Cross-Functional Enterprise

System
Introduction

Today, information system has the trend that

goes from function-centered system to cross-
functional information system.
Such systems support business processes,
such as :
Product development
Production
Distribution
Order management
Customer support
Collaborative System in
Manufacturing
All business processes must be supported by
cross-functional information system that
crosses the boundaries of several business
functions.Many companies are moving one
step ahead and trying to install integrated
cross-functional client-server applications.
They are typically falling in these categories :
Enterprise applications integration (EAI)
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) and
Supply chain management (SCM)
Product Development Process
Enterprise Application Integration

EAI (enterprise application integration) refers to the

plans, methods, and tools aimed at modernizing,
consolidating, and coordinating the computer
applications in an enterprise.
Typically, an enterprise has existing legacy
applications and databases and wants to continue to
use them while adding or migrating to a new set of
applications that exploit the Internet, e-commerce,
extranet, and other new technologies.
EAI may involve developing a new total view of an
enterprise's business and its applications, seeing how
existing applications fit into the new model, and then
devising ways to efficiently reuse what already exists
while adding new applications and data.
Enterprise Application Integration

Enterprise application integration (EAI) entails

integrating applications and enterprise data
sources so that they can easily share business
processes and data.
Integrating the applications and data sources
must be accomplished without requiring
significant changes to these existing
applications and the data.
Before EAI, integrating applications and data
within a corporate environment has been an
expensive and risky proposition
Enterprise Application Enterprise
EAI software
EAI software enables users to model the business processes
involved in the interactions that should occur between business
applications.
EAI also provides middleware that performs data conversion and
coordination, application communication and messaging
services, and access to the application interfaces involved.
Thus, EAI software can integrate a variety of enterprise
application clusters by letting them exchange data according to
rules derived from the business process models developed by
users.
For example, a typical rule might be : When an order is complete,
have the order application tell the accounting system to send a
bill and alert shipping to send out the product.
EAI Software Connects Major e-Business Applications Like CRM
and ERP
Enterprise Application Integration
Enterprise Application Integration

Fig. show that, how EAI software can integrate the

front-office and back-office applications of an E-
business.
Here EAI Software Connects Major e-Business
Applications Like CRM and ERP. That’s because EAI
integrates access to the entire customer and product
data customer representative need to quickly serve
customers.
EAI also streamlines sales order processing so
products and services can be delivered faster. Thus,
EAI improves -customer and supplier experience with
the business because of its responsiveness.
Supply Chain Management
What is Supply Chain ?
A Supply Chain is a network of supplier,
manufacturing, assembly, distribution, and
logistics facilities that perform the functions of
procurement of materials, transformation of
these materials into intermediate and finished
products, and the distribution of these
products to customers.
Supply chains arise in both manufacturing and
service organizations.
Supply Chain Management
Supply Chain Management (SCM) is a systems
approach to managing the entire flow of information,
materials, and services from raw materials suppliers
through factories and warehouses to the end
customer. SCM is different from Supply Management,
which emphasizes only the buyer-supplier relationship.
All organizations have supply chains of varying
degrees, depending upon the size of the organization
and the type of product manufactured. These networks
obtain supplies and components, change these
materials into finished products and then distribute
them to the customer.
The supply-chain is the all-inclusive set of links
into an end-to-end business process, for
example :
From the need to the fulfillment
From order to delivery
From raw materials to shipping
From order to cash
From an inquiry to a satisfactory response
Online Transaction Processing

Transaction processing systems are also type of

cross-functional information system that plays a
strategic role in electronic commerce. It processes
data resulting from business transactions.
Many firms are using the Internet, extranets, and other
networks that tie them electronically to their customers
or suppliers for online transaction processing (OLTP).
These real-time systems, which capture and process
transactions immediately, can help them provide
superior service to customers and other trading
partners.
OLTP systems add value to a company’s products and
services, and thus give them an important way to
differentiate themselves from their competitors.
The Transaction Processing
Cycle
Transaction processing systems capture
and process data describing business
transactions.
Then they update organizational files
and databases, and produce a variety of
information products for internal and
external use.
A transaction processing cycle consists of
several basic activities, which involve :
Data entry activities
Transaction processing activities
Database maintenance activities
Document and report generation
Inquiry processing activities.
Data Entry

Purpose of TPS is to capture, store and

process data pertaining to all transaction. The
input activity in TPS involves a data entry
process. In this process, data is captured or
collected by recording, coding, and editing
activities.
Trend : Move from traditional (manual) data
entry systems toward source data automation
(automated systems). The reason for this
trend is that direct methods are more efficient
and reliable than manual systems.
Examples of devices used in data automation include :
Point-of-sale (POS) transaction terminals.
ATM (Automated Teller Machine) terminals.
Optical character recognition (OCR) scanners.
PCs and network computers with cash drawers as intelligent POS
terminals.
Portable digital radio terminals and pen-based tablet PCs for
remote date entry.
PCs equipped with touch screens and voice recognition systems
for data entry.
Bar coded tags.
Magnetic stripe cards.
Electronic website on the Internet.
Transaction Processing

Transaction processing systems process data in two

basic ways :
Batch Processing : transaction data are accumulated
over a period of time and processed periodically.
Real-time Processing : Also called online
processing), where data are processed immediately
after a transaction occurs. All online transaction
processing systems incorporate real-time processing
capabilities. Many online systems also depend on the
capabilities of fault tolerant systems that can continue
to operate even if parts of the system fail.
Transaction Processing Cycle
(Batch)
Transaction Processing Cycle
(Online)
Database Maintenance

An organization’s data must be

maintained by its transaction processing
systems so that they are always correct
and up-to-date. Therefore, transaction-
processing systems update the
corporate database of any organization
to reflect changes resulting from day-to-
day business transactions
Document and Report Generation

Transaction processing systems produce a variety of

documents and reports.
Examples of transaction documents include :
Purchase orders
Paychecks
Sales receipts
Invoices
Customer statements.
Transaction reports might take the form of a
transaction listing such as a payroll register, or edit
reports that describe errors detected during
processing.
Inquiry Processing
Many transaction processing systems allow you to use
the Internet, intranets, extranets, and Web browsers or
database management query languages to make
inquiries and receive responses concerning the results
of transaction processing activity.
Typically, responses are displayed in a variety of pre-
specified formats or screens. Examples of queries
include:
Checking on the status of a sales order
Checking on the balance in an account
Checking on the amount of stock in inventory
Online Transaction Processing
Systems
Change Management Process