiene que: (2 x) s e n(1 x 2 )dx = s e n wdw , integral que es inmediata. 2 2 1 1 1 1 Luego: s e n wdw = ( cos w)dw + c = cos w + c = cos(1 x 2 ) + c 2 2 2 2 1 Respuesta: x s e n(1 x 2 )dx = cos(1 x 2 ) + c 2 2 2.5.-Encontrar: x co g ( x + 1)dx Solucin.-Sea la sustitucin: u = x 2 + 1 , donde: du = 2 xdx 1 Dado que: x co g ( x 2 + 1)dx = 2 x co g ( x 2 + 1)dx 2 1 1 Se tiene que: 2 x co g ( x 2 + 1)dx = co gudu , integral que es inmediata. 2 2 1 1 1 Luego: co gudu = s e n u + c = s e n( x 2 + 1) + c 2 2 2 1 Respuesta: x co g ( x 2 + 1)dx = s e n( x 2 + 1) + c 2 2.6.-Encontrar: 1 + y 4 y 3 dy Solucin.-Sea la sustitucin: w = 1 + y 4 , donde: dw = 4 y 3 dy 1 1 Dado que: 1 + y 4 y 3 dy = (1 + y 4 ) 2 4 y 3 dy 4 1 1 1 1 Se tiene que: (1 + y 4 ) 2 4 y 3 dy = w 2 dw , integral que es inmediata. 4 4 3 2 1 1w 1 3 1 3 1 Luego: w 2 dw = + c = w 2 + c = (1 + y 4 ) 2 + c 3 4 4 2 6 6 1 3 Respuesta: 1 + y 4 y 3dy = (1 + y 4 ) 2 + c 6 3tdt 2.7.-Encontrar: 3 2 t +3 Solucin.-Sea la sustitucin: u = t 2 + 3 , donde: du = 2tdt
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ic a1
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30
Dado que:
3tdt
2 3 du 3 13 3u 3 9 2 9 2 u 13 = 2 u du = 2 23 + c = 4 u 3 + c = 4 (t + 3) 3 + c 2 3tdt 9 2 Respuesta: = (t 2 + 3) 3 + c 3 2 t +3 4 dx 2.8.-Encontrar: 1 , a y b constantes. (a + bx) 3 Solucin.- Sea: w = a + bx , donde: dw = bdx 2 1 dx 1 bdx 1 dw 1 1w3 3 23 3 Luego: w +c = = 1 = w = 2 +c = 1 1 b 3 2b (a + bx) 3 b (a + bx) 3 b w 3 b 2 3 3 = (a + bx) + c 2b 2 3 dx 3 Respuesta: = (a + bx) + c 1 (a + bx) 3 2b
Luego:
arcs e n x dx 1 x2 arcs e n x dx dx = arcs e n x , Solucin.- 2 1 x 1 x2 dx Sea: u = arcs e n x , donde: du = 1 x2 2 3 2 dx 1 Luego: arcs e n x (arcs e n x)3 + c = u 2 du = u 2 + c = 2 3 3 1 x
arcs e n x 2 (arcs e n x)3 + c dx = 2 1 x 3 x arc g 2 dx 2.10.-Encontrar: 4 + x2 x 1 1 2dx Solucin.- Sea: w = arc g , donde: dw = ( )dx = x 2 2 1+ ( 2 ) 2 4 + x2 x 2 arc g 2 dx = 1 arc g x 2dx = 1 wdw = 1 w2 + c = 1 arc g x + c Luego: 2 4 + x2 2 2 4 4 2 2 4+ x x 2 arc g 2 dx = 1 arc g x + c Respuesta: 4 + x2 4 2
Respuesta:
.M
at
em
at
ic a1
.c
2.9.-Encontrar:
om
31
2.11.-Encontrar:
2dx 1 + 4x2 arc g 2 x 1 8 xdx 1 2dx xdx Luego: = arc g 2 x 2 2 2 1 + 4x 1+ 4x 8 1+ 4x 2 1 + 4x2 1 du 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 = w 2 dw = u w 2 + c = 1 + 4 x 2 (arc g 2 x) 2 + c 8 u 2 8 3 8 3 x arc g 2 x 1 1 3 dx = 1 + 4 x 2 (arc g 2 x) 2 + c Respuesta: 2 1+ 4x 8 3 dx 2.12.-Encontrar: (1 + x 2 ) x + 1 + x 2
Solucin.-
dx
(1 + x 2 ) x + 1 + x 2
dx
1 + x2 1
2
x + 1 + x2
2.13.-Encontrar:
co g ( x) dx x
Respuesta:
(1 + x 2 ) x + 1 + x 2
dx
.M
at
=2
dx x
em
1 + x2
x + 1 + x2
at
Luego:
x + 1 + x2 + c
ic
dx
x + 1+ x 2 1+ x du 1 1 = u 2 du = 2u 2 + c = 2 u
2
om
Sea: u = x + 1 + x 2 , donde: du =
(1 +
2x
) du =
dx
a1
.c
1 + x2
x + 1 + x2 + c
32
Respuesta:
dx 1 = +c 3 2( x) 2 x( x)
1
Solucin.- Sea: u = x 2 + 2 , donde: du = 2 xdx 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 Luego: e x + 2 xdx = e x + 2 (2 xdx) = eu du = eu + c = e x + 2 + c 2 2 2 2 2 1 x2 + 2 Respuesta: e x + 2 xdx = e +c 2 3 2.17.-Encontrar: x 2 e x dx Solucin.- Sea: w = x 3 , donde: dw = 3x 2 dx 3 3 1 1 1 3 Luego: x 2 e x dx = 3x 2 e x dx = e w dw = e x + c 3 3 3 1 x3 2 x3 Respuesta: x e dx = e + c 3 x 2.18.-Encontrar: (e + 1) 2 e x dx
Solucin.- Sea: u = e x + 1 , donde: du = e x dx u3 (e x + 1)3 Luego: (e x + 1) 2 e x dx = u 2 du = + c = +c 3 3 (e x + 1)3 +c Respuesta: (e x + 1) 2 e x dx = 3 ex 1 2.19.-Encontrar: x dx e +1 x e 1 ex 1 ex e x e x Solucin.- x dx = x dx x dx = x dx x dx e +1 e +1 e +1 e +1 e +1 x x x x e e e e = x dx x x dx = x dx dx 1 + ex e +1 e (e + 1) e +1 Sea: u = e x + 1 , donde: du = e x dx ; w = 1 + e x ,donde: dw = e x dx ex e x ex e x du dw Luego: x dx dx = x dx dx = + x x e +1 e +1 u w 1+ e 1+ e
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at
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ic
a1
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33
= u + c1 + w + c2 = e x + 1 + 1 + e x + C = e x + 1 1 + e x + c x e 1 Respuesta: x dx = (e x + 1)(1 + e x ) + c , otra respuesta seria: e +1 2 ex 1 x e x + 1dx = e + 1 x + c e2 x 1 2.20.-Encontrar: 2 x dx e +3 2x e 1 e2 x e0 Solucin.- 2 x dx = 2 x dx 2 x dx e +3 e +3 e +3 2x 2 x 2 x 2x e e e e e 2 x e2 x e 2 x dx = 2 x dx 2 x 2 x dx = 2 x dx dx = 2 x dx 2 x e +3 e +3 e +3 e (e + 3) e +3 1 + 3e 2 x Sea: u = e 2 x + 3 , donde: du = 2e 2 x dx ; w = 1 + 3e 2 x ,donde: dw = 6e 2 x dx e2 x e 2 x 1 2e 2 x 1 6e 2 x 1 du 1 dw dx = 2 x dx + dx = Luego: 2 x dx + 2 x 2 x e +3 1 + 3e 2 e +3 6 1 + 3e 2 u 6 w 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 u + w + c = e 2 x + 3 + 1 + 3e2 x + c = e2 x + 3 + 1 + 2 x + c 2 6 2 6 2 6 e
=
x +c 3 2x 2/3 e 1 x Respuesta: 2 x dx = ( e 2 x + 3) + c e +3 3 2 x +1 2.22.-Encontrar: dx x 1 Solucin.- Cuando el grado del polinomio dividendo es MAYOR o IGUAL que el grado del polinomio divisor, es necesario efectuar previamente la divisin de polinomios. El resultado de la divisin dada es:
2/3
x2 + 1 2 x2 + 1 2 dx dx = x + 1 + = ( x + 1) + , Luego: dx = xdx + dx + 2 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 Sea u = x 1 , donde du = dx dx du x 2 Luego: xdx + dx + 2 = + x + x 1 + c = xdx + dx + 2 2 x 1 u 2 2 x +1 x Respuesta: dx = + x + x 1 + c x 1 2 x+2 2.23.-Encontrar: dx x +1
.M
= ( e 2 x + 3)
at
em
at
= ( e 2 x + 3)
ic
a1
1/ 2
+ ( e 2 x + 3)
1/ 6
1/ 2 1/ 6 1 x 2 x + c = ( e 2 x + 3 ) ( e 2 x + 3 ) + c 3 6
.c
om
1 1 e2 x + 3 1 1 1 e2 x + 3 + 2 x + c = e2 x + 3 + e2 x + 3 e2 x + c 2 6 e 2 6 6
34
Solucin.-
x+2 1 x+2 1 dx , Luego: = 1+ dx = 1 + dx = dx + x +1 x +1 x +1 x +1 x +1 Sea u = x + 1 , donde du = dx du dx + u = x + u + c =x + x + 1 + c x+2 dx = x + x + 1 + c Respuesta: x +1 2.24.-Encontrar: g 5 x sec2 xdx
Luego:
Respuesta:
Solucin.- Sea: u = cos x , donde: du = s e n x Luego: cos 4 x s e n xdx = (cos x) 4 s e n xdx = (cos x) 4 ( s e n x)dx = u 4 du
w4 s e n4 x Luego: s e n x cos xdx = (s e n x) cos xdx = w dw = + c = +c 4 4 s e n4 x 3 +c Respuesta: s e n x cos xdx = 4 2.28.-Encontrar: cos 4 x s e n xdx
.M
2.26.-Encontrar:
at
em
at
Sea: u = cos x , donde: du = s e n x sen x s e n xdx du u 1 1 1 dx = Luego: = = u 2 du = +c= +c = +c 2 2 u u cos x cos x 1 cos x Respuesta: s e n x sec 2 xdx = sec x + c
ic
a1
.c
om
35
u5 cos x5 cos5 x +c = +c = +c 5 5 5 cos5 x +c Respuesta: cos 4 x s e n xdx = 5 sec5 dx 2.29.-Encontrar: cos ecx 1 5 5 sec sen x Solucin.- dx = cos x dx = dx 1 cos ecx (cos x)5 sen x Sea: w = cos x , donde: dw = s e n xdx sen x dw w4 1 1 1 5 +c = +c= +c Luego: dx = 5 = w dw = 5 4 (cos x) 4w 4 cos 4 x 4 w
sec 4 x +c 4
Solucin.- Sea: u = g 2 x , donde: du = 2sec 2 2 xdx 1 1 1 1 Luego: e g 2 x sec2 2 xdx = e g 2 x (2sec2 2 xdx) = eu du = eu + c = e g 2 x + c 2 2 2 2 1 g 2x Respuesta: e g 2 x sec2 2 xdx = e +c 2 2x 5 2.31.-Encontrar: 2 dx 3x 2 Solucin.- Sea: w = 3x 2 2 , donde: dw = 6 xdx 2x 5 1 3(2 x 5) 1 6 x 15 1 6 xdx 15 dx Luego: 2 dx = dx = 2 dx = 2 2 2 3x 2 3 3x 2 3 3x 2 3 3x 2 3 3x 2 1 6 xdx dx 1 6 xdx 5 dx 1 6 xdx 5 dx = 2 5 = 2 2 2 = 2 2 2 2 3 3x 2 3( x 3 ) 3 3x 2 3 ( x 3 ) 3 3 x 2 3 x ( 2 ) 2 3
1 dw 5 dx 1 5 dx w 3 x2 ( 2 )2 = 3 w + c1 3 x 2 ( 2 )2 ; Sea: v = x , donde: dv = dx 3 3 3
Adems: a =
2 3
; se tiene:
1 5 dv w + c1 2 2 3 3 v a
2 2 3 3
= =
x 1 5 1 1 5 1 va 3x 2 2 + c1 + c2 = 3 x 2 2 2 3 3 2a 3 3 2 3 v+a x+
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at
em
at
ic a1
.c
om
+C
1 5 3x 2 2 3 32 2
3x 2 1 5 + C = 3x 2 2 3 3x + 2 2 6
3x 2 +C 3x + 2
36
Respuesta:
2x 5 1 5 dx = 3 x 2 2 2 3x 2 3 2 6
dx x 4 9 2x
2
3x 2 +C 3x + 2
2.32.-Encontrar: Solucin.-
dx
x 2 (3 x) 2 3dx Sea: u = 3 x , donde: du = x dx 1 3dx 1 du 1 u Luego: = = = arcs e n + c 2 x 22 (3 x) 2 3 x 22 (3 x) 2 3 22 (u ) 2 3 3 1 3 x 1 = arcs e n + c = arcs e n x 2 + c 3 2 3 3 dx 1 Respuesta: = arcs e n x 2 + c x 4 9 2x 3
2
x 49 x
dx
2.33.-Encontrar:
dx ex 1 e x dx
e 1 x2 + 2 x + 2 dx 2.34.-Encontrar: x +1 x2 + 2 x + 2 ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) + 1 ( x + 1) 2 + 1 ( x + 1) 2 + 1 dx = dx = dx = dx Solucin.- x +1 x +1 x +1 x +1 1 dx = (x +1+ , Sea: w = x + 1 , donde: dw = dx )dx = xdx + dx + x +1 x +1 dx dw x 2 = xdx + dx + = + x+ w +c Luego: xdx + dx + 2 x +1 w x2 = + x + x +1 + c 2 x2 + 2 x + 2 x2 Respuesta: dx = + x + x + 1 + c x +1 2 e2 x 2.35.-Encontrar: dx ex + 1 Solucin.- Sea: u = e x + 1 , donde: du = e x dx
Respuesta:
.M
dx
= 2 arc g e x + 1 + c
at
em
Luego:
dx e 1
x
at
ic a1
.c
2 e 1
x
om
; Tal que: e x = u 2 + 1
37
Luego:
u 1 u2 u 2 1 1 1 1 +c dx = 1 du = (u 2 u 2 )du = u 2 du u 2 du = 3 1 u2 2 2 ex + 1 e2 x
3
1
u
3
+c = 2u 2 1u 2 +c = 3 2
3 1
2 3
(e x + 1)3 2 (e x + 1) + c
Respuesta:
e2 x e +1
x
dx =
2 3
(e x + 1)3 2 (e x + 1) + c
2.36.-Encontrar:
2 x dx 4x x
dx ; adems: 4 x = (2 2 x) = 2 + 2 x x
u = 2 + 2x 2x = u 2 2 x dx u 2 2 du = = u 2 u + c Luego: du = du du = du 2 4x x u u u = 4 x 2 [ ( 4 x)] + c
Respuesta:
.M
at
em
w 1 7 dw 1 1 w = ( w 1) w7 dw = ( w8 w7 )dw 3 3 9 9 9 8 1 1 1w 1w 1 1 = w8 dw w7 dw = + c = w9 w8 + c 9 9 9 9 9 8 81 72 1 1 = (3x + 1)9 (3x + 1)8 + c 81 72 (3x + 1)9 (3 x + 1)8 +c Respuesta: x(3 x + 1)7 dx = 81 72 x2 5x + 6 dx 2.38.-Encontrar: x2 + 4 x2 5x + 6 2 5x dx = 1 + 2 Solucin.2 x +4 x +4 2 x 5x + 6 2 5x dx xdx dx = (1 + 2 )dx = dx + 2 2 5 2 Luego: 2 x +4 x +4 x +4 x +4 Sea: u = x 2 + 4 , donde: du = 2 xdx ; Entonces: x 5 du x 5 x 5 = x + arc g =x + arc g u + c = x + arc g x 2 + 4 + c 2 2 u 2 2 2 2 2 x 5x + 6 x 5 dx = x + arc g x 2 + 4 + c Respuesta: 2 x +4 2 2
at
ic
a1
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w 1 3
om
38
EJERCICIOS PROPUESTOS
Usando Esencialmente la tcnica de integracin por sustitucin, encontrar las siguientes integrales: adx 4t + 6 2.39.- 3x e x dx 2.40.- 2.41.- dt ax 2t + 1 1 3x xdx ax b 2.43.- 2.42.- 2.44.- dx dx x+ a + bx 3 + 2x 2.45.-
3t 2 + 3 dt t 1
2
x2 + 5x + 7 dx x+3 x 2.49.- dx ( x + 1) 2
2.46.-
2.47.-
x4 + x2 + 1 dx x 1 bdy 2.50.- 1 y
2.66.- 2.69.-
x arc g 3x dx 1 + 9 x2 dt
(9 + 9t 2 ) t + 1 + t 2
arcs e n t dt 4 4t 2 2.70.- ae mx dx
2.67.-
.M at
em
2.52.-
xdx
2.53.-
at
ic
a1
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om
2.73.- e ( x
1
+1)
xdx
a2x 1 2.75.- dx ax
2.78.- x7 x dx
2
2.77.- 5
dx x
2.80.- e x a be x dx
2.81.- (e a + 1) 3 e a dx
x
e bx dx 2.84.- 1 e2bx
2.87.- s e n(a + bx)dx 2.90.- (cos ax + s e n ax) 2 dx
et dt 1 e 2t
2.88.- cos x
dx x 2 2.91.- s e n xdx
dx x
39
2.95.-
dx 3cos(5 x ) 4 x 2.99.- co g dx a b
2.96.-
s e n x cos x cos 2 x s e n 2 x
dx
x3 dx 2.112.- 8 x +5
2.115.- x 5 5 x 2 dx
x3 1 2.120.- 4 dx x 4x + 1 g 3 x co g 3x 2.123.- dx s e n 3x
2.126.- 2.129.- 2.132.-
at
em
2.124.-
.M
at
2.121.- xe x dx
2
a1
.c o
(cos ax + s e n ax) 2 dx s e n ax
2.118.-
x3 1 dx x +1
dx ex dx x 2x xdx
3 2 + 3x 2 dx 2 + 3x 2 1+ s e n x 2.125.- dx x + cos x
ic
sec 2 xdx
g2x 2
x2 x3 + 1 sec 2 xdx
2
2.127.-
dx
2.130.-
4 g x
1 x4 dx 2.133.- cos x a
2.136.- 2.139.- 2.142.-
1+ x dx x
xdx s e n x2 x 2 dx x2 2 5 3x 4 3x es e2 s 2
2
s e n x cos x dx s e n x + cos x
2
2.140.- es e n x s e n 2 xdx
dx
2.143.-
ds e +1
s
d s e n a cos a
2.145.-
ds
2.146.- s e n( 2T t + 0 )dt
40
arc cos x 2
4 x2 s e n x cos x 2sen x
4
dx
2.148.-
dx x(4 2 x)
dx
2.151.s ecx gx
arc s e n x + x 1 x2
dx
dt s e n t cos 2 t
2
( x + x 2 + 1)
dx
2.157.-
cos xdx 1+ s e n2 x
2.150.- e x + e dx 2.163.-
et e t dt et + e t
RESPUESTAS
2.39.- 3x e x dx ,
x u
Sea: u = x, du = dx, a = 3e
(3e) x (3e) x 3x e x 3x e x (3e) dx = (a) du = a + c = (3e) + c = 3 e + c = 3 + e + c = 3 + 1 + c adx , Sea: u = a x, du = dx 2.40.- ax adx du a x = a u = a u + c = a a x + c 4t + 6 2t + 3 2 2.41.- Sea: u = 2t + 1, du = 2dt ; = 1+ dt , 2t + 1 2t + 1 2t + 1 4t + 6 2 2 du 2t + 1 dt = 2 1 + 2t + 1 dt = 2 dt + 2 2t + 1 dt =2 dt + 2 u =2t + 2 u + c = 2t + 2 2t + 1 + c 11 1 3x 1 3x 3 2 2.42.- Sea: u = 3 + 2 x, du = 2dx ; dx , = + 3 + 2x 3 + 2x 2 2x + 3 11 1 3x 3 11 dx 3 11 du 3 2 = dx + dx = + dx = dx + 3 + 2x 2 4 2x + 3 2 4 u 2 2x + 3 3 11 x+ 2x + 3 + c 2 4 a xdx x 1 , Sea: u = a + bx, du = bdx ; 2.43.- = b a + bx b a + bx a + bx xdx 1 a dx 1 a du 1 a x a a + bx = b dx b a + bx = b dx b2 u = b x b2 u + c = b b2 a + bx + c
.M at
em
at
ic
a1
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om
41
ax b 2.44.- dx , x+
Sea: u = x + , du = dx ;
+b ax b a = ax + b x
a + b a +b ax b a a a + b dx x + dx = x dx = dx x + dx = dx a + b a a + b du a a + b a a + b = dx 2 u = x 2 u +c = x 2 x+ +c
3t 2 + 3 t2 +1 2 2.45.- Sea: u = t 1, du = dt ; = t +1+ dt , t 1 t 1 t 1 2 3t + 3 2 2 3 2 t 1 dt = 3 t + 1 + t 1 dt = 3 tdt + 3 dt + 3 t 1 dt = 2 t + 3t + 6 u + c 3 = t 2 + 3t + 6 t 1 + c 2 x2 + 5x + 7 x2 + 5x + 7 1 = x+2+ dx , Sea: u = t 1, du = t + 1 ; 2.46.- x+3 x+3 x+3 2 2 x + 5x + 7 1 1 x x + 3 dx = x + 2 + x + 3 dx = xdx + 2 dx + x + 3 dx = 2 + 2 x + u + c
x2 x2 + 2x + u + c = + 2x + x + 3 + c 2 2 4 2 x + x +1 dx , Sea: u = x 1, du = dx ; 2.47.- x 1 x4 + x2 + 1 3 dx 3 2 3 2 x 1 dx = x + x + 2 x + 2 + x 1 dx = x dx + x dx + 2 dx + 3 x 1 x 4 x3 x 4 x3 = + + x2 + 2 + 3 u + c = + + x2 + 2 x + 3 x 1 + c 4 3 4 3 b 2.48.- a + dx , xa
2 2
du du u 1 b2 + b 2 2 = a 2 x + 2ab u + b 2 + c = a 2 x + 2ab x a + c 2. u u xa 1
Sea: u = x + 1, du = dx
x dx , ( x + 1) 2
x ( x + 1) 1 x +1 dx dx dx u 1 dx = dx = dx = 2 = u +c ( x + 1)2 u u 1 ( x + 1) 2 ( x + 1) 2 ( x + 1)2
Sea: u = x a, du = dx
.M
at
em
at
ic
a1
.c o
42
a bxdx =
3 1 12 1u 2 2 3 3 u du = 3 + c = u 2 + c = (a bx) 2 + c b b 2 3b 2b
2.52.-
xdx
2
x +1 1 1 du 1 12 1 u2 xdx 1 = = u du = + c =( x 2 + 1) 2 + c 1 2 2 2 u 2 x +1 2
Sea: u = x 2 + 1, du = 2 xdx
2.53.-
2.55.-
x 3dx a 2 xdx xdx a 2 du = xdx 2 = xdx a 2 2 = xdx a2 x2 x a2 x a2 2 u x2 a2 x2 a2 = u +c = x2 a2 + c 2 2 2 2 2 y 5y + 6 Sea: u = y 2 + 4, du = 2 ydy 2.56.- dy , 2 y +4 5 y + 2 5 y + 2 y2 5 y + 6 ydy dy y 2 + 4 dy = (1 + y 2 + 4 )dy = dy + y 2 + 4 dy = dy 5 y 2 + 4 + 2 y 2 + 22 y y = y 5 u + 2 1 arc g + c = y 5 y 2 + 4 + arc g + c 2 2 2 2 2 6t 15 2.57.- 2 dt , Sea: u = 3t 2 2, du = 6tdt ; w = 3t , dw = 3dt 3t 2
Sea: u = x 2 a 2 , du = 2 xdx
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at
em
at
ic
a1
.c o
43
3t
=
6t 15 tdt dt tdt dt 15 2 = 6 2 15 dt = 6 2 2 2 2 3t 2 3t 2 3t 2 ( 3t ) ( 2) 2
du 15 dw 15 3 1 w 2 w2 ( 2)2 = u 3 2 2 w + 2 + c u 3
= 3t 2 2
5 6 t 3 2 +c 4 t 3+ 2
2.58.-
= =
xdx , Sea: u = 2 x 2 + 3, du = 4 xdx 2x2 + 3 xdx 1 du 1 1 2 2x2 + 3 = 4 u = 4 u + c = 4 2x + 3 + c ax + b dx , 2.62.- 2 2 Sea: u = a 2 x 2 + b 2 , du = 2a 2 xdx; w = ax, dw = adx a x + b2 ax + b xdx dx a du b dw a 2 x 2 + b2 dx = a a 2 x 2 + b2 + b a 2 x 2 + b2 = 2a 2 u + a w2 + b2 1 b 1 w 1 1 ax = u+ arc g + c = a 2 x 2 + b 2 + arc g + c b a b a b 2 2
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at
em
at
ic
3 35 5 1 5x2 + 7 + c arc gx 35 7 5 3x + 1 2.59.- Sea: u = 5 x 2 + 1, du = 10 xdx; w = x 5, dw = 5dx dx , 2 5x + 1 3x + 1 xdx dx xdx dx 5 x 2 + 1dx = 3 5 x2 + 1 + ( x 5)2 + 12 = 3 5x 2 + 1 + ( x 5)2 + 12
a1
.c o
44
2.63.-
xdx a x
4 4 4
Sea: u = x 2 , du = 2 xdx
xdx a x
4
xdx
( a 2 )2 ( x2 )2
1 du 1 u = arcs e n 2 + c 2 a ( a 2 )2 u 2 2
x 2 dx x 1
6
Sea: u = x3 , du = 3x 2 dx
x dx x 1
6
x 2 dx
(x ) 1
3 2
1 du 1 1 2 3 6 u2 1 = 3 u + u 1 + c = 3 x + x 1 + c 3
2.66.-
x arc g 3x 3dx Sea: u = 1 + 9 x 2 , du = 18 xdx; w = arc g 3 x, dw = dx , 2 1+ 9x 1 + 9 x2 x arc g 3x arc g 3x xdx 1 du 1 1 1 + 9 x2 dx = 1 + 9 x 2 1 + 9 x 2 dx = 18 u 3 w 2 dw 3 3 1 1w2 1 2(arc g 3 x) 2 2 = +c = +c u 1+ 9x 18 33 18 9 2 dt arcs e n t 2.67.- Sea: u = arcs e n t , du = dt , 2 4 4t 1 t2
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1 3 +c = u 2 +c 3
1 (arcs e n t )3 + c 3 x arc g ( 3 ) 3dx x 2.68.- Sea: u = arc g 3 , du = dx , 2 9 + x2 9+ x x x arc g ( 3 ) arc g ( 3 ) 2 1 1 u2 1 + c = u2 + c = +c dx = udu = 9 + x2 3 3 2 6 6 dt dt , Sea: u = t + 1 + t 2 , du = 2.69.- 1+ t2 (9 + 9t 2 ) t + 1 + t 2
1 = 3 (1 + t 2 )
dt
t + 1+ t2
1 du 1 u 2 2 2 u +c = = = +c = 1 3 u 3 3 3 2
t + 1+ t 2 + c
45
2.70.- ae mx dx ,
ae
4
mx
dx = a e mx dx =
2.71.- 42 3 x dx ,
2 3 x
1 u 1 au 4 2 3 x dx = a du = +c = +c 3 3 a 3 4
Sea: u = t , du = dt
(e
e
e t )dt = et dt e t dt = et dt eu dt = et + eu + c = et + e t + c
2
2.73.- e ( x
( x 2 +1)
+1)
xdx ,
2
Sea: u = x 2 1, du = 2 xdx
dx 2 5u 25 x = 2 5u du = +c = +c 5 5 x
2
2.78.- x7 x dx ,
x2
1 1 7u 1 7x x7 dx = 7u du = +c = +c 2 2 7 2 7
2.79.-
et dt , et 1
Sea: u = x 2 , du = 2 xdx
2
Sea: u = et 1, du = et dt
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46
et dt du t et 1 = u = u + c = e 1 + c
2.80.- e x a be x dx ,
3
Sea: u = a be x , du = be x dx
x x e a be dx =
x
1 1u 2 2 3 2 x 3 udu = b 3 2 + c = 3b u 2 + c = 3b (a be ) 2 + c b
x
a
a +1
2.83.-
1 e bx 1 +c. bx e +1 2b
et dt
2.85.-
1 e
2t
2t
e dt
1 e
et dt
1 (e )
t 2
du
1 u
2.86.- cos
x dx , 2
= arcs e n u + c = arcs e n et + c
Sea: u = et , du = et dt
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1
a1
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2.88.- cos x
dx , x
Sea: u = x , du =
dx 2 x
dx = 2 cos udu = 2s e n u + c =2s e n x + c x dx dx 2.89.- s e n( x) , Sea: u = x, du = x x dx s e n( x) x = s e n udu = cos u + c = cos x + c Sea: u = 2ax, du = 2adx 2.90.- (cos ax + s e n ax) 2 dx ,
cos
(cos ax + s e n ax) dx = (cos ax + 2 cos ax s e n ax + s e n ax)dx = (1 + 2 cos ax s e n ax)dx = dx + 2 cos ax s e n axdx = dx + s e n 2axdx
2 2 2
Sea: u = 2 x, du = 2dx
sen
=
xdx =
Sea: u = ax + b, du = adx
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at
cos
em
xdx =
at
ic
Sea: u = 2 x, du = 2dx
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1
co gu u co gax a x co gax +c = +c = x+c a a a a a dx , Sea: u = x a , du = dx a 2.95.- x sen a dx s e n ax = cos ec ax dx = a cos ecudu = a cos ecu co gu + c
= = a cos ec x a co g x a + c
48
dx , Sea: u = 5 x , du = 5dx 4 3cos(5 x ) 4 dx 1 1 1 3cos(5 x 4 ) = 3 sec(5 x 4 )dx = 15 sec udu = 15 sec u + gu + c 1 = sec(5 x ) + g (5 x ) + c 4 4 15 dx , Sea: u = ax + b, du = adx 2.97.- s e n(ax + b) dx 1 1 s e n(ax + b) = cos ec(ax + b)dx = a cos ecudu = a cos ecu co gu + c 1 = cos ec(ax + b) co g (ax + b) + c a xdx 2.98.- , Sea: u = x 2 , du = 2 xdx cos 2 x 2 xdx 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 cos2 x2 = x sec x dx = 2 sec udu = 2 gu + c = 2 gx + c x dx x Sea: u = 2.99.- co g dx , , du = a b a b a b x x co g a b dx = (a b) co gudu = (a b) s e n u + c = (a b) s e n a b + c dx dx , Sea: u = x , du = 2.100.- g x 2 x x dx g x x = 2 gudu = 2 sec u + c = 2 sec x + c dx , Sea: u = x , du = dx 2.101.- x 5 5 g 5 dx g 5x = co g 5x dx = 5 co gudu = 5 s e n u + c = 5 s e n x 5 + c
2.96.-
1 2.102.- 1 dx , sen x 2
2 2
1 2 2 s e n x 2 1 dx = (cos ecx 2 1) dx = (cos ec x 2 2 cos ecx 2 + 1)dx 1 2 2 = cos ec 2 x 2dx 2 cos ecx 2dx + dx = cos ec udu 2 cos ecudu + dx 2 1 = co gu 2 cos ecu co gu + x + c 2 1 = co gx 2 2 cos ecx 2 co gx 2 + x + c 2
Sea: u = x 2, du = 2dx
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2.103.-
dx , Sea: u = 2 x, du = 2dx s e n x cos x dx dx s e n x cos x = 1 s e n 2 x = 2 cos ec2 xdx = cos ecudu = cos ecu co gu + c 2 = cos ec 2 x co g 2 x + c
cos ax dx , Sea: u = s e n ax, du = a cos axdx s e n 5 ax cos ax 1 du 1 u 4 u 4 s e n 4 ax 1 dx = 5 = +c = +c = +c = +c s e n 5 ax a u a 4 4a 4a 4a s e n 4 ax
Sea: u = 1 2t 2 , du = 4tdt
2.104.-
t s e n(1 2t
2.106.-
)dt =
cos 2 x +c 2 gx Sea: u = gx, du = sec 2 xdx 2.109.- dx , 2 cos x 3 gx u2 2 3 2 3 1 2 2 cos2 xdx = gx sec xdx = u du = 3 + c = 3 u 2 + c = 3 g 2 x + c 2 x x 2.110.- cos a s e n a dx , Sea: u = 2 x , du = 2dx a 1 a a a cos ax s e n ax dx = 2 s e n 2ax dx = 4 s e n udu = 4 cos u + c = 4 cos 2ax + c Sea: u = 2t 3 3, du = 4tdt 2.111.- t co g (2t 2 3)dt ,
t co g (2t
3)dt =
1 1 1 2 co gudu = 4 s e n u + c = 4 s e n(2t 3) + c 4
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2.108.-
at
em
s e n x cos x
at
ic
3 2 3 g 3x sec 3x dx = 3 u du =
3u 4 3 g 4 ( x 3 ) +c = +c 4 4
a1
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s e n 3x dx , Sea: u = 3 + cos 3x, du = 3s e n 3 xdx 3 + cos 3x s e n 3x 1 du 1 1 3 + cos 3xdx = 3 u = 3 u + c = 3 3 + cos 3x + c x x Sea: u = g ( x 3 ), du = 1 sec2 ( x 3 )dx 2.107.- g 3 3 sec 2 3 dx , 3
50
2.112.-
1 3 1 u4 u4 s e n4 6x u du = +c = +c = +c 6 6 4 24 24 5 + 3cos 2 x 2.114.- 1 + 3cos 2 x s e n 2 xdx , Sea: u = , du = 3s e n 2 xdx 2 1 + cos 2 x 3 + 3cos 2 x 2 1 + 3cos x s e n 2 xdx = 1 + 3( 2 ) s e n 2 xdx = 1 + 2 s e n 2 xdx
=
5 + 3cos 2 x 1 1 1u 2 2 3 +c = u 2 +c s e n 2 xdx = u 2 du = 2 3 33 9 2
3
2 5 + 3cos 2 x 2 = +c 9 2
2.115.- x 5 5 x 2 dx ,
6
Sea: u = 5 x 2 , du = 2 xdx
1 1 1u5 5 6 5(5 x 2 ) 5 x 5 x dx = u 5 du = +c = u 5 +c = +c 2 26 12 12 5 1 + s e n 3x 2.116.- Sea: u = s e n 3x, du = 3dx; w = cos u, dw = s e n udu dx , cos 2 3x 1 + s e n 3x dx s e n 3x 1 1 senu 2 cos2 3x dx = cos2 3x + cos2 3xdx = 3 s ec udu + 3 cos2 u du 1 1 dw 1 1 1 1 1 1 = s ec 2udu 2 = gu + + c = gu + + c = g 3x + +c 3 3 w 3 3w 3 3cos u 3 3cos 3 x (cos ax + s e n ax) 2 Sea: u = ax, du = adx 2.117.- dx , s e n ax (cos ax + s e n ax) 2 cos 2 ax + 2 cos ax s e n ax + s e n 2 ax dx = dx s e n ax s e n ax
5 2
cos 2 ax cos ax s e n ax s e n 2 ax dx + 2 dx + dx s e n ax s e n ax s e n ax 1 s e n 2 ax = dx + 2 cos axdx + s e n axdx s e n ax dx = + 2 cos axdx s e n ax 1 2 = cos ecaxdx + 2 cos axdx = cos ecudu + cos udu a a
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1 2 1 2 cos ecu co gu + s e n u + c = cos ecax co gax + s e n ax + c a a a a 3 x 1 dx , Sea: u = x + 1, du = dx 2.118.- x +1 x3 1 2 2 2 2 x + 1 dx = ( x x + 1 x + 1)dx = x dx xdx + dx x + 1 dx du x3 x 2 = x 2 dx xdx + dx 2 = + x 2 x +1 + c u 3 2 2 cos ec 3xdx , Sea: u = b a co g 3 x, du = 3a cos ec 2 3 xdx 2.119.- b a co g 3 x =
cos ec 2 3 xdx 1 du 1 1 b a co g 3x = 3a u = 3a u + c = 3a b a co g 3x + c
x3 1 dx , 2.120.- 4 Sea: u = x 4 4 x + 1, du = (4 x3 4)dx x 4x + 1 3 x 1 1 (4 x3 4)dx 1 du 1 1 4 x 4 4 x + 1 dx = 4 x 4 4 x + 1 = 4 u = 4 u + c = 4 x 4 x + 1 + c 2 Sea: u = x 2 , du = 2 xdx 2.121.- xe x dx ,
(2 + 3x 2 ) 3 3dx 3 3dx 2 1 ( 2)2 + ( 3x)2 2 + 3x2 dx = 3 ( 2)2 + ( 3x)2 (2 + 3x ) 2 dx 3 3 du du dx 2 1 = (a)2 + (u )2 (2 + 3x ) 2 dx = 3 (a)2 + (u )2 ( 2)2 + ( x 3)2 3
2
du 1 du 3 u 1 2 2 2 a 2 + u 2 = a arc g a 3 u + a + u + c (a ) + (u ) 3 3 x 3 3 = x 3 + 2 + 3 + x2 + c arc g 3 2 2 g 3 x co g 3x dx , Sea: u = 3x, du = 3dx; w = s e n u, dw = cos udu 2.123.- s e n 3x s e n 3 x cos 3 x dx g 3 x co g 3 x cos 3 x dx = cos 3x s e n 3 x dx = dx s e n 3x s e n 3x cos 3 x s e n 2 3x = 3
2
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2.122.-
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xe
x2
dx =
1 u 1 u 1 x2 e du = 2 e + c = 2 e + c 2
52
= sec 3xdx
=
1 1 w1 1 1 sec u + gu + c = sec 3x + g 3 x + +c 3 3 1 3 3s e n 3x dx x dx 2.124.- , Sea: u = , du = 2 2 ex dx dx x 2 2 x u u e x = (e x ) 12 = e 2 dx = 2 e du = 2e + c = 2e 2 + c = e x 2 + c = e x + c 1+ s e n x Sea: u = x + cos x, du = (1 s e n x)dx 2.125.- dx , x + cos x 1+ s e n x du x + cos x dx = u = u + c = x + cos x + c sec 2 xdx , Sea: u = gx, du = sec 2 xdx 2.126.- 2 g x2
sec 2 xdx
g x2
2
=
2
du u 2
2
= u + u 2 2 + c = gx + gx 2 2 + c
x x
au as e n x +c = +c a a
2.129.-
x2 x +1
3
dx ,
Sea: u = x3 + 1, du = 3 x 2 dx
2 2 2
x 2 dx
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dx
dx du u 1 1 1 = 2 = +c = +c = +c 2 x( x) u u 1 x
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2.127.-
dx
Sea: u = x, du =
dx 2
53
g axdx = (sec
2
1 1 2 sec udu dx = a gu x + c a
sec 2 xdx
u gx = arcs e n + c = arcs e n +c 2 2 2 u du
2.134.-
3
1+ x dx , x
4
Sea: u = 1 + x, du =
4 4
dx x
1+ x 1 u3 3u 3 3(1 + x) 3 dx = u 3 du = +c = +c = +c x 4 4 4 3 dx dx , Sea: u = x 1, du = 2.135.- g x 1 2 x 1 x 1 dx du g x 1 x 1 = 2 gu u = 2 sec x 1 + c = 2 cos x 1 + c xdx 2.136.- , Sea: u = x 2 , du = 2 xdx s e n x2 xdx 1 du 1 1 s e n x 2 = 2 s e n u = 2 cos ecudu = 2 cos ecu co gu + c 1 = cos ecx 2 co gx 2 + c 2 s e n x cos x Sea: u = s e n x + cos x, du = (cos x s e n x)dx 2.137.- dx , s e n x + cos x s e n x cos x du s e n x + cos xdx = u = s e n x + cos x + c earc gx + x (1 + x 2 ) + 1 dx 2 xdx , Sea: u = arc gx, du = 2.138.- ; w = (1 + x 2 )d , dw = 2 2 1+ x 1+ x 1 + x2 earc gx + x (1 + x 2 ) + 1 earc gx dx x (1 + x 2 )dx dx = + + 2 2 2 1+ x 1+ x 1+ x 1 + x2 1 dx 1 w2 2 (1 + x 2 ) = eu du + wdw + = eu + + arc gx + c = eu + + arc gx + c 2 1 + x2 2 2 4
x 2 dx 2.139.- 2 , x 2
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x 2 dx 2 dx 1 x 2 x2 2 = (1 + x2 2 )dx = dx + 2 x2 2 = x + 2 2 2 x + 2 + c
= x+
2 x 2 +c 2 x+ 2
2
2.140.- es e n x s e n 2 xdx ,
sen x e s e n 2 xdx = e
2
Sea: u =
1 cos 2 x , du = s e n 2 xdx 2
2
1 cos 2 x 2
s e n 2 xdx = eu du = eu + c = es e n x + c
Sea: u =
2.141.-
(1 s e n sen
x 2 2
x 2 2
x 2
dx ,
x dx , du = 2 2
(1 s e n
= 2 cos ec
2.142.-
x 2
co g
2
x 2
2 x 2 cos
x 2
+c
5 3x 4 3x
dx = 5
dx , dx 3
5 3x 4 3x 2
xdx
a1 .c om
dx
2.143.-
ds , Sea: u = 1 + e s , du = e s ds e +1 ds e s ds du s = s es + 1 e + 1 = u = u + c = e + 1 + c d 2.144.- , Sea: u = 2a , du = 2ad s e n a cos a d d 2 s e n a cos a = 12 s e n 2a = 2 cos ec2a d = 2a cos ecudu 1 1 = cos ecu co gu + c = cos ec 2a co g 2a + c a a s e 2.145.- Sea: u = e s , du = e s ds ds , 2s e 2 s e es du ds = ds = = u + u2 2 + c e2 s 2 2 s 2 (e ) 2 u 2
s
= e s + (e s ) 2 2 + c = e s + e 2 s 2 + c
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4 3x 2
4 3x 2
= 5
4 ( x 3) 2
xdx
4 3x2
55
2 t 2 t dt + 0 , du = T T T T T 2 t s e n( 2T t + 0 )dt = 2 s e n udu = 2 cos u + c = 2 cos( T + 0 ) + c arc cos x 2 x dx Sea: u = arc cos , du = 2.147.- dx , 2 2 4 x2 4 x arc cos x 2 u2 (arc cos x 2 ) 2 dx = udu = + c = +c 4 x2 2 2 dx dx , Sea: u = x, du = 2.148.- 2 x(4 x) x
2.146.- s e n( 2T t + 0 )dt ,
Sea: u =
x(4
e
gx
dx
2.150.-
1 (s e n 2 x) = arcs e n +c 2 2 s ecx gx Sea: u = sec x, du = sec x gxdx 2.151.- dx , s ec 2 x + 1 s ecx gx du 2 2 s ec 2 x + 1dx = u 2 + 1 = u + u + 1 + c = s ecx + s ec x + 1 + c dt , Sea: u = 2t , du = 2dt 2.152.- 2 s e n t cos 2 t dt dt dt dt 2 s e n 2 t cos2 t = (s e n t cos t )2 = ( 1 s e n 2t )2 = 4 s e n 2 2t = 4 cos ec 2tdt 2 2 = 2 cos ec udu = 2 co gu + c = 2 co g 2t + c
2.153.- Sea:
arc s e n x + x 1 x2
dx ,
dx
2
u = arcs e n x, du =
arc s e n x + x 1 x2
; w = 1 x 2 , dw = 2 xdx
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dx ,
56
1 1 u8 u8 (5 x 2 3)8 u 7 du = +c = +c = +c 10 10 8 80 80
2
2.156.-
( x + x 2 + 1)
x +1 dx =
3
dx ,
Sea: u = ( x + x 2 + 1), du =
dx x2 + 1
( x + x 2 + 1)
x2 + 1
( x + x 2 + 1)
x2 + 1
dx =
u2 udu = +c 3 2
2 ( x + x 2 + 1) = +c 3 s e n3 x Sea: u = cos x, du = s e n xdx 2.157.- dx , cos x s e n3 x s e n 2 x s e n xdx (1 cos 2 x) s e n xdx s e n xdx cos 2 x s e n xdx = = dx = cos x cos x cos x cos x cos x 3 5 3 3 u2 u2 1 1 = cos 2 x s e n xdx cos 2 x s e n xdx = u 2 du + u 2 du = + +c 3 5 2 2 2u 2 2u 2 2 cos x 2 2 cos x 2 2 cos3 x 2 cos5 x = + +c = + +c = + +c 3 5 3 5 3 5 cos xdx , 2.158.- 1+ s e n2 x
Sea: t = 1 + s e n 2 x s e n 2 x = t 2 1; 2s e n x cos xdx = 2tdt t 2 cos xdx dt t 1 2 1+ s e n2 x = t = t 2 1 = 1+ s e n x + s e n x + c 2.159.-
(arcs e n x) 2 1 x
2
3 5 3
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dx ,
Sea: u = arcs e n x, du =
(arcs e n x)3 u3 +c = +c 3 3
dx 1 x2
(arcs e n x) 2 1 x2
x
dx = u 2 du =
2.150.- e x + e dx ,
Sea: u = ee , du = ee e x dx
x x
57
u 1 , du = 4dt 4 u 1 7 du 1 1 1 u9 1 u8 t (4t + 1)7 dt = u = (u 1)u 7 du = (u 8 u 7 )du = +c 4 4 16 16 16 9 16 8 (4t + 1)9 (4t + 1)8 = +c 144 128 2t 2 10t + 12 Sea: u = t 2 + 4, du = du = 2tdt dt , 2.162.- 2 t +4 2t 2 10t + 12 t 2 5t + 6 dt dt 2 5t 10 2 dt = 2 2 dt = 2 1 + 2 dt = 2 dt + 4 2 t2 + 4 t +4 t +4 t +4 t +4 dt du t t = 2 dt + 4 2 5 = 2t + 2 arc g 2 5 u + c = 2t + 2 arc g 2 5 t 2 + 4 + c t +4 u t t e e dt , 2.163.- t e + et Sea: u = e 2t + 1, du = 2e 2t dt ; w = 1 + e 2t , dw = 2e 2t dt
x+ex
dx = e x ee dx = du = u + c = ee + c
x x
Sea: u = 4t + 1 t =
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ic
et e t et dt e t dt e 2t dt e 2t dt 1 du 1 dw dt = t t = 2t = + et + e t e + et e + et e + 1 1 + e 2t 2 u 2 w 1 1 1 = ( u + w ) + c = uw + c = (e2t + 1)(1 + e 2t ) + c 2 2 2
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58
CAPITULO 3
INTEGRACION DE FUNCIONES TRIGONOMETRICAS
En esta parte, sern consideradas las integrales trigonomtricas de la forma: i) s e n m u cos n udu
iii) co g mu cos ec nudu O bien, formas trigonomtricas reducibles a algunos de los casos ya sealados.
EJERCICIOS DESARROLLADOS
3.1.-Encontrar: cos 2 xdx
1 + cos 2 x 2 1 + cos 2 x 1 1 x 1 Luego: cos 2 xdx = dx = dx + cos 2 xdx = + s e n 2 x + c , 2 2 2 2 4 1 Como: cosh xdx = s e nh x + c h 1 1 Respuesta: cos 2 xdx = x + s e n 2 x + c 2 4 4 1 3.2.-Encontrar: cos 2 xdx
1 + cos x 2
2 1 2
xdx = (cos
1 1 1 2 2 dx + 2 cos xdx + 4 cos xdx , como: cos xdx = 1 2 x + 1 4 s e n 2 x + c 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = dx + cos xdx + cos 2 xdx = x + s e n x + ( x + s e n 2 x) + c 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 = x + s e n x + x + s e n 2x + c = x + s e n x + s e n 2x + c 4 2 8 16 8 2 16 3 1 1 Respuesta: cos 4 1 xdx = x + s e n x + s e n 2 x + c 2 8 2 16 3 3.3.-Encontrar: cos xdx
w w
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= cos x cos 2 xdx = cos x(1 s e n 2 x)dx = cos xdx cos x s e n 2 xdx
= cos xdx cos x s e n 2 xdx = cos xdx u 2 du = s e n x
u3 s e n3 x + c = sen x +c 3 3
s e n3 x +c 3
1 2 1 1 u3 cos 4 x cos3 4 x +c = + +c u du = cos 4 x + 4 4 4 3 4 12 cos 4 x cos3 4 x Respuesta: s e n x3 4 xdx = + +c 4 12 3.5.-Encontrar: s e n 2 x cos3 xdx
= s e n 2 x cos xdx s e n 4 x cos xdx ;
Solucin.- s e n 3 x cos 2 xdx = s e n 2 x s e n x cos 2 xdx = (1 cos 2 x) s e n x cos 2 xdx Sea: u = cos x, du = s e n xdx
= (1 cos 2 x ) s e n x cos 2 xdx = s e n x cos 2 xdx s e n x cos 4 xdx = s e n x cos 2 xdx s e n x cos 4 xdx = u 2 du + u 4 du = =
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a1
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u3 u5 + +c 3 5
60
Solucin.- s e n 3 x cos3 xdx = (s e n x cos x)3 dx ; como: s e n 2 x = 2s e n x cos x, Se tiene que: s e n x cos x =
s e n 2x ; Luego: 2
3
1 1 s e n 2x 3 2 = (s e n x cos x)3 dx = dx = s e n 2 xdx = s e n 2 x s e n 2 xdx 8 8 2 1 1 1 = s e n 2 x(1 cos 2 2 x)dx = s e n 2 xdx s e n 2 x(cos 2 x) 2 dx 8 8 8 Sea: u = cos 2 x, du = 2s e n 2 xdx 1 1 1 1 = s e n 2 xdx + 2s e n 2 x(cos 2 x) 2 dx = s e n 2 xdx + u 2 du 8 16 8 16 3 3 1 1 u 1 cos 2 x = cos 2 x + + c = cos 2 x + +c 16 16 3 16 48 1 cos3 2 x +c Respuesta: s e n 3 x cos3 xdx = cos 2 x + 16 48 3.9.-Encontrar: s e n 4 x cos 4 xdx
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1 1 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 x(cos x s e n x )dx = 2 (cos u s e n u)du 2 1 1 1 1 = cos3 udu s e n 3 udu = cos u cos 2 udu s e n u s e n 2 udu 2 2 2 2 1 1 = cos u (1 s e n 2 u )du s e n u (1 cos 2 u )du 2 2 1 1 1 1 = cos udu cos u s e n 2 udu s e n udu + s e n u cos 2 udu 2 2 2 2 Sea: w = s e n u, dw = cos udu; z = cos u, dz = s e n udu
x(cos
x 2 s e n 3 x 2 )dx =
1 1 1 1 1 1 w3 1 1 z3 + cos u +c cos udu w2 dw s e n udu z 2 dz = s e n u 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 s e n u s e n 3 u cos u cos3 u 1 1 = + + c = (s e n u + cos u ) (s e n 3 u + cos3 u ) + c 2 6 2 6 2 6 3 3 2 Dado que: s e n u + cos u = (s e n u + cos u )(s e n u s e n u cos u + cos 2 )
=
O bien: s e n 3 u + cos3 u = (s e n u + cos u )(1 s e n u cos u ) ; Lo que equivale a: 1 1 = (s e n u + cos u ) (s e n u + cos u )(1 s e n u cos u ) + c 2 6 1 1 2s e n u cos u )+c = (s e n u + cos u ) (s e n u + cos u )(1 2 6 2 1 1 s e n 2u )+c = (s e n u + cos u ) (s e n u + cos u )(1 2 6 2 1 1 1 = (s e n u + cos u ) (s e n u + cos u ) (2 s e n 2u ) + c 2 6 2 1 1 = (s e n u + cos u )(6 (2 s e n 2u )) + c = (s e n u + cos u )(4 + s e n 2u ) + c 12 12 1 = (s e n x 2 + cos x 2 )(4 + s e n 2 x 2 ) + c 12 1 Respuesta: x(cos3 x 2 s e n 3 x 2 )dx = (s e n x 2 + cos x 2 )(4 + s e n 2 x 2 ) + c 12 3.11.-Encontrar: s e n 2 x cos 4 xdx
1 [s e n( ) + s e n( + )] ; Se tiene que: 2 1 1 s e n 2 x cos 4 x = [s e n(2 x 4 x) + s e n(2 x + 4 x) ] = [s e n(2 x) + s e n(6 x) ] 2 2 1 1 = [ s e n 2 x + s e n 6 x ] , Luego: s e n 2 x cos 4 xdx = ( s e n 2 x + s e n 6 x)dx 2 2 1 1 1 1 = s e n 2 xdx + s e n 6 xdx = cos 2 x cos 6 x + c 2 2 4 12 1 1 Respuesta: s e n 2 x cos 4 xdx = cos 2 x cos 6 x + c 4 12
Solucin.- s e n cos =
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s e n2 x 1 cos 2 x dx = ( gx) 2 sec 2 xdx dx cos 2 x cos 2 x Sea: w = gx, dw = sec 2 xdx = ( gx) 2 sec 2 xdx sec 2 xdx + dx ; w3 g3 gx + x + c = gx + x + c 3 3 g3 gx + x + c Respuesta: g 4 xdx = 3 3.15.-Encontrar: sec6 xdx
= w2 dw sec 2 x + dx =
2
w .M
1 [ cos( ) cos( + )] ; Se tiene que: 2 1 1 s e n 5 x s e n x = [ cos(5 x x) cos(5 x + x) ] = [ cos 4 x cos 6 x ] ; Luego: 2 2 1 1 1 = s e n 5 x s e n xdx = [ cos 4 x cos 6 x ] = cos 4 xdx cos 6 xdx 2 2 2 1 1 = s e n 4x s e n 6x + c 8 12 1 1 Respuesta: s e n 5 x s e n xdx = s e n 4 x s e n 6 x + c 8 12 4 3.14.-Encontrar: g xdx
Solucin.- s e n s e n =
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63
Respuesta: g 3 2 xdx =
2
g 2 2x 1
4
1 +c cos 2 x
3.17.-Encontrar: g 5 xdx
Luego:
1 2 1 u du 3 3 g 3x sec 3xdx ; como: d (sec 3x) = 3 g 3x sec 3xdx , se admite: 3 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 u du 3 d (sec3x) = 9 u 3 sec3x + c = 9 sec 3x 3 sec3x + c 3 1 1 Respuesta: g 3 3x sec 3xdx = sec3 3x sec 3 x + c 9 3 3 4 2 3.19.-Encontrar: g x sec xdx
w .M
at
= (sec 3 x) 2 g 3 x sec 3 xdx g 3 x sec 3 xdx ; Sea: u = sec 3x, du = 3sec 3 x g 3 xdx
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1 Solucin.- g 2 5 xdx = (sec 2 5 x 1)dx = sec 2 5 xdx dx = g 5 x x + c 5 1 2 Respuesta: g 5 xdx = g 5 x x + c 5 3 3.18.-Encontrar: g 3x sec 3xdx
om
64
Luego: u 4 du + u 6 du =
co g
Luego: u 3 du u 5 du =
co sec
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Como: co g 2 x = co sec 2 x 1 ;
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co g 3x(1 + co g
65
u5 u3 cos ec5 x cos ec3 x + +c = + +c 5 3 5 3 cos ec5 x cos ec3 x + +c Respuesta: co g 3 x co sec3 xdx = 5 3 3.25.-Encontrar: co g 3 xdx
Entonces: u 4 du + u 2 du =
EJERCICIOS PROPUESTOS
Usando esencialmente el mecanismo tratado, encontrar las siguientes integrales: dx 3.26.- g 2 5 xdx 3.27.- s e n x cos xdx 3.28.- sec 2 x 3 x x cos 2 x 3.31.- g 2 3 sec 2 3 dx 3.30.- cos x s e n xdx 3.29.- dx cos x x s e n 2x 3.33.- s e n 2 6 dx 3.32.- g 3 4 x sec 4 xdx 3.34.- dx sen x x x 3.36.- sec3 4 g 4 dx 3.37.- g 4 2 x sec 4 2 xdx 3.35.- (sec x + cos ecx) 2 dx
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3.38.- s e n 8 x s e n 3 xdx
4
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w w
3.42.-
x 3.45.- co g 3 3 dx
x 3.46.- co g 4 6 dx
3.47.-
3.48.-
3.49.-
dx s e n x cos 4 x
2
x 3.52.- cos3 7 dx
3.55.-
dx cos ec 4
x 3
3.59.-
1 cos 2 x dx 1 + cos 2 x
66
3.76.- s e n 4 axdx
RESPUESTAS
1 3.26.- g 2 5 xdx = (sec 2 5 x 1)dx = sec 2 5 xdx + dx = g 5 x x + c 5 1 1 1 3.27.- s e n x cos xdx = 2s e n x cos xdx = s e n 2 xdx = cos 2 x + c 2 2 4 dx 1 3.28.- = cos 2 xdx = s e n 2 x + c sec 2 x 2 2 cos 2 x cos x s e n 2 x cos 2 x s e n2 x 3.29.- dx = dx = dx dx cos x cos x cos x cos x 1 cos 2 x dx dx = cos xdx + cos xdx = 2 cos xdx sec xdx cos x cos x = 2s e n x sec x + gx + c
w w
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= cos xdx
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1 2 1 1 u3 1 sec3 4 x sec 4 x u+c = +c u du du = 4 4 4 3 4 12 4 x x 1 cos 2 6 1 cos 3 1 1 x x 3.33.- s e n 2 6 dx = dx = dx = dx cos 3 dx 2 2 2 2 1 3 x = x s en 3 + c 2 2 s e n 2x 2 s e n x cos x dx = 2 cos xdx = 2s e n x + c dx = 3.34.- sen x sen x
=
3.35.- (sec x + cos ecx) 2 dx = (sec 2 x + 2sec x cos ecx + cos ec 2 x)dx
1 1 dx + cos ec 2 xdx cos x s e n x dx dx = sec 2 xdx + 2 2 + cos ec 2 xdx = sec 2 xdx + 4 + cos ec 2 xdx 2 cos x s e n x s e n 2x 2 2 = sec xdx + 4 cos ec 2 xdx + cos ec xdx
= sec 2 xdx + 2 sec x cos ecxdx + cos ec 2 xdx = sec 2 xdx + 2 = gx + 4
cos ec 2 x co g 2 x co gx + c
= gx + 2 cos ec 2 x co g 2 x co gx + c
x x x Sea: u = sec 4 , du = 1 sec 4 g 4 dx , 4
Sea: u = g 2 x, du = 2sec 2 2 xdx , Luego: 1 1 1 1 = ( g 2 x) 4 2sec 2 2 xdx + ( g 2 x )6 2sec 2 2 xdx = u 4 du + u 6 du 2 2 2 2 5 7 5 7 1u 1u g 2x g 2x = + +c = + +c 2 5 2 7 10 14 3.38.- s e n 8 x s e n 3 xdx Considerando: s e n s e n = Luego: s e n 8 x s e n 3 x =
1 [cos( ) cos( + )] 2
1 (cos 5 x cos11x) ; Se tiene: 2 1 1 1 s e n 5 x s e n11x = (cos 5 x cos11x)dx = cos 5 xdx cos11xdx = +c 2 2 2 10 22 3.39.- cos 4 x cos 5 xdx
1 [cos( ) + cos( + )] 2 68
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Luego: 4 u 2 du = 4
x 4sec3 4 u3 +c = +c 3 3 3.37.- g 4 2 x sec4 2 xdx = g 4 2 x(sec2 2 x) sec 2 2 xdx = g 4 2 x(1 + g 2 2 x) sec 2 2 xdx
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1 Luego: cos 4 x cos 5 x = (cos( x) + cos 9 x) ; 2 1 Como: cos( x) = cos x (cos x + cos 9 x) ; entonces: 2 1 1 1 cos 4 x cos 5 xdx = 2 ( cos x + cos 9 x)dx = 2 cos xdx + 2 cos 9 xdx s e n x s e n 9x = + +c 2 18 3.40.- s e n 2 x cos 3 xdx
Considerando: s e n cos = Luego: s e n 2 x cos 3x =
1 [s e n( ) + s e n( + )] 2
cos3 x cos3 x 1 dx = dx = co g 3 x cos ecxdx 4 3 sen x sen x sen x 2 = (co g x) co gx cos ecxdx = (cos ec 2 x 1) co gx cos ecxdx =
u3 cos ec 3 x +u+c = + cos ecx + c 3 3 3.43.- cos ec 4 3xdx = (cos ec 2 3 x) cos ec 2 3 xdx = (1 + co g 2 3 x) cos ec 2 3 x) dx
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at
u3 co g 3 x + c = co gx +c 3 3
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4 sec x 3.41.- dx = gx
4 4 1 2 2 = dx = cos ec xdx = cos ec x cos ec xdx sen x sen x cos x = (1 + co g 2 x) cos ec 2 xdx = cos ec 2 xdx + co g 2 x cos ec 2 xdx
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1 cos x
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x x x x x x = sec 2 3 g 3 dx g 3 dx + (sec 2 3 ) g 2 3 dx g 2 3 dx
1 x x Sea: u = g 3 , du = sec 2 3 dx 3 x x Luego: 3 udu g 3 dx + 3 u 2 du sec 2 3 dx + dx 3 3 x x x x x x = u 2 3 sec 3 + u 3 3 g 3 + x + c = g 2 3 3 sec 3 + g 3 3 3 g 3 + x + c 2 2 3 x 2 x x x x 3.45.- co g 3 dx = (co g 3 ) co g 3 dx = (cos ec 2 3 1) co g 3 dx
x x = 2 co g 3 6 + 6 co g 6 + x + c dx 3.47.- ; Como: s e n 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 , 5 s e n x cos x s e n 2 x + cos 2 x dx cos xdx dx = Luego: + 5 3 s e n x cos x s e n x cos x s e n5 x s e n 2 x + cos 2 x cos xdx dx cos xdx cos xdx dx + = = + + 3 5 3 s e n x cos x sen x s e n x cos x sen x s e n5 x dx = + (s e n x) 3 cos xdx + (s e n x) 5 cos xdx s e n x cos x dx = + (s e n x) 3 cos xdx + (s e n x) 5 cos xdx s e n 2x 2 = 2 cos ec 2 xdx + (s e n x) 3 cos xdx + (s e n x) 5 cos xdx ()
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x x x = cos ec 2 6 co g 2 6 dx cos ec 2 6 dx + dx
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1 x x x x x x = cos ec 2 3 co g 3 dx co g 3 dx ; Sea: u = cos ec 3 , du = cos ec 3 co g 3 dx 3 x 1 cos ec x co g x )dx co g x dx = 3 udu co g x dx Luego: 3 (cos ec 3 )( 3 3 3 3 3 2 x 2 3cos ec 3 3u x x = 3 sen 3 + c = 3 sen 3 + c 2 2 4 x 2 x x x x 3.46.- co g 6 dx = (co g 6 ) co g 2 6 dx = (cos ec 2 6 1) co g 2 6 dx
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Luego:
1 1 4 +c 2 2u 4u
1 1 +c 2 2s e n x 4s e n 4 x cos ec 2 x cos ec 4 x = cos ec 2 x co g 2 x +c 2 4 cos 2 x cos 2 x 1 dx = dx = co g 2 x cos ec 4 xdx 3.48.- 6 2 4 sen x sen x sen x 2 2 = co g x(cos ec x) cos ec 2 xdx = co g 2 x(1 + co g 2 x) cos ec 2 xdx
Luego: u 2 du u 4 du =
w .M
at
= (1 + g 2 x) sec2 xdx + 4 cos ec 2 2 xdx = sec2 xdx + g 2 x sec 2 xdx + 4 cos ec 2 2 xdx
em
at
ic
2 co g 2 x + c 3 dx 3.50.- = sec6 4 xdx = (sec 2 4 x)2 sec2 4 xdx = (1 + g 2 4 x)2 sec2 4 xdx 6 cos 4 x = (1 + 2 g 2 4 x + g 4 4 x) sec 2 4 xdx = sec 2 4 xdx + 2 ( g 4 x ) 2 sec 2 4 xdx + ( g 4 x) 4 sec 2 4 xdx
g3x
Luego:
a1
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u3 2 co g 2 x + c 3
1 s e n 2 xdx 2
71
7u 3 7 x x + c = 7 s e n 7 s e n3 7 + c 3 3 x x x x x 3.53.- s e n 5 2 dx = (s e n 2 2 ) 2 s e n 2 dx = (1 cos 2 2 ) 2 s e n 2 dx
1 x x Sea: u = cos 2 , du = s e n 2 dx , 2
Luego:
4u 3 2u 5 +c 3 5
3.54.-
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Se tiene: s e n 2
ic
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Considerando: s e n 2 =
x 2
x x x Luego: 2s e n 2 2 dx = 2 s e n 2 dx = 2 2 cos 2 + c
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at
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x 2
dx 1 cos 23x x x 3.55.- = s e n 4 3 dx = (s e n 2 3 ) 2 dx = dx x cos ec 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 = (1 2 cos 23x + cos 2 23x )dx = dx cos 23x dx + cos 2 23x dx 4 4 2 4 1 1 1 1 + cos 43x 1 1 1 = dx cos 23x dx + dx = dx cos 23x dx + (1 + cos 43x )dx 4 2 4 2 4 2 8 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 = dx cos 23x dx + dx + cos 43x dx = dx cos 23x dx + cos 43x dx 4 2 8 8 8 2 8 3s e n 23x 3s e n 43x 3 13 13 3 = x + +c s e n 23x + s e n 43x + c = x 8 22 84 8 4 32 x x x x x x x x 3.56.- s e n 3 2 cos5 2 dx = s e n 2 s e n 2 2 cos5 2 dx = s e n 2 (1 cos 2 2 ) cos5 2 dx
x x x x = s e n 2 cos5 2 dx cos 7 2 s e n 2 dx
1 x x Sea: u = cos 2 , du = s e n 2 dx 2
72
Luego: 2 u 5 du + 2 u 7 du =
2 2
x x cos 6 2 cos8 2 2u 6 2u 8 u 6 u8 + +c = + +c = + +c 6 8 3 4 3 4
1 s e n 2x 2 3.57.- s e n x cos xdx = (s e n x cos x) dx = dx = s e n 2 xdx 2 4 1 1 cos 4 x 1 1 1 x 1 dx = (1 cos 4 x)dx = dx cos 4 xdx = s e n 4 x + c = 4 2 8 8 8 8 32 4 2 2 2 2 3.58.- s e n x cos xdx = (s e n x cos x) s e n xdx = (s e n x cos x) 2 s e n 2 xdx
2
1 s e n 2 x 1 cos 2 x 1 cos 2 x 2 = dx = s e n 2 x dx 2 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 cos 4 x 1 = s e n 2 2 xdx s e n 2 2 x cos 2 xdx = dx s e n 2 2 x cos 2 xdx 8 8 8 2 8 1 1 1 = dx cos 4 xdx s e n 2 2 x cos 2 xdx() 16 16 8 Sea: u = s e n 2 x, du = 2 cos 2 xdx , luego:
2
3.60.-
cos3 x 1 1 dx = (s e n x) 2 cos3 xdx = (s e n x) 2 cos 2 x cos xdx sen x 3 1 1 = (s e n x) 2 (1 s e n 2 x) cos xdx = (s e n x) 2 cos xdx s e n 2 x cos xdx()
1 1 1 1 1 1 u3 +c dx cos 4 xdx u 2 du = x s e n 4 x 16 16 16 16 64 16 3 1 s e n 4x s e n3 2x = x +c 16 64 48 1 cos 2 x 1 cos 2 x s e n2 x 2 3.59.- dx = dx = dx = g 2 xdx = (sec 2 x 1)dx 2 1 + cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x cos x 2 = sec 2 xdx dx = gx x + c () =
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1 1 cos 4 x 1 + cos 4 x 2 3.62.- s e n 2 2 x cos 2 2 xdx = dx = (1 cos 4 x)dx 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 + cos8 x 1 1 = dx cos 2 4 xdx = dx dx = dx (1 + cos8 x)dx 4 4 4 4 2 4 8 1 1 1 1 1 x s e n 8x = dx dx cos8 xdx = dx cos8 xdx = +c 4 8 8 8 8 8 64 1 1 + cos 2 x 2 3.63.- cos xdx = (cos x) dx = dx = (1 + cos 2 x) dx 2 4 1 1 1 1 = (1 + 2 cos 2 x + cos 2 x)dx = dx + cos 2 xdx + cos 2 2 xdx 4 4 2 4 1 1 1 1 + cos 4 x 1 1 1 = dx + cos 2 xdx + dx = dx + cos 2 xdx + (1 + cos 4 x)dx 4 2 4 2 4 2 8 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 = dx + cos 2 xdx + dx + cos 4 xdx = dx + cos 2 xdx + cos 4 xdx 4 2 8 8 8 2 8 3 1 1 = x + s e n 2x + s e n 4x + c 8 4 32 4 2 3.64.- g x sec xdx
2 4 2 2
= (1 + g 2 a ) 2 sec 2 a d = (1 + 2 g 2 a + g 4 a ) sec 2 a d
= sec 2 a d + 2 g 2 a sec 2 a d + g 4 a sec 2 a d
Sea: u = ga , du = a sec 2 a d ,
1 2 1 1 2u 3 u 5 1 2 g 3 a g 5 a + + c = ga + + +c du + u 2 du + u 4 du = u + a a a a 3 5 a 3 5 sec x( gx + sec x)dx sec x gx + sec 2 x 3.67.- sec xdx = dx = gx + sec x gx + sec x Sea: u = sec x + gx, du = (sec x gx + sec 2 x)dx du = u + c = sec x + gx + c Luego: u
Luego:
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Luego: u 4 du =
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74
1 2 u3 co g 3 2 x +c u du = + c = 2 6 6 s e n3 x s e n 2 x s e n xdx (1 cos 2 x) s e n xdx s e n xdx 3.69.- dx = = = s e n xdx 2 2 2 cos x cos x cos x cos 2 x Sea: u = cos x, du = s e n xdx , 1 1 Luego: u 2 du s e n xdx = + cos x + c = + cos x + c = sec x + cos x + c u cos x 3.70.- sec 4 3 x g 3xdx = sec3 3x(sec 3x g 3x)dx
Luego:
u sec x +c = + c, (n 0) n n cos3 x cos 2 x cos x (1 s e n 2 x) cos x cos xdx 3.72.- dx = dx = dx = cos xdx 2 2 2 sen x sen x sen x s e n2 x 1 sen x + c sen x dx s e n 2 x + cos 2 x dx cos 2 x dx = dx 3.73.- = + s e n4 x s e n4 x s e n2 x s e n4 x cos 2 x dx = cos ec 2 xdx + = cos ec 2 xdx + co g 2 x cos ec 2 xdx s e n2 x s e n2 x 1 = co gx co g 3 x + c 3 n 3.74.- g x sec 2 xdx;(n 1)
n 1
du =
u n +1 g n +1 x +c = + c, (n 1) n +1 n +1
3 2 3
1 2 cos 2 x 3.75.- s e n xdx = (s e n x) dx = dx 2 1 = (1 3cos 2 x + 3cos 2 2 x cos3 2 x)dx 8 1 = dx 3 cos 2 xdx + 3 cos 2 2 xdx cos3 2 xdx 8
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5 x s e n 2 x 3s e n 4 x s e n 3 2 x + + +c 16 4 64 48 1 3.76.- s e n 4 axdx = (s e n 2 ax) 2 dx = (1 cos 2ax) 2 dx 4 1 1 1 = (1 2 cos 2ax + cos 2 2ax)dx = dx cos 2axdx + cos 2 2axdx 4 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 = x s e n 2ax + ( x + s e n 4ax) + c = x s e n 2ax + s e n 4ax + c 4 4a 4 2 8a 8 4a 32a s e n n +1 x + c, (n 1) 3.77.- s e n n x cos xdx = n +1 3.78.- co g n axdx = co g n 2 ax co g 2 axdx = co g n 2 ax(cos ec 2 ax 1)dx
=
g n 1 x
n 1
co g 3 3 x co g 3 3x co g 2 3xdx = (cos ec 2 3x 1)dx 3 3 9 3 co g 3x co g 3 3x = cos ec 2 3 xdx + dx = cos ec 2 3 xdx + dx 9 9 3 co g 3x co g 3x = + + x+c 9 3 cos n +1 x 3.80.- cos x n s e n xdx = + c;(n 1) n +1 3.81.- g n xdx = g n 2 x g 2 xdx = g n 2 x(sec 2 x 1)dx
=
3.82.- g 4 xdx =
=
g 3 xdx
3
g 2 xdx =
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g3x
3
gx + x + c 3 3 3.83.- cos 2 n +1 xdx = cos 2 n x cos xdx = (cos 2 x) n cos xdx = (1 s e n 2 x) n cos xdx
g3x
sec 2 xdx dx =
g3x
Sea: u = s e n x, du = cos xdx .El resultado se obtiene, evaluando (1 u 2 ) n por la frmula del binomio de Newton y calculando cada sumando, cuyas integrales son del tipo: u n du . Las frmulas provenientes de los ejercicios 3.78 y 3.81, se denominan frmulas de reduccin y su utilidad es obvia. Ms adelante, en otros captulos, usted deducir nuevas frmulas de reduccin.
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CAPITULO 4
INTEGRACION POR PARTES
Existe una variedad de integrales que se pueden desarrollar, usando la relacin: udv = uv vdu . El problema es elegir u y dv , por lo cual es til la siguiente identificacin: I: Funcin trigonomtrica inversa. L: Funcin logartmica. A: Funcin algebraica. T: Funcin trigonomtrica. E: Funcin exponencial. Se usa de la manera siguiente:
EJERCICIOS DESARROLLADOS
4.1.-Encontrar: x cos xdx Solucin.- I L A T E x cos x u=x dv = cos xdx du = dx v = sen x Respuesta: x cos xdx = x s e n x + cos x + c 4.2.-Encontrar: x sec 2 xdx
1 1 x g 3x 1 x sec 2 xdx = x g 3 x g 3xdx = sec 3x + c 3 3 3 9 x g 3 x 1 Respuesta: x sec 2 xdx = sec 3x + c 3 9 2 4.3.-Encontrar: x s e n xdx
Solucin.- I L A T E x2 s e n x
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u = x2
2
dv = s e n xdx
v = cos x du = 2 xdx 2 x s e n xdx = x cos x + 2 x cos xdx , integrando por partes la segunda integral: u=x dv = cos xdx x cos xdx ; du = dx v = sen x 2 2 x s e n xdx = x cos x + 2 x s e n x s e n xdx = x 2 cos x + 2 x s e n x + 2 cos x + c
1 v = cos 2 x 2 1 1 ( x 2 + 5 x + 6) cos 2 xdx = s e n 2 x( x 2 + 5 x + 6) (2 x + 5)( 1 2 cos 2 x) + cos 2 xdx 2 2 x2 + 5x + 6 1 1 s e n 2 x + cos 2 x(2 x + 5) cos 2 xdx = 2 4 2 2 x + 5x + 6 2x + 5 1 s e n 2x + cos 2 x s e n 2 x + c = 2 4 4 x2 + 5x + 6 2x + 5 1 Respuesta: ( x 2 + 5 x + 6) cos 2 xdx = s e n 2x + cos 2 x s e n 2 x + c 2 4 4 Nota.-Ya se habr dado cuenta el lector, que la eleccin conveniente para el u y el dv , depender de la ubicacin de los trminos funcionales en la palabra ILATE. El de la izquierda corresponde al u , y el otro ser el dv . 4.5.-Encontrar: xdx
Solucin.- I L A T E x 1
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u = 2x + 5 du = 2dx
at
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dv = s e n 2 xdx
at
2x + 5 s e n 2x
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u = x2 + 5x + 6
dv = cos 2 xdx
78
Respuesta: xdx = x( x 1) + c
u = x
(a 2 + x 2 )dx = x (a 2 + x 2 ) = x (a 2 + x 2 ) 2 dx + 2a 2
2 x 2 dx 2a 2 = x (a 2 + x 2 ) (2 2 )dx a2 + x2 x + a2
dx 2 a2 x = x (a 2 + x 2 ) 2 x + arc g a + c x2 + a2 a x = x (a 2 + x 2 ) 2 x + 2a arc g a + c
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Solucin.- I L A T E
x + x2 1
u = x + x2 1
1+
x2 1 + x
at
dv = 1dx v=x
em
4.7.-Encontrar: x + x 2 1 dx
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79
dv = 1dx v=x
Solucin.- I L A T E arc gx 1 u = arc gx dv = 1dx dx du = v=x 1 + x2 xdx arc gxdx = x arc gx 1 + x2 Sea: w = 1 + x 2 , dw = 2 xdx 1 2 xdx 1 dw 1 Luego: x arc gx = x arc gx = x arc gx w + c 2 2 1+ x 2 w 2 1 = x arc gx 1 + x 2 + c 2 1 Respuesta: arc gxdx = x arc gx 1 + x 2 + c 2 2 4.10.- x arc gxdx Solucin.- I L A T E arc gx x 2 u = arc gx dv = x 2 dx dx x3 du = v= 2 1+ x 3 3 x 1 x 2 dx x 3 1 x x 2 arc gxdx = arc gx = arc gx ( x 2 )dx 2 3 3 1+ x 3 3 x +1
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x3 1 1 x arc gx xdx 2 dx 3 3 3 x +1 xdx 1 Por ejercicio 4.9, se tiene: 2 = x2 + 1 + c x +1 2 x3 1 1 x3 x2 1 Luego: arc gx xdx + x 2 + 1 + c = arc gx + x 2 + 1 + c 3 3 6 3 6 6 3 2 x x 1 Respuesta: x 2 arc gxdx = arc gx + x 2 + 1 + c 3 6 6 4.11.-Encontrar: arc cos 2xdx =
dv = 1dx v=x
xdx 1 4 x2
Sea: w = 1 4 x 2 , dw = 8 xdx
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du =
1 dx 1 x x
1
dv = x 2 dx v=2 x dx 1 x
arc s e n xx 2 dx = 2 x arc s e n x
at
= x arc cos 2 x
1 1 4x2 + c 2
em
1 1 4x2 + c 2
at
ic
a1
.c
om
81
Respuesta:
Solucin.- I L A T E arc s e n 2 x 2 x u = arc s e n 2 x 2 dv = xdx 4 xdx x2 du = v= 2 1 4x4 2 x x3 dx 2 2 x arc s e n 2 x dx = arc s e n 2 x 2 2 1 4x4 Sea: w = 1 4 x 4 , dw = 16 x3 dx Luego:
= x2 2 (16 x 3 dx) x 2 1 1 arc s e n 2 x 2 + = arc s e n 2 x 2 + w 2 dw 4 2 16 2 8 1 4x
1
Sea: w =
x dx , dw = a a
a 2 we w dw = a 2 we w e w dw = a 2 ( we w e w + c ) = a 2 ( we w e w ) + c
x x x x x = a 2 e a e a + c = a 2 e a ( 1) + c a a x x x Respuesta: xe a dx = a 2 e a ( 1) + c a 2 3 x 4.15.-Encontrar: x e dx
Solucin.- I L A T E
w .M
at
em at
ic
a1
.c
om
82
Sea: w = x 2 , dw = 2 xdx , adems: x 2 = w 2 2 1 1 1 Luego: x 2 e x xdx = x 2 e x x(2 xdx ) = we w dw = we w dw , integrando por 2 2 2 Partes se tiene: I L A T E w ew u=w dv = e w dw du = dw v = ew 1 1 1 1 1 1 we w dw = we w e w dw = we w e w dw = we w e w + c 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 x2 1 x2 1 x2 2 = x e e + c = e ( x + 1) + c 2 2 2 2 1 2 Respuesta: x 3e x dx = e x ( x 2 + 1) + c 2 2 4.17.-Encontrar: ( x 2 x + 5)e x dx
Solucin.- I L A T E
83
w .M
at
Solucin.- x 3e x dx = x 2 e x xdx
2 2
em at
ic
4.16.-Encontrar: x 3e x dx
2
a1
.c
om
e 3 x dv = e3 x dx 2 u=x 1 v = e 3 x du = 2 xdx 3 1 2 x 2 e 3 x dx = x 2 e3 x + xe3 x dx , integrando por partes la segunda integral: 3 3 I L A T E x e 3 x dv = e3 x dx u=x 1 du = dx v = e 3 x 3 1 2 1 1 x 2 e 3 x 2 3 x 2 3 x xe + e dx x 2 e 3 x dx = x 2 e 3 x + xe 3 x + e3 x dx = 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 2 3 x xe 2 2 = xe 3 x e 3 x + c 3 9 27 e 3 x 2 2 2 Respuesta: x 2 e 3 x dx = x + x+ +c 3 3 9
x2
x 2 2 x + 5 e x u = x2 2x + 5 du = (2 x 2)dx
dv = e x dx
dv = e x dx v = e x
( x 2 2 x + 5)e x dx = e x ( x 2 2 x + 5) + e x (2 x 2) + 2 e x dx
= e x ( x 2 2 x + 5) e x (2 x 2) + 2 e x dx = e x ( x 2 2 x + 5) e x (2 x 2) 2e x + c
= e x ( x 2 2 x + 5 +2x 2 + 2 ) + c = e x ( x 2 + 5) + c
Respuesta: ( x 2 2 x + 5)e x dx = e x ( x 2 + 5) + c 4.18.-Encontrar: e ax cos bxdx Solucin.- I L A T E cos bx e ax
v= 1 ax e a
e ax cos bx b ax + e s e n bxdx , Ntese que la segunda integral es a a semejante a la primera, salvo en la parte trigonomtrica; integrando por partes la segunda integral: I L A T E s e n bx e ax dv = e ax dx u = s e n bx 1 du = b cos bxdx v = e ax a ax ax e cos bx b e s e n bx b ax = + e cos bxdx a a a a
e ax cos bxdx =
e ax cos bx be ax s e n bx b 2 ax + 2 e cos bxdx , Ntese que: a a2 a ax e cos bx be ax s e n bx b 2 ax + 2 e cos bxdx , la integral a encontrar e ax cos bxdx = a a2 a aparece con coeficiente 1 en el primer miembro, y en el segundo con coeficiente: = 84
.M
at
em
u = cos bx du = b s e n bxdx
at ic
dv = e ax dx
a1 .c om
b2 . Transponiendo ste trmino al primer miembro y dividiendo por el nuevo a2 b2 a 2 + b2 , se tiene: coeficiente: 1 + 2 = a a2 a 2 + b 2 ax ae ax cos bx + be ax s e n bx +c e cos bxdx = 2 a2 a
a2
+c =
dv = e ax dx 1 v = e ax a ax e s e n bx b ax e ax s e n bxdx = e cos bxdx , integrando por partes la segunda a a integral: I L A T E cos bx e ax dv = e ax dx u = cos bx 1 du = b s e n bxdx v = e ax a ax e s e n bx b e ax cos bx b ax e ax s e n bxdx = + e s e n bxdx a a a a u = s e n bx du = b cos bxdx = e ax s e n bx be ax cos bx b 2 ax 2 e s e n bxdx , a a2 a
.M
Solucin.- I L A T E s e n bx e ax
at
em at
ic
a1
Solucin.- Este ejercicio es un caso particular del ejercicio anterior, donde: a = 1 y b = 2 . Invitamos al lector, resolverlo por partes, an cuando la respuesta es inmediata. e x (cos 2 x + 2s e n 2 x) +c Respuesta: e x cos 2 xdx = 5 4.20.-Encontrar: e ax s e n bxdx
.c
om
85
Como habr notado el lector, la integral a encontrar aparece con coeficiente 1 en b2 el primer miembro, y en el segundo con coeficiente: 2 . Transponiendo ste a b2 a 2 + b2 trmino al primer miembro y dividiendo por el nuevo coeficiente: 1 + 2 = , se a a2 tiene: a 2 + b 2 ax ae ax s e n bx be ax cos bx e s e n bxdx = +c 2 a2 a
ae ax s e n bx be ax cos bx a 2 + b2 2 a ax e (a s e n bx b cos bx) +c Respuesta: e ax s e n bxdx = a2 + b2 4.21.-Encontrar: x 1 + xdx
ax e s e n bxdx =
a2
+ c = e ax s e n bxdx =
e ax (a s e n bx b cos bx) +c a 2 + b2
Solucin.- Cuando el integrando, est formado por el producto de funciones algebraicas, es necesario tomar como dv , la parte ms fcil integrable y u como la parte ms fcil derivable. Sin embargo, la opcin de ms fcil quedar a criterio del lector. 1 dv = (1 + x) 2 dx u=x 3 2 du = dx v = (1 + x) 2 3 5 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 (1 + x) 2 x 1 + xdx = x(1 + x) 2 (1 + x) 2 dx = x(1 + x) 2 +c 3 3 3 3 5 2 5 2 3 2 4(1 + x) = x(1 + x) 2 +c 3 15 5 3 2 4(1 + x) 2 +c Respuesta: x 1 + xdx = x(1 + x) 2 3 15 x 2 dx 4.22.-Encontrar: 1+ x 2 x dx 1 Solucin.- = x 2 (1 + x) 2 dx 1+ x
u = x2 du = 2 xdx
dv = (1 + x) 2 dx v = 2(1 + x)
1 2
.M
at
em
at
ic
a1
.c
om
86
u=x du = dx
x 2 dx = 2 x2 1+ x
2
dv = (1 + x) 2 dx
1 3 2 v = (1 + x) 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 + x 4 x(1 + x) 2 (1 + x) dx 3 3 5
u = 1 x
xdx = e x ( x + 1) + c ex 4.24.-Encontrar: x 2 1 x dx
.M
at
em
Respuesta:
at
ic
a1
xe x dx = xe x + e x dx = xe x e x + c = e x ( x 1) + c = e x ( x + 1) + c
.c
om
dv = x 2 dx v= x3 3
Solucin.-
du =
1 dx 1 (1 x) 2 (1)dx du = 2(1 x) 1 x 2 1
x 2 1 x dx =
Solucin.-
87
Solucin.dv = (3x + 1)7 dx v = (3 x + 1)7 dx 1 8 du = dx v = (3 x + 1) 24 x 1 x 1 1 (3x + 1)9 x(3 x + 1)7 dx = (3x + 1)8 (3 x + 1)8 dx = (3 x + 1)8 +c 24 24 24 24 3 9 x (3 x + 1)9 (3 x + 1)8 = +c 24 648 x (3 x + 1)9 +c Respuesta: x(3x + 1)7 dx = (3x + 1)8 24 648 u=x
.M
at e
at ic
a1 .c
om
dv = s e n 2 xdx 1 cos 2 x dx 1 1 v = du = dx 2 v = x s e n 2x 2 4 1 1 1 1 x s e n 2 xdx = x 2 x s e n 2 x xdx + s e n 2 xdx 2 4 2 4 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 = x x s e n 2 x x cos 2 x + c = x x s e n 2 x cos 2 x + c 2 4 4 8 4 4 8 2 x x s e n 2 x cos 2 x +c Respuesta: x s e n 2 xdx = 4 4 8 Otra solucin.1 cos 2 x 1 1 1 x2 1 2 x s e n xdx = x 2 dx = 2 xdx 2 x cos 2 xdx = 2 2 2 x cos 2 xdx x2 1 = x cos 2 xdx ; integrando por partes, la segunda integral: 4 2 dv = cos 2 xdx u=x 1 du = dx v = s e n 2x 2 2 x2 1 x 1 x 1 x x s e n 2 xdx = s e n 2 x s e n 2 xdx = s e n 2 x + s e n 2 xdx 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 u=x
EJERCICIOS PROPUESTOS
Usando esencialmente el mecanismo presentado, encontrar las integrales siguientes:
88
4.33.- x3e 3 dx
x
4.31.- x 2 x dx 4.37.-
x
3
dx
4.46.-
2x
x2 4.49.- (arcs e n x) 2 dx s e n2 x dx ex
dx
4.51.-
4.52.-
w .M
4.66.- x3 ( x) 2 dx
4.67.- x n e x dx
em
4.64.- s e n n xdx
ic
a1
4.60.-
dx
.c o
( x)
4.58.- e x dx
4.62.- x 2 e x dx 4.65.- x m ( x) n dx
at
4.71.- x xdx
4.68.- x3e x dx
w w
at
4.78.- (9 + x 2 )dx 4.81.- arc sec xdx 4.84.- ( x 2 + 1)dx 4.87.- x arc g x 2 1dx 4.90.- x 2 1 xdx
4.74.- x s e n axdx
4.86.-
dx xdx (1 x 2 )3
4.88.-
4.89.- arcs e n x
RESPUESTAS
4.27.- x(2 x + 5)10 dx Solucin.-
89
(2 x + 5)11 v= 22 x 1 x 1 10 11 11 11 12 x(2 x + 5) dx = 22 (2 x + 5) 22 (2 x + 5) dx = 22 (2 x + 5) 44 (2 x + 5) + c x 1 (2 x + 5)12 + c = (2 x + 5)11 22 528 4.28.- arcs e n xdx dv = dx v=x xdx 1 x2
u=x du = dx
dv = (2 x + 5)10 dx
Solucin.u = arcs e n x
du =
dx 1 x2
Adems: w = 1 x 2 , dw = 2 xdx
= x arcs e n x + 1 dw = x arcs e n x + 1 x 2 + c 1 2w 2
dv = s e n xdx
Solucin. u=x du = dx
x
dv = 2 x dx v= 2 x 2
x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 2 x x 1 x x2 dx = 2 + 2 2 dx = 2 + 2 2 + c = 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 + c
4.32.- x 2 e3 x dx Solucin.-
u=x du = dx
.M
dv = cos 3xdx
at
Solucin.-
em
at
ic a1
.c
om
90
u = x2 du = 2 xdx
dv = e3 x dx 1 v = e3 x 3
x2 3x 2 e xe3 x dx , integral la cual se desarrolla nuevamente por partes, 3 3 dv = e3 x dx u=x esto es: 1 du = dx v = e3 x 3 x2 3x 2 x 3x 1 3x x2 3x 2 3x 2 3x x2 2x 2 = e e e dx = e xe + e dx = e3 x e3 x + e3 x + c 3 33 3 9 9 3 9 27 3
2 3x x e dx =
4.33.- x3e 3 dx
x
Solucin.-
cos 2 x 2 1 1 x 1 x s e n x cos xdx = 2 x s e n 2 xdx = 2 2 cos 2 x + 2 cos 2 xdx x 1 x 1 = cos 2 x + cos 2 xdx = cos 2 x + s e n 2 x + c 4 4 4 8 2 4.35.- x xdx du = dx v=
u=x
dv = s e n 2 xdx
Solucin.-
.M
at
em
at ic
a1 .
v = 3e 3 x x x x + 6 xe 3 dx = 3 x3e 3 27 x 2 e 3 + 54 xe 3 dx
x
u = x2 du = 2 xdx
dv = e 3 dx
x
co m
91
u = x
dv = x 2 dx
Solucin.u = arc gx dx du = 1 + x2
Solucin.u = arcs e n x dv = xdx dx x2 du = v= 1 + x2 2 2 x 1 x 2 dx x arcs e n xdx = 2 arcs e n x 2 1 + x2 , integral para la cual se sugiere la x = s e n sustitucin siguiente: dx = cos d
92
dv = xdx
.M
at em
dx x3 v= x 3 3 3 x x 1 2 x x x3 x 2 xdx = x dx = +c 3 3 3 9 x 4.36.- 3 dx x Solucin.u = x dv = x 3dx dx 1 du = v= 2 x 2x x x 1 3 x 1 3 x3 dx = x xdx = 2 x2 + 2 x dx = 2 x 2 4 x 2 + c x 4.37.- dx x Solucin.u = x 1 dv = x 2 dx dx du = v=2 x x x 1 1 x dx = x 2 xdx = 2 x x 2 x 2 dx = 2 x x 4 x + c 4.38.- x arc gxdx du =
at ic a1
.c
om
= =
Solucin.-
u = cos x du = s e n xdx
w w
u = cos x du = s e n xdx
dv = e x dx
v = ex
dv = 3x dx v= 3x
w .M at
3
em
at ic
v = ex x x x e s e n xdx = e s e n x e cos xdx , integral la cual se desarrolla por partes, esto es:
a1
dv = e x dx
.c
om
93
3x
3 3
esto es:
3
x
= cos x = cos x
3
3x
3x sen x 1 x cos x + 2 3 cos xdx , de donde es inmediato: 3 3 x 1 3 sen x = (1 + 2 ) 3x cos xdx = +c cos x + 3 3 3 = 3x cos xdx = =(
Solucin.u = s e n( x) dv = dx cos( x) du = dx v=x x s e n( x)dx = x s e n( x) cos( x)dx , integral la cual se desarrolla por partes, esto es: u = cos( x) dv = dx s e n( x) du = dx v=x x = x s e n( x) x cos( x) + s e n( x)dx = x s e n( x) x cos( x) s e n( x)dx Se tiene por tanto: s e n( x)dx = x [s e n( x) cos( x)] s e n( x)dx , de donde es inmediato:
2 s e n( x)dx = x [s e n( x) cos( x) ] + c s e n( x)dx = x [s e n( x) cos( x)] + c 2
.M
at
em
at ic
4.43.- s e n( x)dx
a1 .
co m
94
u = x
dv = ( x 2 2 x + 3)dx v= x3 x 2 + 3x 3
du =
dx x
dv = x 2 dx v= x3 3
.M
at
em
at ic
4.46.-
2x
a1 .c om
x2 1 x dx x2 1 x 1 x 1 dx 2 = x +c x 1 2 x +1 2 1+ x 1+ x 2
95
4.48.- x(arc gx) 2 dx Solucin.dv = xdx u = (arc gx) 2 x2 2 arc gxdx v= du = 2 1 + x2 2 x x 2 dx , integral la cual se desarrolla por x(arc gx )2 dx = (arc gx) 2 (arc gx) 2 1 + x2 partes, esto es: u = arc gx x 2 dx dv = dx 1 + x2 du = 2 1+ x v = x arc gx
( x arc gx) dx ( x arc gx) arc gx ( x arc gx) 2 1 + x2 2 ( x arc gx) xdx arc gxdx = x arc gx + (arc gx) 2 + 2 2 1+ x 1 + x2 2 2 ( x arc gx) 1 (arc gx) = x arc gx + (arc gx) 2 + (1 + x 2 ) +c 2 2 2 4.49.- (arcs e n x) 2 dx
2
dv = dx v=x
2
.M
at
(arcs e n x) dx = x(arcs e n x)
2
2 arcs e n x
u = arcs e n x
partes, esto es:
du =
dx 1 x2
em
at ic
xdx
a1 .
co m
96
dv =
dx 1 x
v = 2 1 x
arcs e n x dx dx = 2 1 x arcs e n x + = 2 1 x arcs e n x + 2 x + c 1 x x s e n2 x 4.52.- dx ex Solucin.dv = e x dx u = s e n2 x du = 2s e n x cos x v = e x s e n2 x 2 2 x x x e x dx = s e n xe dx = e s e n x + 2 s e n x cos xe dx s e n 2x x = e x s e n 2 x + 2 e dx , Integral la cual se desarrolla por partes, esto es: 2 u = s e n 2x dv = e x dx du = 2 cos 2 xdx v = e x = e x s e n 2 x + 2 cos 2 xe x dx , Integral la cual se desarrolla por partes, esto es: u = cos 2 x du = 2s e n 2 xdx
x x x x
dv = e x dx v = e x
.M
at
em
at
ic a1
.c
om
97
e x (s e n 2 x + 2 cos 2 x) + c , Sustituyendo en: 5 s e n 2 xdx 2e x = e x s e n 2 x (s e n 2 x + 2 cos 2 x) + c ex 5 4.53.- g 2 x sec3 xdx = (sec 2 x 1) sec3 xdx = sec5 xdx() sec3 xdx()
x s e n 2 xe dx =
Solucin.-
sec xdx ,
5
Sea:
sec sec
= sec x gx sec3 xdx + sec xdx , luego: 2 sec3 xdx = sec x gx + sec xdx
xdx = sec x sec 2 xdx = sec x gx sec x g 2 xdx = sec x gx sec x(sec x 2 1)dx
1 Esto es: sec3 xdx = (sec x gx + n sec x gx ) + c , ahora bien: 2 2 3 5 3 g x sec xdx = sec xdx sec xdx , con ( y )
1 x sec3 xdx = sec3 x gx 3 sec3 x g 2 xdx (sec x gx + n sec x gx ) + c 2 1 De lo anterior: 4 g 2 x sec3 xdx = sec3 x gx (sec x gx + n sec x gx ) + c 2 1 3 1 Esto es: g 2 x sec3 xdx = sec x gx (sec x gx + n sec x gx ) + c 4 8 3 2 4.54.- x xdx
Solucin.dv = x3 dx u = 2x 2 x x4 du = dx v= x 4 4 x 1 3 3 2 2 x xdx = 4 x 2 x xdx , integral la cual se desarrolla por partes, esto es: u = x dv = x3 dx
x4 4 4 4 x4 2 1 4 x 1 x 1 1 x4 = +c 2x x x 3dx = x x x + 4 2 4 4 8 8 4 4 x4 2 1 4 x4 = x x x + + c 4 8 32 du = v=
dx x
.M
at em at ic
a1
.c o
98
4.55.- x (9 + x 2 )dx Solucin.dv = xdx u = (9 + x 2 ) x2 2 xdx v= du = 2 9 + x2 2 3 x x x2 9x x (9 + x 2 )dx = (9 + x 2 ) dx = (9 + x 2 ) x 2 dx 2 x +9 2 9+ x 2 x2 xdx x2 x2 9 = (9 + x 2 ) xdx + 9 = (9 + x 2 ) + ( x 2 + 9) + c 2 9 + x2 2 2 2 2 x 9 = (9 + x 2 ) 1 + ( x 2 + 9) + c 2 2 4.56.- arcs e n xdx Solucin.u = arcs e n xdx dx 1 du = 1 x2 2 x
dv = dx v=x
sustitucin: t = s e n , de donde: 1 t 2 = cos , y dt = cos d . Esto es: 1 = x arcs e n x + cos 2 d = x arcs e n x + (1 + cos 2 )d 2 1 1 1 1 = x arcs e n x + + s e n 2 + c = x arcs e n x + + s e n cos + c 2 4 2 2 arcs e n t t arcs e n 1 x 1 x = x arcs e n x + + + 1 t 2 + c = x arcs e n x + 2 2 2 2 4.57.- x arc g (2 x + 3)dx
w w
.M
= x arcs e n x
1 1 t 2 (2 t dt )dx = x arcs e n x + 1 t 2 dt , 2 t
at em
xdx 1 1 xdx = x arcs e n x 2 1 x 1 x 2 x Para la integral resultante, se recomienda la siguiente sustitucin: 1 x = t , de donde: x = 1 t 2 , y dx = 2tdt ( ver capitulo 9)
at
ic
a1 .c
om
arcs e n
xdx = x arcs e n x
Se
recomienda
la
x +c
dv = xdx x2 v= 2
99
= = =
=
= = =
1 3x + 5 x2 x 2 dx x2 2 dx arc g (2 x + 3) 2 = arc g (2 x + 3) 2 2 4 x + 12 x + 10 2 4 4 x + 12 x + 10 3x + 5 x2 1 2 dx arc g (2 x + 3) dx + 2 2 4 4 x + 12 x + 10 2 x+ 5 x 1 6 arc g (2 x + 3) x + 3 2 dx 2 4 4 x + 12 x + 10 8 x + 40 x2 1 3 6 dx arc g (2 x + 3) x + 2 2 4 8 4 x + 12 x + 10 32 x2 1 3 8 x + 12 6 dx arc g (2 x + 3) x + 2 2 4 8 4 x + 12 x + 10 x2 1 3 (8 x + 12)dx 3 32 dx arc g (2 x + 3) x + 2 4 x 2 + 12 x + 10 2 4 8 4 x + 12 x + 10 8 6 2 x 1 3 dx arc g (2 x + 3) x + 4 x 2 + 12 x + 10 2 2 2 4 8 4 x + 12 x + 10 2 x 1 3 dx arc g (2 x + 3) x + 4 x 2 + 12 x + 10 2 2 4 8 (2 x + 3) 2 + 1
4.58.- e x dx Solucin.u=e x e x dx du = 2 x
x e dx = xe x
dv = dx v=x
dx 1 xe x dx 2 x , Se recomienda la sustitucin: z = x , dz = 2 x 2
1 2 z z e dz , Esta integral resultante, se desarrolla por partes: 2 dv = e z dz u = z2 du = 2 zdz v = ez 1 z 2e z = xe x z 2 e z 2 ze z dz = xe x + ze z dz , integral que se desarrolla por 2 2 partes: = xe
x
w w
.M
at
em
at
ic
x2 1 3 2 2dx = arc g (2 x + 3) x + 4 x 2 + 12 x + 10 2 4 8 2 (2 x + 3) 2 + 1
a1
.c
om
100
= xe
x
u=z du = dz
dv = e z dz v = ez
x
z 2e z + ze z e z + c = xe 2
xe x + xe 2
+c
x 1 x x + cos(2 x)dx = + cos(2 x) + x s e n(2 x) 2 cos(2 x)dx , de donde: 2 2 2 2 5 x cos(2 x)dx = 2 cos(2 x) + x s e n(2 x) + c 2 1 x x cos(2 x)dx = 10 cos(2 x) + 5 s e n(2 x) + c , Por tanto: 2 x x x 2 cos ( x)dx = 2 + 10 cos(2 x) + 5 s e n(2 x) + c ( x) dx , Se tiene: 4.60.- dx , Sustituyendo por: w = x, dw = x x Solucin. ( x) x dx = wdw , Esta integral se desarrolla por partes: u = w dv = dw dw du = v=w w = w w dw = w w w + c = w( w 1) + c = x [ ( x) 1] + c
.M
Solucin.u = cos(2 x) dv = dx [s e n(2 x)] 2dx v=x du = x 1 + cos(2 x) 1 1 2 dx = dx + cos(2 x)dx cos ( x)dx = 2 2 2 1 1 x x = x + x cos(2 x) + 2 s e n(2 x)dx = + cos(2 x) + s e n(2 x)dx 2 2 2 2 Integral que se desarrolla por partes: u = s e n(2 x) dv = dx [ cos(2 x)] 2dx v=x du = x x x = + cos(2 x) + x s e n(2 x) 2 cos(2 x)dx , 2 2 Dado que apareci nuevamente: cos(2 x)dx , igualamos:
at
em
at
ic a1
.c
om
101
4.61.- x + 1 dx Solucin.u = x +1 dx du = x +1
dv = dx v=x
xdx 1 = x x + 1 1 dx x +1 x +1 = x x +1 x + x +1 + c
x + 1 dx = x x + 1
dv = e x dx v = ex
n 1
n 1
em .M at
at
dv = cos xdx v = sen x dv = s e n xdx v = cos x
= s e n n 1 x cos x + (n 1) (1 s e n 2 x) s e n n 2 xdx
ic a1
Integral que se desarrolla nuevamente por partes: u=x dv = e x dx du = dx v = ex = x 2 e x 2 xe x e x dx = x 2 e x 2 xe x + 2e x + c n 4.63.- cos xdx = cos n 1 x cos xdx
.c
om
102
s e n xdx = s e n n s e n xdx = s e n
n n n s e n xdx =
n 1
n 1
x m +1 ( x) n n m n 1 x ( x) dx = (m + 1) (m + 1) x ( x) dx
m n
4.66.- x3 ( x) 2 dx Solucin.Puede desarrollarse como caso particular del ejercicio anterior, haciendo: m = 3, n = 2
dv = e x dx v = ex
3 x ( x)dx =
w w
.M
at em
at
3 2 x ( x) dx =
ic
a1 .c
om
103
Reemplazando en y luego en : 3 x 3 x 2 x x x x e dx = x e 3 x e 2( xe e ) + c
x
3 2
x 2 e x dx = x 2 e x 2 xe x dx , Adems: xe x dx = xe x e x dx = xe x e x + c
n2
dv = sec 2 xdx v = gx
sec
xdx = sec n 2 x gx (n 2) sec n xdx +(n 2) sec n 2 xdx secn 2 x gx (n 2) + secn 2 xdx (n 1) (n 1)
Solucin.Puede desarrollarse como caso particular del ejercicio anterior, haciendo: n=3 sec3 2 x gx 3 2 sec x gx 1 3 2 sec3 xdx = + sec xdx = 2 + 2 sec xdx 3 1 3 1 sec x gx 1 = + sec x gx + c 2 2 4.71.- x xdx Solucin.u = x dx du = x 2 x xdx x xdx = 2 x 2 = 4.72.- x n ax dx, n 1
dv = xdx v= x2 2
x2 1 x x2 + c 2 4
Solucin.dv = xdx u = ax x n +1 dx v= du = n +1 x n +1 x 1 x n +1 x n +1 x n ax dx = ax x n dx = ax +c n +1 n +1 n +1 (n + 1) 2
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1 (1 a 2 x 2 ) 2 1 + c = x arcs e n ax + 1 a2 x2 + c 1 a 2a 2 4.74.- x s e n axdx = x arcs e n ax + dv = s e n axdx 1 v = cos ax a x 1 x 1 x s e n axdx = a cos ax + a cos axdx = a cos ax + a 2 s e n ax + c 1 x = 2 s e n ax cos ax + c a a 2 4.75.- x cos axdx u=x du = dx
Solucin.-
dv = sec 2 axdx 1 v = gax a x 1 x 11 2 x sec axdx = a gax a gaxdx = a gax a a sec ax + c x 1 = gax 2 sec ax + c a a 4.77.- cos( x)dx
u=x du = dx
Solucin.-
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u = x2 du = 2 xdx
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Solucin.-
dv = cos axdx 1 v = s e n ax a
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(9 + x 2 )dx = x (9 + x 2 ) 2
x 2 dx 9 dx = x (9 + x 2 ) 2 1 2 2 9+ x 9+ x
dv = cos(2 x + 1)dx 1 v = s e n(2 x + 1) 2 x 1 x cos(2 x + 1)dx = 2 s e n(2 x + 1) 2 s e n(2 x + 1)dx x 1 = s e n(2 x + 1) + cos(2 x + 1) + c 2 4 4.80.- x arc sec xdx
Solucin.u = arc sec x dv = xdx dx x2 du = v= x x2 1 2 x2 1 xdx x2 1 2 x arc sec xdx = arc sec x = arc sec x x 1 + c 2 2 2 x2 1 2 4.81.- arc sec xdx Solucin.-
u=x du = dx
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= x (9 + x 2 ) 2 dx + 18
dx =x (9 + x 2 ) 2 x + 6 arc g x + c 3 9 + x2
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106
dv = dx v=x
Solucin.u = 1 x dx du = 1 x
dv = dx v=x xdx 1 = x 1 x 1 + dx x 1 x 1
1 x dx = x 1 x
= x 1 x dx
4.84.- ( x 2 + 1)dx Solucin.u = ( x 2 + 1) 2 xdx du = 2 x +1
dx = x 1 x x x 1 + c x 1
dv = dx v=x
( x 2 + 1)dx = x ( x 2 + 1) 2
x 2 dx 1 = x ( x 2 + 1) 2 1 2 dx 2 x +1 x +1
= x ( x 2 + 1) 2 x + 2 arc gx + c
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1 dx x 1 = x arc sec x x 1 + c 2 2 a x2 dx x 2 dx 4.82.- a 2 x 2 dx = dx = a 2 a2 x2 a2 x2 a2 x2 x xdx = a 2 arcs e n x , integral que se desarrolla por partes: a a2 x2 Solucin.xdx dv = u=x a2 x2 du = dx v = a2 x2 x = a 2 arcs e n x a 2 x 2 + a 2 x 2 dx , Se tiene que: a x 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 a x dx = a arcs e n a + x a x a x dx , De donde: x 2 a 2 x 2 dx = a 2 arcs e n + x a 2 x 2 + c a 2 a x x 2 2 2 2 a x dx = 2 arcs e n a + 2 a x + c 4.83.- 1 x dx
arc sec
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dv = dx v=x
arc g
xdx = x arc g x
Solucin.u = arc g x 2 1
dv = xdx v= x2 2
du =
dx x x2 1
2 x arc g x 1dx =
x arc gx dx ( x 2 + 1) 2 Solucin.-
4.88.-
u = arc gx
dv =
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t 2 tdt t 2 dt 1 dt = x arc g x = x arc g x 1 2 2 1+ t2 1+ t 1+ t dt = x arc g x dt + = x arc g x t + arc gt + c 1+ t2 = x arc g x x + arc g x + c x arcs e n x 4.86.- dx 1 x2 Solucin.u = arcs e n x xdx dv = dx 1 x2 du = 1 x2 v = 1 x2 x arcs e n x 2 2 1 x 2 dx = 1 x arcs e n x + dx = 1 x arcs e n x + x + c = x arc g x 1 2
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4.90.- x 2 1 xdx
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IMPORTANTE: En este captulo ningn resultado, o casi ninguno, se presentaron en su forma ms reducida. Esto es intencional. Una de las causas del fracaso en stos tpicos, a veces est en el mal uso del lgebra elemental. He aqu una oportunidad para mejorar tal eficiencia. Exprese cada resultado en su forma ms reducida.
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CAPITULO 5
INTEGRACION DE FUNCIONES CUADRATICAS
Una funcin cuadrtica, es de la forma: ax 2 + bx + c y si sta aparece en el denominador, la integral que la contiene se hace fcil de encontrar, para la cual conviene diferenciar dos tipos esenciales en lo que se refiere al numerador.
EJERCICIOS DESARROLLADOS
dx x + 2x + 5 Solucin.- Completando cuadrados, se tiene: x 2 + 2 x + 5 = ( x 2 + 2 x + __) + 5 __ = ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) + 5 1 = ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) + 4 x 2 + 2 x + 5 = ( x + 1) 2 + 22 , luego se tiene: dx dx x 2 + 2 x + 5 = ( x + 1)2 + 22 . Sea: w = x + 1, dw = dx; a = 2 dx dw 1 w 1 x +1 ( x + 1)2 + 22 = w2 + 22 = 2 arc g a + c = 2 arc g 2 + c dx 1 x +1 Respuesta: 2 = arc g +c 2 x + 2x + 5 2 dx 5.2.-Encontrar: 2 4x + 4x + 2 dx dx 1 dx Solucin.- 2 = = 2 1 ) 4 x2 + x + 1 4x + 4x + 2 4( x + x + 2 2 Completando cuadrados: 1 1 1 1 1 1 x 2 + x + 1 = ( x 2 + x + __) + __ = ( x 2 + x + ) + = ( x 2 + x + ) + 2 2 4 2 4 4 4 1 1 1 ( x 2 + x + ) = ( x + )2 + ( )2 , luego se tiene: 2 2 2 1 dx 1 dx x2 + x + 1 = 4 ( x + 1 )2 + ( 1 )2 , Sea: w = x + 1 2 , dw = dx; a = 1 2 4 2 2 2 x+ 1 dx dw w 1 1 11 1 1 2 +c = = 2 = arc g + c = arc g 1 a 4 ( x + 1 )2 + ( 1 )2 4 w + a 2 4 a 41 2 2 2 2 2x + 1 1 1 2 = arc g + c = arc g (2 x + 1) + c 1 2 2 2
5.1.-Encontrar:
2
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dx 1 = arc g (2 x + 1) + c 4x + 4x + 2 2 2 xdx 5.3.-Encontrar: 2 x x +1 2 Solucin.- u = x x + 1, du = (2 x 1)dx 2 xdx (2 x 1 + 1)dx (2 x 1)dx dx du dx x2 x + 1 = x2 x + 1 = x2 x + 1 + x2 x + 1 = u + x2 x + 1 Completando cuadrados: 1 1 x 2 x + 1 = ( x 2 x + __) + 1__ = ( x 2 x + ) + 1 4 4 3 x 2 x + 1 = ( x 2 1 ) 2 + , Luego se tiene: 2 4 du dx du du du dx u + x2 x + 1 = u + 1 2 3 = u + 1 2 3 2 (x ) + ( ) (x ) + 2 2 2 4 1 3 , luego: w = x , dw = dx; a = 2 2 du dx du dw 1 w u + 1 2 3 2 = u + w2 + a 2 = u + a arc g a + c (x ) + ( ) 2 2 2x 1 1 x 1 2 + c = x 2 x + 1 + 2 3 arc g 2 + c = x2 x + 1 + arc g 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 xdx 2 3 2x 1 Respuesta: 2 = x2 x + 1 + arc g +c x x +1 3 3 x 2 dx 5.4.-Encontrar: 2 x + 2x + 5 Solucin.x 2 dx 2x + 5 2x + 5 x 2 + 2 x + 5 = 1 x 2 + 2 x + 5 dx = dx x 2 + 2 x + 5 dx , Sea: u = x 2 + 2 x + 5, du = (2 x + 2)dx Ya se habr dado cuenta el lector que tiene que construir en el numerador, la expresin: (2 x + 2)dx . Luego se tiene: (2 x + 2 + 3) (2 x + 2)dx dx , = dx 2 dx = dx 2 + 3 2 x + 2x + 5 x + 2x + 5 x + 2x + 5 Completando cuadrados, se tiene: x 2 + 2 x + 5 = ( x 2 + 2 x + __) + 5 __ = ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) + 5 1 = ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) + 4 = ( x + 1) 2 + 22 Luego se admite como forma equivalente a la anterior: du dx dx u 3 ( x + 1)2 + 22 , Sea: w = x + 1, dw = dx; a = 2 , luego:
Respuesta:
2
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du dw 1 w 3 2 = x u 3 arc g + c 2 u w +a a a 3 x +1 = x x 2 + 2 x + 5 arc g +c 2 2 x 2 dx 3 x +1 Respuesta: 2 = x x 2 + 2 x + 5 arc g +c x + 2x + 5 2 2 2x 3 5.5.-Encontrar: 2 dx x + 2x + 2 Solucin.- Sea: u = x 2 + 2 x + 2, du = (2 x + 2)dx 2x 3 2x + 2 5 2x + 2 dx x2 + 2 x + 2dx = x 2 + 2 x + 2dx = x 2 + 2 x + 2dx 5 x 2 + 2 x + 2 du dx = dx 5 2 , Completando cuadrados: u x + 2x + 2 x 2 + 2 x + 2 = ( x + 1) 2 + 12 . Luego: du dx = dx 5 , Sea: w = x + 1, du = dx; a = 1 . Entonces se tiene: ( x + 1) 2 + 12 u du dx 1 w = dx 5 2 = u 5 arc g + c = x 2 + 2 x + 5 5arc g ( x + 1) + c 2 u w +a a a 2x 3 Respuesta: 2 dx = x 2 + 2 x + 5 5arc g ( x + 1) + c x + 2x + 2 dx 5.6.-Encontrar: x2 2 x 8 Solucin.- Completando cuadrados se tiene: x 2 2 x 8 = ( x 1) 2 32 dx dx x 2 2 x 8 = ( x 1)2 32 , Sea: w = x 1, dw = dx; a = 3 dw = = w + w2 a 2 + c = x 1 + x 2 2 x 8 + c 2 2 w a dx Respuesta: = x 1 + x2 2 x 8 + c 2 x 2x 8 xdx 5.7.-Encontrar: x2 2 x + 5 Solucin.- Sea: u = x 2 2 x + 5, du = (2 x 2)dx . Luego: xdx 1 2 xdx 1 2x 2 + 2 x 2 2 x + 5 = 2 x 2 2 x + 5 = 2 x 2 2 x + 5 dx 1 (2 x 2)dx 2 dx 1 du dx = + = + 2 u x2 2 x + 5 2 x2 2 x + 5 2 x2 2x + 5 Completando cuadrados se tiene: x 2 + 2 x + 5 = ( x 1) 2 + 22 . Por lo tanto: = dx
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1 1 dw 1 u2 1 = u 2 du + = + w + w2 + a 2 + c = u 2 + w + w 2 + a 2 + c 2 2 2 2 1 w +a 2
= x2 + 2x + 5 + x 1 + x2 2x + 5 + c
x 2x + 5 ( x + 1)dx 5.8.-Encontrar: 2 x x2 Solucin.- Sea: u = 2 x x 2 , du = (2 2 x)dx .Luego: ( x + 1)dx 1 2( x + 1)dx 1 (2 x 2)dx 1 (2 x + 2 4)dx 2 x x2 = 2 2 x x2 = 2 2 x x2 = 2 2 x x2 1 (2 2 x)dx 4 dx 1 du dx = + = + 2 2 2 u 2 x x2 2 2x x2 2x x2 Completando cuadrados: 2 x x 2 = ( x 2 2 x) = ( x 2 2 x + 1 1) = ( x 2 2 x + 1) + 1
2
Respuesta:
xdx
= x2 2x + 5 + x 1 + x2 2x + 5 + c
dw w u2 1 2 1 du + 2 a 2 w2 = u 2 + 2 arcs e n a + c = 2 x x + 2 arcs e n( x 1) + c 2 ( x + 1)dx Respuesta: = 2 x x 2 + 2 arcs e n( x 1) + c 2 2x x xdx 5.9.-Encontrar: 5x2 2 x + 1 Solucin.- Sea: u = 5 x 2 2 x + 1, du = (10 x 2)dx . Luego: xdx 1 10 xdx 1 (10 x 2 + 2)dx 5 x2 2 x + 1 = 10 5 x 2 2 x + 1 = 10 5 x2 2 x + 1 1 (10 x 2)dx 2 dx 1 du 1 dx = + = + 10 u 5 5x2 2 x + 1 5 x 2 2 x + 1 10 5 x 2 2 x + 1 10 dx dx 1 du 1 1 1 1 = + = u 2 du + 2 2 10 u 5 5 5 x+ 1 ) 5( x 2 2 x + 1 ) 10 (x 5 5 5 5 2 1 2 1 Completando cuadrados: x 2 x + = ( x 2 x + __) + __ 5 5 5 5 2 1 1 1 = ( x2 x + ) + = ( x 1 ) 2 + ( 2 ) 2 , Luego es equivalente: 5 5 5 25 5 25
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dx 1 1 1 u 2 du + 5 5 x 1 2 2 2 , Sea: w = x 15 , dw = dx; a = 2 5 , 10 ( ) +( ) 5 5 1 1 1 dw 1 u2 1 1 2 2 2 Entonces: = u du + w2 + a 2 = 10 1 + 5 5 w + w + a + c 10 5 5 2 = 5x2 2 x + 1 1 1 5x2 2 x + 1 x + = + +c 5 5 5 5 5 5x2 2 x + 1 xdx 5.10.-Encontrar: 5 + 4 x x2 Solucin.- u = 5 + 4 x x 2 , du = (4 2 x)dx . Luego: 2 xdx xdx 1 1 (2 x + 4 4)dx 5 + 4 x x2 = 2 5 + 4 x x2 = 2 5 + 4 x x2 1 (4 2 x)dx 4 dx 1 du dx = + = + 2 2 2 2 2 2 u 5 + 4x x 5 + 4x x 5 + 4 x x2 Completando cuadrados: 5 + 4 x x 2 = ( x 2 4 x 5) = ( x 2 4 x + 4 4 5) = ( x 2 4 x + 4) + 9 = 9 ( x 2) 2 = 32 ( x 2) 2 . Equivalente a: 1 1 dx . Sea: w = x 2, dw = dx; a = 3 . Entonces: = u 2 du + 2 2 2 3 ( x 2) 2
Respuesta:
xdx
5x2 2 x + 1 5 1 5x2 2x + 1 x + + +c 5 25 5 5
w 1 1 2 dw 1 u2 = + 2 arcs e n + c u du + 2 a 2 2 1 a 2 w2 2 x2 = 5 + 4 x x 2 + 2 arcs e n +c 3 xdx x2 Respuesta: = 5 + 4 x x 2 + 2 arcs e n +c 2 3 5 + 4x x dx 5.11.-Encontrar: 2 + 3x 2 x 2 Solucin.- Completando cuadrados se tiene: 3 9 25 2 + 3x 2 x 2 = (2 x 2 3 x 2) = 2( x 2 3 x 1) = 2( x 2 x + ) 2 2 16 16 3 9 25 = 2 ( x 2 x + ) = 2 ( x 3 ) 2 ( 5 ) 2 = 2 ( 5 ) 2 ( x 3 ) 2 , luego: 4 4 4 4 2 16 16 dx dx dx 1 = 2 + 3x 2 x 2 = 5 2 5 2 2 ( ) ( x 3 )2 2 ( ) ( x 3 )2 4 4 4 4 Sea: w = x 3 , dw = dx, a = 5 . Luego: 4 4
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x 3 1 1 1 1 dx dw w 4 +c arcs e n + c = arcs e n = = 5 2 a 2 w2 2 5 a 2 3 )2 2 2 ( ) (x 4 4 4 2 4x 3 = arcs e n +c 2 5 dx 2 4x 3 Respuesta: = arcs e n +c 2 5 2 + 3x 2 x 2 dx 5.12.-Encontrar: 2 3 x + 12 x + 42 Solucin.dx dx 1 dx 1 dx 3x 2 + 12 x + 42 = 3( x 2 + 4 x + 14) = 3 ( x2 + 4 x + 14) = 3 ( x 2 + 4 x + 4 + 10) = 1 dx 1 dx 1 1 x+2 = = = +c arc g 2 3 ( x + 2) + 10 3 ( x + 2) 2 + ( 10) 2 3 10 10 = 10 dx x+2 = arc g +c 3x + 12 x + 42 30 10 3x 2 dx 5.13.-Encontrar: 2 x 4x + 5 Solucin.- Sea: u = x 2 4 x + 5, du = (2 x 4)dx , Luego: 3x 2 xdx dx ( x 2) + 2 dx x2 4 x + 5dx = 3 x 2 4 x + 5 2 x2 4 x + 5 = 3 x2 4 x + 5 2 x 2 4 x + 5 ( x 2) dx dx 3 du dx = 3 2 + 6 2 2 2 = + 4 2 x 4x + 5 x 4x + 5 x 4x + 5 2 u x 4x + 5 3 du dx 3 dx = + 4 2 = x 2 4 x + 5 + 4 2 u ( x 4 x + 4) + 1 2 ( x 2) 2 + 1 3 = x 2 4 x + 5 + 4 arc g ( x 2) + c 2 3x 2 3 Respuesta: 2 dx = x 2 4 x + 5 + 4 arc g ( x 2) + c 2 x 4x + 5
Respuesta:
2
EJERCICIOS PROPUESTOS
Usando Esencialmente la tcnica tratada, encontrar las integrales siguientes: 5.14.- x 2 + 2 x 3dx 5.17.- x 2 8 xdx 5.15.- 12 + 4x x 2 dx 5.18.- 6x x 2 dx 5.16.- x 2 + 4 xdx 5.19.-
w w
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(5 4 x)dx
12 x 4 x 2 8
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5.20.-
xdx
5.22.- 5.25.-
(2 x 3)dx x 2 + 6 x + 15 (2 x + 4)dx
5.32.- 12 8 x 4 x 2 dx
12 x 4 x 8 5.33.- x 2 x + 5 dx 4
2
5.30.-
dx
5dx
5.35.-
(1 x)dx
2
5.36.-
RESPUESTAS
5.14.- x 2 2 x 3dx
x 2 2 x 3dx = ( x 1) 2 22 dx = u 2 a 2 du
1 1 = u u2 a2 a2 u + u2 a2 + c 2 2 1 1 = ( x 1) ( x 1) 2 22 22 ( x 1) + ( x 1) 2 22 + c 2 2 1 = ( x 1) x 2 2 x 3 2 ( x 1) + x 2 2 x 3 + c 2
5.15.- 12 + 4x x 2 dx Solucin.- Completando cuadrados se tiene: 12 + 4 x x 2 = ( x 2 4 x 12) = ( x 2 4 x + 4 12 4) = ( x 2 4 x + 4) + 16
1 1 u 12 + 4 x x 2 dx = 42 ( x 2) 2 dx = a 2 u 2 du = u a 2 u 2 + a 2 arcs e n + c 2 2 a
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x 2 + 4 xdx = ( x + 2) 2 22 dx = u 2 a 2 du
1 1 = u u2 a2 a2 u + u 2 a2 + c 2 2 1 1 = ( x + 2) ( x + 2) 2 22 22 ( x + 2) + ( x + 2) 2 22 + c 2 2 ( x + 2) 2 x + 4 x 2 ( x + 2) + x 2 + 4 x + c = 2
5.17.- x 2 8 xdx Solucin.- Completando cuadrados se tiene: x 2 8 x = ( x 2 8 x + 16) 16 = ( x 4) 2 42 Haciendo: u = x 4, du = dx; a = 4 , se tiene: 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ( x 4) 4 dx = u a du = 2 u u a 2 a u + u a + c 1 1 = ( x 4) ( x 4)2 42 42 ( x 4) + ( x 4) 2 42 + c 2 2 ( x 4) 2 x 8 x 8 ( x 4) + x 2 8 x + c = 2 5.18.- 6x x 2 dx Solucin.- Completando cuadrados se tiene: 6 x x 2 = ( x 2 6 x) = ( x 2 6 x + 9 9) = ( x 2 6 x + 9) + 9 = 32 ( x 3) 2 Haciendo: u = x 3, du = dx; a = 3 , se tiene: 1 1 2 u 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 x x dx = 3 ( x 3) dx = a u du = 2 u a u + 2 a arcs e n a + c 1 1 x 3 = ( x 3) 32 ( x 3) 2 + 32 arcs e n +c 2 2 3 ( x 3) 9 x 3 6 x x 2 + arcs e n = +c 2 2 3 (5 4 x)dx 5.19.- 12 x 4 x 2 8 Solucin.- Sea: u = 12 x 4 x 2 8, du = (12 8 x)dx
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(5 4 x)dx
2
(4 x + 5)dx
2
9 9 9 9 3 x x 2 2 = ( x 2 3x + 2) = ( x 2 3 x + + 2) = ( x 2 3 x + ) + 2 4 4 4 4 1 1 2 3 2 = ( x 3 ) 2 + = ( ) ( x ) 2 4 2 2 1 (8 x + 12)dx 1 dx = 2 2 12 x 4 x 8 2 ( 1 )2 ( x 3 )2 2 2 2 Haciendo: u = 12 x 4 x 8, du = (12 8 x)dx y w = x 3 , dw = dx , entonces: 2 1 1 du 1 dw 1 u2 1 w = = arcs e n +c 1 2 2 2 1 u 2 ( 1 ) 2 w2 2 2 2 1 1 1 = u 2 arcs e n 2 w + c = 12 x 4 x 2 8 arcs e n(2 x 3) + c 2 2 xdx 5.20.- 27 + 6 x x 2 Solucin.- Sea: u = 27 + 6 x x 2 , du = (6 2 x)dx 2 xdx xdx 1 1 (2 x + 6 6)dx 27 + 6 x x2 = 2 27 + 6 x x 2 = 2 27 + 6 x x2 1 (2 x + 6)dx dx 1 du dx = + 3 = + 3 2 2 u 27 + 6 x x 2 27 + 6 x x 2 27 + 6 x x 2 Completando cuadrados se tiene: 27 + 6 x x 2 = ( x 2 6 x 27) = ( x 2 6 x + 9 9 27) = ( x 2 6 x + 9) + 36 = 62 ( x 3) 2 , Luego: 1 1 dx 1 u2 x 3 = u 2 du + 3 = + 3arcs e n +c 2 2 2 6 2 1 6 ( x 3) 2 x 3 x3 1 = u 2 + 3arcs e n + c = 27 + 6 x x 2 + 3arcs e n +c 6 6 ( x 1)dx 5.21.- 2 3x 4 x + 3 Solucin.- Sea: u = 3x 2 4 x + 3, du = (6 x 4)dx ( x 1)dx 1 (6 x 6)dx 1 (6 x 4 2)dx 1 (6 x 4)dx 1 dx 3x 2 4 x + 3 = 6 3x 2 4 x + 3 = 6 3x 2 4 x + 3 = 6 3x 2 4 x + 3 3 3x 2 4 x + 3
1
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= x 2 + 6 x + 15
5.23.-
2
3 6 x+3 arc g +c 2 6
dx 4 x + 4 x + 10 Solucin.dx dx 1 dx 4 x 2 + 4 x + 10 = 4( x 2 + x + 5 ) = 4 ( x2 + x + 5 ) , Completando cuadrados: 2 2 5 1 5 1 1 9 1 3 x 2 + x + = ( x 2 + x + ) + = ( x + )2 + = ( x + )2 + ( )2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 1 x+ 1 dx 1 1 2 + c = 1 arc g 2 x + 1 + c arc g = = 1 2 3 2 43 3 4 (x + ) + ( ) 6 3 2 2 2 2 (2 x + 2)dx 5.24.- 2 x 4x + 9 Solucin.- Sea: u = x 2 4 x + 9, du = (2 x 4)dx
1 du 1 dx 1 du 1 dx u 3 3x 2 4 x + 3 = 6 u 3 2 4 6 3( x x + 1) 3 1 du 1 dx = 2 4 x + 1) 6 u 9 (x 3 Completando cuadrados se tiene: 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 x 2 x + 1 = ( x 2 x + ) + 1 = ( x 2 x + ) + = ( x 2 )2 + ( 5 )2 3 3 3 3 9 9 3 9 9 x2 1 du 1 1 1 1 dx 3 +c arc g = = u 6 u 9 ( x 2 )2 + ( 5 )2 6 9 5 5 3 3 3 3 1 5 3x 2 = 3x 2 4 x + 3 arc g +c 6 15 5 (2 x 3)dx 5.22.- 2 x + 6 x + 15 Solucin.- Sea: u = x 2 + 6 x + 15, du = (2 x + 6)dx (2 x 3)dx (2 x + 6 9)dx (2 x + 6)dx dx x2 + 6 x + 15 = x 2 + 6 x + 15 = x2 + 6 x + 15 9 x 2 + 6 x + 15 du dx = 9 2 , Completando cuadrados se tiene: u x + 6 x + 15 x 2 + 6 x + 15 = ( x 2 + 6 x + 9) + 15 9 = ( x + 3) 2 + 62 = ( x + 3) 2 + ( 6)2 du dx 1 x+3 = 9 = x 2 + 6 x + 15 9 +c arc g 2 2 u ( x + 3) + ( 6) 6 6 =
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= x2 4 x + 9 +
5.25.-
6 5 x2 arc g +c 5 5
(2 x + 4)dx
5.26.-
3 2 ( x + 2 )dx 3 9 x 2 12 x + 8 Solucin.- Sea: u = 9 x 2 12 x + 8, du = (18 x 12)dx 3 2 ( x + 2 )dx 2 1 (18 x + 27)dx 1 (18 x + 27)dx 1 (18 x 12 + 39)dx 9 x 2 12 x + 8 = 3 18 9 x2 12 x + 8 = 27 9 x2 12 x + 8 = 27 9 x2 12 x + 8 3 1 (18 x 12)dx 39 dx 1 du 39 dx = 9 x 2 12 x + 8 + 27 9 x 2 12 x + 8 = 27 u + 27 2 4 8 27 9( x x + ) 3 9 1 du 39 dx = u + 27 9 2 4 8 27 (x x + ) 3 9 Completando cuadrados se tiene: 4 8 4 4 8 4 x 2 + = ( x 2 x + ) + = ( x 2 )2 + 4 = ( x 2 )2 + ( 2 )2 3 9 3 3 3 9 3 9 9 9 x2 1 du 39 1 39 1 dx 3 +c arc g u+ = + = u 27 9 ( x 2 )2 + ( 2 )2 27 2 2 27 27 9 3 3 3 3
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= 2 4 x x 2 + 8arcs e n
x2 +c 2
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121
1 13 3x 2 9 x 2 12 x + 8 arc g +c 27 54 2 ( x + 6)dx 5.27.- 5 4 x x2 Solucin.- Sea: u = 5 4 x x 2 , du = (4 2 x)dx ( x + 6)dx 1 (2 x 12)dx 1 (2 x 4 8)dx 5 4 x x2 = 2 5 4 x x2 = 2 5 4 x x2 1 (2 x 4)dx dx 1 du dx = + 4 = + 4 2 2 2 2 u 5 4x x 5 4x x 5 4 x x2 Completando cuadrados se tiene: 5 4 x x 2 = 9 ( x + 2) 2 = 32 ( x + 2) 2 1 du dx x+2 = + 4 = u + 4 arcs e n +c 2 2 2 3 u 3 ( x + 2)
=
= 5 4 x x 2 + 4 arcs e n
5.28.-
2
x+2 +c 3
1 dx 1 1 x+5 5 x+5 ( x + 5)2 + ( 5)2 = 2 5 arc g 5 + c = 10 arc g 5 + c 2 3dx 5.29.- 80 + 32 x 4 x 2 Solucin.3dx 3dx 3 dx 80 + 32 x 4 x 2 = 4(20 + 8 x x 2 ) = 2 (20 + 8 x x2 ) Completando cuadrados se tiene: 20 + 8 x x 2 = ( x 2 8 x 20) = ( x 2 8 x + 16 20 16) = ( x 2 8 x + 16) + 36 = ( x 4) 2 + 62 = 62 ( x 4) 2 3 dx 3 x4 = = arcs e n +c 2 2 2 2 6 6 ( x 4)
5.30.-
dx
.M
at
em
at
ic
a1
.c
om
122
9 9 9 1 x 2 + 3x 2 = ( x 2 3 x + 2) = ( x 2 3x + + 2 ) = ( x 2 3x + ) + 4 4 4 4 1 )2 ( x 3 )2 =( 2 2 x 3 1 dx 1 2 + c = 1 arcs e n(2 x 3) + c = = arcs e n 1 2 2 2 2 2 ( 1 ) (x 3 ) 2 2 2 5dx 5.31.- 28 12 x x 2 Solucin.5dx dx 28 12 x x2 = 5 28 12 x x 2 , Completando cuadrados se tiene: 28 12 x x 2 = 82 ( x + 6) 2 dx x+6 = 5 = 5arcs e n +c 8 82 ( x + 6) 2
Solucin.- Sea: u = x + 1, du = dx; a = 2 Completando cuadrados se tiene: 3 2 x x 2 = ( x 2 + 2 x 3) = ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) + 4 = 22 ( x + 1) 2 5.32.- 12 8 x 4 x 2 dx
1 a2 u 2 22 ( x + 1) 2 dx = 2 a 2 u 2 du = 2( u a 2 u 2 + arcs e n ) + c a 2 2 x +1 = ( x + 1) x 2 2 x + 3 + 4 arcs e n +c 2 5.33.- x 2 x + 5 dx 4 Solucin.- Sea: u = x 1 , du = dx; a = 1 2 Completando cuadrados se tiene: x2 x + 5 = ( x 1 )2 + 1 4 2 x 2 x + 5 dx = ( x 1 ) 2 + 1dx = u 2 + a 2 du 4 2 1 1 = u u2 + a2 + a2 u + u2 + a2 + c 2 2 1 1 = ( x 1 ) x2 x + 5 + x 1 + x2 x + 5 + c 2 4 2 2 4 2 1 1 = (2 x 1) x 2 x + 5 + x 1 + x 2 x + 5 + c 4 2 2 4 4 dx 5.34.- 2 x 2x + 5
.M
at
em
at
ic
a1
.c
om
12 8 x 4 x 2 dx = 4(3 2 x x 2 )dx = 2 3 2 x x 2 dx
123
Solucin.- Completando cuadrados se tiene: x 2 2 x + 5 = ( x 2 2 x + 4) + 1 = ( x 2) 2 + 1 dx dx x 2 2 x + 5 = ( x 2)2 + 1 = arc g ( x 2) + c (1 x)dx 5.35.- 8 + 2 x x2 Solucin.- Sea: u = 8 + 2 x x 2 , du = (2 2 x)dx = 2(1 x)dx (1 x)dx 1 du 1 1 2 8 + 2 x x 2 = 2 u = 2 u 2 du = u + c = 8 + 2 x x + c xdx 5.36.- 2 x + 4x + 5 Solucin.- Sea: u = x 2 + 4 x + 5, du = (2 x + 4)dx xdx 1 2 xdx 1 (2 x + 4) 4 x2 + 4 x + 5 = 2 x 2 + 4 x + 5 = 2 x 2 + 4 x + 5 dx 1 (2 x + 4)dx dx 1 du dx = 2 2 2 = 2 2 , Completando cuadrados se 2 x + 4x + 5 x + 4x + 5 2 u x + 4x + 5 tiene: x 2 + 4 x + 5 = ( x 2 + 4 x + 4) + 1 = ( x + 2) 2 + 1 1 du dx 1 = 2 = u 2 arc g ( x + 2) + c 2 2 u ( x + 2) + 1 2 1 = x 2 + 4 x + 5 2 arc g ( x + 2) + c 2 (2 x + 3)dx 5.37.- 2 4x + 4x + 5 Solucin.- Sea: u = 4 x 2 + 4 x + 5, du = (8 x + 4)dx (2 x + 3)dx 1 (8 x + 12)dx 1 (8 x + 4) + 8 4 x 2 + 4 x + 5 = 4 4 x 2 + 4 x + 5 = 4 4 x 2 + 4 x + 5 dx 1 (8 x + 4)dx 1 du 1 du dx dx dx 4 x 2 + 4 x + 5 + 2 4 x 2 + 4 x + 5 = 4 u + 2 4 x 2 + 4 x + 5 = 4 u + 2 4( x 2 + x + 5 ) 4 4 1 du 1 dx , Completando cuadrados se tiene: = + 4 u 2 ( x2 + x + 5 ) 4 5 1 x2 + x + = ( x2 + x + ) + 1 = ( x + 1 )2 + 1 2 4 4 1 du 1 dx 1 1 = + = u + arc g ( x + 1 ) + c 2 2 4 u 2 (x + 1 ) +1 4 2 2 ( x + 2)dx 5.38.- 2 x + 2x + 2 Solucin.- Sea: u = x 2 + 2 x + 2, du = (2 x + 2)dx
w .M
at
em
at
ic
a1
.c
om
124
( x + 2)dx 1 (2 x + 4)dx 1 (2 x + 2) + 2 1 (2 x + 2)dx dx dx = 2 = 2 = 2 + 2 2 2 x + 2x + 2 + 2x + 2 2 x + 2x + 2 2 x + 2x + 2 x + 2x + 2 1 du dx 1 du dx = + 2 = + 2 u x + 2x + 2 2 u ( x + 1) 2 + 1 1 1 = u + arc g ( x + 1) + c = x 2 + 2 x + 2 + arc g ( x + 1) + c 2 2 (2 x + 1)dx 5.39.- 2 x + 8x 2 Solucin.- Sea: u = x 2 + 8 x 2, du = (2 x + 8)dx (2 x + 1)dx (2 x + 8) 7 dx (2 x + 8)dx dx x2 + 8x 2 = x 2 + 8x 2 = x 2 + 8x 2 7 x 2 + 8x 2 du dx du dx = 7 2 = 7 2 u ( x + 8 x + 16) 18 u ( x + 4) (3 2) 2
= u 7
1 ( x + 4) (3 2) +c 2(3 2) ( x + 4) + (3 2)
= x2 + 8x 2
5.40.-
dx
7 2 ( x + 4) (3 2) +c 12 ( x + 4) + (3 2)
5.41.-
w .M
at
em at
ic
a1
.c
om
125
CAPITULO 6
INTEGRACION POR SUSTITUCION TRIGONOMETRICA
Existen integrales que contienen expresiones de las formas: a 2 x 2 , a 2 + x 2 x 2 a 2 , las que tienen fcil solucin si se hace la sustitucin trigonomtrica adecuada. A saber, si la expresin es: a 2 x 2 , la sustitucin adecuada es: x = a s e n x = a cos . Si la expresin es: a 2 + x 2 , entonces: x = a sec
EJERCICIOS DESARROLLADOS
1. Encontrar:
dx (4 x 2 )3
Solucin.- Dada le expresin: 4 x 2 , la forma es: a 2 x 2 , la sustitucin adecuada x es: x = a s e n o sea: x = 2s e n dx = 2 cos d . Adems: s e n = . Una figura a auxiliar adecuada para sta situacin, es:
at ic
a1 .
co
at em
22 x 2 = 2 cos d
3
(22 (1 s e n 2 ) 2 cos d 2 cos d 2 cos d 1 d 1 = = = 3 = 2 = sec 2 d 3 3 2 (2 cos ) 2 cos 2 cos 4 (22 cos 2 )3 1 1 = sec 2 d = g + c . A partir de la figura triangular se tiene: 4 4 x 1 1 x , Luego: g + c = g = +c 2 4 4 4 x2 4 x dx 1 x = +c Respuesta: 2 3 4 4 x2 (4 x )
dx (4 x )
2 3
dx (2 x )
2 2 3
(2 2 s e n )
2 2 2
2 cos d
3
6.2.-Encontrar: Solucin.-
25 x 2 dx x
.M
126
De la figura se tiene:
cos ec = 5 25 x , luego: , co g = x x
2
52 x 2
5 25 x 2 =5 +5 x x
25 x 2 5 25 x 2 +c =5 + 25 x 2 + c x 5
Solucin.- 4 x x 2 = ( x 2 4 x) = ( x 2 4 x + 4 4) = 4 ( x 2 4 x + 4) = 22 ( x 2) 2 dx dx 2 2 (4 x x 2 )3 = ( 22 ( x 2)2 )3 , la forma es: a u , Luego: x 2 = 2s e n dx = 2 cos d , 22 ( x 2) 2 = 2 cos x2 Adems: s e n = 2 dx 2 cos d 1 d 1 1 2 ( 22 ( x 2)2 )3 = 23 cos3 = 4 cos2 = 4 sec d = 4 g + c
2 x-2
w .M
at
em
6.3.-Encontrar:
(4 x x 2 )3
at
ic
dx
a1
.c
om
Respuesta:
25 x 2 5 25 x 2 dx = 5 + 25 x 2 + c x x
4 ( x 2) 2 = 4 x x 2
x2
, luego:
127
6.4.-Encontrar:
x 2 dx 3 (a 2 x 2 ) 2
(
=
x 2 dx a 2 x 2 )3
6.5.-Encontrar: Solucin.dx
dx x
2
9 x2
, la forma es: a 2 x 2
x 3
9 x
dx x
2
3 x
2
dx
2
3 x
2
w .M
at
em at
ic
a1
.c
om
, adems: s e n =
De la figura se tiene:
9 x2
128
Pero: co g = Respuesta:
9 x2 1 9 x2 , luego: co g + c = +c 9 9x x dx = 9 x2 +c 9x
Luego: x = 3s e n , dx = 3cos d , 32 x 2 = 3cos , adems: s e n = Usaremos la misma figura anterior, luego: x 2 dx 32 s e n 2 3cos d (1 cos 2 )d = 9 s e n 2 d = 9 = 32 x 2 2 3cos 9 9 9 9 9 9 2 cos 2 d = 2 4 s e n 2 + c = 2 4 2s e n cos + c 2
9 9 = s e n cos + c , de la figura se 2 2 x = arcs e n , luego es equivalente: 3 9 x 9 x 9 x2 9 x = arcs e n + c = arcs e n 2 3 43 3 2 3 x 2 dx x 9 9 x2 Respuesta: = arcs e n 3 9 9 x2 2
x 3
at
ic
a1
.c
.M
9 x2 9
at
em
+c
om
+c
x 2
= 4 sec3 d 4 sec d
129
De la figura se tiene:
sec =
= 2 = x 2
x , g = 2
x 4 , luego: 2
2
x2 4 x x2 4 x x2 4 x + x2 4 2 + +c = 2 +c 2 2 2 2 2
x x2 4 2 x + x2 4 2 2 + c 2
2
em
at
ic
a1
.c
om
x 2 dx
42 sec 2 t ( 4 sec t gt dt )
w .M
x 4
= 16 sec3 tdt
at
x 2 16
De la figura se tiene:
sec t = =8 = x 4 x , gt = 4 x 16 , luego equivale a: 4
2
x 2 16 x x 2 16 x 2 x x 2 16 x 16 + 8 +8 + +c = +c 4 4 4 2 4
x 2 x 2 x 16 + 8 x x 2 16 8 4 + c = x 16 + 8 x x 2 16 + c 2 2
130
Respuesta:
x 2 dx
x 2 x 16 + 8 x x 2 16 + c 2
dx x2 1
sec t gt dt sec t gt
= dt = t + c , x
x2 1
De la figura se tiene: Dado que: sec t = x t = arc sec x , luego: t + c = arc sec x + c dx Respuesta: = arc sec x + c x x2 1 dx 6.10.-Encontrar: ( 4 x 2 24 x + 27)3 Solucin.dx dx = ( 4 x2 24 x + 27)3 = 4( x 2 6 x + 27 )3 43 4
.M
at
em
at
ic
a1
.c
om
dx x 2 6 x + 27 4
1 dx , Se tiene: 2 8 ( x 6 x + 27 )3 4 27 27 27 x2 6 x + = ( x 2 6 x + __) + __ = ( x 2 6 x + 9) + 9 4 4 4 9 = ( x 2 6 x + 9) = ( x 2 6 x + 27 ) = ( x 3) 2 ( 3 ) 2 , la expresin anterior equivale a: 4 2 4 1 dx 1 dx , siendo la forma: u 2 a 2 , luego: = 3 2 8 ( x 6 x + 27 )3 8 ( x 3) 2 ( 3 ) 2 4 2 x3 x 3 = 3 sec t , dx = 3 sec t gtdt , adems: sec t = 2 2 3 2 x-3 2 27
x 6+ 4
3 2 131
De la figura se tiene:
sec t = x , gt = 4 x 2 16 , luego equivale a: 4
Solucin.dx
(16 + x )
2 4
dx (4 + x 2 ) 4
2
4 dx 4sec tdt 1 dt 1 1 (1 + cos 2t ) 2 (42 + x 2 )4 = 44 sec4 t = 64 sec2 t = 64 cos tdt = 64 2 dt 1 1 1 1 = dt + 128 cos 2tdt = 128 t + 256 s e n 2t + c 128 Como: gt = x t = arc g x , s e n 2t = 2s e n t cos t ; luego: 4 4 1 1 x 4 8x t+ s e n 2t + c = 2 , Se tiene: = 2 128 256 16 + x 2 16 + x 2 16 + x 1 1 8x 1 x arc g x + arc g x + +c = +c 4 256 16 + x 2 4 32(16 + x 2 ) 128 128
2
w .M
6.11.-Encontrar:
dx (16 + x 2 ) 4
at
em at
ic
1 3 sec t gtdt 1 1 1 1 sec tdt 1 cos t dx = 2 2 3 = = 3 8 8 (3 ) g t 8 32 g 2t 18 s e n 2 t 2 2 ( x 3) ( 3 ) 2 2 22 cos 2 t 1 cos tdt 1 1 (s e n t ) 1 1 1 = = (s e n t ) 2 cos tdt = +c = +c 2 18 (s e n t ) 18 18 1 18 (s e n t ) 1 x3 = cos ect + c , como: cos ect = , entonces: 2 18 27 x 6x + 4 1 x3 1 x3 1 x3 = +c = +c = +c 2 2 18 x 2 6 x + 27 18 4 x 24 x + 27 18 4 x 24 x + 27 4 4 2 1 x 3 = +c 9 4 x 2 24 x + 27 dx 1 x3 Respuesta: = +c 9 4 x 2 24 x + 27 ( 4 x 2 24 x + 27)3
a1
.c
om
132
Respuesta:
dx (16 + x )
2 4
6.12.-Encontrar:
x 2 dx 3 ( x 2 + 100) 2
x , luego: 10
s e n2 t 2 x 2 dx 102 g 2t (10 sec2 t )dt g 2tdt s e n2 t dt = = cos t dt = = ( x 2 + 102 )3 1 sec t cos t (103 sec 3 t ) cos t 2 (1 cos t ) dt = dt = cos tdt = sec tdt cos tdt = sec t + gt s e n t + c cos t cos t
Como: sec t =
=
100 + x 2 x x 100 + x 2 + x x + +c = +c 10 10 10 x 2 + 100 x 2 + 100 x x = 100 + x 2 + x 10 + c = 100 + x 2 + x +c x 2 + 100 x 2 + 100 x 2 dx x Respuesta: 2 = 100 + x 2 + x +c 3 ( x + 100) 2 x 2 + 100
Nota: En los ejercicios 6.11 y 6.12 se ha omitido la figura (tringulo rectngulo). Conviene hacerla y ubicar los datos pertinentes. En adelante se entender que el estudiante agregar este complemento tan importante. x 2 dx 6.13.-Encontrar: 2 2 3 (x + 8 ) 2 Solucin.x 2 dx x 2 dx = ( x 2 + 82 ) 3 2 ( x 2 + 82 ) 3 , se tiene: x = 8 gt , dt = 8sec 2 tdt ,
x 2 + 82 = 8sec t adems: gt =
.M
at
em
at ic
a1 .c om
x , luego: 8
x 2 dx x 2 + 82 ) 3
82 g 2t ( 8 sec 2 t ) 83 sec 3 t
dt =
g 2t
sec t
133
x 2 + 64 x , gt = ,s e n t = 8 8
x x + 64
2
32 + x 2 = 3sec t , adems:
32 + x 2 ) 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 = t+ s e n 2t + c1 = t + 2s e n t cos t + c = t + s e n t cos t + c 54 108 54 108 54 54 x x x 3 , cos t = Como: gt = t = arc g , adems: s e n t = 2 3 3 9 + x2 9+ x 1 x 1 x 3 1 x x = arc g + + c = arc g + +c 2 2 54 3 54 9 + x 9 + x 54 3 18(9 + x 2 ) dx 1 x x Respuesta: = arc g + +c 3 18(9 + x 2 ) ( 32 + x 2 ) 4 54 x 2 4 x + 13 Solucin.- Completando cuadrados se tiene: x 2 4 x + 13 = ( x 2 4 x + __) + 13 __ = ( x 2 4 x + 4) + 13 4 = ( x 2) 2 + 32
6.15.-Encontrar:
dx
w .M
32 + x 2 = 3sec t
at
em
dx ( x 2) 2 + 32
at
ic
a1
x2 , luego: 3
.c
om
dx
134
x
De la figura se tiene:
sec t = = = x 2 4 x + 13 x2 , gt = , luego: 3 3 x 2 4 x + 13 x 2 + +c = 3 3 x 2 4 x + 13 + ( x 2) + c
4 x + 13
x2
x 2 4 x + 13 + ( x 2) +c 3
Respuesta:
dx x 4 x + 13
2
x 2 4 x + 13 + ( x 2) + c
6.16.-Encontrar: 1 + 4x 2 dx Solucin.-
1 + 4 x 2 dx = 12 + (2 x) 2 dx
.M
at
1 2x Se tiene: 2 x = gt , 2dx = sec 2 tdt dx = sec 2 tdt , Adems: gt = 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 + (2 x) dx = 1 + g t 2 sec dt = 2 sec t sec tdt = 2 sec tdt 1 1 = sec t gt + sec t gt + c , 4 4
em
at ic a1
.c om
w w
De la figura se tiene:
1+ 4x
2x
EJERCICIOS PROPUESTOS:
Utilizando esencialmente la tcnica de sustitucin por variables trigonomtricas, encontrar las integrales siguientes: 6.17.- 4 x 2 6.18.-
dx a x
2 2
6.19.-
dx x + a2
2
135
dx x a2 dx
2
dx x +a dx
2 2
dx x a2 dx
2
x x2 9 x 2 dx 1 x2 dx x 4 x 2 16
x x2 2 x3 dx 2 x2 x2 + 1 dx x
x 1 + x2 x2 9 dx x dx x2 4 x2 x 2 dx
6.32.- a x 2 dx 6.35.-
dx x
2
x +9
2
x2 + a2 x 2 dx 6.37.- 3 (4 x 2 ) 2
x +3 dx 6.42.- 2 ( x + a 2 )2
4 + x2 ( x + 1)dx 4 x2 dx 4 ( x 1) 2 x 2 dx 21 + 4 x x dx
2 2
6.54.-
w w
6.50.-
x2 + a2 dx x dx
6.51.-
.M
a2 x2 xdx
6.57.- 6.60.-
4 + x2 dx 2 5x2 x 2 dx
at
em
x 2 100 dx x
at
6.48.-
x2 x2 2 xdx
ic
a1
.c om
x2 a2 x2
6.45.-
2x2 5 dx x dx
x a2 + x2 dx 6.58.- 2 3 (a x 2 ) 2
2 x x2 dx 6.63.- 2 3 ( x 2 x + 5) 2
( x 1) x 3 x + 2 ( x 1)dx x2 4 x + 3
6.66.- 6.69.-
xdx x 2x + 5 dx
2
x2 2 x 8
136
RESPUESTAS
6.17.- 4 x 2 Solucin.-
x x 4 x2 = 2 arcs e n + +c 2 2 dx 6.18.- a2 x2
dx a2 x2
2
6.19.-
w w
.M
at
em at ic a1
.c om
dx x + a2
x2 a2
x
= =
1 1 cos ec co g = a a 1 a xa x2 a2 dx +c = 1 a
a x a2
2
+c
( x a)2 1 xa +c = +c 2 2 x a 2a x+a
6.21.-
x2 + a2 Solucin.-
+ a
137
dx x2 + a2
x2 + a2 x + +c = a a
= x + x2 + a2 + c
6.22.-
dx
2
x a2 Solucin.-
x2 a2
dx x2 a2
a sec g d a g
= sec d = sec + g + c
dx x2 9
= dx
3sec g d 3sec 3 g
arc sec x 1 1 3 +c d = + c = 3 3 3
6.24.-
x x2 2 Solucin.-
dx x 2
2
= dx
2 sec g d 2 sec 2 g
x 1 + x2 Solucin.-
6.25.-
2 2 2 2 d = 2 + c = 2 arc sec 2 x + c 2
w .M
x x2 9 Solucin.-
at
em
6.23.-
at
dx
ic
a1
x x2 a2 x + x2 a2 = + +c = + c = x + x2 a2 + c a a a
.c
om
1+ x
1 138
6.26.-
1 x2 Solucin.-
.c
om
ic
a1
em
2 x2
x3 dx 2 x2
2 2 s e n 3 2 cos d 2 cos
w .M
at
at
= 2 2 s e n 3 d = 2 2( cos +
cos3 )+c 3
= 2 2(
2 x 2 ( 2 x 2 )3 (2 x 2 ) 2 x 2 + ) + c = 2(2 x 2 ) + +c 3 2 3( 2)3
x2 9 dx x Solucin.-
6.28.-
139
x 4 x 2 16 Solucin.-
6.29.-
dx
Se tiene:
6.30.-
x2 + 1 dx x Solucin.-
x
2 2
+ 1
x2 4 x2 Solucin.-
6.31.-
dx
w .M
x2 + 1 1 + x2 + 1 + c x
at
em at
ic
a1
= cos ec co g +
1 +c = cos
x2 + 1 1 1 + +c 1 x x x2 + 1
.c
om
Se tiene: x = 2s e n , dx = 2 cos d ,
4 x 2 = 2 cos
4 x2
dx
2
4 x
4 x2 +c 4x
6.32.- a x 2 dx Solucin.-
a x2 140
a a a x x 2 a x2 + c + s e n cos + c = arcs e n + 2 2 2 a 2
+ a
x2 + a2 (1 cos 2 ) = a2 d = a 2 sec3 d a 2 sec d cos3 sec g 1 = a2 + sec + g a 2 sec + g + c 2 2 a2 a2 sec g + sec + g a 2 sec + g + c 2 2 a2 a2 = sec g sec + g + c 2 2 = = a2 2 x2 + a2 x a2 a a 2 dx
x2 + a2 x x x2 + a2 a2 + +c = 2 2 a a
w .M
at
em
at
ic
x 2 dx
a1 .
co m
x2 + a2 + x + c
6.35.-
x2 x2 + 9 Solucin.-
+ 9
141
dx
2
1 1 dx = = 2 2 5 x2 2 5 4x 4
dx
5 cos d 4 5 cos 4
1 1 d = 2 + c 2
a1 .
co m
at
ic
at
4 x2
w .M
em
x
=
25 2 s e n 2 d 4
142
+ 3
3
Se tiene: x = 3 g , dx = 3 sec 2 d , x 2 + 3 = 3 sec
dx
4
x2 + 3
3 sec 2 d 9 g 4 3 sec
b3 3 b b5 2 3 3 x a x + b dx = a3 g b sec a sec d = a 4 g sec d b5 b5 2 2 = 4 g sec g sec d = 4 (sec 2 1) sec 2 g sec d a a 5 5 b b b5 sec5 b5 sec3 4 2 = 4 sec g sec d 4 sec g sec d = 4 + 4 +c a a a a 5 3 5 3 b5 ( a 2 x 2 + b 2 )5 ( a 2 x 2 + b 2 )3 (a 2 x 2 + b 2 ) 2 (a 2 x 2 + b 2 ) 2 b 2 = 4 + +c = +c 5b5 3b3 5a 4 3a 4 a dx 6.41.- 2 x x2 + a2 Solucin.x2 + a2
3 2 2 2
w .M
at
em
at
ic
Solucin.-
a1 .
6.40.- x3 a 2 x 2 + b 2 dx
co m
143
+ a
3 2 2 2 x a x b dx =
b5 a4 b5 = 4 a b5 = 4 a b5 = 4 a =
b3 b b5 sec3 b g sec g d = 4 sec 4 g 2 d a3 a a 5 5 b b 4 2 4 2 2 2 sec (sec 1)d = a 4 sec sec d a 4 sec sec d b5 (1 + g 2 ) 2 sec 2 d 4 (1 + g 2 ) sec 2 d a b5 (1 + 2 g 2 + g 4 ) sec2 d 4 (1 + g 2 ) sec 2 d a 5 5 3 g 2 sec 2 d + g 4 sec 2 d = b 4 g + g + c a 5 3
b5 1 a 2 x 2 b 2 = 4 a 3 b dx 6.44.- 2 x a2 x2 Solucin.-
1 a 2 x2 b2 + 5 b
w .M
at
Solucin.-
+c
em
6.43.- x3 a 2 x 2 b 2 dx
at
ic
a1 .
+c x2 + a2 a
co m
144
dx
2
a2 x2
1 cos 1 a2 x2 +c = 2 a2 s e n a x
+c
6.45.-
2x 5 dx = x
2
5 g
5 sec g d 2 5 sec 2
= 5 g 2 d = 5 sec2 d 5 d
5 ( 3x 2 5)3 3x 2 5 + +c 9 15
6.47.-
x 2 100 x dx Solucin.-
w .M
x3dx
at
em
at
ic
a1 .
co m
145
x x2 2 Solucin.2
6.48.-
dx
x
x2 2
2
Se tiene: x = 2 sec , dx = 2 sec g d , x 2 2 = 2 g
dx
2
x2 2
2 sec g d 2sec 2 2 g
1 1 1 cos d = 2 s e n + c = 2 2
x2 2 +c x
x2 2 = +c 2x dx 6.49.- x 9 x2 Solucin.-
co m
9 x2
x2 + a2 dx x Solucin.-
6.50.-
.M
1 3 9 x2 +c 3 x
at
em
9 x2
at
ic a
dx
1.
+ a
= a
a cos ec co g + a sec + c = a
146
6.51.-
xdx
a2 x2 Solucin.-
xdx a x
2 2
= dx
6.52.-
1 4 x 2 = cos
dx
4+ x
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4 + x2 Solucin.-
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6.54.-
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xdx
a1 .
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dx
4 + x2 + x + c
x
=
dx a2 + x2
1 1 cos ec co g + c = a a ( x + 1)dx
4 x2 Solucin.-
6.56.-
147
( x + 1)dx
xdx
dx
dx
2 5x2
2
6.58.-
dx 3 (a x 2 ) 2 Solucin.-
co m
2 2
a2 x2
dx
4 ( x 1)
6.60.-
x 2 dx
2 x x2 Solucin.-
x 2 dx
2x x2
x 2 dx
1 ( x 1) 2
(s e n + 1) 2 cos d = (s e n + 1) 2 d cos
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17 x 17 cos 17 17 17 17 = s e n 2 + c = s e n cos + c 2 4 2 2
=
17 s e n 2 17 cos d
= 17 s e n 2 d =
17 17 d 2 cos 2 d 2
17 x 17 arcs e n 2 17 2
x dx
2
17 x 2 17
+c =
17
17 x 1 x 17 x 2 + c arcs e n 2 17 2
(5s e n + 2) 2 5cos d = (5s e n + 2) 2 d 21 + 4 x x2 = 52 ( x 2)2 = 5cos 1 cos 2 = (25s e n 2 + 20s e n + 4)d = 25 d + 20 s e n d + 4 d 2 25 25 25 25 = d 2 cos 2 d + 20 s e n d = 2 4 s e n 2 20 cos + 4 + c 2 33 25 = s e n cos 20 cos + c 2 2 21 + 4 x x 2 33 x 2 25 x 2 21 + 4 x x 2 = arcs e n 20 +c 2 5 2 5 5 5 33 x2 x2 = arcs e n 21 + 4 x x 2 ( + 4) + c 2 5 2 33 x2 x+6 = arcs e n 21 + 4 x x 2 ( )+c 2 5 2
x 2 dx x 2 dx
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21 + 4 x x 2 Solucin.-
co m
6.62.-
149
6.63.-
dx 3 ( x 2 x + 5) 2 Solucin.2
2x + 5
x 1
a1 .
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Se tiene: x
1 3 3 = g , dx = sec 2 d , ( x 1 ) 2 + ( 3 ) 2 = 3 sec 4 4 4 4 4 4 Completando cuadrados se tiene: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 x 2 x + = ( x 2 x + ) + = ( x ) 2 + = ( x ) 2 + ( ) 2 , luego: 2 4 2 16 4 16 4 16 4 4 (2 x + 1)dx 1 (8 x + 4)dx 1 (8 x 2 + 6)dx (4 x2 2 x + 1)3 = 4 (4 x 2 2 x + 1)3 = 4 (4 x 2 2 x + 1)3
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3 1 d 1 u 2 1 = (u ) 2 du + = + s e n + c = 1 + s e n + c 4 sec 4 ( 1 ) 2u 2 2 x 1 4x 2 1 4 = + +c = +c 2 2 2 2 4x 2x +1 x 1 x+ 1 4 x 1 x+ 1 2 4 2 4 1
( x 1) x 2 3x + 2 Solucin.-
6.65.-
dx
x 3
x 2 3x + 2
1
Se tiene: x
3 1 1 1 = sec x 1 = (sec + 1), dx = sec g d , 2 2 2 2 ( x 3 ) 2 + ( 1 ) 2 = 1 g 2 2 2 Completando cuadrados se tiene: 9 1 3 1 x 2 3 x + 2 = ( x 2 3x + ) = ( x ) 2 ( ) 2 , luego: 4 4 2 2 1 sec g d dx dx 2 = = ( x 1) x 2 3x + 2 1 (sec + 1) 1 g 3 1 ( x 1) ( x ) 2 ( ) 2 2 2 2 2 sec d sec d sec (sec 1)d sec 2 d sec d = = 2 = 2 = 2 2 2 2 1 (sec + 1) g g 2 (sec + 1) sec 1 2 cosec d = 2 cos ec 2 d 2 = 2 co g + 2 cosec + c s e n2 1 x 3 2x 4 2 2 +c = 2 +2 +c 2 2 2 x 3x + 2 x 3x + 2 x 3x + 2 xdx 6.66.- 2 x 2x + 5 Solucin.Se tiene: x 1 = 2 g , dx = 2sec2 d , ( x 1) 2 + (2) 2 = 2sec Completando cuadrados se tiene: x 2 2 x + 5 = ( x 2 2 x + 1) + 4 = ( x 1) 2 22 , luego:
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xdx x2 2x + 5
xdx
( x 1) 2 22
(2 g + 1) 2 sec 2 d 2sec
6.67.-
( x + 1)dx
2 x x2 Solucin.-
Se tiene: x 1 = s e n x + 1 = s e n + 2, dx = cos d , 1 ( x 1) 2 = cos Completando cuadrados se tiene: 2 x x 2 = ( x 2 2 x) = ( x 2 2 x + 1 1) = ( x 2 2 x + 1) + 1 = 1 ( x 1) 2 , luego: ( x + 1)dx ( x + 1)dx (s e n + 2) cos d = s e n d + 2 d 2 x x 2 = 1 ( x 1)2 = cos
= cos + 2 + c = 2 x x 2 + 2 arcs e n( x 1) + c ( x 1)dx 6.68.- x2 4 x + 3 Solucin.-
( x 1)dx
x 4x + 3
2
( x 1)dx ( x 2) 1
2
(sec + 1) sec g d
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6.69.-
dx
dx x2 2 x 8
dx
( x 1) 2 32
3 sec g d 3 g
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( x 2) 2 1 = g
x 1 x2 2 x 8 + + c = x 1 + x2 2x 8 + c 3 3
a1 .
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6.70.-
xdx
2
x + 4x + 5 Solucin.-
xdx x2 + 4 x + 5
xdx
( x + 2) 2 + 12
= sec 2 sec + g + c = x 2 + 4 x + 5 2
x2 + 4 x + 5 + x + 2 + c
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CAPITULO 7
EJERCICIOS DESARROLLADOS
dx x 9 Solucin.- Descomponiendo el denominador en factores: x 2 9 = ( x + 3)( x 3) , Como los factores son ambos lineales y diferentes se tiene: 1 A B = + , de donde: 2 x 9 x+3 x3 1 A B 1 = A( x 3) + B ( x + 3)() 1 = ( A + B ) x + (3 A + 3B) = + 2 x+3 x3 x 9
7.1.-Encontrar:
A + B = 0 3 A + 3B = 0 1 6 B = 1 B = 6 , adems: 3 A + 3B = 1 3 A + 3B = 1 A + B = 0 A = B = A = 1 6 Tambin es frecuente usar otro mecanismo, que consiste en la expresin () Sustituyendo a x por los valores que anulen los denominadores de las fracciones: x = 3 1 = 6B B = 1 6 x = 3 1 = 6 A A = 1 6 Usando cualquier mtodo de los sealados anteriormente, se establece que: 1 1 1 6 + 6 , Luego se tiene: = x2 9 x + 3 x 3 dx 1 dx 1 dx 1 1 x2 9 = 6 x + 3 + 6 x 3 = 6 x + 3 + 6 x 3 + c 1 = ( x 3 x +3 )+c 6
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dx 1 x3 = +c x 9 6 x+3 dx 7.2.-Encontrar: 2 x + 7x 6 2 Solucin.- Sea: x + 7 x + 6 = ( x + 6)( x + 1) , factores lineales y diferentes; luego: 1 A B = + , 2 x + 7x + 6 x + 6 x +1 De donde: 1 = A( x + 1) + B( x + 6)() 1 = ( A + B) x + ( A + 6 B) , calculando las constantes A y B por el mtodo general, se tiene: 1 = ( A + B) x + ( A + 6 B) A + B = 0 A B = 0 1 5B = 1 B = 5 , adems: A + 6B = 1 A + 6B = 1
Respuesta:
A + B = 0 A = B = A = 1
5 Usando cualquier mtodo se puede establecer: 1 1 1 5 + 5 , Luego se tiene: = x2 + 7 x + 6 x + 6 x + 1 dx 1 dx 1 dx 1 1 x2 + 7 x + 6 = 5 x + 6 + 5 x + 1 = 5 x + 6 + 5 x + 1 + c 1 = ( x +1 x + 6 ) + c 5 dx 1 x +1 = +c Respuesta: 2 x + 7x + 6 5 x+6 xdx 7.3.-Encontrar: 2 x 4x + 4 2 Solucin.- Sea: x 4 x + 4 = ( x 2) 2 , factores lineales con repeticin; luego: x A B x A( x 2) + B , = + 2 = 2 2 x x + 4 x 2 ( x 2) ( x 2) 2 x x+4
De donde: x = A( x 2) + B() , calculando las constantes A y B por el mtodo general, se tiene: x = Ax + (2 A + B ) , luego: = 1 A B = 2 A B = 2(1) B = 2 2 A + B = 0
5 x = 6 1 = 5 A A = 1
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Usando el mtodo abreviado, se sustituye en x , el valor que anula el denominador(o los denominadores), y si este no es suficiente se usan para sustituir cualquier valor conveniente de x , esto es: x = 0, x = 1 ; luego en () x=22= B B =2 x = 0 0 = 2 A + B 2 A + B A = B A = 1 2 Usando cualquier mtodo se establece: xdx dx dx 2 x2 4 x + 4 = x 2 + 2 ( x 2)2 = x 2 x 2 + c xdx 2 Respuesta: 2 = x2 +c x 4x + 4 x2 (2 x 2 + 3)dx 7.4.-Encontrar: 3 x 2x2 + x Solucin.- Sea: x3 2 x 2 + x = x( x 2 2 x + 1) = x( x 1) 2 , factores lineales: x, x 1 ; donde este ltimo es con repeticin; luego:
2x2 + 3 A B C 2 x2 + 3 A( x 1) 2 + Bx( x 1) + Cx = = + + 3 x 3 2 x 2 + x x ( x 1) ( x 1) 2 x( x 1) 2 x 2x2 + x De donde: 2 x 2 + 3 = A( x 1) 2 + Bx( x 1) + Cx() , calculando las constantes A y B por el mtodo general, se tiene: 2 x 2 + 3 = ( A + B ) x 2 + (2 A B + C ) x + A , de donde identificando los coeficientes de igual potencia de x se puede obtener el siguiente sistema de ecuaciones: =2 A +B 2 A B + C = 0 B = 2 A B = 2 3 B = 1 , tomando la segunda ecuacin A = 3 del sistema: C = 2 A + B C = 2(3) 1 C = 5 ,tambin es posible usar el mtodo abreviado, utilizando para ello la expresin () en la cual: x = 1 2(1) + 3 = C C = 5 x =03= A A=3 Usando un valor arbitrario para x , sea este x = 1 : x = 1 2(1) 2 + 3 = A(2) 2 + B(1)(2) + C (1) 5 = 4 A + 2 B C , luego: 2 B = 5 4 A + C 2 B = 5 4(3) + 5 2 B = 2 B = 1 , S, e establece que: 2 x2 + 3 3 1 5 , entonces: = + 3 2 x 2 x + x x x 1 ( x 1) 2 2x2 + 3 dx dx dx 5 = 3 + 5 = 3 x x 1 +c 3 2 2 x 2x + x x x 1 x 1 ( x 1) (2 x 2 + 3)dx x3 5 Respuesta: 3 = +c 2 x 2x + x x 1 x 1
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dx x 2x2 + x Solucin.- x3 2 x 2 + x = x( x 1) 2 ,factores lineales: x, x 1 ; donde este ltimo es con repeticin; luego:
7.5.-Encontrar:
3
x 4 + 6 x3 12 x 2 + 8 x 8x + 6
Luego se tiene:
x = 2 ( x 2)
x 2 4 x + 4 = ( x 2) 2 x3 6 x 2 + 12 x 8 = ( x 2)3
7.6.-Encontrar:
x 4 6 x3 + 12 x 2 + 6 dx x3 6 x 2 + 12 x 8 Solucin.- Se sabe que si el grado del polinomio dividendo, es igual o superior al grado del polinomio divisor, previamente conviene efectuar la divisin de tales polinomios. x 4 6 x3 + 12 x 2 + 0 x + 6 x 3 6 x 2 + 12 x 8
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1 A B C 1 A( x 1) 2 + Bx( x 1) + Cx = = + + 3 x 3 2 x 2 + x x ( x 1) ( x 1) 2 x( x 1) 2 x 2x2 + x De donde: 1 = A( x 1) 2 + Bx( x 1) + Cx() , calculando las constantes A y B por el mtodo general, se tiene: 1 = ( A + B ) x 2 + (2 A B + C ) x + A , de donde identificando los coeficientes de igual potencia de x se puede obtener el siguiente sistema de ecuaciones: = 0 A +B 2 A B + C = 0 B = A B = 1 , tomando la segunda ecuacin del A = 1 sistema: C = 2 A + B C = 2(1) 1 C = 1 , a partir de lo cual se tiene: 1 1 1 1 = + 3 2 x 2 x + x x x 1 ( x 1) 2 dx dx dx dx 1 x3 2 x 2 + x = x x 1 + ( x 1)2 = x x 1 x 1 + c dx x 1 Respuesta: 3 = +c 2 x 2x + x x 1 x 1
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8x + 6
x3 6 x 2 + 12 x 8 ( x 2)3 Luego: 8 x + 6 = A( x 2) 2 + B( x 2) + C 8 x + 6 = A( x 2 4 x + 4) + B( x 2) + C 8 x + 6 = Ax 2 + (4 A + B) x + (4 A 2 B + C )
A( x 2) 2 + B (( x 2) + C
Calculando las constantes A y B por el mtodo general, se tiene: = 0 A 4 A + B = 8 B = 8 + 4 A B = 8 + 4(0) B = 8 , + 4 A 2B + C = 6 Resolviendo el sistema: C = 6 4 A + 2 B C = 6 4(0) + 2(8) C = 22 , luego:
8x + 6 0 8 22 = + + , de donde: 3 2 2 x 6 x + 12 x 8 x 2 ( x 1) ( x 1)3 (8 x + 6)dx dx dx x3 6 x 2 + 12 x 8 = 8 ( x 2)2 + 22 ( x 2)3 , o sea: dx dx = xdx +8 + 22 = xdx +8 ( x 2) 2 dx + 22 ( x 2) 3 dx 2 3 ( x 2) ( x 2) x2 8 11 +c 2 x 2 ( x 2) 2
0
Respuesta:
x 4 6 x3 + 12 x 2 + 6 x2 8 11 +c dx = 3 2 x 6 x + 12 x 8 2 x 2 ( x 2) 2
x3 + x 2 + x + 3 dx x4 + 4x2 + 3 Solucin.- x 4 + 4 x 2 + 3 = ( x 2 + 3)( x 2 + 1) , la descomposicin es en factores cuadrticos sin repeticin, por lo tanto: x3 + x 2 + x + 3 Ax + B Cx + D = 2 + 2 x4 + 4 x2 + 3 x +3 x +1 3 2 x + x + x + 3 ( Ax + B )( x 2 + 1) + (Cx + D)( x 2 + 3) = x4 + 4 x2 + 3 ( x 2 + 3)( x 2 + 1)
7.7.-Encontrar:
x3 + x 2 + x + 3 = A( x3 + x) + B( x 2 + 1) + C ( x3 + 3 x) + D( x 2 + 3) x3 + x 2 + x + 3 = ( A + C ) x3 + ( B + D) x 2 + ( A + 3C ) x + ( B + 3D) , luego:
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=1 (1) A + C + D = 1 (2) B =1 (3) A + 3C + 3D = 3 (4) B A + C = 1 Con (1) y (3), se tiene: A = 1, C = 0 A + 3C = 1 B + D = 1 Con (2) y (4), se tiene: B = 0, D = 1 B + 3D = 3 x3 + x 2 + x + 3 x 1 , o sea: = + 2 4 2 x + 4x + 3 x + 3 x +1 x3 + x 2 + x + 3 xdx dx 2 x4 + 4 x 2 + 3 dx = x + 3 + x2 + 1 , sea: u = x + 3, du = 2 xdx , luego: x3 + x 2 + x + 3 1 2 xdx dx 1 du dx x4 + 4 x 2 + 3 dx = 2 x + 3 + x 2 + 12 = 2 u + x2 + 12 1 1 = u + arc gx + c = x 2 + 3 + arc gx + c 2 2 3 2 x + x + x+3 1 dx = x 2 + 3 + arc gx + c Respuesta: 4 2 x + 4x + 3 2 4 x dx 7.8.-Encontrar: 4 x + 2x2 + 1 Solucin.x4 x4 + 2 x2 + 1
Por lo tanto:
x4 2x2 1 2 x 2 1
Luego
x 4 dx 2x2 + 1 2 x2 + 1 = 1 4 dx = dx 4 dx 2 x4 + 2 x2 + 1 x + 2 x2 + 1 x + 2x +1
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2 2
x +1 x +1 1 1 x 1 1 x Luego: = 2 arc gx arc gx + c = 2 arc gx arc gx +c 2 2 2 2 2 x +1 x +1 2 2( x + 1) Recordando que: x 4 dx (2 x 2 + 1)dx 1 1 x = dx 4 = x 2 arc gx + arc gx + +c 4 2 2 2 x + 2x + 1 x + 2x +1 2 2 ( x + 1)
Respuesta:
x 4 dx 3 x = x arc gx + +c 4 2 2 2 2( x + 1) x + 2x + 1 x 4 dx x4 1
7.9.-Encontrar: Solucin.x4
x4 + 1
x4 1 1
1 Luego: x 4 dx 1 dx x4 1 = 1 + x 4 1 dx = dx + x 4 1 Descomponiendo en factores el denominador: x 4 1 = ( x 2 1)( x 2 + 1) = ( x 2 + 1)( x + 1)( x 1) , es decir factores lineales y cuadrticos sin repeticin por tanto:
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g = x, arc g ,s e n =
, cos =
160
1 = A( x 3 x) + B( x 2 + 1) + C ( x3 x 2 + x 1) + D( x3 + x 2 + x + 1) 1 = ( A + C + D ) x 3 + ( B C + D ) x 2 + ( A + C + D ) x + ( B C + D ) Luego: + C +D = 0 (1) A B C + D = 0 (2) (3) A + C + D = 0 (4) B C + D = 1 A+ C + D = 0 Con (1) y (3), se tiene: 2C + 2 D = 0 (5) A + C + D = 0 B C + D = 0 Con (2) y (4), se tiene: 2C + 2 D = 1 (6) B C + D = 1 2C + 2 D = 0 1 1 Con (5) y (6), se tiene: C = 4,D = 4 2C + 2 D = 1
Adems: A = 0, B = 1 , luego: 2 1 1 1 1 = + , con lo cual: 4 2 x 1 2( x + 1) 4( x + 1) 4( x 1) dx 1 dx 1 dx 1 dx x4 1 = 2 ( x 2 + 1) 4 ( x + 1) + 4 ( x 1) = 1 arc gx 1 x + 1 + 1 x 1 + c 2 4 4 4 x dx dx x 1 Dado que: 4 = dx + 4 = x 1 arc gx + 1 + c , entonces: 2 4 x 1 x 1 x +1 1 x 1 Respuesta: 4 = x 1 arc gx + 1 +c 2 4 x 1 x +1 7.10.-Encontrar:
x 4 2 x3 + 3x 2 x + 3 dx x3 2 x 2 + 3x
Solucin.x 4 2 x3 + 3x 2 x + 3 x3 2 x 2 + 3x
x 4 + 2 x3 3x 2 x + 3 x
Luego:
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x 4 2 x3 + 3x 2 x + 3 x3 x3 x3 2 x 2 + 3x dx = x x3 2 x2 + 3x dx = xdx x3 2 x 2 + 3xdx Descomponiendo en factores el denominador: x3 2 x 2 + 3x = x( x 2 2 x + 3) , es decir un factor lineal y uno cuadrtico; por lo cual: x 3 A Bx + C x 3 A( x 2 2 x + 3) + ( Bx + C ) x = + 2 3 = x3 2 x 2 + 3x x x 2 x + 3 x 2 x 2 + 3x x( x 2 2 x + 3) x 3 = A( x 2 2 x + 3) + ( Bx + C ) x x 3 = ( A + B) x 2 + (2 A + C ) x + 3 A De donde: = 0 A = 1 A+ B + C = 1 B = A B = 1 2 A 3A = 3 C = 1 + 2 A C = 1
x2 1 du x 2 1 + x = + x x2 2x + 3 + c 2 2 u 2 2 4 3 2 x 2 x + 3x x + 3 x2 x Respuesta: dx = + +c 3 2 x 2 x + 3x 2 x2 2 x + 3
EJERCICICOS PROPUESTOS
Usando La tcnica de descomposicin en fracciones simples parciales, calcular las siguientes integrales:
( x5 + 2)dx x2 1 (3 x + 7)dx 7.14.- ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
7.11.-
7.12.-
w w
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7.13.-
7.17.-
( x 2 + 1)dx x3 + 1
7.18.-
7.19.-
162
3x2 + 2 x 2 dx x3 1 3x 2 + 3x + 1 dx x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x + 1
7.31.-
x2 + 2 x + 3 dx x3 x ( x + 5)dx 7.38.- 3 x 3x + 2
7.37.-
7.53.-
x5 dx ( x3 + 1)( x3 + 8)
RESPUESTAS
( x5 + 2)dx x2 1 Solucin.( x 5 + 2)dx x+2 x+2 3 3 x 2 1 = x + x + x 2 1 dx = x dx + xdx + x 2 1 dx 4 2 x x ( x + 2)dx () , luego: = + + 4 2 ( x + 1)( x 1) A B x+2 x + 2 = A( x 1) + B( x + 1) = + x2 1 x + 1 x 1
7.11.-
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7.41.-
7.43.- 7.46.-
4 x 4 2 x3 x 2 + 3x + 1 dx ( x3 + x 2 x 1)
3x 4 dx ( x 2 + 1) 2 dx 7.49.- 2 x x e +e 2
7.52.-
(5 x3 + 2)dx x3 5 x 2 + 4 x
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163
x = 1 3 = 2B B = 3 2 x = 1 1 = 2 A A = 1 2 () = x 4 x 2 1 dx 3 dx x4 x2 1 3 + + = + x +1 + x 1 + c 4 2 2 x + 1 2 x 1 4 2 2 2 3 4 2 2 x x ( x 1) = + + +c 4 2 x +1
x 3dx x2 2 x 3 Solucin.x3dx 7x + 6 (7 x + 6)dx x 2 2 x 3 = x + 2 + x 2 2 x 3 dx = xdx + 2 dx + x 2 2 x 3 2 x (7 x + 6)dx () , luego: = + 2x + 2 ( x 3)( x + 1) (7 x + 6) A B = + 7 x + 6 = A( x + 1) + B( x 3) ( x 3)( x + 1) x 3 x + 1 x = 3 27 = 4 A A = 27 4 x = 1 1 = 4 B B = 1 4 x2 27 dx 1 dx x2 27 1 () = + 2 x + + = + 2x + x 3 + x +1 + c 2 4 x 3 4 x +1 2 4 4 2 x 1 = + 2 x + ( x 3) 27 ( x + 1) + c 2 4 (3 x + 7)dx 7.14.- ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3) Solucin.(3x + 7)dx Adx Bdx Cdx ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3) = x 1 + x 2 + x 3 ()
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7.13.-
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7.12.-
164
dx dx dx + + = 2 x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + c x 1 x2 x3 ( x 2)( x 3) = +c ( x 1) 2 dx 7.15.- 3 dx x +1 Solucin.dx dx Adx ( Bx + C )dx x3 + 1dx = ( x + 1)( x 2 x + 1) = x + 1 + ( x 2 x + 1) () , luego: 1 A ( Bx + C ) = + 2 1 = A( x 2 x + 1) + ( Bx + C )( x + 1) 2 ( x + 1)( x x + 1) x + 1 ( x x + 1) x = 1 1 = 3 A A = 1 3 x = 0 1 = A + C C = 1 A C = 2 3 x = 1 1 = A + ( B + C )2 1 = 1 3 + 2 B + 2C 1 3 = B + C B = 1 3 C B=1 3 ( 1 x + 2 )dx 1 1 dx 1 ( x 2)dx 3 3 () = + = x +1 2 2 3 x +1 ( x x + 1) 3 3 x x +1 1 1 (2 x 4)dx 1 1 (2 x 1 3)dx = x +1 2 = x +1 3 6 x x +1 3 6 x2 x + 1 1 1 (2 x 1)dx 1 dx = x +1 2 + 2 3 6 x x +1 2 x x +1 dx 1 1 1 = x + 1 x2 x + 1 + 2 3 6 2 (x x + 1 ) + 3 4 4 1 1 1 dx = x + 1 x2 x + 1 + 3 6 2 ( x 1 )2 + ( 3 )2 2 2 1 x 1 1 1 1 2 +c arc g = x + 1 x2 x + 1 + 3 6 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 3 2x 1 = x + 1 x2 x + 1 + arc g +c 3 6 3 3
() = 2
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x x +1 ( x + 5)dx 7.16.- 2 x x+6 Solucin.( x + 5)dx ( x + 5)dx Adx Bdx x 2 x + 6 = ( x + 3)( x 2) = ( x + 3) + ( x 2) () , luego: ( x + 5) A B = + x + 5 = A( x 2) + B ( x + 3) 2 ( x + x 6) ( x + 3) ( x 2) x = 2 7 = 5B B = 7 5 x = 3 2 = 5 A A = 2 5 2 dx 7 dx 2 2 1 ( x 2)7 () = + = x+3 + x2 +c = +c 5 x+3 5 x2 5 5 5 ( x + 3) 2
6 2
x +1
3 2x 1 arc g +c 3 3
7.17.-
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x 1 1 1 1 2 +c arc g ( x + 1) 4 ( x 2 x + 1) + 6 2 3 3 2 2 1 3 2x 1 = ( x + 1) 4 ( x 2 x + 1) + arc g +c 6 3 3 ( x 2 + 6)dx 7.18.- ( x 1) 2 ( x 2) Solucin.( x 2 + 6)dx Adx Bdx Cdx ( x 1)2 ( x 2) = ( x + 1) + ( x 1)2 + ( x + 2) () , luego: = ( x 2 + 6) A B C = + + 2 2 ( x 1) ( x 2) ( x + 1) ( x 1) ( x + 2) x 2 + 6 = A( x + 1) + ( x + 2) + B( x + 2) + C ( x 1) 2
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x = 1 7 = 3B B = 7 3 x = 2 10 = 9C C = 10 9 x = 0 6 = 2 A + B + C A = 1 9 1 dx 7 dx 10 dx 1 7 1 10 + + = x 1 + x+2 +c () = 2 9 ( x + 1) 3 ( x 1) 9 ( x + 2) 9 3 x 1 9
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167
xdx x 4x 5 Solucin.xdx xdx Adx Bdx x2 4 x 5 = ( x + 5)( x 1) = ( x + 5) + ( x 1) () , luego: x A B = + x = A( x 1) + B( x + 5) ( x + 5)( x 1) ( x + 5) ( x 1) x = 1 1 = 6B B = 1 6 x = 5 5 = 6 A A = 5 6 5 dx 1 dx 5 1 5 () = + = x + 5 + x 1 + c = ( x + 5)5 ( x 1) + c 6 ( x + 5) 6 ( x 1) 6 6 6 xdx 7.21.- 2 x 2x 3 Solucin.xdx xdx Adx Bdx x2 2 x 3 = ( x 3)( x + 1) = ( x 3) + ( x + 1) () , luego: x A B = + x = A( x + 1) + B( x 3) ( x 3)( x + 1) ( x 3) ( x + 1) x = 1 1 = 4 B B = 1 4 x = 3 3 = 4A A = 3 4 3 dx 1 B 3 1 1 () = + = x 3 + x + 1 + c = ( x 3)3 ( x + 1) + c 4 ( x 3) 4 ( x + 1) 4 4 4 ( x + 1)dx 7.22.- 2 x + 4x 5 Solucin.( x + 1)dx ( x + 1)dx Adx Bdx x2 + 4 x 5 = ( x + 5)( x 1) = ( x + 5) + ( x 1) () , luego: x +1 A B = + x + 1 = A( x 1) + B( x + 5) 2 ( x + 4 x 5) ( x + 5) ( x 1) x = 1 2 = 6B B = 1 3 x = 5 3 = 4 A 6 A = 2 3 2 dx 1 B 2 1 1 () = + = x + 5 + x 1 + c = ( x + 5) 2 ( x 1) + c 3 ( x + 5) 3 ( x 1) 3 3 3 2 x dx 7.23.- 2 x + 2x +1 Solucin.7.20.-
2
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at
em
at
ic a1
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168
x 2 dx 2x +1 (2 x + 1)dx (2 x + 1)dx x2 + 2 x + 1 = 1 x 2 + 2 x + 1 dx = dx x 2 + 2 x + 1 = dx ( x + 1)2 Adx Bdx () , luego: = x + ( x + 1) 2 ( x + 1) 2x +1 A B = + 2 x + 1 = A( x + 1) + B 2 ( x + 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 1) 2 x = 1 1 = B B = 1 x = 0 1 = A + B A = 2 1 1 dx dx () = x 2 = x 2 x + 1 + 2 + c = x 2 x +1 x + 5 + c x + 5 ( x + 1) ( x + 1) dx 7.24.- x( x + 1) 2 Solucin.dx Adx Bdx Cdx x( x + 1)2 = x + ( x + 1) + ( x + 1)2 () , luego: 1 A B C = + + 1 = A( x + 1) 2 + Bx( x + 1) + Cx 2 2 x( x + 1) x ( x + 1) ( x + 1) x = 1 1 = C C = 1 x = 0 1 = A A = 1 x = 1 1 = 4 A + 2 B + C B = 1 dx dx dx 1 x 1 = x x +1 + +c = + +c 2 x x +1 x +1 x +1 ( x + 1) ( x + 1) dx 7.25.- ( x + 1)( x 2 + 1) Solucin.dx Adx Bx + C ( x + 1)( x + 1)2 = x + 1 + ( x2 + 1) dx () , luego: 1 A Bx + C = + 2 1 = A( x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + C )( x + 1) 2 ( x + 1)( x + 1) x + 1 ( x + 1) x = 1 1 = 2 A A = 1 2 1 x = 0 1 = A + C C = 2 x = 1 1 = 2 A + ( B + C )2 B = 1 2 (1 x + 1 )dx 1 1 1 x 1 dx 2 2 dx + = x +1 2 () = 2 2 ( x + 1) ( x + 1) 2 2 ( x + 1) 1 1 2 xdx 1 dx 1 1 1 = x +1 2 + 2 = x + 1 x 2 + 1 + arc gx + c 2 4 ( x + 1) 2 ( x + 1) 2 4 2
.M
() =
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em
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ic
a1
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169
1 ( x + 1) 2 1 2 + arc gx + c x +1 2 4 dx 7.26.- 2 x( x + x + 1) Solucin.dx Adx Bx + C x( x 2 + x + 1) = x + ( x 2 + x + 1) dx () , luego: 1 A Bx + C = + 2 1 = A( x 2 + x + 1) + ( Bx + C ) x 2 x( x + x + 1) x ( x + x + 1) x = 0 1 = A A = 1 x = 1 1 = 3 A + B + C B + C = 2 x = 1 1 = A + B C B C = 0 = dx ( x + 1)dx 1 (2 x + 2)dx 2 = x +1 2 x ( x + x + 1) 2 ( x + x + 1) 1 (2 x + 1) + 1 1 (2 x + 1)dx 1 dx = x 2 dx = x 2 2 2 ( x + x + 1) 2 ( x + x + 1) 2 ( x + x + 1) dx 1 1 = x x2 + x + 1 2 2 2 (x + x + 1 ) + 3 4 4 1 1 dx = x x2 + x + 1 2 2 ( x + 1 )2 + ( 3 )2 2 2 1 x+ 1 1 1 2 +c = x x2 + x + 1 arc g 2 2 3 3 2 2 1 3 2x +1 = x x2 + x + 1 arc g +c 2 3 3 2 x2 + 5x 1 7.27.- 3 dx x + x2 2 x Solucin.(2 x 2 + 5 x 1)dx Adx Bdx Cdx ( x3 + x 2 2 x) = x + ( x 1) + ( x + 2) () , luego:
()
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at
em
at
ic a1
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170
() =
1 dx dx 1 dx 1 1 x + 2 ( x 1) 2 ( x + 2) = 2 x + 2 x 1 2 x + 2 + c 2
7.28.-
.M
at
em
at
7.29.-
ic
a1
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om
171
x+ 1 1 2 +c arc g 3 3 2 4 3 2x +1 = ( x 1)( x 2 + x + 1) + arc g +c 3 3 x 4 x3 + 2 x 2 x + 2 7.30.- dx ( x 1)( x 2 + 2) 2 Solucin.x 4 x3 + 2 x 2 x + 2 Adx ( Bx + C )dx ( Dx + E )dx ( x 1)( x 2 + 2)2 dx = x 1 + ( x2 + 2) + ( x 2 + 2)2 () , luego: = ( x 1)( x 2 + x + 1) + 2 x 4 x3 + 2 x 2 x + 2 A Bx + C Dx + E = + 2 + 2 2 2 ( x 1)( x + 2) x 1 ( x + 2) ( x + 2) 2 x 4 x3 + 2 x 2 x + 2 = A( x 2 + 2) 2 + ( Bx + C )( x 1)( x 2 + 2) + ( Dx + E )( x 1) = A( x 4 + 4 x 2 + 4) + ( Bx + C )( x3 + 2 x x 2 2) + Dx 2 Dx + Ex E = Ax 4 + 4 Ax 2 + 4 A + Bx 4 + 2 Bx 2 Bx3 2 Bx + Cx3 + 2Cx Cx 2 2C + Dx 2 Dx + Ex E = ( A + B ) x 4 + (C B ) x3 + (4 A C + 2 B + D) x 2 + (2 B + 2C D + E ) x + (4 A 2C E ) Igualando coeficientes, se tiene: A+ B =1 B+ C = 1 4 A+ 2 B C + D = 2 A = 1 3 , B = 2 3 , C = 1 3 , D = 1, E = 0 2 B + 2 C D + E = 1 4A 2C E =2
() =
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at
em
at
ic
a1
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om
172
2x2 7 x 1 A B C = + + 3 2 ( x + x x 1) x 1 ( x + 1) ( x + 1) 2 2 x 2 7 x 1 = A( x + 1) 2 + B ( x 1)( x + 1) + C ( x 1) x = 1 8 = 2C C = 4 x =1 6 = 4 A A = 3 2 x = 0 1 = A B C B = 7 2 3 dx 7 dx dx 3 7 4 () = + 4 = x 1 + x +1 + +c 2 x +1 2 x 1 2 x +1 ( x + 1) 2 2
= 1 ( x + 1)7 4 + +c 3 2 ( x 1) x +1
() =
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at
em
at
ic
a1
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om
173
x3 + 7 x 2 5 x + 5 Adx Bdx Cdx Ddx Edx ( x 1)2 ( x + 1)3 dx = x 1 + ( x 1)2 + ( x + 1) + ( x + 1)2 + ( x + 1)3 () , luego: x3 + 7 x 2 5 x + 5 A B C D E = + + + + 2 3 2 2 ( x 1) ( x + 1) x 1 ( x 1) x + 1 ( x + 1) ( x + 1)3 x3 + 7 x 2 5 x + 5 = A( x 1)( x + 1)3 + B ( x + 1)3 + C ( x 1) 2 ( x + 1) 2 + D( x 1) 2 ( x + 1) + E ( x 1) 2 = Ax 4 + 2 Ax3 2 Ax A + Bx 3 + 3Bx 2 + 3Bx + B + Cx 4 2Cx 2 + C + Dx3 Dx 2 Dx + D + Ex 2 2 Ex + E = ( A + C ) x 4 + (2 A + B + D) x3 + (3B 2C D + E ) x 2 + (2 A + 3B D 2 E ) x + ( A + B + C + D + E ) Igualando coeficientes, se tiene: +C = 0 A +D = 1 2A + B + 3 B 2 C D + E = 7 A = 0, B = 1, C = 0, D = 0, E = 4 D 2 E = 5 2 A + 3 B A + B + C + D + E = 2 1 2 dx dx x2 4x 1 + 4 = +c = +c ( x 1) 2 ( x + 1)3 ( x 1)( x + 1) 2 x 1 ( x + 1) 2 2 xdx 7.34.- 2 ( x + x + 1) 2 Solucin.2 xdx ( Ax + B)dx (Cx + D)dx ( x2 + x + 1)2 = x 2 + x + 1 + ( x 2 + x + 1)2 () , luego: 2x Ax + B Cx + D = 2 + 2 2 2 ( x + x + 1) x + x + 1 ( x + x + 1) 2 2 x = ( Ax + B)( x 2 + x + 1) + Cx + D 2 x = Ax3 + Ax 2 + Ax + Bx 2 + Bx + B + Cx + D = Ax3 + ( A + B) x 2 + ( A + B + C ) x + B + D , igualando coeficientes se tiene: = 0 A = 0 A+ B A+ B +C =2 + D = 0 A = 0, B = 0, C = 2, D = 0 2 xdx () = 2 , de donde el mtodo sugerido pierde aplicabilidad; tal como se ( x + x + 1) haba planteado la tcnica trabajada debe ser sustituida por otra: 2 xdx (2 x + 1)dx dx ( x2 + x + 1) = ( x 2 + x + 1) ( x 2 + x + 1)2
.M
at
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at
ic a1
() =
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om
174
(2 x + 1)dx 16 dx () 2 2 ( x + x + 1) 9 2 + 1 ( x + 1 ) 2 3 sea: u = 2 ( x + 1 ), dx = 3 du , entonces: 2 2 3 1 16 3 du () 2 (u 2 + 1)2 , trabajando la integral sustituyendo x + x +1 9 2 trigonomtricamente: 1 8 3 sec2 d , ya que: u = g , du = sec 2 d = 2 x + x +1 9 sec4 1 8 3 1 1 u = 2 2 arc gu + 2 (u 2 + 1) x + x +1 9 = 1 8 3 1 = 2 arc g x + x +1 9 2 1 8 3 1 = 2 arc g x + x +1 9 2 2 (x + 1 ) 2 2 3 +c (x + 1 ) + 2 2 4 ( x + 1 ) 2 + 1 3 2 3
x+ 1 2 2 (x + 1 ) + +c 2 3 3 4 ( x + 1 ) 2 + 1 2 3 (x + 1 ) 1 4 3 2 8 2 = 2 +c arc g (x + 1 ) 2 9 4 ( x + 1 ) 2 + 1 x + x +1 9 3 2 3 2 x + 2x + 3 dx 7.35.- x3 x Solucin.x2 + 2 x + 3 x2 + 2 x + 3 Adx Bdx Cdx () , luego: dx = dx = + + x3 x ( x 1) ( x + 1) x( x 1)( x + 1) x x2 + 2 x + 3 A B C = + + x( x 1)( x + 1) x ( x 1) ( x + 1) x 2 + 2 x + 3 = A( x 1)( x + 1) + Bx( x + 1) + Cx( x 1) x = 0 3 = A A = 3 x = 1 2 = 2C C = 1 x = 1 6 = 2B B = 3
() = 3
=
dx dx dx + 3 + = 3 x + 3 x 1 + x + 1 + c x ( x 1) ( x + 1)
( x 1)3 ( x + 1) +c x3
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at
em
at
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175
7.36.-
(2 x 2 3 x + 5)dx ( x + 2)( x 1)( x 3) Solucin.2 x 2 3x + 5 Adx Bdx Cdx ( x + 2)( x 1)( x 3)dx = ( x + 2) + ( x 1) + ( x 3) () , luego: 2 x 2 3x + 5 A B C = + + ( x + 2)( x 1)( x 3) x + 2 x 1 x 3 2 x 2 3x + 5 = A( x 1)( x 3) + B( x + 2)( x 3) + C ( x + 2)( x 1)
3x2 + x 2 A Bx + C = + 2 2 ( x 1)( x + 1) x 1 x + 1 3 x 2 + x 2 = A( x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + C )( x 1) x = 1 2 = 2A A = 1 x = 0 2 = A C C = 3 x = 2 12 = 5 A + 2 B + C B = 2
() =
7.38.-
( x + 5)dx x3 3x + 2 Solucin.( x + 5)dx ( x + 5)dx Adx Bdx Cdx x3 3x + 2 = ( x 1)2 ( x + 2) = ( x 1) + ( x 1)2 + ( x + 2) () , luego: x+5 A B C = + + 3 2 x 3 x + 2 x 1 ( x 1) ( x + 2) x + 5 = A( x 1)( x + 2) + B( x + 2) + C ( x 1) 2
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at
em
at
ic
a1
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176
x = 1 6 = 3B B = 2 x = 2 3 = 9C C = 1 3 x = 0 5 = 2 A + B + C A = 1 3 1 dx dx 1 dx 1 2 1 () = + 2 + = x 1 + x+2 +c 2 3 ( x 1) ( x 1) 3 ( x + 2) 3 x 1 3 1 x+2 2 = +c 3 x 1 x 1
7.39.-
2 x3 + 3x 2 + x 1 dx ( x + 1)( x 2 + 2 x + 2) 2 Solucin.(2 x3 + 3 x 2 + x 1)dx Adx ( Bx + C )dx ( Dx + E )dx ( x + 1)( x2 + 2 x + 2)2 = x + 1 + ( x2 + 2 x + 2) + ( x2 + 2 x + 2)2 () , luego: 2 x3 + 3x 2 + x 1 A Bx + C Dx + E = + 2 + 2 2 2 ( x + 1)( x + 2 x + 2) x + 1 ( x + 2 x + 2) ( x + 2 x + 2) 2 2 x3 + 3x 2 + x 1 = A( x 2 + 2 x + 2) 2 + ( Bx + C )( x 2 + 2 x + 2)( x + 1) + ( Dx + E )( x + 1) = Ax 4 + 4 Ax3 + 8 Ax 2 + 8 Ax + 4 A + Bx 4 + 3Bx 3 + 4 Bx 2 + 2 Bx + Cx3 + 3Cx 2 + 4Cx
() =
= = = =
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at
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co m
177
(2 x 2 + 3 x 1)dx 7.40.- 3 x + 2x2 + 4x + 2 Solucin.(2 x 2 + 3x 1)dx (2 x 2 + 3x 1)dx Adx ( Bx + C )dx = x3 + 2 x 2 + 4 x + 2 ( x + 1)( x2 + 2 x + 2) = ( x + 1) + ( x2 + 2 x + 2) () , luego: (2 x 2 + 3 x 1) A ( Bx + C ) = + 2 2 ( x + 1)( x + 2 x + 2) ( x + 1) ( x + 2 x + 2) 2 x 2 + 3x 1 = A( x 2 + 2 x + 2) + ( Bx + C )( x + 1) x = 1 2 = A A = 2 x = 0 1 = 2 A + C C = 3 x = 1 4 = 5 A + ( B + C )(2) B = 4
(2 x + 1)dx 3x3 + 2 x 1 Solucin.(2 x + 1)dx (2 x + 1)dx Adx ( Bx + C )dx 3x3 2 x 1 = ( x 1)(3x 2 + 3x + 1) = ( x 1) + (3x2 + 3x + 1) () , luego: (2 x + 1) A ( Bx + C ) = + 3 (3 x 2 x 1) ( x 1) (3 x 2 + 3 x + 1) 2 x + 1 = A(3x 2 + 3x + 1) + ( Bx + C )( x 1)
7.41.-
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at
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at
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() = 2
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178
3 3 (6 x + 3)dx 1 dx + 2 x 1 2 7 14 3 x + 3 x + 1 14 3x + 3x + 1 3 3 1 dx = x 1 3x 2 + 3x + 1 + 1 )2 + 1 7 14 14 3( x + 2 4 3 3 2 dx = x 1 3x 2 + 3x + 1 + 7 14 7 12( x + 1 ) 2 + 1 2 3 3 3 = x 1 3x 2 + 3x + 1 + arc g 2 3( x + 1 ) + c 2 7 14 21 4 2 x 2 x + 3x + 4 dx 7.42.- ( x 1)3 ( x 2 + 2 x + 2) Solucin.x 4 2 x 2 + 3x + 4 Adx Bdx Cdx ( Dx + E )dx ( x 1)3 ( x 2 + 2 x + 2)dx = ( x 1) + ( x 1)2 + ( x 1)3 + ( x 2 + 2 x + 2) () , luego: x 4 2 x 2 + 3x + 4 A B C Dx + E = + + + 2 3 2 2 3 ( x 1) ( x + 2 x + 2) ( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 1) ( x + 2 x + 2) x 4 2 x 2 + 3x + 4 = A( x 1) 2 ( x 2 + 2 x + 2) + B( x 1)( x 2 + 2 x + 2)
=
+C ( x 2 + 2 x + 2) + ( Dx + E )( x 1)3 x 4 2 x 2 + 3x + 4 = A( x 2 2 x + 1)( x 2 + 2 x + 2) + B( x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x x 2 2 x 2) +C ( x 2 + 2 x + 2) + ( Dx + E )( x3 3 x 2 + 3 x 1)
+ Dx 4 3Dx 3 + 3Dx 2 Dx + Ex3 3Ex 2 + 3Ex E x 4 2 x 2 + 3 x + 4 = ( A + D ) x 4 + ( B 3 D + E ) x 3 + ( A + B + C + 3 D 3E ) x 2 + (2 A + 2C D + 3E ) x + (2 A 2 B + 2C E ) Igualando coeficientes se tiene: +D = 1 A B 3 D + E = 0 A + B + C + 3 D 3 E = 2 +2C D +3E = 3 2 A 2 A 2 B +2C E = 4 A = 106 125 ,B = 9 25 , C = 6 , D = 19 , E = 102 5 125 125
() =
106 dx 9 dx 6 dx 1 (19 x + 102)dx x + 1 25 ( x 1)2 + 5 ( x 1)3 + 125 ( x2 + 2 x + 2) 125 102 )dx 106 9 1 6 1 19 ( x + 19 x 1 + = + + 2 ( x 2 + 2 x + 2) 125 25 x 1 5 (2)( x 1) 125
w .M
at
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x 4 2 x 2 + 3x + 4 = Ax 4 Ax 2 2 Ax + 2 A + Bx3 + Bx 2 2 B + Cx 2 + 2Cx + 2C
at
ic
a1 .
co m
179
x 1 +
19 (2 x + 2) + 8 14 19 dx 250 ( x 2 + 2 x + 2) dx 19 19 166 + x2 + 2x + 2 + ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) + 1 250 250 19 dx 19 166 + x2 + 2x + 2 + ( x + 1)2 + 1 250 250 19 166 arc g ( x + 1) + c + x2 + 2 x + 2 + 250 250 +
s e n d cos + cos 2 Solucin.s e n d s e n d cos2 + cos 2 = (cos + 2)(cos 1) () , Sea: u = cos 1, du = s e n d , cos + 2 = u + 3 Luego: du du Adu Bdu = = () () (u + 3)u u (u + 3) u u +3 A B 1 = + 1 = A(u + 3) + Bu u (u + 3) u u + 3 u = 0 1 = 3 A A = 1 3 u = 3 1 = 3B B = 1 3
7.44.-
2
et + 1 +c et + 2
w .M
et dt e2t + 3et + 2 Solucin.et dt et dt t t t = t e2t + 3et + 2 (e + 2)(et + 2) () , Sea: u = e + 1, du = e dt; e + 2 = u + 1 Luego: du Adu Bdu () () = + (u + 1)u (u + 1) u A B 1 = + 1 = Au + B (u + 1) (u + 1)u (u + 1) u u = 0 1 = B B = 1 u = 1 1 = A A = 1 du du () = + = u + 1 + u + c = et + 2 + e t + 1 + c u (u + 1)
7.43.-
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co m
180
() = 1 3 1 = 3
=
du 1 du 1 1 1 u + 3 (u + 3) = 3 u + 3 u + 3 + c 3 1 cos 1 + cos + 2 + c , Como: cos < 1 , se tiene: 3 1 1 2 + cos 1 cos + 2 + cos + c = +c 3 3 1 cos
7.45.-
(9 x 2 + x 5)dx (9 x 2 + x 5)dx = 2x2 6x + 3 () x3 + x 2 x 1 x + x2 x 1 Trabajando slo la integral resultante: (9 x 2 + x 5)dx (9 x 2 + x 5)dx Adx Bdx Cdx = x3 + x 2 x 1 ( x + 1)2 ( x 1) = ( x + 1) + ( x + 1)2 + ( x 1) () , luego: (9 x 2 + x 5) A B C = + + 3 2 2 x 1 ( x + x x 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 1) 2 = 9 x + x 5 = A( x + 1)( x 1) + B ( x 1) + C ( x + 1) 2 x = 1 5 = 4C C = 5 4 x = 1 3 = 2 B B = 3 2 x = 0 5 = A B + C A = 31 4 dx dx dx 31 3 5 31 3 5 () = + = x +1 + + x 1 + c 2 4 ( x + 1) 2 ( x + 1) 4 ( x 1) 4 2( x + 1) 4 31 3 5 () = 2 x 2 6 x + x +1 + + x 1 + c 4 2( x + 1) 4
7.46.-
3 x 4 dx ( x 2 + 1) 2 Solucin. 3 x 4 dx 3 x 4 dx 2x2 + 1 2 x2 + 1 = 4 = 3 1 2 dx = 3 dx 3 2 dx ( x 2 + 1)2 ( x + 2 x 2 + 1) ( x + 1)2 ( x + 1) 2 = 3 x 3
2 x2 + 1 dx () ( x 2 + 1) 2 Trabajando slo la integral resultante: (2 x 2 + 1)dx ( Ax + B)dx (Cx + D)dx ( x 2 + 1)2 = ( x2 + 1) + ( x 2 + 1)2 () , luego:
w .M
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co m
181
(2 x 2 + 1) Ax + B Cx + D = + 2 x 2 + 1 = ( Ax + B )( x 2 + 1) + Cx + D ( x 2 + 1) 2 ( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 + 1) 2 2 x 2 + 1 = Ax3 + Ax + Bx 2 + B + Cx + D 2 x 2 + 1 = Ax3 + Bx 2 + ( A + C ) x + ( B + D) Igualando coeficientes: A = 0, B = 2, A + C = 0 C = 0, B + D = 1 D = 1 dx dx x 1 () = 2 2 2 = 2 arc gx arc gx + +c 2 ( x + 1) ( x + 1) 2 1 + x2 x 3 = arc gx +c 2 2(1 + x 2 ) x 9 () = 3 x arc gx +c 2 2(1 + x 2 )
7.47.-
(2 x 2 + 41x 91)dx x3 2 x 2 11x + 12 Solucin.(2 x 2 + 41x 91)dx (2 x 2 + 41x 91)dx = x3 2 x 2 11x + 12 ( x 1)( x + 3)( x 4) = (2 x 2 + 41x 91)dx Adx Bdx Cdx () = + + ( x 1)( x + 3)( x 4) x 1 x+3 x4
() = 4
dx dx dx 7 + 5 = 4 x 1 7 x + 3 + 5 x 4 + c ( x 1) ( x + 3) ( x 4)
( x 1) 4 ( x 4)5 = +c ( x + 3)7
(2 x 4 + 3 x 3 x 1)dx ( x 1)( x 2 + 2 x + 2) 2 Solucin.2 x 4 + 3x3 x 1 Adx ( Bx + C )dx ( Dx + E )dx ( x 1)( x 2 + 2 x + 2)2 dx = ( x 1) + ( x 2 + 2 x + 2) + ( x2 + 2 x + 2)2 () , luego:
7.48.-
2 x 4 + 3x 2 x 1 A Bx + C Dx + E = + 2 + 2 2 2 ( x 1)( x + 2 x + 2) ( x 1) ( x + 2 x + 2) ( x + 2 x + 2) 2 2 x 4 + 3 x3 x 1 = A( x 2 + 2 x + 2) 2 + ( Bx + C )( x 1)( x 2 + 2 x + 2) + ( Dx + E )( x 1) 2 x 4 + 3 x3 x 1 = A( x 4 + 4 x 2 + 4 + 4 x3 + 4 x 2 + 8 x) + B ( x 4 + 2 x3 + 2 x 2 x3 2 x 2 2 x) +C ( x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x x 2 2 x 2) + D( x 2 x) + E ( x 1)
w .M
at
em
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ic
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182
2 x 4 + 3 x3 x 1 = ( A + B ) x 4 + (4 A + B + C ) x 3 + (8 A + C + D ) x 2 + (8 A 2 B D + E ) x + (4 A 2C E ) Igualando coeficientes se tiene: = 2 A + B + C = 3 4A + B 8A + C +D = 0 2B D + E = 1 8A 4A 2C E = 1 A= 3 , C = 16 , D = 8 , E = 1 25 25 5 5 3 dx 1 (47 x + 16)dx 1 (8 x 1)dx () = x 1 + 25 ( x2 + 2 x + 2) 5 ( x 2 + 2 x + 2)2 25 16 )dx 1 3 47 ( x + 8 ( x 8 )dx = x 1 + 2 47 2 25 25 ( x + 2 x + 2) 5 ( x + 2 x + 2) 2 62 9 3 47 (2 x + 2) 47 4 (2 x + 2) 4 = x 1 + dx 2 dx 25 50 ( x 2 + 2 x + 2) 5 ( x + 2 x + 2) 2 3 47 (2 x + 2)dx 62 dx 4 (2 x + 2)dx = 2 2 x 1 + 2 25 50 ( x + 2 x + 2) 50 ( x + 2 x + 2) 5 ( x + 2 x + 2) 2 9 dx + 2 5 ( x + 2 x + 2) 2 dx 3 47 62 4 1 = x 1 + x2 + 2 x + 2 + 2 2 25 50 50 ( x + 1) + 1 5 ( x + 2 x + 2) dx 9 + 5 ( x + 1) 2 + 1 2 3 47 62 4 = x 1 + x 2 + 2 x + 2 arc g ( x + 1) + 2 25 50 50 5( x + 2 x + 2) 25 , B = 47
w .M
at
em
at
ic
a1
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e + 1 ( 3 ) 2 2 2 Luego: du u 1 du Adu Bdu Cdu 2 = () 2 (u 1 )(u + 3 )(u 3 ) = u 1 (u + 3 ) + (u 3 ) () u ( 3 )2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 A B C 1 = + (u 1 )(u + 3 )(u 3 ) (u 1 2) (u + 3 ) (u 3 ) 2 2 2 2 2 3 )(u 3 ) B (u 1 )(u 3 ) + C (u 1 )(u + 3 ) 1 = A(u + 2 2 2 2 2 2 u = 1 1 = A(2)(1) A = 1 2 2 u = 3 1 = B (2)(3) B = 1 2 6 u = 3 2 1 = C (1)(3) C = 1 3 1 du 1 du 1 du + + () = 1 ) 6 (u + 3 ) 3 (u 3 ) 2 (u 2 2 2 1 1 1 = (u 1 ) + (u + 3 ) + (u 3 ) + c 2 6 2 3 2 2 2 x x x x 2 2 (u + 3 )(u 3 ) 1 2 2 + c = 1 (e + 2)(e 1) + c = 1 (e + 2)(e 1) + c = e3 x 6 6 (e x )3 6 (u 1 )3 2 s e n xdx 7.50.- cos x(1 + cos 2 x) Solucin.s e n xdx s e n xdx du Adu ( Bu + C )du cos x(1 + cos2 x) = cos x(1 + cos2 x) = u(1 + u 2 ) = u (1 + u 2 ) () Sea: u = cos x, du = s e n xdx A ( Bu + C ) 1 = + 1 = A(1 + u 2 ) + ( Bu + C )u 2 u (1 + u ) u (1 + u 2 ) 1 = A + Au 2 + Bu 2 + Cu 1 = ( A + B )u 2 + Cu + A Igualando Coeficientes se tiene: A + B = 0 B = A B = (1) B = 1 C = 0, A =1 du udu + = u + 1 + u 2 + c = cos x + 1 + (cos x) 2 + c () = 2 u 1+ u
x 2
dx
2
du () , Sea: u = e x + 1 , du = e x dx dx = 2 u 1
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1 + (cos x) 2 +c cos x
(2 + u 2 )du Adu Bu + C (1 + u 3 ) = (1 + u ) + (u 2 u + 1) , luego: A Bu + C (2 + u 2 ) = + 2 (2 + u 2 ) = A(u 2 u + 1) + ( Bu + C )(1 + u ) 3 (1 + u ) (1 + u ) (u u + 1) (2 + u 2 ) = Au 2 Au + A + Bu 2 + Bu + C + Cu (2 + u 2 ) = ( A + B)u 2 + ( A + B + C )u + A + C Igualando Coeficientes se tiene: A+ B =1 A + B + C = 0 A = 1, B = 0, C = 1 A + C = 2 du du du du () = + 2 = + 1+ u u u +1 1+ u (u 1 ) 2 + ( 3 ) 2 2 2 1 u 1 2 + c = 1 + u + 2 arc g 2u 1 + c = 1+ u + arc g 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 (2 g 1) = 1 + g + arc g +c 3 3 (5 x 3 + 2)dx 7.52.- 3 x 5x2 + 4 x Solucin.(5 x3 + 2)dx (5 x 3 + 2)dx Adx Bdx Cdx = x3 5 x2 + 4 x x( x 1)( x 4) = x + ( x 1) + ( x 4) () (5 x3 + 2) A B C , Luego: = + + x( x 1)( x 4) x ( x 1) ( x 4) (5 x3 + 2) = A( x 1)( x 4) + Bx( x 4) + Cx( x 1) Igualando Coeficientes se tiene:
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x = 0 2 = 4A A = 1 2 x = 1 7 = 3B B = 7 3 x = 4 322 = 12C C = 161 6 1 dx 7 dx 161 dx 1 7 161 + () = x 4 = 2 x 3 x 1 + 6 x 4 + c 2 x 3 x 1 6 x3 ( x 4)161 3 14 161 1 = x +c x 1 + x4 +c = 6 3 6 6 ( x 1)14 x5 dx ( x3 + 1)( x3 + 8) Solucin.x 5 dx x5 dx = ( x3 + 1)( x3 + 8) ( x + 1)( x 2 x + 1)( x + 2)( x2 2 x + 4) Adx Bdx (Cx + D )dx ( Ex + F )dx = + + 2 + 2 () , luego: ( x + 1) ( x + 2) ( x x + 1) ( x 2 x + 4)
7.53.-
+ (8 A + B + 8C + E ) x 2 + (8 A 2 B + 8C + 8 D + 2 E + F ) x + (8 A + 4 B + 8D + 2 F ) Igualando coeficientes se tiene: + B + C + E =1 A 2B + C + D +2E+ F = 0 A +4B + D + 2F = 0 A + B + 8C + E =0 8A 8A 2B +8 C + 8 D + 2 E + F = 0 8A +4B +8D + 2F = 0 A= 1 , C = 2 , D = 1 , E = 16 , F = 16 21 21 21 21 21 1 dx 8 dx 1 (2 x 1)dx 16 ( x 1)dx + + () = 21 x + 1 21 ( x + 2) 21 ( x 2 x + 1) 21 ( x 2 2 x + 4) 1 8 1 8 (2 x 2)dx = x +1 + x+2 x2 x + 1 + 2 21 21 21 21 x 2 x + 4 21 ,B = 8
x5 = ( A + B + C + E ) x5 + ( A 2 B + C + D + 2 E + F ) x 4 + ( A + 4 B + D + 2 F ) x3
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+ (Cx + D)( x 4 + 8 x + x3 + 8) + ( Ex + F )( x 4 + 2 x3 + x + 2)
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1 8 1 8 x +1 + x+2 x2 x + 1 x2 2x + 4 + c 21 21 21 21
8
( x + 2)( x 2 2 x + 4) 1 +c = 21 ( x + 1)( x 2 x + 1)
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CAPITULO 8
INTEGRACION DE FUNCIONES RACIONALES D SENO Y COSENO
Existen funciones racionales que conllevan formas trigonomtricas, reducibles por si a: seno y coseno. Lo conveniente en tales casos es usar las siguientes x 2dz . Es fcil llegar a verificar sustituciones: z = g , de donde: x = 2 arc gz y dx = 1+ z2 2 2z 1 z2 y cos x = que de lo anterior se consigue: s e n x = 1+ z2 1+ z2
EJERCICIOS DESARROLLADOS
8.1.-Encontrar:
dx 2 cos x
1 , y su 2 cos x solucin se hace sencilla, usando sustituciones recomendadas, este es: x 2dz 1 z2 z = g , x = 2 arc gz , dx = , cos x = 1+ z2 2 1+ z2 2dz 2dz 2 2dz 2dz dx 1+ z2 = 2 = = 1+ z 2 = 2 2 cos x 2 2 + 2z 1 + z 1 z 3z + 1 3( z + 1 ) 2 3 1+ z2 1+ z2 2 dz 2 x = = 3 arc g 3z + c , recordando que: z = g , se tiene: 2 3 z 2 + ( 1 )2 3 3 2 x 3 arc g 3 g + c = 3 2 dx 2 x Respuesta: = arc g 3 g + c 2 cos x 3 2 dx 8.2.-Encontrar: 2sen x 1 Solucin.- Forma racional: , 2sen x x 2dz 2z ,sen x = sustituciones: z = g , x = 2 arc gz , dx = 2 1+ z 1+ z2 2 2dz 2dz 2 dx 2 dz dz 1+ z2 = 1+ z = = 2 = 2 2sen x 2 2z 2 + 2z 2z ( z z + 1) 2 (1 + z z ) 2 2 2 1+ z 1+ z
Solucin.- La funcin racional con expresin trigonomtrica es:
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z 1 dz 2 2 1 1 3z 1 3 = z 2 ( 1 )2 9 2 ( 1 ) z + 1 + c = 3 3z + 1 + c 9 3 3 3
, se tiene: =
3 g 1 d 1 2 = +c +1 4 5cos 3 3 g 2 d 8.4.-Encontrar: 3cos + 4s e n Solucin.- usando las sustituciones recomendadas: 2dz 2dz d 1+ z2 1+ z2 = = 3cos + 4s e n 3 3z 2 + 8 z 1 z2 2z + 4 3 2 2 1+ z2 1+ z 1+ z
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Ahora bien: z 2 z + 1 = ( z 2 z + 1 ) + 1 1 = ( z 1 ) 2 + 3 = ( z 1 ) 2 + ( 3 ) 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 2z 1 z 1 dx 1 2 + c = 2 arc g 2 + c arc g = 3 3 3 3 ( z 1 )2 + ( 3 )2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2z 1 x = arc g + c ,recordando que: z = g , se tiene: 2 3 3 2 g x 1 2 3 2 +c arc g = 3 3 2 g x 1 dx 2 3 2 +c Respuesta: = arc g 2sen x 3 3 d 8.3.-Encontrar: 4 5cos 1 Solucin.- Forma racional: , 4 5cos 2dz 1 z2 , cos x = sustituciones: z = g , x = 2 arc gz , dx = 1+ z2 1+ z2 2 2dz 2dz 2dz 2dz dx 1+ z2 1+ z2 = 2 = = = 2 2 2 2 4 + 4z 5 + 5z 9z 1 4 5cos 1 z 9( z 1 ) 9 4 5 2 1+ z2 1+ z
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3 g 1 1 2 +c +1 3 3 g 2
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3 g 9 d 1 2 = +c Respuesta: 3cos + 4s e n 5 3 g + 1 2 d 8.5.-Encontrar: 3 + 2 cos + 2s e n Solucin.- usando las sustituciones recomendadas: 2dz 2dz 2 d 1+ z 1+ z2 = = 3 + 2 cos + 2s e n 2 2z2 4z 1 z2 2z + 3+ + 2 3+ 2 2 2 2 1+ z 1+ z2 1+ z 1+ z 2dz 2dz 2dz 1+ z2 = = 2 = = 2 arc g ( z + 2) + c 2 2 3 + 3z + 2 2 z + 4 z z + 4z + 5 ( z + 2) 2 + 1 1+ z2
Como: z = g , se tiene: = 2 arc g ( g + 2) + c 2 2 d Respuesta: = 2 arc g ( g + 2) + c 2 3 + 2 cos + 2s e n dx 8.6.-Encontrar: g s e n Solucin.- Antes de hacer las sustituciones recomendadas, se buscar la equivalencia correspondiente a g 2z 2z s e n 1+ z2 , procdase ahora como antes: = g = = 2 1 z 1 z2 cos
3 g 9 1 2 = +c +1 5 3 g 2
1+ z2
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2dz 2dz 2 2(1 z 2 )dz dx 1+ z2 1+ z g s e n = 2 z 2 z = 2 z (1 + z 2 ) 2 z (1 z 2 ) = 2 z + 2 z 3 2 z + 2z 3 + 1 z2 1+ z2 (1 z 2 ) (1 + z 2 ) (2 2 z 2 )dz 1 3 1 dz 1 1 = z dz = 2 z + c 3 4z 2 2 z 4z 2 1 1 2 Como: z = g , se tiene: = (co g ) g + c 2 2 2 2 4 dx 1 1 Respuesta: = (co g 2 ) g + c 2 2 2 g s e n 4 dx 8.7.-Encontrar: 2+sen x Solucin.- usando las sustituciones recomendadas: 2dz 2dz 2 dz dz dx 1+ z2 = 2 = 2 = 1+ z = 2 2+sen x 2z 2 + 2z + 2z z + z +1 (z + z + 1 ) + 3 2+ 4 4 2 1+ z 1+ z2 = (z + 1 ) 1 2 + c = 2 arc g 2 z + 1 + c arc g 3 3 3 3 ( z + 1 )2 + ( 3 )2 2 2 2 2 2 g x + 1 2 2 +c Como: z = g x , se tiene: = arc g 2 3 3 2 g x + 1 dx 2 2 +c Respuesta: = arc g 2+sen x 3 3 cos xdx 8.8.-Encontrar: 1 + cos x Solucin.-usando las sustituciones recomendadas: 1 z 2 2dz 1 z 2 2dz 2 2 2 2 2 2 cos xdx 1 + z 1 + z = 1 + z 1 + z = 2 (1 z )dz = (1 z )dz = 1 + cos x 1 + z 2 + 1 z 2 (1 + z 2 ) 2 (1 + z 2 ) 1 z2 1+ 1+ z2 1+ z2 ( z 2 + 1)dz 2 dz = = 1 + 2 dz = dz + 2 2 = z + 2 arc gz + c 2 ( z + 1) z +1 z +1 x x Como: z = g x , se tiene: = g + 2 arc g ( g ) + c 2 2 2 cos xdx x Respuesta: = g + x + c 1 + cos x 2
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dx 1 + s e n x + cos x Solucin.- usando las sustituciones recomendadas: 2dz 2dz dx 1+ z2 = = 1 + s e n x + cos x 2 2 2z 1 z 1 + z + 2z +1 z2 1+ + 2 2 1+ z 1+ z 2dz dz = = = z + 1 + c , como: z = g x , se tiene: = g x + 1 + c 2 2 2z + 2 z +1 dx Respuesta: = g x +1 + c 2 1 + s e n x + cos x dx 8.10.-Encontrar: cos x + 2s e n x + 3 Solucin.- usando las sustituciones recomendadas: 2dz 2dz 2dz dx 1+ z2 = cos x + 2s e n x + 3 1 z 2 4 z = 1 z 2 + 4 z + 3 + 3z 2 = 2 z 2 + 2 z + 2 + +3 2 2 1+ z 1+ z dz dz = 2 = = arc g ( z + 1) + c , como: z = g , 2 z + 2z + 2 ( z + 1) 2 + 1 Se tiene: = arc g ( g x + 1) + c 2 dx Respuesta: = arc g ( g x + 1) + c 2 cos x + 2s e n x + 3 s e n xdx 8.11.-Encontrar: 1+ s e n2 x Solucin.- usando las sustituciones recomendadas: 4 zdz 2 z 2dz 2 2 s e n xdx 4 zdz 4 zdz 1 + z 1 + z (1 + z 2 ) 2 = = = 2 2 2 2 2 2 1+ s e n2 x 4z (1 + z ) + 4 z 1+ 2z + z4 + 4z2 2z 1+ 1+ 2 (1 + z 2 ) 2 1+ z 4 zdz 4 zdz 4 zdz = 4 = 4 = 2 2 2 z + 6z +1 ( z + 6 z + 9) 8 ( z + 3) 2 ( 8) 2 Sea: w = z 2 + 3, dw = 2 zdz
8.9.-Encontrar:
= 2 dw 2 w 8 8 w 8 8 z2 + 3 8 +c = +c = 2 +c = 8 8 w2 ( 8) 2 2 8 w+ 8 w+ 8 z +3+ 8
2 g2 x 2 + 3 2 2 , se tiene: = 2 z + 3 8 + c = 2 +c Como: z = g 2 4 4 z2 + 3 + 8 g2 x 2 + 3+ 2 2
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g x 2 1 2 2 z 1 2 x , se tiene: = 2 +c = + c , como: z = g 2 2 2 z 1 + 2 g x 2 1+ 2 g x 2 1 2 dx 2 Respuesta: = +c s e n x + cos x 2 g x 2 1 + 2 sec xdx 8.14.-Encontrar: sec x + 2 gx 1 Solucin.- usando las sustituciones recomendadas: 1 2dz dx 2 sec xdx dx sec x + 2 gx 1 = 1 cos x e n x = 1 + 2s e n x cos x = 4 z1 +z 1 z 2 2s + 1 1+ 2 2 cos x cos x 1+ z 1+ z
= 2
dz dz 1 z 1 2 = 2 =2 +c 2 2 ( z 2 z + 1) 2 ( z 1) ( 2) 2 2 z 1+ 2
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g 2 2 z 2 = arc g + c , como: z = g , se tiene: = arc g +c 3 3 3 3 2 g 2 2 d Respuesta: = arc g +c 5 + 4 cos 3 3 dx 8.14.-Encontrar: s e n x + cos x Solucin.- usando las sustituciones recomendadas: 2dz 2 2dz dx dz s e n x + cos x = 2 z 1+ z 1 z 2 = 2 z + 1 z 2 = 2 ( z 2 + 2 z + 1) + 2 2 1+ z 1+ z
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2dz = dz 2dz 2 dz 1+ z2 () = = 2 = 2 2 2 z ( z + 2) 2z + 4z 1 + z + 4 z 1 + z 2 ( z + 2 z) 1+ z2
Ahora bien:
1 A B , de donde: = + z ( z + 2) z z + 2 1 A( z + 2) + B ( z ) 1 = A( z + 2) + B ( z ) , de donde: A = 1 , B = 1 = 2 2 z ( z + 2) z ( z + 2)
dz 2 dz () = 2 z ( z + 1) 2 ( z + z) 1 A B , de donde se tiene: Ahora bien: = + z ( z + 1) z z + 1 1 A( z + 1) + B ( z ) 1 = A( z + 1) + B ( z ) , de donde: A = 1, B = 1 , luego: = z ( z + 1) z ( z + 1) = dz dz z = z z +1 + c = + c , como: z = g x , 2 z z +1 z +1 g x2 +c Se tiene: = g x 2 +1 g x2 dx Respuesta: = +c 1 cos x + s e n x g x 2 +1 dx 8.16.-Encontrar: 8 4s e n x + 7 cos x
z ( z + 1) =
dz
1 dz 1 dz dz 1 dz 1 dz 1 1 = 2 2 = = z z+2 +c z ( z + 2) z z+2 2 z 2 z+2 2 2 g x2 1 z 1 = + c , como: z = g x , se tiene: = +c 2 2 z+2 2 g x2 +2 g x2 sec xdx 1 = +c Respuesta: sec x + 2 gx 1 2 g x2 + 2 dx 8.15.-Encontrar: 1 cos x + s e n x Solucin.- usando las sustituciones recomendadas: 2dz 2dz 2dz dx 1+ z2 1+ z2 = 2 = = 1 cos x + s e n x 2 2 2 2z + 2z 1 z 2z 1 + z 1 + z + 2 z 1 + 2 2 1+ z2 1+ z 1+ z
()
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EJERCICIOS PROPUESTOS
dx 1 + cos x cos xdx 8.20.- 2 cos x 8.23.- sec xdx
8.17.-
om at em
8.19.-
8.18.-
RESPUESTAS
8.17.-
dx 1 + cos x Solucin.2dz 2dz 2 dx 1+ z2 = dz = z + c = g x + c = 1+ z 2 = 1 + cos x 2 1+ z2 +1 z2 1 z 1+ 2 1+ z2 1+ z dx 8.18.- 1 cos x Solucin.-
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1+ z2 = dx + = x + 4 dz z2 + ( 1 3 )
2
= x + 4
4 3 arc g ( 3 g x ) + c 2 3 d 8.21.- 5 4 cos Solucin.2dz 2dz (1 + z 2 ) 2dz 2 dz d 1+ z2 = = = 2 = 2 2 2 5 4 cos 2 5 + 5z 4 + 4 z 9 z + 1 9 ( z + 1) 1 z 5 4 2 2 1+ z 1+ z 2 dz 2 1 z 2 2 = 2 = + c = arc g 3z + c = arc g (3 g x ) + c arc g 2 2 1 9 z +(1 ) 9 1 3 3 3 3 3
1 z 4 3 + c = x + arc g arc g 3 z + c 3 1 1 3 3 3
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= dx + 2
2 + 2z 1+ z
at
(1 + z 2 )
= dx + 2
2dz 4 dz = dx + 2 2 3z + 1 3 (z + 1 ) 3
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2dz 2dz 2 2 dz 1 dx 1+ z2 = + c = co g x + c = = 1+ z 2 = 1 cos x 2 2 2 2 z 1 z 1 + z 1 z 2z 1 2 1+ z2 1+ z s e n xdx 8.19.- 1 + cos x Solucin.4 zdz 2 z 2dz 2 2 (1 + z 2 ) 2 4 zdz 2 zdz s e n xdx 1 + z 1 + z = 1 + cos x = 1 + z 2 + 1 z 2 = 2(1 + z 2 ) = (1 + z 2 ) 2 1 z 1+ 2 1+ z 1+ z2 = 1+ z2 + c = 1+ g 2 x + c 2 cos xdx 8.20.- 2 cos x Solucin. 2dz cos xdx 2 dx 1+ z2 = 1 + dx = dx + 2 = dx + 2 2 cos x 2 cos x 2 cos x 1 z2 2 2 1+ z 2dz
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8.22.-
4 zdz 2 z 2dz 2 2 (1 + z 2 ) 2 s e n d 1 + z 1 + z cos2 cos 2 = 1 z 2 2 1 z 2 = (1 z 2 )2 (1 z 2 )(1 + z 2 ) 2(1 + z 2 )2 2 2 2 (1 + z 2 ) 2 1+ z 1+ z 4 zdz 1 2 zdz 1 1 = = 2 = z2 1 + c = g 2 x 1 + c 2 3 2 3 6 z 2 3 (z 1 ) 3 3 3 8.23.- sec xdx
Solucin.2dz
sec xdx =
Ahora bien:
2 A B , de donde: A = 1, B = 1 , luego: = + (1 + z )(1 z ) 1 + z 1 z 2dz dz dz 1+ z () = = 1+ z 1 z + c = +c (1 + z )(1 z ) 1+ z 1 z 1 z 1+ g x 2 +c x , Se tiene: = Como: z = g 2 1 g x 2 cos d 8.24.- 5 + 4 cos Solucin. 1 z 2 2dz 2(1 z 2 )dz 1+ z2 1+ z2 (2 2 z 2 )dz d (1 + z 2 ) 2 = = = 5 + 4 cos (5 + 5 z 2 + 4 4 z 2 ) (1 + z 2 )(9 + z 2 ) 1 z2 5 + 4 2 (1 + z 2 ) 1+ z
Ahora bien:
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Solucin.2dz 2dz 2 (1 + z 2 ) d 1+ z cos + co g = 1 z 2 1 z 2 = 2 z (1 z 2 ) + (1 z 2 )(1 + z 2 ) + 2 (1 + z 2 )2 z 1 + z 2z 4 zdz 4 zdz 4 zdz = = () 2 2 2 2 2 z (1 z ) + (1 z )(1 + z ) (1 z )( z + 2 z + 1) (1 + z 3 )(1 z ) 4z A B C D Ahora bien: = + + + 3 2 3 (1 + z )(1 z ) 1 + z (1 + z ) (1 + z ) (1 z ) De donde: A = 1 , B = 1, C = 2, D = 1 , luego: 2 2 4z 1 dz dz dz 1 dz () = + 2 + 3 2 3 (1 + z )(1 z ) 2 1 + z (1 + z ) (1 + z ) 2 1 z 1 1 1 1 1 1+ z 1 1 = 1+ z + 1 z + c = + +c 2 2 1 + z (1 + z ) 2 2 1 z 1 + z (1 + z ) 2 =
2
1+ g g 2 1 1 + z (1 + z ) + 1 1 1+ z z 1 2 = + +c = +c = +c 2 1 z (1 + z ) 2 2 1 z (1 + z ) 2 2 1 g (1 + g ) 2 2 2
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CAPITULO 9
INTEGRACION DE FUNCONES IRRACIONALES
En el caso de que el integrando contiene potencias faccionarias de la variable de integracin, estas se simplifican usando una sustitucin del tipo: x = t n , n x = t , siendo n el m.c.m de los denominadores de los exponentes.
EJERCICIOS DESARROLLADOS
9.1.-Encontrar:
x , por lo tanto:
dx 2 t dt 2dt = = 2 t +1 + c = 1+ t t (1 + t ) x (1 + x )
x +1 + c
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x + 2 , por lo tanto: x+2 +3 +c x+2 +3 +c
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Respuesta:
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1 3x + 2 dx 1 + 3x + 2 Solucin.- La expresin irracional es ahora 3x + 2 , por lo tanto: 3x + 2 = t 3x = t 2 2, dx = 2 tdt , luego: 3 1 3x + 2 1 t 2 2 t t2 2 2 dx = tdt = dt = t + 2 dt 1 + 3x + 2 3 1+ t 3 1+ t 3 t +1 2 4 4 dt 1 4 4 = tdt + dt = t2 + t t +1 + c 3 3 3 t +1 3 3 3 Dado que: t = 3 x + 2 , se tiene: 1 4 4 = (3x + 2) + 3x + 2 3x + 2 + 1 + c 3 3 3 2 4 4 2 4 = x + 3x + 2 3x + 2 + 1 + c = x + 3x + 2 3x + 2 + 1 + c 3 3 3 3 3 1 3x + 2 2 4 Respuesta: dx = x + 3x + 2 3x + 2 + 1 + c 3 3 1 + 3x + 2
9.4.-Encontrar:
9.5.- Encontrar: 1 + x dx
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om
x , por lo tanto:
como
apareci
la
4(1 + t ) 2 4(1 + t ) 2 Dado que: w = 1 + t , se tiene: = +c 5 3 5 3 4(1 + x ) 2 4(1 + x ) 2 Respuesta: 1 + x dx = +c 5 3 dx 9.6.-Encontrar: x +1 + 4 x +1 Solucin.- Previamente se tiene que el m.c.m. de los ndices de Las races es: 4 , por lo cual: x + 1 = t 4 , dx = 4t 3 dt , de donde:
5 3
Se tiene: = 2( x + 1) 2 4( x + 1) 2 + 4 ( x + 1) 2 + 1 + c
1 1 1
Respuesta:
dx 1 1 1 = 2( x + 1) 2 4( x + 1) 2 + 4 ( x + 1) 2 + 1 + c x +1 + 4 x +1
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200
dx x+3 x Solucin.- Previamente se tiene que el m.c.m. de los ndices de Las races es: 6 , por lo cual: x = t 6 t = 6 x , dx = 6t 5 dt , de donde:
9.7.-Encontrar:
dx 6t 5 dt t 3dt 1 dt 2 = 3 2 = 6 = 6 t 2 t + 1 dt = 6 t dt 6 tdt + 6 dt 6 x + 3 x t +t t +1 t +1 t +1 3 2 = 2t 3t + 6t 6 t + 1 + c
x +1 + c
x 1 t3 1 5 t8 t5 t 1 dx = 2 6t dt = 6 2 dt = 6 t 6 t 4 t 3 + t 2 + t 1 2 dt t +1 t +1 t +1 x +1
9.9.-Encontrar:
x 1 dx x +1 Solucin.- Previamente se tiene que el m.c.m. de los ndices de Las races es: 6 , por lo cual: x = t 6 t = 6 x , dx = 6t 5 dt , de donde:
3
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dx = 2 x 33 x + 6 6 x 6 6 x +1 + c 3 x+ x dx 9.8.-Encontrar: x + 1 + ( x + 1)3 Solucin.Previamente se tiene igual 2 cual: x + 1 = t x = t 1, dx = 2tdt , de donde: 2tdt dx dt x + 1 + ( x + 1)3 = t + t 3 = 2 1 + t 2 = 2 arc gt + c
ndice
por
lo
201
x , por lo tanto:
xdx = 2 x 2 2 arc g x + c 2 x+2 ( x + 1 + 2)dx 9.11.-Encontrar: ( x + 1) 2 x + 1 Solucin.Previamente se tiene 2 cual: x + 1 = t x = t 1, dx = 2tdt , de donde:
Respuesta:
igual
ndice
por
lo
( x + 1) 2 + 2 dx t+2 ( x + 1 + 2)dx (t + 2) t dt ( x + 1)2 x + 1 = ( x + 1)2 ( x + 1) 12 = t 4 t 2tdt = 2 t (t 3 1) (t + 2)dt () , considerando que: = 2 (t 1)(t 2 + t + 1) t+2 A Bt + C = + 2 A = 1, B = 1, C = 1 2 (t 1)(t + t + 1) (t 1) (t + t + 1)
Dado que: t = x + 1 , Se tiene: = 2 arc g x + 1 + c (t + 2)dt dt t 1 dt t +1 () 2 = 2 + 2 2 dt = 2 2 2 dt 2 (t 1)(t + t + 1) (t 1) (t + t + 1) (t 1) (t + t + 1) 1 (2t + 1) + 1 dt dt 2 dt = 2 dt (2t + 1)dt = 2 2 2 2 (t 1) (t 2 + t + 1) (t 2 + t + 1) (t 1) (t + t + 1) dt dt (2t + 1)dt = 2 2 2 (t 1) (t + t + 1) (t + t + 1 ) + 3 4 4 2 2t + 1 = 2 t 1 t 2 + t +1 +c arc g 3 3
= (t 1) 2 2 2t + 1 arc g +c 2 (t + t + 1) 3 3
.M
at
em at
ic
a1
.c
om
202
Respuesta:
( x + 1 + 2)dx ( x + 1 1) 2 2 2 x +1 +1 arc g = +c 2 ( x + 1) x + 1 ( x + 1 + x + 2) 3 3
EJERCICIOS PROPUESTOS
9.12.- 9.15.-
1+ x dx 1+ x
1 x dx 1+ x xdx 1+ 4 x 1+ x dx 1 x a2 x2 dx x3
dx a+b x x6 x dx 3 x +1
9.21.- 9.24.-
x +1 dx x dx x + 4 x + 28 x
9.25.- x 3 x 2 + a 2 dx
RESPUESTAS
1+ x dx 1+ x Solucin.- Sea: x = t x = t 2 , dx = 2tdt
1+ x 1+ t2 t + t3 2 dx = 2tdt = 2 dt = 2 t 2 t + 2 dt 1+ x 1+ t 1+ t t +1 dt 2t 3 2 t 2 + 4t 4 t + 1 + c = 2 t 2 dt 2 tdt + 4 dt 4 = t +1 3 2 2 x3 x + 4 x 4 x +1 + c 3 1 x 9.13.- dx 1+ x Solucin.- Sea: x = t x = t 2 , dx = 2tdt = 1 x 1 t t t2 dt 2 1 + x dx = 1 + t 2tdt = 2 1 + t dt = 2 tdt + 4 dt 4 t + 1 = t + 4t 4 t + 1 + c = x + 4 x 4 x +1 + c dx a+b x Solucin.- Sea: x = t x = t 2 , dx = 2tdt
9.14.-
w w
w .M
at
em
at
ic
a1
9.12.-
.c o
203
2tdt tdt 2 2a bdt 1 a 1 = 2 = 2 dt = dt 2 a + bt a + bt b b a + bt x b b a + bt 2 2a 2 2a = t 2 a + bt + c = x 2 a+b x +c b b b b x+a 9.15.- dx x+a Solucin.- Sea: x + a = t x = t 2 a, dx = 2tdt
a+b
dx
x+a t 2 t dt = 2 dt = 2t + c = 2 x + a + c dx = x+a t2
9.16.-
w .M
at
em
at
ic
a1
.c
om
204
= t2 t 2 +
9.19.-
1 2t 3 1 2 x 3 +c = x x 2 + +c 3 2t + 3 3 2 x +3
1+ x dx 1 x Solucin.- Notar el lector, que este caso se diferencia de los anteriores, sin embargo la tcnica que se seguir, tiene la misma fundamentacin y la informacin que se consiga es valiosa. ()
Sea:
1+ x 4t 2 dt t 4tdt t 2 dt 1 x dx = (t 2 + 1)2 = (t 2 + 1)2 = 4 ( t 2 + 1)4 () , haciendo uso sustituciones trigonomtricas convenientes en () , y de la figura se tiene:
()
de
t2 + 1
= 4 s e n 2 d = 2 d 2 cos 2 d = 2 s e n 2 + c = 2 2s e n cos + c
1+ x 1 2t 1+ x t = 2 arc gt 2 + c = 2 arc gt 2 + c = 2 arc g 1 x + c 2 2 1 x 1+ x +1 t +1 t +1 t +1 1 x 1+ x 1+ x = 2 arc g (1 x) +c 1 x 1 x 2
9.20.-
x+a dx x+b Solucin.- Sea: x + a = t x = t 2 a, dx = 2tdt x+a t 2tdt t 2 dt ba dx = 2 = 2 2 = 2 1 2 dt x+b t a+b t + (b a ) t + (b a) dt 1 t = 2 dt 2(b a ) 2 = 2t 2(b a) +c arc g t + (b a ) ba ba
() 4
( t 2 + 1) 4
.M
t 2 dt
at
em
at ic
a1 .c om
205
= 2 x + a 2 b a arc g
x+a +c ba
9.21.-
3
x +1 dx x Solucin.- Sea: 3 x + 1 = t x = t 3 1, dx = 3t 2 dt
3
() = 3 dt +
9.22.-
dt t+2 2t + 1 2 dt = 3t + t 1 1 t 2 + t + 1 3 arc g +c 2 t 1 t + t +1 3
a2 x2 dx x3
1 ( a 2 x 2 + a)2 a2 x2 1 +c = 2 2 2 2 4a 2x 2a a x a
w .M
at
em at
ic
a1
.c
om
a2 x2 + a
1 a2 x2 x +c 2a 2 x2
206
3 dx 8t 7 dt t 6 dt t 2 + 4t + 4 = 4 2 = 8 3 = 8 t t 2 + 3 dt t +t +2 t +t +2 x + 4 x + 2 8 x t + t + 2t
3
t 2 + 4t + 4 t 4 8t 2 t 2 + 4t + 4 = 8 t 8 tdt 16 dt + 8 3 dt = 8 16t + 8 3 dt t +t +2 4 2 t +t +2 t 2 + 4t + 4 = 2t 4 4t 2 16t + 8 3 dt () , por fracciones parciales: t +t +2 t 2 + 4t + 4 t 2 + 4t + 4 A Bt + C = = + 2 A = 1 , B = 3 , C = 14 , luego: 3 2 4 4 4 (t + t + 2) (t + 1)(t t + 2) (t + 1) (t t + 2) 3 t + 14 1 dt 4 dt () = 2t 4 4t 2 16t + 8 4 + 4 t2 t + 2 t +1 1 dt 1 3t + 14 dt 3t + 14 = 2t 4 4t 2 16t + 8 + 2 dt = 2t 4 4t 2 16t + 2 + 2 2 dt t +1 t t + 2 4 t +1 4 t t + 2 28 31 31 3 2t + 3 3 + 3 4 2 dt = 2t 4t 16t + 2 t + 1 + 2 t2 t + 2 2 (2t 1) dt dt + 31 2 = 2t 4 4t 2 16t + 2 t + 1 + 3 2 t t + 2 t t + 2 dt = 2t 4 4t 2 16t + 2 t + 1 + 3 t 2 t + 2 + 31 1 )2 + 7 (t 2 4 1 t 2 2 +c arc g = 2t 4 4t 2 16t + 2 t + 1 + 3 t 2 t + 2 + 31 7 7 2 62 2t 1 = 2t 4 4t 2 16t + 2 t + 1 + 3 t 2 t + 2 + +c arc g 7 7 1 1 1 1 62 2x 8 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 2 4 4 = 2 x 4 x 16 x + 2 x + 1 + 3 x x + 2 + arc g +c 7 7
w .M
at
em at
ic
a1
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om
207
2 2 t 5 a 2t 3 ( x2 + a2 ) 2 a2 ( x2 + a2 ) 2 a2 3 x + a = +c = + c = ( x2 + a2 ) 2 +c 5 3 5 3 3 5 2 2 3 3 x 2a = ( x2 + a2 ) 2 +c 15
EJERCICIOS COMPLEMENTARIOS
A continuacin, se adjunta un listado de ejercicios que se proponen al lector. Observar que no se indica tcnica alguna solicitada para el desarrollo de los mismos, y que adems no se han respetado normas relativas a niveles de dificultad, ni a las tcnicas mismas. Como siempre, se adjuntaran las soluciones cuyos desarrollos pueden diferir de los aqu presentados. No importa, eso es posible; adems una consulta con su profesor aclarar cualquier discrepancia. Encontrar: 4 1.- t 3es e n t cos t 4 dt 4.- e g 3 sec 2 3 d
dx (2 x) 1 x (t + 1)dt 10.- 2 t + 2t 5
ic a1 .
7.-
.M
at em
5.-
xdx ax + b
co m
2.-
d (1 + ) 2
3.- 6.-
e d (1 + ) 2
x2 1 x +1 e x dx 9.- x ae b 12.- g d
13.-
sen
at
15.- 18.-
dx 5x
dy 1+ 1+ y
1
17.-
xdx
16 x
19.-
20.- cos ec d
25.- 28.-
e x dx 9e ds
2x
4 s2
208
y 2 dy y +1 t t + 4t 2t + 1 dt t3 +1 dx
4 3 2
y 3 dy y 1
2
33.-
d 1 + 2 cos
d e x3 dx x2 + 4 dx ( 6 x 2 )3
(16 + x 2 )3
1
45.-
47.- s e n x + 1dx
3dx 1 + 2x
a1 .
co
50.-
(1 x) 2 dx x 3 54.- x ( x 2 4)3 dx
51.-
at
em
58.-
59.-
co gxdx sen x
56.-
ds s 13 (1 + s 2 3 )
1 1 z2 57.- 3 2 dz z z
10
60.-
ax 2 bx + c dx ax 2 + bx c
at
ic
62.-
.M
66.-
7t 2
)dx
77.- x 4 x 2 2dx
78.-
5x2 + 7 dx 83.- x e 9e x
80.-
xdx
209
1 s e n 2 x 2 3
86.-
x3 dx
19 x 2 dt 89.- 1 t (4 + 2t ) 2
87.-
s e n d 1 cos 2
90.- a b 2 c3 d 93.-
dx
91.- s e n 2 cos3 d
1
92.-
102.-
s s ds (1 s 2 )
1 2
104.- t 4 2tdt
( y 2 + 1)dy 107.- 1 y 2 ( y + 1)
1
105.- u 2 (1 + v) dx 108.-
ds 1 s ( s 4) 2
3 2
11
109.- u (1 + u 2 ) 2 du
x 2x 8 x + 7 x2 5x + 5 115.- dx x2 + 2x 3 xdx 118.- 2 x + 4x + 5
2 3
110.-
at
ic
112.-
a1
dx
113.-
( x3 + x 2 )dx x2 + x 2 ( x + 1)dx 2x x
1+ x + x 2
2
em
w .M
116.- e 119.-
.c o
at
dx
4dx x + 4x
3
w w
122.-
123.- 126.-
x 1 1 dx x +1 x xdx x2 2 x + 5
RESPUESTAS
1.- t 3es e n t cos t 4 dt
4
210
2.-
d (1 + ) 2
e d (1 + ) 2
Solucin.Sea:
u=e dv =
d (1 + ) 2
1 1+
du = e d
v = 1+ +
Luego:
.M
at
em
at ic
a1 .
co m
211
= =
t 3 b 3t 2 dt xdx 3t (t 3 b) 3 3 t 5 bt 2 a a = = dt = 2 (t 4 bt )dt = 2 +c t a2 a a 5 2 ax + b
5 2
6.-
x2 1 dx x +1 Solucin.-
x2 1 dx = x +1
( x + 1) ( x 1) x +1
= ( x 1) 2 dx =
1
( x 1) 2 2( x 1) 2 +c = +c 3 3 2
3 3
e x dx ae x b Solucin.- Sea: u = ae x b, du = ae x dx
9.-
+ g
1 , du = (sec g + sec 2 )d 2 2 2 2 2
2 x
dx = eu du = eu + c = e 2 x + c
w .M
8.- e 2 x dx
Solucin.- Sea: u = 2 x, du = dx
at
em at
ic
a1
.c
om
212
= 1 + s ec + c = s ec + c
13.-
a Solucin.u=
Sea:
sen
integral se tiene:
.M
u = du = d
v = bsen
dv = sec 2 d v = g
Solucin.- Sea: u = x, du = dx
sec d = g g d = g dx 15.- 5
x
dx 5u 5 x 1 = 5 x dx = 5u du = +c = +c = x +c 5x 5 5 5 5
at em
dv = cos d b
sec + c
at
ic
a1
a 2 d du = a
dv = s e n
v = b cos
.c
om
213
Solucin.- Sea: u = 1 x, du = dx
udu = gu + c = g (1 x) + c
xdx
dy 1+ 1+ y
1+ 1+ y 4 1 1 + y ( 1 + y 2) + c = 4 1 1+ y ( 1) + c = 3 3 dx 19.- x+4 x+3 Solucin.1 1 dx ( x + 4) 2 + ( x + 3) 2 1 1 dx = ( x + 4) 2 + ( x + 3) 2 dx = x+4 x+3 ( x + 4) ( x + 3) 2 ( x + 4)3 2 ( x + 3)3 ( x + 4) 2 ( x + 3) 2 ( x + 4) + ( x + 3) = 3 + 3 + c = 3 + 3 + c 2 2 2 ( x + 4)3 + ( x + 3)3 + c = 3 20.- cos ec d
3 3 1 2 1 2
cos ec d =
=
du = u + c = (cos ec + co g ) + c u 1 21.- t (1 t 2 ) 2 dt
Solucin.- Sea: u = 1 t 2 , du = 2tdt
w .M
at
em
at
ic
a1 .
co m
4 t (t 2 1)dt t3 t2 = 4 (t 2 1)dt = 4( t ) + c = 4t ( 1) + c 3 3 t
214
2 t (1 t ) 2 dt =
1
1 12 1 u2 1 3 1 3 u du = + c = u 2 + c = (1 t 2 ) 2 + c 3 2 3 3 2 2
Solucin.u = arcs e n t
dt 1 t2
1 + cos 2 x dx s e n2 2x Solucin.1 + cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x dx dx 1 dx s e n 2 2 x dx = 1 cos2 x dx = 1 cos 2 x = 1 cos 2 x = 2 s e n 2 x 2 2 1 1 = cos ec 2 xdx = co gx + c 2 2 2 x +1 dx 24.- 3 x x Solucin.x2 + 1 ( x 2 + 1)dx ( x 2 + 1)dx Adx Bdx Cdx dx = = = + + () 2 x3 x x( x 1) x( x + 1)( x 1) x ( x + 1) ( x 1)
23.-
w .M
at
em
at
ic
a1 .
co m
215
9 e2 x Solucin.- Sea: u = e x , du = e x dx = = 9 e2 x 32 (e x ) 2 dx 26.- ( x 1)3 Solucin.dx ( x 1) 2 1 = ( x 1) 3 dx = +c = +c ( x 1)3 2 ( x 1) 2 (3x + 4)dx 27.- 2x + x2 Solucin.- Sea: u = 2 x + x 2 , du = 2(1 + x)dx (3 x + 4)dx (3x + 3) + 1 ( x + 1)dx dx 3 du dx 2 x + x2 = 2 x + x2 dx = 3 2 x + x 2 + 2 x + x 2 = 2 u 12 + 2 x + x2 1 dx dx dx 3 du 3 u2 = 1 + = + = 3 2 x + x2 + 2 2 2 2 u ( x + 2 x + 1) 1 2 1 ( x + 1) 1 ( x + 1) 2 1 2 sec g
25.-
e x dx
e x dx
e x dx
u ex = arcs e n + c = arcs e n + c 3 3 32 u 2 du
28.-
ds
4 s2
= dx x2 x2 + e 2 cos d = d = = arcs e n s + c 2 2 cos
ds 4s
2
29.-
Solucin.- Sea: x = e g , dx = e sec 2 d , x 2 + e = e sec 1 d e sec 2 d 1 sec d 1 cos dx 1 cos x2 x 2 + e = e g 2 e sec = e g 2 = e s e n 2 = e s e n 2 () cos 2 Sea: u = s e n , du = cos d , luego:
= 3 2x + x2 + x + 1 + 2 x + x2 + c
w .M
at
= 3 2 x + x2 +
d = 3 2 x + x 2 + sec d = 3 2 x + x 2 + sec + g + c
em
at
ic
a1 .
co m
216
() =
1 du 1 2 1 u 1 1 1 = u du = +c = +c = +c = u2 e e e 1 eu e s e n e
1 x x2 + e
+c
x2 + e = +c ex xdx 30.- 1+ x Solucin.- Sea: x + 1 = t 2 x = t 2 1, dx = 2tdt xdx (t 2 1)2 t dt t3 t2 = = 2 (t 2 1)dt = 2( t ) + c = 2t ( 1) + c 1+ x 3 3 t x +1 x2 )+c = 2 x + 1( 1) + c = 2 x + 1( 3 3 y 2 dy 31.- y +1
Solucin.- Sea: y + 1 = t 2 y = t 2 1, dy = 2tdt
3 y2 4 y + 8 = 2 y +1 +c 15 3 y dy 32.- y2 1
3 1 u2 1 (u + 1)du 1 1 u2 1 1 2 2 y 2 1 = y 2 1 = 2 u 12 = 2 (u + u )du = 2 3 + 1 + c 2 2 3 2 2 y 1 y +2 u2 1 1 = + u 2 + c = u 2 ( 1 u + 1) + c = y 2 1 + 1 + c = y 2 1 +c 3 3 3 3 d 33.- 1 + 2 cos 2dz 1 z2 , cos = , = 2 arc gz Solucin.- Sea: d = 1+ z2 1+ z2 y 3 dy y 2 ydy
w .M
t 5 2t 3 y 2 dy (t 2 1) 2 2 t dt 2 2 4 2 = 2 (t 1) dt = 2 (t 2t + 1)dt = 2 +t+c y +1 = 3 t 5 4 2 4 2 ( y + 1) 2( y + 1) t 2t = 2t + 1 + c = 2 y + 1 + 1 + c 3 5 3 5 2 2 ( y + 1) 2 y + 2 y + 2 y +1 2 y + 2 = 2 y +1 + 1 + c = 2 y + 1 + 1 + c 3 5 3 5
at
em
at
ic
a1 .
co m
217
w .M
at
em
at
ic
a1 .
co m
37.-
(16 + x 2 )3 x3 dx
38.-
x3 dx
x 2 xdx
1 (u 4)du 1 1 1 1 1 1 u 12 = 2 (u 2 4u 2 )du = 2 u 2 du 2 u 2 du 2
x2 8 )+c 3 x3 dx
6 x ) dx 42.- x(3 + x)
2 3
dx
w .M
at
em
at
ic
x3 dx
x 2 xdx
a1 .
co m
219
Solucin.- Sea: u = 3 + x, du =
dx x
x(3 +
43.-
dx
x)
du = u + c = 3+ x + c u
Sea:
cos
w .M
at
em
at
ic
a1 .
co m
220
y 4 1 arc gy + c 2 y 1 2( y + 1) 2
= 2 x + 1 cos x + 1 + 2s e n x + 1 + c 9 x2 + 7 x 6 48.- dx x3 x Solucin.9x2 + 7 x 6 9x2 + 7 x 6 Adx Bdx Cdx dx = dx = + + () x3 x x( x + 1)( x 1) x x +1 x 1 9x2 + 7 x 6 A B C = + + 9 x 2 + 7 x 6 = A( x + 1)( x 1) + Bx( x 1) + Cx( x + 1) 3 x x x x +1 x 1 x = 0 6 = A A = 6 De donde: x = 1 10 = 2C C = 5 x = 1 4 = 2 B B = 2
() = 6
dx dx dx 2 + 5 = 6 x 2 x + 1 + 5 x 1 + c x x +1 x 1
Sea:
u =t du = dt
w .M
sen
at
em
at
ic
a1 .
47.- s e n x + 1dx
co m
221
= x 6 ( x + 1) 2 + ( x 1)5 + c =
49.-
x 6 ( x 1)5 +c ( x + 1) 2
5w3 5w2 + 2w 1 Aw + B Cw + D = + 2 w2 ( w2 + 1) w2 w +1 3 2 5w 5w + 2 w 1 = ( Aw + B)( w2 + 1) + (Cw + D) w2 Aw3 + Aw + Bw2 + B + Cw3 + Dw2 ( A + C ) w3 + ( B + D) w2 + Aw + B Igualando coeficientes se tiene: +C = 5 A B + D = 5 A = 2, B = 1, C = 3, D = 4 A = 2 B = 1 Aw + B Cw + D 2w 1 3w 4 () dw + 2 dw = dw + 2 dw 2 2 w w +1 w w +1 2 wdw 3 2wdw dw = w2 dw + 2 4 w2 2 w + 1 w2 + 1 1 1 = w2 + + ( w2 + 1)3 4 arc gw + c = w2 ( w2 + 1)3 + 4 arc gw + c w w 3dx 50.- 1 + 2x Solucin.- Sea: u = 1 + 2 x, du = 2dx 3dx dx 3 du 3 3 3 1 + 2 x = 3 1 + 2 x = 2 u = 2 u + c = 2 1 + 2 x + c = (1 + 2 x) + c
51.-
w .M
at
em
at
ic
a1 .
co m
Solucin.- Sea: w = et , dw = et dt
Sea:
54.- x ( x 2 4)3 dx
3
u=w du = dw
dv = cos wdw
Solucin.- Sea: u = x 2 4, du =
3
3 xdx 2 3 3 2 3 2 u4 1 4 ( x 2 4) 4 3 2 x ( x 4) dx = 3 u du = 3 4 + c = 6 u + c = 6 + c s e n xesec x s e n x 1 sec x 55.- dx = e dx = gx sec xesec x dx() 2 cos x cos x cos Solucin.- Sea: u = sec x, du = sec x gxdx
() = eu du = eu + c = esec x + c
56.-
ds 2 (1 + s 3 )
1
w .M
1 1 z2 57.- 3 2 dz z z
10
at
em
at
ds 3t 2 dt 3tdt tdt 3 2 = s 13 (1 + s 2 3 ) t (1 + t 2 ) = (1 + t 2 ) = 3 (1 + t 2 ) = 2 1 + t + c
ic
a1 .
co m
Solucin.- Sea: t = s 3 s = t 3 , ds = 3t 2 dt
1 1 z2 1 10 1 u11 u11 1 1 z2 +c = +c = 2 +c dz = u du = z3 z2 2 2 11 22 22 z
58.-
11
x (1 + x 2 ) dx 1 + x2
Solucin.- Sea: u = (1 + x 2 ), du =
2 xdx 1 + x2
2
223
65.-
xdx u+5 u2 u2 2u 2 1 1 1 x 5 = u 12 du = u 2 du + 5 u 2 du = 3 + 5 1 + c = 3 + 10u 2 + c 2 2 2 2 x + 10 = u u + 10 u + c = ( x 5) x 5 + 10 x 5 + c = 2 x 5 +c 3 3 3 7t 2 66.- dt 7 2t 2 Solucin.dt 7t 2 7tdt 2dt 7 4tdt 7 2t 2 dt = 7 2t 2 7 2t 2 = 4 7 2t 2 2 7 2 t 2 7 7 2t 2 2 arcs e n 2 t + c = 7 2 67.- (1 + x) cos xdx
3 1 3
w .M
2 g 4 sec 4 d =
1 1 u2 u2 g 2 4 udu = +c = +c = +c 4 4 2 8 8
at
em
at
ic
64.- g 4 sec 2 4 d
a1 .
co m
Solucin.- Sea: u = cos(16 x), du = 16s e n(16 x)dx s e n(16 x) 1 du 1 1 g16 xdx = cos(16 x) dx = 16 u = 16 u + c = 16 cos(16 x) + c
ax 2 bx + c dx ax 2 + bx c Solucin.ax 2 bx + c ax 2 bx + c ax 2 bx + c dx = 2 dt = 2 t+c ax 2 + bx c ax + bx c ax + bx c dx 61.- cos 2 5 x Solucin.- Sea: u = 5 x, du = 5dx dx 1 1 1 2 2 cos2 5x = sec 5xdx = 5 sec udu = 5 gu + c = 5 g 5 x + c dx 62.- 12 7 x Solucin.- Sea: u = 12 7 x, du = 7dx dx 1 du 1 1 12 7 x = 7 u = 7 u + c = 7 12 7 x + c 63.- g16 xdx
60.-
224
(1 + x) cos
xdx = (1 + t 2 )(cos t )2tdt = 2 (t + t 3 )(cos t )dt = 2 t cos tdt + 2 t 3 cos tdt () dv = cos tdt v = sent
u = t3
Solucin.- Sea: (1 + x) 2 = t 1 + x = t 2 x = t 2 1, dx = 2tdt dx 2tdt x( 1 + x 1) = (t 2 1)(t 1) () t A B C = + + t = A(t 1) 2 + B(t 2 1) + C (t + 1) 2 2 (t + 1)(t 1) t + 1 t 1 (t 1) t = 1 1 = 2C C = 1 2 De donde: t = 1 1 = 4 A A = 1 4 t = 0 0 = A B + C B = 1 4 Adt 1 dt 1 dt 1 Bdt Cdt dt () = 2 + + = 2 + + 2 2 t 1 (t 1) t +1 4 t + 1 4 t 1 2 (t 1)
1
w .M
at
em
at
ic
a1 .
co m
225
1 dt 1 dt dt 1 1 1 t + 1 + 2 t 1 + (t 1)2 = 2 t + 1 + 2 t 1 t 1 + c 2
1 t 1 1 1 +c = 2 2 t + 1 t 1
1+ x 1 1 +c 1+ x +1 1 + x 1
x + 2 + ( x + 2) + x + 3 = 2 x + 2 ( x + 2)
2 3
Adx
Bdx
Cdx
w .M
dx
at
em
at
ic
dx
a1 .
2
co m
dx x+3
=2 x+2 +
74.-
s e n + d cos + 1
(cos e x )e x dx du = = u + c = s e n ex + c x sene u
226
Solucin.s e n + s e n d d s e n d (cos 1)d cos + 1 d = cos + 1 + cos + 1 = cos + 1 + cos2 + 1 cos d d = cos + 1 + 2 sen s e n2 = cos + 1 co g cos ec d + cos ec 2 d ()
dv = cos ec 2 d v = t co g
cos ec d = co g + co g d = co g +
(cos ec co g ) s e n + (cos ec co g ) + c cos + 1 1 cos 1 cos = + +c 1 + cos s e n arc gxdx 75.- 3 (1 + x 2 ) 2 =
s e n + c2
arc gxdx sec 2 d d = = = cos d () , trabajando por partes (1 + x 2 ) 3 2 3 sec sec u = dv = cos d Sea: du = d v = s e n x 1 = s e n s e n d = s e n + cos + c = (arc gx) + +c 1 + x2 1 + x2 1 = ( x arc gx + 1) + c 1 + x2 2 76.- x co g ( x )dx 5 x2 2 x2 Solucin.- Sea: u = s e n , du = x cos dx 5 5 5
w .M
at
em
at
ic
a1 .
co m
227
x co g ( x
)dx =
x cos
x2 2 5 dx = 5 du = 5 u + c = 5 s e n x + c x2 2 u 2 2 5 sen 5
1 5 1 u6 u6 s e n 6 x3 u du = +c = +c = +c 3 3 6 18 18
5x2 + 7 Solucin.- Sea: u = 5 x 2 + 7, du = 10 xdx 1 du 1 u 2 u2 (5 x 2 + 7) 2 5x2 + 7 = 1 = +c = +c = +c = +c 5 x2 + 7 10 u 2 10 1 5 5 5 2 3 x dx 81.- 2 x x6 Solucin.x3dx 7x + 6 (7 x + 6)dx x2 x 6 = x + 1 + x 2 x 6 dx = xdx + dx + ( x 3)( x + 2) x2 (7 x + 6)dx () = + x+ 2 ( x 3)( x + 2)
80.-
xdx
xdx
w .M
at
em
at
1
1 x2 + 9 x2 + 9 2 = +c = x +9 +c 27 27 x3 x
ic
a1 .
co m
228
s e n 2 e
83.-
x
s e n2
d = 2s e n cos es e n d = eu du = eu + c = es e n + c
2 2
dx e 9e x Solucin.- Sea: u = e x , du = e x dx dx e x dx e x dx du 1 u 3 1 ex 3 = 2x = x 2 = 2 = +c = x +c e x 9e x e 9 ( e ) 9 u 9 6 u + 3 e +3 6
dw 1 + cos w Solucin.dw (1 cos w)dw (1 cos w)dw cos wdw 2 1 + cos w = 1 cos2 w = s e n 2 w = cos ec wdw s e n 2 w (s e n w) 1 1 = co gw + c = co gw + + c = co gw + cos ecw + c sen w 1 Nota: Este ejercicio esta desarrollado diferente en el capitulo 8.
85.- e
1s e n 2 x 2 3
2
(cos3 x s e n x )dx 2 2
2
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at
em
at
ic a1
84.-
.c
om
1s e n 2 x 2 3
9 2 2 (cos3 x s e n x )dx = eu du = eu + c = e 2 2 2 9 9
1s e n 2 x 2 3
+c
86.-
x3 dx
19 x 2 ( 19)3 s e n 3 19 cos d 19 cos
x3 dx
19 x
2
= 19 19 s e n (1 cos 2 )d
229
= 19 19 s e n d 19 19 s e n cos 2 d = 19 19 cos + = 19 19
87.-
19 19 cos3 + c 3
19 x 2 19
19 19 3
(19 x 2 )3 ( 19)
3
+ c = 19 19 x 2 + (19 x 2 )3 + c
89.-
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t (4 +
=
2t )
at
em
dt
at
ic
4 + u2 u + +c = 2 2
4 + u2 + u +c = 2
a1
Solucin.- Sea: u = t , du =
.c
4 + 2t + t +c 2
om
+c =
(ab 2 c3 ) +c (ab 2 c3 )
91.- s e n 2 cos3 d
1
230
1 1)(e 2 s + 1)ds = (e 2 s ) 2 1ds = e 4 s ds ds = e 4 s + s + c 4 dx 95.- 2 5x + 8x + 5 Solucin.dx dx 1 dx 5 x 2 + 8 x + 5 = 5( x 2 + 8 x + 1) = 5 x2 + 8 x + 1() , completando cuadrados: 5 5 8 16 16 x2 + 8 x + 1 = ( x2 + x + ) + 1 = ( x + 4 )2 + 9 = ( x + 4 )2 + ( 3 )2 5 5 25 5 5 5 25 25 x+4 1 dx 1 1 5 + c = 1 arc g 5 x + 4 + c () = arc g = 2 2 3 5 (x + 4 ) + ( 3 ) 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 5
96.-
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at
em
at
ic
a1
.c
(e
om
2s
231
x = 0 1 = A A = 1 De donde: x = 1 1 = B B = 1 dx dx x 1 () = x + = x x + x 1 + c = x + +c x x 1 x
97.- (arcs e n 1 x 2 )0 dx Solucin.-
(arcs e n
98.-
1 x 2 )0 dx = dx = x + c
3dy 1+ y
1
= 6t 6 1 + t + c = 6 y 6 1 + y + c = 6
99.- x(1 + x) 5 dx
1 1
y 1+ y + c
Solucin.-Sea: u = 1 + x x = u 1, du = dx
11
om
d a 2 s e n 2 + b2 cos2 =
s e n 4 d
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at
em
at
u =t du = dt
dv =
dt 2t + 1
v = 2t + 1
ic a1
=
.c
s e n 2 d du = 2 2 2 2 2 (a g + b ) (a u + b 2 )
232
(1 s
s s ds
2
= 1 s2 s +
1 s2 cos cos d ds = 1 s 2 s + s e n s
= 1 s2 s +
(1 s e n 2 )d = 1 s 2 s + cos ec d s e n d s e n 1 1 s2 + 1 s2 + c s
= 1 s 2 s + cos ec co g + cos + c
at
Solucin.4 2
em
dv = t 4 dt dt t t v= 5
5 11
at w w w .M
0
103.- (2 cos s e n s e n )d
ic
d = 0d = c
du = 2 t
4 2 t tdt =
Sea:
() =
t 5 2 2t 5 t5 2 2 t5 1 2 t5 +c t t t 4 dt = t t + 5 5 5 5 25 25 5 5
t 5 2 2t 5 2t 5 t t + +c 5 25 125
105.- u 2 (1 + v) dx
a1
.c
om
= 1 s2 s +
233
Solucin.2 11 2 11 2 11 u (1 + v) dx = u (1 + v) dx = u (1 + v) x + c 106.-
( y 2 + 1)dy 1 y 2 ( y + 1)
1 1
Solucin.-Sea: y 2 = t y = t 2 , dy = 2tdt
= y + 1 + 2 arc g y + c
108.-
Solucin.5 9 1 2 2 2 4 u (1 + u ) du = u (1 + 2u +u )du = u 2 du + 2 u 2 du + u 2 du
u2 u2 u 2 2u 2 4u 2 2u 2 2u u 4u 3 u 2u 5 u +2 + +c = + + +c = + + +c 3 7 11 3 7 11 3 7 11 2 2 2 3 2u 4u 2u 5 = u + + +c 7 11 3
11
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at
11
em
1 + c = ( + s e n cos ) + c 16
at
ic
a1
.c
s (s
3
om
234
x 1 x2 2x 8 + +c 3 3
113.-
( x + 1)dx
= 2 x x 2 + 2
114.- f ( x) f ( x)dx
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at
x2 2 x 8
( x 1) 2 32
3 g
em
dx
dx
3 sec g d
at
ic a1
.c
om
112.-
dx
= sec d = sec + g + c
235
[ f ( x) ] + c u2 f ( x) f ( x)dx = udu = + c = 2 2
2
x3 + 7 x 2 5 x + 5 dx x2 + 2x 3 Solucin.x3 + 7 x 2 5 x + 5 20 12 x (20 12 x)dx x 2 + 2 x 3 dx = x + 5 + x2 + 2 x 3 dx = xdx + 5 dx + x 2 + 2 x 3 2 (20 12 x)dx x Adx B xdx + 5 dx + ( x + 3)( x 1) = 2 + 5 x + x + 3 + x 1() 20 12 x = A( x 1) + B( x + 3) x = 1 8 = 4B B = 2 De donde: x = 3 56 = 4 A A = 14
115.-
() =
x2 dx dx x 2 + 5 x 14 + 2 = + 5 x + 14 x + 3 + 2 x 1 + c 2 x+3 x 1 2
1+ x + x 2
116.- e
dx x 2 x3 + +c 2 3
= x2 4x + 3 +
sec g d
= x 2 4 x + 3 + sec d
= x 2 4 x + 3 + sec + g + c
= x2 4x + 3 + x 2 + x2 4x + 3 + c
x + 4x + 5 Solucin.2
118.-
xdx
.M
117.-
at
em
( x 1)dx
at
ic a1
1+ x + x 2
dx = (1 + x + x 2 )dx = x +
.c
om
Solucin.-
236
xdx x2 + 4 x + 5
xdx
( x + 2) 2 + 1
= sec 2 sec + g + c = x 2 + 4 x + 5 2
119.-
3
x2 + 4 x + 5 + x + 2 + c
exp x 1dx =
1 + x3 dx x
2( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 1) 2 +c = +c x 1dx = 3 3 2
122.-
Solucin.-
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at
em
at
ic a1
.c
2tdt 2 3(t 2 1) 3
Solucin.- Sea: 1 + x3 = t t 2 = 1 + x3 x = 3 t 2 1, dx =
1+ x dx = x
3
2tdt 2 1 2 2 dt 3(t 2 1) 3 2 t 2 dt 2 = 2 = 1 + 2 dt = dt + 2 1 2 3 t 1 3 t 1 3 3 t 1 (t 1) 3 1 + x3 1 1 + x3 + 1
2 1 t 1 2 1 1 + x3 + = t+ +c = 3 3 3 3 t +1
123.-
+c
x 1 1 dx x +1 x
om
237
Solucin.- Sea:
x 1 x 1 1+ t2 4tdt , dx = = t t2 = x(1 t 2 ) = t 2 x = 2 1 t (1 t 2 ) 2 x +1 x +1
x +1 +1 x +1 x 1 + x +1 x +1 x 1 = 2 arc g +c = 2 arc g +c x 1 x 1 x +1 x 1 x + 1 1 x 1 s e n xdx 124.- 1 + s e n x + cos x 2z 1 z2 x 2dz , cos x = , z = g , dx = Solucin.- Sea: s e n x = 2 2 1+ z 1+ z 2 1+ z2 2 z 2 4z dz s e n xdx 1 + z 2 1 + z 2 1+ z2 = dz = 1 + s e n x + cos x 2 1 + z2 + 2z + 1 z2 2z 1 z 1+ 2 2 1+ z 1+ z 4 zdz 2 zdz Adz Bz + C (1 + z 2 )(2 + 2 z ) = (1 + z )(1 + z 2 ) = 1 + z + 1 + z 2 dz () 2z A Bz + C = + 2 (1 + z )(1 + z ) 1 + z 1 + z 2 z = 1 2 = 2 A A = 1 De donde: z = 0 0 = A + C C = 1 z = 1 2 = 2 A + 2 B + 2C B = 1
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at
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at
ic a1
t 2 dt Bdt Ct + D Adt = 4 + + dt () 2 (1 + t )(1 t )(1 + t ) 1 t 1+ t2 1+ t 2 t A B Ct + D = + + 2 (1 + t )(1 t )(1 + t ) 1 + t 1 t 1 + t 2 t 2 = A(1 t )(1 + t 2 ) + B(1 + t )(1 + t 2 ) + (Ct + D)(1 t 2 ) t = 1 1 = 4 B B = 1 4 t = 1 1 = 4 A A = 1 4 De donde: t = 0 0 = A + B + D D = 1 2 t = 2 4 = 5 A + 15 B + (2C + D)(3) C = 0 dt dt dt 1 dt 1 dt 1 dt () = 4 + = 2 2 1+ t 1+ t2 t 1 4 1+ t 4 1 t 2 1+ t t +1 = t + 1 t 1 2 arc gt + c = 2 arc gt + c t 1 = 4
.c
om
238
() =
dz z +1 1 2 zdz dz + dz = 1 + z + 2 + 2 2 1+ z 1+ z 2 z +1 z +1
z2 +1 + arc gz + c z +1
1 = 1 + z + z 2 + 1 + arc gz + c = 2
=
125.-
g 2 x 2 +1 g x 2 +1
dx 3 + 2 cos x
+ arc gz + c
Solucin.- Sea: s e n x =
2z 1 z2 x 2dz , cos x = , z = g , dx = 2 2 1+ z 1+ z 2 1+ z2
dx 3 + 2 cos x =
2z dz z 2dz 2 1+ z2 arc g = 2 = +c dz = 2 2 2 2 3 + 3z + 2 2 z 5+ z 1 z 5 5 3 + 2 2 1+ z
= x2 2x + 5 +
= x 2 2 x + 5 + sec + g + c
127.-
Solucin.- Sea: s e n x =
.M
at
em
at
ic a1
.c
om
239
A +B 3A
=1 C = 2 A = 1 , B = 2 ,C = 2 3 3 =1
2 z+2 1 dz 1 dz 1 2 zdz dz + 32 z ( z + 3) dz = 3 z + 3 ( z 2 + 3) + 2 ( z 2 + 3) 3 g2 x 1 2 +c x + 1 g 2 x + 3 + 2 arc g = g 2 3 2 3 3 3 dx 128.- 4 x +4 Solucin.- Sea: x 4 + 4 = x 4 + 4 x 2 + 4 4 x 2 = ( x 2 + 2) 2 (2 x) 2 = ( x 2 + 2 x + 2)( x 2 2 x + 2) dx dx ( Ax + B )dx (Cx + D)dx x4 + 4 = ( x2 + 2 x + 2)( x 2 2 x + 2) = ( x 2 + 2 x + 2) + ( x 2 2 x + 2) () 1 ( Ax + B) (Cx + D) = 2 + 2 4 ( x + 4) ( x + 2 x + 2) ( x 2 x + 2) 1 = ( Ax + B)( x 2 2 x + 2) + (Cx + D)( x 2 + 2 x + 2) 1 = ( A + C ) x3 + (2 A + B + 2C + D) x 2 + (2 A 2 B + 2C + 2 D) x + (2 B + 2 D) Igualando coeficientes se tiene: A + C =0 2 A + B + 2C + D = 0 A = 1 , B = 1 , C = 1 , D = 1 8 4 8 4 2 A 2 B + 2C + 2 D = 0 2B + 2 D = 1 1 ( x + 2)dx 1 ( x 2)dx () = 2 2 8 ( x + 2 x + 2) 8 ( x 2 x + 2) 1 ( x + 1)dx 1 dx 1 ( x 1)dx 1 dx = + + 2 2 2 8 ( x + 1) + 1 8 ( x + 1) + 1 8 ( x 1) + 1 8 ( x 1) 2 + 1 1 1 1 1 = x 2 + 2 x + 2 + arc g ( x + 1) x 2 2 x + 2 + arc g ( x 1) + c 16 8 16 8 () =
.M
at
em
at
ic a1
.c
om
240
1 x2 + 2x + 2 1 + [ arc g ( x + 1) + arc g ( x 1) ] + c 2 16 x 2x + 2 8
.M
at
em
at
ic
a1
.c
om
241