Bao ve chong ien giat

Tiep xuc trc tiep va tiep xuc gian tiep

Cac tieu chuan va cac qui nh la khac nhau oi vi hai loai tiep xuc ien
nguy hiem sau:
Tiep xuc trc tiep Tiep xuc gian tiep

Tiep xuc trc tiep

Tiep xuc trc tiep xay ra khi mot ngi tiep xuc vi day dan tran mang ien trong nhng tnh trang bnh thng. Is : dong cham

Tiep xuc gian tiep

Tiep xuc gian tiep xay ra khi mot ngi tiep xuc vi phan dan ien ma luc bnh thng khong co ien, nhng co the tnh c tr nen dan ien (do h hong cach ien hoac do vai nguyen nhan khac) Is : dong cham

Id: dong cham vo

Bao ve chong cham ien trc tiep

Hai bien phap bo tr nhau thng c ap dung e bao ve chong nhng nguy hiem do cham ien trc tiep la: 1. Ngan nga kieu vat ly chong tiep xuc trc tiep vi phan t mang ien bang rao chan , boc cach ien v.v.; 2. Bao ve phu khi xay ra cham ien trc tiep, mac du a co cac bien phap cach ien tren. Bao ve phu nay da tren cac rle tac ong nhanh, o nhay cao lam viec da tren dong ro (residual-current). Cac rle nay at hieu qua cao trong

cac trng hp chu yeu khi co xay ra cham ien trc tiep.

Bao ve chong cham ien trc tiep

Cac bien phap bao ve chong cham ien trc tiep

IEC va cac tieu chuan quoc gia thng phan biet cac mc o bao ve: - toan bo (boc cach ien , ong kn ... );

- tng phan hay ac biet.

Cac bien phap bao ve toan bo

1. Bao ve bang boc cach ien cac phan mang ien: Cach bao ve nay s dung lp cach ien thch ng vi cac tieu chuan tng ng. Sn mai va vecni khong ap

ng c yeu cau bao ve nay.

2. Bao ve bang cac rao chan hoac cac vo boc: Bien phap nay c ap dung rong rai do thng co nhieu thanh phan va vat lieu c lap at trong cac tu, tren cac cot ien, cac panel ieu khien va cac tu phan phoi,v.v. e bao ve hu hieu chong ien giat trc tiep, cac thiet b nay can co mc bao ve thap nhat tng ng IP2X hac IPXXB.

Cac bien phap bao ve toan bo

Cac phan t cua cac tu (ca panel, o keo, hoc), v.v. ch c m hoac keo hoac lay ra khi: s dung cha khoa hoac cac dung cu ac biet chuyen dung, sau khi a hoan toan cach ly khoi phan mang ien trong tu, cung vi hoat ong t ong cua mot nap kim loai ch c m bang cha khoa hay cac dung cu chuyen dung. Cac tu hoac nap kim loai phai c noi vao day noi at cua mang.

Cac bien phap bao ve toan bo

V du : Bao ve chong cham ien trc tiep thng dung bang cach boc cach ien cua cap 3 pha co vo boc ngoai

Cac bien phap bao ve toan bo

V du cua ngan nga cham ien bang cach vo kim loai c noi at.

Cac bien phap bao ve tng phan

Bao ve bang cach s dung cac chng ngai vat hay at ngoai tam vi ti. Ch co cac nhan vien co tham quyen mi c quyen tiep can cac v tr nay.

Cac bien phap bao ve ac biet

Bao ve bang cach s dung ien ap li cc thap SELV (Safety Extra
Low Voltage). Bien phap nay ch c s dung trong mach cong suat thap va trong cac trng hp ac biet.

Bien phap bo sung cho bao ve chong cham ien trc tiep
Kinh nghiem van hanh cho thay oi khi van co the cham ien trc tiep do nhieu
nguyen nhan nh sau: - thieu s bao tr thch hp; - s bat can, vo y;

- rach cho boc cach ien, v du s tray xc va gay do b gap lai cua cac au noi;
- nhng cham ien do vo tnh; - b nhan chm trong nc, ay la tnh trang neu keo dai th chang bao lau cach ien se khong con hu hieu na.

Bien phap bo sung cho bao ve chong cham ien trc tiep

Mot bien phap bo sung cho bao ve chong nhng nguy hiem do cham ien trc tiep la s dung cac thiet b lam viec vi dong ro, cac thiet b nay lam viec 30mA hoac thap hn nh loai RCD vi o nhay cao.
RCD la thiet b cat nhanh, co o nhay cao, da tren viec kiem tra dong ro oi vi

at c s dung e cat nguon mot cach t ong vi thi gian u nhanh .

Bien phap bo sung cho bao ve chong cham ien trc tiep
IEC 60364 e ngh s dung 30 mA RCDs e bao ve Giai phap: Dung 30 mA RCDs bao ve mach ien
Ni de tiep xuc cap, day dan Mach en hoac mach o cam Tat ca cac thiet b noi vi mach ien

Lap at trong tu phan phoi ien 30 mA RCDs cung cap 2 loai bao ve chong :

- Tiep xuc trc tiep

- Tiep xuc gian tiep

 e nang cao tnh lien tuc cung cap ien: toi a 5 en 10 10 o cam hoac en cho moi 30 mA RCD Xem xet dong ien ro t nhien cua moi phu tai (ex: cho phep 3,5 mA dong ien ro cua bo loc EMC trong thiet b ien t)

Nguy c tiep xuc trc tiep trong ieu kien bnh thng

30 mA

30 mA

5 en 10 en toi a

5 en 10 o cam toi a

Bien phap bo sung cho bao ve chong cham ien trc tiep
Nhng quy nh ve mang ien cua IEC bat buoc s dung cac RCD tren cac mach cap ien cho o cam ngoai at cac v tr ac biet co the nguy hiem hoac c dung cho cac muc ch ac biet. Mot vai quoc gia co cac qui nh bat buoc s dung RCD tren tat ca cac mach co o cam ngoai.

Bien phap bo sung cho bao ve chong cham ien trc tiep
Nhng thiet b RCD lam viec da tren nguyen tac o dong sai lech. Dong nay xuat hien khi co s khac biet gia dong vao va ra khoi mot mach ien. Dong ro phai la dong chay vao at (oi vi he thong co trung tnh noi at) qua cho cach ien b choc thung hoac qua cho tiep xuc vi vat the noi at (v du ngi) vi day pha.

Bien phap bo sung cho bao ve chong cham ien trc tiep
Cac thiet b bao ve dong ro chuan v du RCD co dong tac ong nh mc la 30mA, thch hp va u nhay e bao ve chong cham trc tiep. Cac tieu chuan IEC khac oi vi rle RCD co o nhay cao hn co dong tac ong 10mA va 6mA (thng c s dung cho bao ve dung cu rieng le).

Bien phap bo sung cho bao ve chong cham ien trc tiep
Cac bao ve phu them nay la bat buoc mot vai quoc gia oi vi mang ien co o cam ngoai len ti 32A va cao hn, neu chung c at cho am t va hoac mang tnh tam thi (v du nh cong trng).

Cac bien phap bao ve chong cham ien trc tiep, gian tiep khong can cat mach

ien ap cc thap c ap dung nhng ni co mc nguy hiem cao, v du: be bi, en ieu khien o sang bang tay, nhng thiet b cam tay dung ngoai tri v.v.
Mang SELV c cung cap vi mc ien ap cc thap lay t th cap cua may bien
ap cach ly. May bien ap cach ly nay c thiet ke ac biet theo tieu chuan quoc gia hoac theo tieu chuan quoc te (IEC 742).

S dung mang ien ap thap SELV (Safety by Extra Low Voltage)

Mc cach ien xung gia cuon s va th cap cua may bien ap nay rat cao, oi khi
co the s dung mot man kim loai co noi at at gia 2 cuon day. Gia tr hieu dung cua ien ap pha th cap khong bao gi ln hn 50V.

S dung mang ien ap thap SELV (Safety by Extra Low Voltage)

Ba ieu kien ap dung e am bao chong cham ien gian tiep la: - khong co bat ky day pha nao cua mang SELV c noi xuong at; - tat ca cac phan vo kim loai cua thiet b c cap t mang SELV khong c noi at vi cac vo kim loai cua thiet b khac hoac vi vat dan t nhien;

- tat ca cac day mang ien cua mach SELV va cac phan cua mach co ap cao hn phai
c cach ly bang mot khoang cach t nhat tng ng vi khoang cach gia cuon s va th cua may bien ap cach ly.

S dung mang ien ap thap SELV (Safety by Extra Low Voltage)

Ba ieu kien nay oi hoi: - cac mach SELV phai c at trong ong cach ien che tao ac biet cho mang nay, loai tr cac cap co cach ien theo ien ap ln nhat cua cac mach khac c dung cho SELV; - cac o cam ngoai cua mang SELV khong c co au cam vi day at. O cam va au cam cua mang SELV phai c che tao ac biet e tranh s cam nham vao cac ien ap khac.

Chu y:Trong ieu kien thong thng, khi mang SELV co U<25V, khong can bao ve
chong cham ien trc tiep .

S dung bao ve bang mang ien ap cc thap PELV (Protection by Extra Low Voltage)
Mang nay thng c dung ni can cap ien ap thap, hoac thch hp vi ly do an toan, hoac ni nguy hiem khac vi nhng ni a e cap tren. Cac quan iem thiet ke giong vi mang SELV ch khac cho mach pha th cap co noi at tai mot iem . Bao ve chong cham ien trc tiep thng can phai c lap at tr khi thiet b c at vung co noi ang the hoac mc ien ap nh mc khong vt qua 25V (tr hieu dung) va thiet b c at ni kho rao, khong co kha nang tiep xuc vi c the con ngi tren pham vi rong.

S dung bao ve bang mang ien ap cc thap PELV (Protection by Extra Low Voltage)
ien ap thap c lay t may bien ap cach ly an toan nh a nh
ngha trong IEC742.

Mach ien cach ly

Cac mach ien cach ly la thch hp oi vi cap tng oi ngan va co ien tr cach ien ln. No cung c s dung oi vi thiet b rieng le.
Nguyen tac cua cach ly mach (thng la mach mot pha), am bao an toan da tren nhng yeu to sau: - hai day dan c lay t cuon th cap mot pha khong noi at cua may bien ap cach ly se c cach ien so vi at. - neu xay ra tiep xuc trc tiep vi mot day, dong ien i qua ngi at tr so rat be. Dong ien qua ngi i qua at va tr ve day kia thong qua cac ien dung pha-at. Do ien dung pha-at rat be dong ien thng be hn mc ngi co the cam nhan c.

Mach ien cach ly

Khi chieu dai cap tang len, dong qua ngi khi cham at trc tiep se tang theo ti mc co the gay ien giat oi vi ngi. Ngay ca khi chieu dai cap rat ngan, dong ien dung khong gay nguy hiem nhng khi ien tr cach ien co tr so thap cung gay nguy hiem v dong ien se chay qua c the ngi i xuong at va tr ve day con lai thong qua ien tr cach ien pha at

thap cua cac day dan.

V vay, cap c s dung trong mang cach ly phai co chieu dai ngan va mc cach ien cao.

Mach ien cach ly

Cac may bien ap c thiet ke ac biet cho nhiem vu nay, vi mc cach ien cao gia cuon s va cuon th, hoac vi s bao ve tng ng chang han man kim loai co noi at at gia 2 cuon day. Cau truc cua may bien ap thuoc tieu chuan cach ien cap II.

Mach ien cach ly

e am bao ap ng c cac yeu cau tren can phai: - khong c noi at bat c phan vo kim loai cua thiet b nao pha mach th cap, cung

nh ban than day dan;

- chieu dai cua mach th cap phai c gii han e tranh tr so ien dung ln co the xay ra (*);

- cap va cac thiet b trong mach phai co mc ien tr cach ien cao luon c duy tr.
(*) Theo IEC 364-4-41, tch ien ap nh mc li (V) va chieu dai (m) cua he thong day khong vt qua 100000, ong thi chieu dai ln nhat phai nho hn 500m.

Mach ien cach ly

Trng hp co nhieu thiet b c noi chung vao mot may bien ap cach ly, can phai tuan thu cac ieu kien sau: - vo cua tat ca cac thiet b phai c noi vi nhau bang mot day bao ve co cach ien, nhng khong c noi xuong at; - cac o cam phai co chan noi at, chan nay c noi vao day noi ang the chung cua cac thiet b (khong c noi xuong at). Trng hp co cham at them iem th hai, bao ve qua dong phai tac ong cat mach t ong giong nh trong mang noi at kieu IT.

Cac thiet b cach ien cap II

Ky hieu:

Nhng thiet b nay cung c xem nh co hai lan cach ien v cac thiet b cach ien cap II, mot lp cach ien phu c them vao lp cach ien chnh, khong can noi phan dan ien nao cua thiet b vi day bao ve:

Cac thiet b cach ien cap II

- hau het cac thiet b cam tay hoac ban co nh , v du vai loai en, may bien ap c thiet ke vi mc cach ien oi.

- ieu quan trong la phai bao tr can than oi vi thiet b cach ien cap II va
kiem tra nh ky e tranh trng hp h hong cach ien v du hong lp vo boc,v.v. cac thiet b ien t, radio, vo tuyen truyen hnh (TV) co mc cach ien tng ng cap II. V du n gian nh viec i cap trong ong PVC.

Cac thiet b cach ien cap II

oi vi tu phan phoi va cac thiet b tng t,

cach

ien

toan

bo

tng

ng

cach

ien

cap

II;

vai loai cap co vo boc c coi nh tng ng cach ien cap II oi vi tieu chuan cua mot vai quoc gia.

at cac thiet b tren san cach ien

Ve nguyen tac, am bao an toan bang cach at cac phan mang ien khoi tam tay vi hoac che chan se yeu cau mot san cach ien va ay la nguyen tac khong de thc hien c.

at cac thiet b tren san cach ien

Bang cac bien phap nay, xac suat cung luc cham vao phan vo co ien va cac bo phan noi at t nhien la rat thap. Thc te, bien phap nay ch co the ap dung c oi vi nhng ni kho rao va phai am bao cac ieu kien sau: - san va tng cua gian phong phai lam bang vat khong dan ien, co ngha la ien tr oi vi at bat ky iem nao phai >50k (U500V) va >100k (500V<U1000V);

- ien tr c o bang dung cu loai MEGGER (may phat ien ieu khien bang tay hoac
kieu ien t van hanh bang pin). ien tr nay c o gia ien cc c at tren san hoac tng vi at (co ngha la vi day noi at bao ve gan nhat ).

at cac thiet b tren san cach ien

- viec sap at cac thiet b va vat chan phai c tien hanh sao cho khong xay ra kha nang ong thi cham vao vo cua hai thiet b hoac va cham vao vo thiet b va cham vao bo phan noi at t nhien. - khong keo day bao ve e h vao phong at thiet b ien ang xet . - cac loi vao phong at thiet b ien ang xet phai c sap xep sao cho ngi t ngoai bc vao khong b nguy hiem, v du mot ngi ng mot san dan ien ngoai khong the cham vao phan vo kim loai cua cac thiet b cua phong nay qua loi ca chnh, chang han nh cac cong tac en treo trong hop kn bang vo kim loai.

San ang the cach ly vi at

Phong ang the cach ly vi at c ap dung oi vi mang ien ac biet (v du phong th nghiem,v.v) .

Trong s o nay, tat ca cac phan vo dan ien cua thiet b, bao gom ca san nha c noi
vi nhau bang cac day dan co kch c u ln. Nh vay , khi xay ra s co h hong cach ien gia day ang co ien va vo kim loai cua thiet b se khien cho can phong giong nh mot cai long mang ien ap bang U pha so vi at . Tuy nhien se khong co dong s co chay qua at . Trong tnh trang nay neu co mot ngi t ngoai bc vao phong, ho co the b nguy hiem (v ho co the ang bc len san co ien).

Phong ang the cach ly vi at

Ket li ang the cac vo thiet b co the tiep can ong thi

San ang the cach ly vi at

Can c thc hien bien phap phong nga e bao ve ngi tranh nhng moi nguy hiem nh a neu tren (v du lam san khong dan ien loi vao, v.v). Can phai co cac thiet b ac biet e kiem tra cach ien do khi co h hong ve cach ien khong co dong s co xuat hien trong mang kieu nay. Ghi chu: cac vat noi at t nhien vao (hoac ra khoi) pham vi san ang the (v du ong dan nc, v.v) phai c bao boc bi vat lieu cach ien thch hp va khong c noi vao mang ang the chung do nhng phan nay thng c noi vao day bao ve (day at) khac trong mang ien .