28, 6, 2007

35-
80- ..

..
:

19

. .

. . , . .

30

. . , . . , . .

40

. . , . .

51

( )
A. . , . .

59

. . , . .

69

. . , . . , . .

82

B. . , . . , . .

91




101

. .

-
" "
. . , . . , . .

111

- " :
"

115

..
XII " "

. .

122

, " "
2007 ., 28

124
126

Contents
Vol. 2 8 , N o . 6, 2007

TO 35-TH ANNIVERSARY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF RAS

AND 80-TH ANNIVERSARY OF B.F. LOMOV
The main tendencies in the development of psychological studies
in Psychological Institute of RAS
5

A. L. Zhuravlev
System organization of psyche: problems and search of solutions

19

V. A. Barabanshikov
PERSONALYTY PSYCHOLOGY
Psychological distress in persons with different cognitive styles

30

M. A. Padun, E. A. Zagryazhskaya
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Notions of teract in population of Russia different regions
N. V. Tarabrina, O. A. Vorona, J. V. Bykhovetc

40

Time course of the warning effect in the detection task

51

V. I. Belopolsky, A. V. Belopolsky
CROSS-CULTURAL AND ETHNIC PSYCHOLOGY
Ethno-cultural identity and psychic states self-regulation
(by the example of Russians and Tatars)

59

A. O. Prokhorov, I .G. Larionova

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Dynamics of woman's personal characteristics during pregnancy as a factor
of mental health of mother and baby

69

O. A. Sokolova, E. A. Sergienko
DIFFERENTIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Men' and women' differences in pain perception
G. A. Adashinskaya, E. E. Maizerov, S. N. Enikolopov

82

CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Anxiety as a concomitant factor in children with attention deficit hyperactivity syndrome
V. M. Astapov, . V. Drobysheva, V. V. Viktorova

91

DISCUSSIONS
From studies of subject's world understanding to psychological analysis
of self-understanding existence
V. V. Znakov

101

SCIENTIFIC LIFE
International scientific and practical conference "Coping behavior psychology"
T. L. Krukova, E. V. Kuftyak, S. A. Hazova

111

All-Russian scientific and practical conference "Man and World: social behavior
of person in the changing world"
N. I. Leonov

115

XII symposium "Psychological problems of meaning of life and acme"

G. A. Vaizer

118

CELEBRATING JUBILEES
Era Aleksandrovna Golubeva

122

Chronicle

124

Index of articles published in 'Psychological Journal" in 2007 y., vol. 28

126

 , 2007, 28, 6, . 5-18

_ _ _ _ _ _

35-
8 0 - ..

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

2007.
..
- , ,
, 31 2007 . ,
35- 80- .. .
,
.
: ; ; : , , ; ; , , ; ;
; .

(2005), .. (2006), ..
(2006), .. (2006); 2007 .
..
. - " " ,
- .. (2006).
- " ",

: ..
(2004, 2006), ..
(2006), .. (2005);

..
..
.

.

-

( ) ,

,

( )
.


.
-,
,
.. ,
"", "-", "" .. , ,

.. , .. , .. ,
. .

-
.

.

-,

,

,
..

,

,


.
,

,
" " .
- " " ,
(
) ..
5

.
, ,
-
.
-,

, ..
,
,

,
.
-, ,

, (
)

.


,
,

.. -
.
-


.
-,


,
,
, ,
,
.



,


-
,
,
,
.

.
.
..
..
(
, " "),

,
-
" "
;
.. ,

,
-
,

;
.. ..


,


,
,
.;
..

-

( ),


;
. .

,

,

;
..
,


-
;
..

,

(
) .



,
.


:
,
, .

28

2007

-
.

:

.
( " "
),



, ,

.

. , :

,
,
,
, ,

, ,
,
.

.
,

, , ,
, ..

.


().
.
,
,
.
( " " )
, ,
.


.
-
,
.

.


.

28

,



. ,
,
,
.. , .. ,

, ,
, , , ..,
.
,

,
.


, ,


. , ,

.


" ",
, ,

,

.
, ""
, "
" ,

.

,
, , ,
" "
,
,

; ,

,
.

,

(),
2007

.


,

,
, "
",
,
, ..
,


!
-
" " ( ) -
,

,
, , "
" ,
,
,
, ,
, , ..
.. ,
,
.
, !




. -,
, , ,
. -,

,
,
. -, ,

,

..


,
,
,
,
- -
,
,

,
,
,

.
, .

,
-
,


.

,

,
,
- , ,
, ,
,
, ..



.
, ,

, ,
, ,
, , , ,
, ,
..
,
,
,

.
,

,
, ,
-
, -

, ..
.


,
(, ,

;

;
.),
, (
, -

28

2007

,

..).

,
"
", ,
,
,
(..
),

(.. ),
(.. , .. ),
(.. ,
.. ),
,
2- (.. , .. ).

-
,
..
.

,
(
) ,

.
,
,
,
-
,

.

,
,
,
:

,


(,
, ..)
,

,
,
..

.
,

,

( ).

.. ,

. .. ,
,


;
..
/ ,

. ..

;
..

2003-2006 .,

, ,

,
;
-,

.. ..
,
-
,
.;
,

, ..

;

28

. ,


.



?
-,

:
, - ,
- .

,
" "
. , , 2007

10

,
, (
),
.


,
.


, ,

.

,
,

,
.
-,

"", ""
"",
.
!




( ,
) ,

. ,

.
-,

,

. ,

,
, ,
,
. ,
,

()
.




.

,
,
-
,
.

,
,
. , ,
.

,
:




(.. );



(.. );


, ,

,
(.. );

-

(.. )
.


, -

.




,
.
- , ..

,
.
, :

,

(.. , .. );

- , -

28

2007


,
(.. );

: , ,
, , ,
- .,

:
, ,
.. (.. , .. ,
.. , .. , .. ,
.. , .. .);

, ,
..,

,
(.. , .. , .. ,
.. , .. .);
,

,

(.. ,
.. , .. , . . , .. ),
.
,

,
.
,


,
.



, ,
,
, ,
.
, ,

-
,
,

.. ,
. ,

,
-
.

,

28

11

,
, .
, ,


,
,


. , , ,
, , , ,
, .



-
..



,
.

, ..

, ,
. ,

, :
(.
),
(. , .
, .
),
(.
), (.
),
(.
), ,
, (.
) .,

, (
), ,
, .

,

?
"
" - , ,
( ).
( ) 2007

12

,

.


.

,
( .. ,
.. , .. .),
,
, -
.

- -
,
, , ,
, - ,
- .
,

,
:
.. ..
" " ""
,
( );

.. ,

;
..
"-
:
" - 1997 2001 .
2007 .
" " .




,

,
.

" "

, ,
,
.


,
() ,

, :

"
",
-
.. ;

;

;
"
",
: ,
.

,

"
" " "
. , .. ,
.. .
,

(.. , .. ,
. . , . . , ..
, .. .)
.

,
,

, ,
,
.

,
4 ,

:
..
.. ":

" (2003.);
.. "
" (2004 .);
.. "
" (2005 .);

28

2007


.. "
" (2005 .);
.. .. " ,
" (2005 .);
..
, .. .. "

: , ,
" (2006 .) .
,


.


""
, , ,
.. .
90- XX
"",
, " " , " " , "
", , "
", "" ..
90- , -,
. ,
"
" .
,


.
,
, -,
"" "
",
. ,
- , ,
,

. -,
,
,

, -

. ,


, ,
.
- ,

,

28

13

, . ,
, .
-,
,
,
, ,

. ,
, ,

,


, .
,

,

. . .

.


.


,

,
-
.. .


-
. . ,
.

"
",
-
,

.. . . .
,

,
,
..
"
" (2004 .),
" " .

,
2007

14

(
), , .
- ,

,
.



,
, ,
,
() ,
:
-


.. (.. .);



(.. , .. );
-


(.. );
-
(.. ) .
-, 15

,
,
,
,

..

-

,
.
,
, ,

"
" : (.. )
(.. ),
(.. )
(.. , . . ) ..,
" "
,

.
""
,
,
,

, , , ,
, ,
.

, ,

"", ..
""
, .

""
, ,
,
.
( -)
, .
70-80- XX
.. , 90- . . ,
,
,
.. , . . , .. , .. ,
.. , .. , .. ,
.. .
,

.
,
,
-
,
..
.


, , .


(, ),
.

.

.

, ,
.
, ..
,

: ,
, ,
.

-

28

2007


,
, -
( )
,
(
):
(.. , .. , ..
.) ,
, ,
, , .
(.. , .. , . . , .. , .. .).
-


,
,
, . (.. ).
,
.. ,



(..
),

(.. ),

(.. ) .
-,
, ,

,
,
, ,
.
,
, ,
, , - , "
"
, ..


.
, ,


( ) ,
.



,

. -

, ,

28

15

, ( , ,
)
,

.. ,


- ,

,
, , (
, ..)
(
;
;
; , ,
..).

"
": ;
( )
; ;
.,

-
,
, ,

. ,

,
,
,
. ,
, (
) ,


.
:
.. -
; .. -

);
.. - "
" ;
.. - - ; ..
-

; .. -

; .. -

; . -
-
.
2007

16

,

- ,

, :

(.. ), -
, ,
, -
(..
, . . ),

( . ),
()

(.. , . . ),

(.. , . . ), (
)
(.. ) .. ,

,
, ,

() , ;

.



.

,
, ,
: , , ,
- ..
-,



.


, ..
, .

,

( )
( ,
..)

"" ,
,
;
(, ,
, , .)

;
- ,
;
, .. ,
, ,

..


,
, : "
", " " , "", "", "" ,

,
,
, "", "
", "", " " ..


,
15 ,

(,
, ,
..),
- " " "
-" .,
-
,
, ,
..


()
, ,
,

;


(
) ;
;

. :
, ;
;
; (
) ;
;
;
(
) .

, ..

- ,
..

28

2007

17

-,
,
, ,
.. ,
,
,

,
,
,
. " "
,

,

(, ,
..).

, - .)
.
/
,
- ,
, ..
,

,
, ,

, .

.

-

, .
,

,
-

.

-,


,
( )
, ,
.

,
.



: , ,
.. ,

, ..
,
.
,
,
, .

,
( ) (
) (
, ),
,


.
.. ,
,

, ,
,
.. , ,
, ,
.
. ,
,

.
-,

, ,
,



(
, , -
2

28

:


(.. );

(.. , . , .. );


(.. );
,
(.. , . . ,
.. .);
-

(.. , .. );
-
, , (.. , . , A.M. .);
2007

18

(..
, .. .)
(.. ) .

(
),

,
.

,
, ,
;

;
;
, ,
, ,
,
.

,

, ,
.

,


( ) -

.
,
( )
,
.

,


, 80-90- XX
.


,
,
.
- ,

,
..

,
( )
,
,
,

.


, ,
,
. ,


,
,
,

,
,
, ,
.

THE MAIN TENDENCIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT

OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES
IN PSYCHOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF RAS
A. L. Z h u r a v l e v
Corresponding Member ofRAE, head of Psychological Institute of RAS
The article is based on the report made at the jubilee conference devoted to 35-th anniversary of Psychological
Institute of R A S and 80-th anniversary of B . F . Lomov on January 3 1 , 2007. The overall results of PI of R A S
departments' scientific activity are summed up, their estimation is given and perspectives of domestic psycho
logical science development are laid down.
Key words: tendencies in the development, object and method of psychological research, interdisciplinarity: in
ternal psychological, external psychological, out of psychological, paradigmatic development, system, subject,
psychosocial approaches, psychology of morality, dynamic analysis, positive psychology.

28

2007

 , 2007, 28, 6, . 19-29

35-
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
80- ..

:

2 0 0 7 .

. .

- , . ,
,
-
.
.
: , , ;
, ; , , , -
, , , , , ,
, .
- -
,
.
,
, -
.

80
(1927
1989 .) -
, , .

,
,

-
. 1991



.

;

, .

. -, ,
(,
, , ,

). ,
, " "
(
, ,

). -,
,
""
. -,


.

,

,

.
,

.

:
,
, ,
,
, , ,

.

-
;
-
;
-
;
- ,
,
;
19

2*

20

- (,
) .





.
,
, ,

,

.

.


, ,
,
.

..

: ,
.
.

"
", "
".
. ,
- "
",

.

" "":
, , -
,
. ;
" " ,
"",
.


, ..
[5-7, 12], ,
i
,
.
: 1)
(
), 2)
( ) 3'
(
).

, )
, ,

,
.



.



.

,
" "

, " "
.


.

.
, .

-
.
, ,
("
", ..), .

" " (,
, ) -
.
,
.

,
.
, ,
, ..
- -

.
,

"

28

2007


. -

, ,

,
.
,
,

.

( )
, : )
- - )
-
. ,


, ,
,
, ,
.



.

..
[34-36].
,
"

, (,
..)
. -
,
, ,

.

: (
), (
) (
).

: )

, )
)

.

28

21

,
.



.
,
( )
() ,
, ,
,
.


,
"" ( . . ).



() , .. ,

. , , ,


.

(,
, )
,
.
, ,
,
( )
,
()
.
,

,
.

,
,
, , ,

.
:

()
" " (
).
(), ( ,

). ,

2007

22

,
.


.. [12, 19-21] -

,
.
,
-
, " " .


.
,

, ,
.
: )
, )
, )

, )
, ) ,
.
"
" ,
.
"
" ,

.
, ,
,

,
,

.
.


.

,
: )
,

; )

,
; )



,

,
.



,
,
.

,
" ".
,

,

.

[22, 38-40].

. [28]
"" .
-
.
,
.
:
"
"
.
,
.. [29, 30] ,

,
- .

-
,
-, -
,
.
: ,
;
- ,
;
(
) -
,

;
( -
) -
-.
.. [5, 6]
-

28

2007




( ) .


-


,

-
.


(
) -

.
,
, -,
-,
,
, .

"
",
,
,
.


, , ,

,
.
.. [23]
,

-
.
, ,
,


.

.

,


.

.
203 3039 :
(995 ), (1010 ),
(555 ), (612 ),
(203 ),

28

23

(2449 ), (505 ),
(3039 ), (1082 ),
( -
)
.


.
, ,
.

(-
, ).
,
,
, ;

, .

- ,
.. [18],
.. .




( ).
,
(TCP)
.
9 , 15 ,
1 , 1, 2, 3, 4 . TCP

-
, .


.
..
[15-17] -

"".
- ,
, .
,

,
.
,
,
,
,
, ,

.
, ..

, 2007

24

,
,
.
.

"-" " -".


,
( ),

,
, .


.

,
, .
,

,
.

.

-

?


.
.. .. [11]

.

. ,

.

,

,

.
" "
"";
"" "".

.
-
. ,

.


, -
.
"" (
)
.

. "
" (
)
.

.. [10, 11].


,

.
,
100
200 200-3000 .
,

, (
) ,
.

: ( )
,
, - ;
,
.


. [31-33].




.. .. [6].
[11],

. [38]

, ,

,
,

(40-

28

2007

25

50%).
70%
.
,
,
. ,

(X = ),
, ,
(X = ).

/ .

()

.. .
[18]. /
/ .
-
(),


. ,

-
.

.

.
:

, - .


.

..
[3].

" ",
(. ), ,

.


.

-
(,
),
(, ).
""
, ,
.

,
,
.
-
( [12]).

, ,
.


.
: "", "
-" "-".

,
/ ,

28

, ,
,
- .
,
,

.

" " ( -
) "",
,


. ,


,
("
", " " .),

- ,
("", "", ""
.). ,

[4].
.. [1, 2]
,
.


-
- -
. ,
.
-

-, .. ,
,
,
;

.
2007

26

, ,

.
..

(
) , ,
-


.

- , ,

.
,

: 50 - 30 . ,
"-"
. ,
,
, 50
, , " "
,

[9].

,

-

.. .


.
-
,
; ,
,
(
,
,
.);

[24].

.



,
,

.

. ,


[27].


.




[24, 26]. ,
,


.
,

, ,
,
(, ..
, ),
,
.




[25].

,
, , ,

,
,

,

.
,

,
, ,

.
,

,
.



,

. ,
-

28

2007


,
, .



,
.
.. ..

[13, 14].


(),
.

,

,
.
, , ,
,
.
,


.

, .
,
, .
,
,


.

.
-
,
.


.

,
,
,
- ,
, , , ,
, .

, .

, ,

28

27

. ,


,
,
.
-


.
-
.


,
( ),

;


;
;

-

.
- ,

.
, , , ,
, , - .
- -
, ,
.
-
;
(,
, , ,
).
(
, -, ).
-
.

, ,
.
-

, ,

,
.
-

( ,

2007

28

,
.).
17.

1. ..
//
. .:
, 2007.
2. .., .., .., ..
//
: ,
, . ., 2006. . 233-237.
3. .., . ,
//
. .: , 2007.
4. .., .
,
//

. ., 2004. . 260-267.
5. ..
. .-: , 2000.
6. .. . .:
, 2002.
7. .. .
. .:
-, 2006.
8. .., ..
-

// (). 2006. 1. . 127-134.
9. .., ..
-

// . 2007. 3.
10. .., ..

//
. .:
" ", 2007.
. 92-116.
11. .., .., .. //
. .: , 2007.
12. .., .. .
. . .: , 2004.
13. .. ""
: . ... . . . ., 2006.
14. .., ..
- :
//
/ . .. , .. . .: , 2007.
15. .. " "
//
. .: , 2004.
. 160-187.
16. .. -
, //

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

. .: , 2007. . 254260.
..
//
.
4. .: , 2007. . 38-55.
.., ..
(
,
) // . . 2006. 3. . 49-57.
..
:
//
. 2006. . VII. 1. . 89-92.
..
.
.: , 2007.
..
//
. .: , 2007. . 75-89.
.., .
//
. . 2002. 1. . 93-100.
.., ..

// . .:
, 2007. . 297-302.
..
, //
. .: , 2007.
., .., ..



. ,
: . .:
, 2007.

26. ., .., .
:

. . .:
, 2007.
27. ., ..
:
-
.
. .: , 2007.
28. .. - //
/ .
.. . .: , 2002. . 220-269.
29. .
//
. . 2005. 3. . 84-99.
30. .

//
. .: , 2007. . 109-119.
31. . . .: , 1980.
32. . : , -

28

2007

33.
34.
35.
36.

37.

. .: ,
2001.
., - . . .:
, 2002.
..
: . . ... . . . ., 2004.
..
//
. .: , 2005. . 193-215.
.. -

// . .: ,
2007.
Colder A.J., Young A.W., RowlandD., PerrettD.I. Com
puter-enhanced emotion in facial expressions // Proceed

ings of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences, 1997:

B. 264, P. 919-925.
38. Lahlou S., Nosulenko V., Samoylenko E. Un cadre methodologique pour le design des environnements augmentes. Informations sur les Sciences Sociales. 2002.
V. 41. 4 . P. 471-530.
39. Nosulenko V., Barabanshikov V., Brushlinsky A.. Rabardel P. Man-technology interaction: some of the Rus
sian approaches // Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Sci
ence. 2005. V. 6. 5. P. 359-383.
40. Nosulenko V., Samoylenko E. Observation and Evalua
tion. Detailed Description of Protocols and Methods //
Ambient Agoras: Dynamic Information Clouds in a Hy
brid World. Ivrea: 1ST. 2003. P. 161-202.

SYSTEM ORGANIZATION OF PSYCHE:

PROBLEMS AND SEARCH OF SOLUTIONS
V. A. B a r a b a n s h i k o v
Corresponding Member ofRAE. head of psyche system studies laboratory, Psychological Institute of PAS, Moscow
Theoretical and methodological grounds and essence of psyche system studies laboratory of Psychological In
stitute of PAS works are considered. Variety of psychic phenomena system organization concrete forms and
types of its determination are revealed.
Key words: systemity principle in psychology, multi-systemity, system determination, unity of theory, experi
ment and practice, self-organization, production, subject, object-situation, event, self-consciousness, commu
nication, activity, communicative competence, perception, psychophysics.

28

29

2007

 , 2007, 28, 6, . 30-39

1

2 0 0 7 . . . *, . . * *
* ,
, ,
** , . .. ,

. , ""
, "".
- .
-
, , ,
.
.
: , , ,
, .
. ,
,
:
,
[4]. ,
,
( ) ( - ,
, .,
).

(
,
) ,
.
-
,
:
, .

. ,
,
,
, ,
, ,
, , , -

. 40

- ,
XX "
"
.
,
-

. ,
,

.

, .


:
1)
; 2)
,
; 3)
;
4)
,
[8].

(, ,
.),


1

( 05-06-06478).
30




,
,
.

[13] .

"
,
( )
" (. : [8]).


,
.
,
, ..
,
,
.
,
"
" -


(
).



.


" "
.

1970- .

,
. 1974 . . ,

,
,
"" ""
.
, ,
: (

), (
/,
) (

) [23].


. ,
. [24] ,

28

31

,
,
(, ), ,
, ,
. ,
"-"

, ,
,
.
, ,
"-"
(..
),
,
[14].

. . [17].
,


,
. ,


.


. [1], ,
:

,
.
,
.
, ,

:
, ,
("-") , . "-
"

. ,
(
)
(,
), - ,
(
, ).
"- "
, ,
( ),
,

[20].

, 2007

32

[3], ,
,


. ,
, ,
(
),


. , (
),


.
.
,
. .
" ",


.
,

,
,
[22].
,
.
. [16] , ,

, ,
- - .
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
.
. [15].


,
,
.

. . [19],
, ,

,
. . .
[10]
(

" ")
MMPI.


.. [9],

.
,
.
.

.
,

,
- ,

[21].
, -

.

, -'

(, , ),

,
(, ) [8].
,
,
,
.
,

,
[11].


. ,
,
,
.
,
. [18] ,


. ,
, ..
,
,
.

, - [

.

28

2007

33

"-",
.



.

1) " " ..
[7] . "Attributional Style Questionnare",
: ,
,

"" "" .

:
1.

, ..

.

2)
"

"
. , ..
.. [6],

: , ,
, , ,
, , .

2.

.
3.
.

3) "

" . (
.. .. ).
, -: ,
, .

:
1.

- .
2.
.
3.

, ,
,
-
.

.

4) " " . .. [2]

,
:
, ,
, ,
.

154
( ,
. ): 77
77 18 53 ( = 30.2;
SD = 9.2) .

:
1) -:
" ",
;
2) -:
" " ;
3) - :
"
",

. .

:
3

28

5) "
"
(SCL-90-R)

90 ,

.
9 ,

: , -, , , , ,
, , .

[5].


-

, ,


.
,
: , (U = 2287, < 0.05).

.


, 2007

34

(): "", " " , "", " " , "

", "".
-
,
.
: "
" ( ) - - 1 16, 1 14
" " ( - 77); " " ( ) - - 17-18, - 15
18 "
" ( = 77).


-,
"" .
,
(U =
= 2263, < 0.01), . ,

,
,
,
.
"" (U = 2397,
< 0.05).
.

,
, ,
.


,
, .
(,
, ) ,

, , ,
,
. ,

[8],
.

,
,
.
,
,

,
: -

, -
[8].
,
,
-
, , ,

.

. ,

,

.
-
[8],
4 : "" ( = 59),
" " ( = 63), " - " ( = i
= 15), " - " ( = 13).

( )

.
!
- \
: " " ( = 84)
" " ( = 67).

-: -1
,
(U = 2134, < 0.01).
- I
[8],

. -1


:
,
, !
,
. 1
I
- [
.. -
[8] , -1
|
, ,
.
I
. -1
-1
, -
I

28

2007

35

1.
- -

SCL-9Q-R

( = 39)

( = 35)

( = 45)

( = 32)

SD

SD

SD

SD

0.41

0.30

0.55

0.46

0.80

0.70

0.55

0.63

0.65

0.54

0.68

0.59

1.01

0.69

0.65

0.50

8.03*

0.52

0.34

0.67

0.54

0.96

0.73

0.55

0.39

10.28*

0.49

0.39

0.68

0.56

0.94

0.74

0.55

0.51

8.62*

0.38

0.31

0.44

0.48

0.85

0.72

0.47

0.54

10.72*

7.81*

0.46

0.44

0.49

0.45

0.82

0.63

0.54

0.60

9.90*

0.17

0.21

0.16

0.30

0.52

0.67

0.18

0.22

14.15**

0.40

0.40

0.52

0.59

0.70

0.67

0.46

0.39

3.60

0.25

0.32

0.36

0.44

0.55

0.53

0.32

0.40

10.31*

0.42

0.28

0.52

0.39

0.80

0.57

0.49

0.42

10.89*

: * < 0.05; ** < 0.01.

,
.
4
- -
: "-", "-", "-", "-".

- (. 1).
,
-

. ,

, , ,

, -
, , ,
,
. ,
,
.
, ,
,
, ,
" "
, ,
,
" ",
- .

,
( ),
.

28

,
, :
,
(-),
,
. ,

,
,
. ,

[8]. ,
,
.
-
. ,

, ,
.
,
- " " ,
, ,
,
"", , , ,
" "
,
. ,
.
,



,
2007

3*

36

2.

-0.11

-0.09

-0.46***

-0.27*

-0.23

-0.15

0.00

-0.17

-0.31**

-0.22

-0.09

0.05

-0.25*

0 4 0 * * *

-0.28*

-0.11

-0.01
0.02

0.01

-0.25*

-0.16

-0.42***

-0.31*

-0.20

-0.17

-0.13

0 4 4 * * *

-0.21

-0.23*

-0.23*

-0.16

-0.36***

-0.09

-0.13

-0.15

-0.24*

-0.11

-0.43***

-0.10

-0.22

-0.08

-0.22

-0.32*

-0.27*

-0.15

-0.18

0.04

-0.19

-0.20

0 4 0 * * *

-0.32*

-0.16

0.05

-0.24

-0.19

-0.46***

-0.25

-0.19

-0.03

0.03

: * < 0.05; ** < 0.01; *** < 0.001.

,

.
,


,
,
,
, .

.




,

, -
.
,
.
- .
. 2
( )
( =
= 77) ( = 77).


. ,
,

.


( , ,
,

),
.

"", "
" .
,
,
.

,
.
,


, .
-
.

.
,
" ", (U =
= 2245, < 0.01). "
" ""
.

. 3.


,

""
-
" ".

,

,

28

2007

37

3.

-0.24*

-0.06

0.04

0.02

0.29**

0.22

-0.17

-0.08

-0.08

0.02

0.31**

0.08

-0.34**

-0.09

-0.03

0.08

0.41***

0.05

-0.21

-0.02

-0.14

0.03

0.29**

0.08

-0.25*

0.05

0.04

0.07

0.25*

0.14

-0.23*

-0.02

0.04

-0.03

0.36***

0.19

-0.41***

-0.07

0.02

0.02

0.24*

0.17

-0.14

-0.07

-0.12

-0.13

0.27*

0.05

-0.32**

-0.04

-0.06

-0.08

0.33**

0.12

-0.29*

-0.06

-0.05

0.00

0.35**

0.15

: * < 0.05; ** < 0.01; *** < 0.001.

(
. )
,
,

.
,
-

"" (
"
": = 32, < 0.01). ,
,
.
,
[12] , ,

,

,
.
"". , ,

:


,

.
:
,
. , ,

,
,
.

28

. ,


.

( = 59)
( = 62) . 4.




. ,
,
. :

. ,

:

( -
);

.

: -
,

( ),
(, ,

). ,
2007

38

4.

PvG

-0.01

0.33**

PsB

PsG

-0.04

0.02

0.11

0.01

-0.27*

0.25

-0.04

-0.12

0.00

0.31*

0.01

0.06

0.16

0.46***
0 47***

-0.11

-0.03

-0.08

-0.31*

-0.18

0.18

0.00

0.04

0.34**

0.06

-0.12

0.27*

0.43***

-0.11

0.02

-0.18

-0.21

0.14

-0.14

0.08

0.38**

0.07

-0.16

0.19

-0.06

-0.29*

-0.10

0.07

-0.12

-0.12

0.40**

0.09

-0.11

0.09

0.47***
0 57***

-0.03

-0.10

-0.07

-0.27*

-0.05

0.09

-0.18

-0.06

0.30*

-0.01

-0.03

0.14

0.38**

-0.09

0.05

-0.14

-0.18

0.05

-0.03

-0.23

0.41*

0.03

-0.17

0.07

0.37**

-0.21

-0.05

-0.02

-0.12

0.00

-0.25

-0.06

0.18

0.08

0.01

0.11

0.28*

-0.12

0.13

-0.26*

-0.21

0.17

-0.04

-0.07

0.25*

0.14

0.03

0.18

0.29*

-0.19

-0.17

-0.15

-0.17

0.17

-0.08

-0.04

0.41**

0.18

0 52***

-0.10

-0.04

-0.28*

-0.11

0.11

-0.12

0.06

-0.07

: * < 0.05; ** < 0.01; * * * < 0.001. / / - ; ; -

; PmG - ; PvB - ;
PvG - ; PsB - ; PsG - .

,
. -,

, ,
, .

"
" ""
( = -0.34, < 0.01) .
, , ,

,

. ,


. ,


, ,
,
,
, , .

- .

,

, . ,
,
.
,

. , ,
-
,
,
,
, .

"". -,

,

(
, , ), ,
,
.



.


, ..
. .

28

2007


. ,
-

.
,


.

1. ., ., ., .
. : "", 2003.
2. ..
, : . ...
. . . ., 2003.
3. .., .. -

// . . 2004. 5. . 5-25.
4. ., . .
: "", 2007.
5.
/ . .. . : "",
2003.
6. .., JI..
. ., 1996.
7. .. :
/ . .. .
.: . 2002.
8. .. .
. .: " ", 2002.
9. ..

// .
- / . . . , 1986.
10. Calamari ., Pini .. PuleggioA. Field Dependence and
verbalized strategies on portable Rod-and-Frame Test
performance in depressed outpatients and normal controls
//Perceptual & Motor Skill. 91. 2000. P. 1121-1229.
11. Costa P.., Somerfield M.R., McCrae R.R. Personality
and coping: A reconceptualization // Handbook of cop
ing: Theory, research, applications / Eds. M. Zeidner,
N.S. Endler. N.Y.: Wiley. 1996. P. 44-61.

12. Eysenck M.W. Anxiety and Cognition: A Unified Theo

ry. Hove: Psychology Press, 1997.
13. Gardner R. Cognitive control: A study of individual
consistencies in cognitive behavior // Psychological Is
sues. 1959. 4 . P. 22-30.
14. Joseph S.A., Brewin C.R., Yule W., Williams R. Causal
attribution and psychiatric symptoms in survivors of the
Herald of Free Enterprise disaster // Brit. J. Psychiatry.
159. 1991. P. 542-546.
15. Kingsland R.C., Greene L.R. Psychological differentia
tion and clinical depression // Cognitive Therapy and
Research. 1984. V. 8.
16. Korchin S.J. Field Dependence, Personality Theory, and
Clinical Research // Field Dependence in Psychological
Theory, Research, and Application / Eds. M. Bertini,
L. Pizzamiglio, S. Wapner. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1986.
17. Kwon P., Lemon K. Attributional style and defense
mechanisms: A synthesis of cognitive and psychodynamic factors in depression // J. of Clinical Psychology.
56. 2000. P. 723-735.
18. Lazarus R.S. Theory-based stress measurement // Psy
chological Inquiry. 1. 1990. P. 3-13.
19. MacGillivray R.G., Baron P. The Influence of Cognitive
Processing Style on Cognitive Distortion // Clinical De
pression. Social behavior and resonality. 1994. 22 (2).
P. 145-156.
20. Mazure ., Maciejewski P.K. A model of risk for major
depression: Effects of life stress and cognitive style vary
with age // Depression and Anxiety. 17. 2003. P. 26-33.
21. Parkes K.R. Field dependence and the differentiation of
affective states // British J. of Psychiatry. 139. 1981.
P. 52-58.
22. Riskind J.H., Williams N.L., Gessner T. et al. The loom
ing maladaptive style: Anxiety, danger, and schematic
processing // J. of Personality and Social Psychology.
79. 2000. P. 837-852.
23. Seligman M. Depression and learned helplessness // The
Psychology of depression: Contemporary theory and re
search / Eds. R.J. Friedman and M M . Katz. WinstonWiley, 1974.
24. Weiner B. An attributional theory of motivation and
emotion. N.Y.: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS
IN PERSONS WITH DIFFERENT COGNITIVE STYLES
M. A. P a d u n * , E. A. Z a g r y a z h s k a y a * *
*PhD, research assistant, laboratory of posttraumatic stress. Psychological Institute ofRAS, Moscow
**Senior laboratory assistant, department of general psychology, MSU after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow
Differences in psychological distress characteristics of different poles cognitive styles representatives are studied.
It is established that field dependent and "analytical" individuals suffer from phobic anxiety greater then field in
dependent and "synthetic" ones. Nonadaptive cognitive style - combination of field dependence and narrow
equivalence range - is revealed. Distress intensity in different cognitive styles groups is correlated with attributive
styles, stress copping strategies, basic convictions and defense mechanisms. The results of the study confirm the
necessity of taking cognitive styles into consideration in psychocorrection and psychotherapeutic work.
Key words: cognitive styles, attributive styles, basic convictions, stress copping strategies, psychological distress.

28

39

2007

 , 2007, 28, 6. . 40-50

=

= = = = = = = = = = =

^ = = = = = = =

1

2 0 0 7 . . . *, . . * * , . . * * *
* , . ,
,
** , .
- ,

*** .
,

( ) , . ,
, ,
,
.
( ) , "
" - : "", "", "", "",
"", "", "", "", "".
, .
: , , ,
.
" " "
" [3, 18],
[21, 23],

, ,

() [7, 8, 12, 16, 37, 40],

[3, 18].

,

.
( )
.

"",
[5, 9, 49, 56].
... .. ,

: "

,
, ,

" [4, . 7].

(. [43]).
534
,
,
,
. ,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,

(). ,
,

-,

.
,

,
'
( 07-06-00301).

40


,
.
,


,
,
,
[12, 37, 42, 45, 48, 50, 54, 55, 58].

,
, ,
,
..


, (
)
. , ,
2%
,
[51]; - 48% [53];
44 % [39];
- 53% [44]; - 54%
[52];
.
[45].



(. [45]). , , -,
- [60],

,
,
- .

(
, ,
..).
:


,
.

[18].
[11].


, .

.
,
-,

- ,
.

28

41

,

.

,
-

, [33].


,
.

.
,
[46].

,
.


[37, 40]
[50]

.
11 2001 .
-,
,

, 11.2% [50].

,


.
1, 4
6 11 2001 . (.
[38]).
110-
2001 . 7.5%,
4 - 1.7%, 6 - 0.6%.

4 6
-. ,


, .
:
,
,

. ,

,
(-10),
-
[25, 29].
2007

42

. ,

- : ,
, ,
, , - .

:
[23];

[18, 40].
,
[24, 33, 57].


,
,
[19, 30, 59].

,
2006 .

.. .



.
(
)

,
: ,
.

,


.

.
,
, ,
,

,
, [15].

. [14, 34, 35], . [2], . [40], . [20] .

. .
[20],

. -

.
.

,
, .. ,
. ,

,
,
[19].

, ,
,
, ,

, , ,
.

:

;

.

:
.

: ,
.

-411 .
.
,
1999 2004 . 11
. ,
, ,
, ..
.

:
(, , ): = 140;
- 42 . 16-21 ( = 19.3, SD = 1.1),
- 98 . 16-20 ( = 18.6, SD = 1.1);
, : =
= 96; - 25 . 22-35 ( = 25.9, SD =
= 4.5); - 71 . 21-35 ( = 24.9,
SD = 3.8); , -
( )
: - 54; - 18 . 36-60 (/ = 50.6,
SD = 7.4); - 36 . 36-55 ( = 47.8,
SD = 7.3).


- (,
).
-

28

2007


,
.. [1].

(, , -), 1994 .

.

.
,
, ,
,
.
()
: - 28 . 16-21 ( =
= 17.9, SD = 2); - 28 . 16-20 ( =
= 18.3, SD = 1.2); - 23 . 21-35
( = 21.1, SD =1.2).

, ,

.

. ,
, ,

.


(
): = 108, - 108 . 1620 (= 18.4, SD = 1).
,
( = 411):
( = 290), () ( = 79),
( = 108).

2006 .
.

.
" -

,

[6].
,
,
, .

, ,

().
:
" - ,
.
, , ,
-

28

43

1.
( = 477)

264

113

224

107

129

106

123

119

94

.
. .
, .
10 ".
-

.


[27].



" " ().

2
.

(. 1).

"" (264 .),
- "" (224 .), - ""
(129 .). ,

.
,
,
"" ( = 264),
, ( = 213),
2
%
(X* = 5.45; = 0.02)
( = 0.022).


:
"",
"",
"",
"",
"", "", "" ( < 0.000).
,
"" ,

( = 0.2).
2007

44

""
. ,


.
,

, .

1. ,
( = 290), ,
"" ( = 0.000)

"", "", "", "",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"", "", "" ""
( = 0.000). " "

(/> = 0.38).
2.
, ,
"" ( = 0.001) "" ( = 0.001).

:
"", " ", "", "
", "", "", "" ( = 0.000).
3.
"" "" ( >
> 0.05).

: "",
"",
"",
" ",
"", "", "" "" ( = 0.000).

1. .

,
"", { =
= 0.000), .. ""
.

""
( = 0.000). ""

( >
> 0.05).
""

( > 0.05).

,
: ""

( > 0.05),
( < 0.01) ( < 0.01),

.
""
( > 0.05).
( < 0.01) ( = 0.000)
,
.
""
( > 0.05),
( = 0.000)
( < 0.01) .

,
: "",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"
", "", "", "", "",
"", ..
,
,
, , (. 2).
2. .

"" :

( < 0.01). ""
( = 1)
( = 1) .
"" ""
( >
> 0.05) ( > 0.05) .

"" ""
( < 0.01).
""
( > 0.05) ( > 0.05)
. ""

(<0.01).
""
( > 0.05).

,
( < 0.01).

: "", "", "",
"!".


(. 3).
""
( > 0.05).

28

2007

45

2. ,
X

16-20 ,

= 98

21 -35 ,

= 71

36-55 , = 36

Binomial
test,

Binomial
test,

55.88

0.000

0.000

26.04

0.000

0.000

52.89

0.000

0.000

47.18

0.000

0.000

21.42

0.000

0.000

27.59

0.000

0.000

36.63

27.59

0.000

0.000

25.51

0.000

0.000

39.22

0.000

16.33

X'

Binomial
test,

31.11

0.000

0.000

21.78

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

36.63

0.000

0.000

21.78

0.000

0.000

21.42

0.000

0.000

32.11

0.000

0.000

0.000

59.51

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

17.25

0.000

0.000

16.33

0.000

0.000

11.85

0.001

0.001

18

0.000

0.000

52.41

0.000

0.000

0.000

52.41

0.003

0.005

13.44

0.000

0.000

18.78

0.000

0.000

11.11

0.001

0.002

0.000

. " - " , .

3. ,
X

16-21 ,

4.67

= 98

0.03

22 -35 ,

= 71

36-55 , 36

j
X"

0.05

0.36

0.55

0.69

0.36

0.55

0.69

Binomial
test,

Binomial
test,

Binomial
test,

14.22

0.000

0.000

10.89

0.001

0.001

7.71

0.005

0.009

7.71

0.005

0.009

0.32

0.42

5.56

0.018

0.03

13.71

0.000

0.000

3.24

0.07

0.1

0.005

0.008

( < 0.001)
( < 0.01) .



: "", "",
"//
", "", "", "" (. 4).
"" ""
( < 0.001)
( < 0.01) .
3. .

,
: "" ( < 0.05), "" ( < 0.05),
" " ( < 0.01), "" ""
(< 0.001).
,
""

28

( > 0.05),
,
( = 0.000).


:

"",
"
", ""
( < 0.001),

"", "", "" ( =
= 0.000).
4. .

: "
" ( < 0.05), "" ( < 0.01), "" ( =
= 0.001), "" "" ( = 0.000), "
" "" ( = 0.000), "
" ( = 0.000).
2007

46

4. ,
X

16-21 ,

6.1

= 98

22 -35 ,

Binomial
test,

= 71

36-55 , = 36

Binomial
test,

0.01

0.02

0.01

0.01

27.54

0.000

0.000

30.86

0.000

0.000

17.64

0.000

18.67

0.000

0.000

18.67

0.000

0.000

0.001

6.76

11.56

Binomial
test,

5.56

0.01

0.005

0.01

0.000

5.56

0.018

0.03

0.003

0.004

14.22

0.000

0.000

0.003

0.004

10.89

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.01

. "" , .

: "" ( > 0.05), "" ( >
> 0.05), " " ( > 0.05).

. , ,

" ", "", "",
"".
"
",
"".
,
,
.

"",

.
, ,
, ,

[17].


"", "" "".

.


"",
.

, .. ,
, .

"" "", , ,

, .

,
,

,
.




.



"".

.
,
, - : "",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"",
"", "".


.

. (,
-
. 2%

, 96%
, -
[47].)

28

2007



,
, ""
,

.
""
.


"" ""
"" .


[10]. ,

, ..
[13].

"":


,
.


,
.
,
,
(
-
)
, ..
, -
.
,
,

.
[26],


,
. ,
,


.
,
[1].

,
- .
-

""
[13].

28

47

.
,

. ,
,
,
,
.
(
) ""
, ..
.
,
,

( ).
,
,
.
,
""
"". ,

" " / "" I ""! "" /
" " / "" / "" / "",
..

.

- ,
,
(), ,
, .
,

-
.
,

.
,
,
.
,

"",
"", "", " ", ""
"", "" "".
, ,
,

.

.

"" "" (

).
2007

48

,
,
[18, 22, 32]. " ,

. - "
[18, . 68].
, "" -

, .


,

,
. ,

,

.
"" "" -
, , ,

.

.
""
, ,
,

,

.
, "" -
,
,


.

1.

"". ""

,

,
.
2.
,
:

"",
- "" "",

.
3.

.

1. .. . .: -|
, 1999.
2. .. .;
.: , 1997.
3. ..
// -1
- "-{
: [
". ., 2005.
4. .., .. -1
-1
// : ,
, . ., 2003.
5. ., .. "" j
: . ., 1987.
6. .. -
- j
// . . 2002. . 23. 4.
. 60-65.
7. .. ,

16 1999 . (, ,
): . . ... . . .
/., 2004.
8. .. -

: ,
:
. . ... . . . ., 2005.
9. .. . .,
1980.
10. .. .
.: , 1999.
11. ..
// .
2006. . . 28-32.
12. .., ., ..

// . . 2004. . 25. 6. . 73-81.
13. . . .: -
" ", 2005.
14.
/ . . , . . .: ,
2002.
15. .
// /
. . . .: - "", 1970. . 178208.
16. .., .., .., ..
//
. 2002. 1.. 4-9.

28

2007


17. .., .'., ..
:
1999 .
() 2001 . (-) // . .
2003. . 24. 1.. 64-72.
18. .. . .:
, 2002.
19. ..
, : . . ... . . . ., 2003.
20. . . .,
1969.
21. / . .. .
.: PerSe, 2006.
22. . : ? //
: . 2001. . 181-194.
23. .
: . /
. .. . ., 2004.
24. .
/ . .. . .: ,
2001.
25. ., .., ..
:
, , .
.: - , 2000.
26. ..
. .: , 1970.
27. / .
.. . .: ACT, 2001.
28. .., ., .
.
, //
. 2006. . 16.
1.. 1. . 70-74.
29. ..
- (
) // /.
.. . .: ,
2000.
30. ..
:
/ :

: ,
-
.. . .: - "
", 2003. . 80-92.
31. .. .
. : - "", 2004.
32. B.C.
( , ,
) //
. 2004. 6. . 4-8.
33. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and sta
tistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washing
ton, D.C., 1994.
34. BeckA.T. Clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects.
N.Y.: Harper and Row, 1967.
35. Beck AT. Cognitive therapy and emotional disorders.
N.Y.: International University Press, 1976.
4

28

49

36. Everly J.S. A clinical guide to the treatment of human

stress response. N.Y.: Plenum Press, 1989.
37. Galea S., Ahem J., Resnick H. et al. Psychological se
quelae of the September 11 terrorist at tacks in New
York City // New England Journ. of Medicine. 2002.
V. 346. P. 982-987.
38. Galea S., Vlahov D., Resnick H. et al. Trends of probable
post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City after the
September 11 terrorist attacks // American Journ. of Ep
idemiology. 2003. V. 158. P. 514-524.
39. Green B.L., LindyJ.P., Grace M.C. et al. Buffalo Greek
survivors in the second decade: Stability of stress symp
toms // American Journ. of Orthopsychiatry. 1990.
V. 60. P. 43-54.
40. Grieger ., Fullerton C.S., Ursano RJ. Posttraumatic
stress disorder, alcohol use and perceived safety after the
terrorist attack on the Pentagon // Psychiatric Service.
2003. V. 54. P. 138071382.
41. Janoff-Bulman R. The aftermath of victimization: Re
building shattered assumption // Trauma and its wake:
The study and treatment of PTSD/Ed. C.R. Figley. N.Y.:
Brunner/Mazel, 1985.
42. Jehel L., Duchet C, Paterniti S. et al. L'encephale.
2001. V. 27. P. 393-400.
43. Keinan G., Sadeh A., Rosen S. Attitudes and reactions to
media cover age of terrorist acts // Journ. of Community
Psychology. 20O3.V. 31. 2. P. 149-165.
44. McFarlane A.C. Posttraumatic morbidity of a disaster:
A study of cases presenting for psychiatric treatment //
Journ. of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1996. V. 147.
P. 4-13.
45. North C.S., Nixon SJ., Shariat S. et al. Psychiatric Dis
orders Among Survivors of the Oklahome City Bomb
ing // Journ. of the American Medical Association. 1999.
V. 282. P. 775-762.
46. Rajaram S. Remembering and knowing: Two means of
access to the personal past // Memory and Cognition.
1993. V. 21. P. 89-102.
47. Silver R.C., Holman E.A., Mcinton D.N. et al. Nation
wide longitudinal study of psychological responses to
September 11 // Journ. of the American Medical Associ
ation. 2002. V. 288. P. 1235-1244.
48. Schlenger W.E., CaddellJ.M., EbertL. et al. Psycholog
ical Reactions to Terrorist Attacks: Finding From Study
of Americans' Reactions to September 11 //Journ. of the
American Medical Association. 2002. V. 288. P. 581588.
49. SchreiberG. The Ultimate Weapon. L., 1978.
50. Schuster M.A., Stein B.D., Jaycox L. et al. A national
survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001
terrorist attacks // New England Journ. of Medicine.
2001. V. 345. P. 1507-1512.
51. Shore J.H., Tatum E.L., Volhner N.W. The mount St.
Helens stress response syndrome // Disaster stress stud
ies: New Methods and Findings. Washington, D.C.:
American Psychiatry Press, 1986. P. 77-79.
52. Sloan P. PTSD in survivors of an airplane crash: A clinic
and exploratory research intervention // Journ. of Trau
matic Stress. 1988. V. 1. P. 211-229.
53. Smith E.M., Robins L.M., Przybeck T.R., Goldring E.
Psychological consequences of a disaster // Disaster
2007

50

Stress Studies: New Methods and Findings / Ed.

J.H. Shore. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological
Association, 1986. P. 49-76.
54. SpeckhardA. Inoculating Resilience to Terrorism: Acute
and Posttraumatic Stress Responses in U.S. Military,
Foreign and Civilian Serving Overseas After September
11th // Traumatology. June 2002. V. 8(2). P. 105-122.
55. Speckhard A. Acute Stress Disorder in Diplomats, Mili
tary and Civilian Americans Living Abroad Following
the September 11 th Terrorist Attacks on America // Pro
fessional Psychology: Research and Practice. Apr. 2003.
V. 34(2). P. 151-158.

56. Terrorism: Theory and Practice. N.Y., 1979. P. 111.

57. Yehuda R McFarlane A.C. Conflict between current
knowledge about post traumatic stress disorder and its
original conceptual basis //American Journ. Psychiatry.
1995. V. 152. P. 1705-1713.
58. Yehuda R. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder // New En
gland Journ. of Medicine. 2002. V. 346(2). P. 108-114.
59. Van der Kolk A. Psychological Trauma. Washington,
D.C.: Press, 1987.
60. Wilkinson P. Political Terrorism. L.: Macmillan, 1974.

NOTIONS OF TERACT IN POPULATION OF RUSSIA DIFFERENT REGIONS

N. V. Tarabrina*, O. A. Vorona**, J. V. B y k h o v e t c * * *
*PhD, head of posttraumatic stress laboratory, Psychological Institute ofRAS, Moscow
**PhD, assistant professor, Transbaikal State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University, Chita
***Senior research assistant, of posttraumatic stress laboratory, Psychological Institute ofRAS, Moscow
The article is devoted to empirical study of teract notions in population (indirect victims of terrorist acts) of
different regions of RF: Moscow, Chechen Republic and Transbaikalia. It was assumed that information drawn
from mass media about terrorist acts intensity effect is different according to its frequency in the given region
and the degree of closeness to event epicenter, and these have an influence on forming notions of teracts. The
results of the study (by means of associations form) showed that semantic space of "terrorist act" image con
tained emotional-negative definitions: "fear", "death", "explosion", "pain", "murder", "disaster", "blood",
"tears", "victims'. Comparative analysis of data allowed singling out in notions invariant components different
for each of regional groups.
Key words: terrorist act, mass media effect, traumatisation, invariant components of notions.

28

2007

 , 2007, 28, 6, . 51-58

=

^ =

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ = ^ ^ = = ^ = =

2 0 0 7 . . . *, . . **
* , . - .
, ;
e-mail: vbelop@psychol.ras.ru
** , , , , :
e-mail: A.Belopolsky@psy.vu.nl
,
. ,
, (
, ) .
BP 1.5 ;
100-350 .

, .
: , , , .
{warning) ,
,


.
,
,
,
.

. ,

.

,
1

- , , ,
..

.

(fore-period)
.

, ,


[13].
, ,

,
[6]. ,


[9, 10, 12].

() -

[2, 3, 11].
,

:
,
100 ;
.


[4].

, , ,

,

,

.
(,
.), ,
( ); 1

- " "
.
51

4*

52

. , .

() .
, ,

,

.
, ,

,
[11].

,

, ..
,
,
. ,
,
, -
,

.
,



,

. 100
1600 ,

.
,

,
( 200 ) ,

. , ,

1.5 (
- 5 ),
( 3 7)
(., , [12]).
, 1,
,

,
,

.
I
,
(cueing).

- [14],

. ,
, , ,
.
- [7]
,

, (alerting)
(orienting).
,
,


.
2

,

.

,


,
,
[8].
1

.

100-1600 ,
.

(3 , 250 ),

250 .
- .

,

.
,

.


"Batterfly" [16].
- ,
,

.
( 10)

. [1]
,

28

2007

53

,
.

,
.


,
.
(0.2)
.

, -
,
(. . 1).
4
.
.
: 1)
50 547 ; 2)
- " "
( ) ; 3)
-
(1) (.
. 1). ,
.
, "
" .

,
.

: , 250
250 .

( )
350 ; 600 ;
850 ; 1100 ; 1350 ( ).
,

( ): 1) 100
350-600 ; 2) 350-600-850 ; 3) 600-850-1100;
4) 850-1100-1350 ; 5) 1100-1350-1600 .

:
() ( -
, . . 1).

.

,
,
.

, -
.
, 45 (
15
). ,
, 3000 .

28

. 1. ,
, 1.
- ,
-

( ).

,

2750, 3000 3250 .
1 .
100
,
.

(ANOVA)
BP :
( - 4 )

( - 5 )
( - 3 )
( - 2 )
(4 ).
(F = 29.03; < 0.0001)
BP ( 277 243 ),


.

: (F = 5.58; < 0.001);

(F = 31.22; < 0.0001); (F = 53.85; <
< 0.0001); ( ^ = 86.62; < 0.0001).

. 2. BP
( 267 251 ).
BP
(237 267
).

(
) (6 7
). BP
, 2007

54

. , .

. 3.

( )
: - ; 6 ; -
.
. 2.

: -

,
,
-
; - ,
( )
( )
.
.

BP - \
;
f

BP, 1100 .

(247 265 ).
, BP .

, BP
25 BP
, a BP
14 .
(Scheffe)
.
,

.

,
3000 .

(F = 5.8; < 0.001).
. 3.


,
.

- |
: (F = I
= 2.29; < 0.102). , J
BP
(33 ), -1
(46 ).
,

BP,
(. . 4).

,
, ,


500 (250 )

.
,

. ,
, ()
,
,
(
), , ,

28

2007

55

. [5],

,
. ,
,
,
(range effect),

.
,


, .

(BP ,
) ,

.

, .
,

( 1)

100%.
,
(10)
.

,
, ..

(

20%) (. . 36 ).


, ,
BP
,


. ,
, ,


(. ). ""

,

,
,

.

, ,
: 1)
(disengagement); 2)

28

. 4.

: -
; - .

; 3)
(engagement) [8, 15].

, , ,

, ,
.
,
, -

,
BP



, ,

, .

,
, ,
.

,
,


, BP

. ,

50 ,
.


,
2,
.
2007

56

. , .

. 6.

: - ,
.

, -
.
, -
.

. 5. ,
2: -
, -
.
(
).

.


. 1,

,
,
"" (gap)
.

(
),
.

.

- 17 2.5
2.5,
-
.
(0.4),

,
, - .
1000 ,
""
,
200 .
,
: -
,
-
.
600 -

, .
2000 . 2

. 5.
.
2 :
1. -
;
2. - 0, 100, 200 500 ;
3. - (
120
"" )
(
"" ).
- (BP)
, 1 .

(ANOVA) BP :
( - 2 )
(2 )
(2 ) (2
) (8 ).

ny(F = 20.9; < 0.001) (F = 43.4;
< 0.001). , BP


(280 256 ).
2-
:
(F = 5.8; < 0.001).
. 6.

28

2007

57

. 6 ,

= 100 ( = 0 ),


,
. ,
= 0 , ..

,
20-25 ,

.


.
,
1,
,

,
.

()
,

100-500 .



.

1,


,
2,

.
-
BP
. ,
:


- .


().
1

,



, .
,

28

. 7. 1

= 350
.
: ( ),
( )
( ).

.
2
- , ,
. ,

,
, BP
. ,


,
,



.
,

.

2 ( ),
. 6,

1 = 350 ,
,

(. 7).

,
(
). . 7
. 6 BP

, - BP 2007

58

. , .

BP
, .

1.


BP 1350 .
2.
,

,

BP
.
3.
,
: ,
- .


.

1. ..

// . 1989. . 3. 1.
. 48-55.
2. Alegria J. Sequential effects of foreperiod duration:
Some strategical factors in tasks involving task uncer
tainty // Attention and performance V / Eds. P. Rabbit,
S. Dornic. L.: Academic Press, 1975.
3. Baumeister A., Joubert C. Interactive effects on reaction
time of preparatory interval length and preparatory inter
val frequency // Joum. of Experimental Psychol. 1969.
V. 82. P. 393-395.

4. Bevan W., Hardesty D., Avant L. Response latency with

constant and variable interval schedules // Percept, and
Mot. Skills. 1965. V. 20. P. 969-972.
5. Botwinick J., Brindley J. An analysis of set in relation to
reaction time // Journ. of Experimental Psychol. 1962.
V. 63. P. 568-574.
6. Davis R.C., Green F. Intersensory differences in the ef
fect of warning signals on reaction time // Acta Psychologica. 1969. V. 30. P. 155-167.
7. Fernandez-Duque D., Posner M.I. Relating the mecha
nisms of orienting and alerting // Neuropsychologia.
1997. V. 35. 4. P. 477-486.
8. Fisher ., Weber H. Express saccades and visual atten
tion // Behav. and Brain Science. 1993. V. 16. P. 553610.
9. Kohfeld D.L. Stimulus intensity and adaptation level as
determinants of simple reaction time // Journ. of Experi
mental Psychol. 1968. V. 76. P. 468-473.
10. Kohfeld D.L. Effects of intensity of auditory and visual
ready signals on simple reaction time // Journ. of Exper
imental Psychol. 1969. V. 82. P. 88-95.
11. Naatanen R. The diminishing time-uncertainty with the
lapse of time after the warning signal in reaction-time
experiments with varying fore-periods // Acta Psychologica. 1970. V. 34. P. 399-419.
12. Niemi P. Stimulus intensity effects on auditory and visu
al reaction processes // Acta Psychologica. 1979. V. 43.
P. 299-312.
13. Niemi P., Naatanen R. Foreperiod and simple reaction
time // Psychol. Bulletin. 1981. V. 89. P. 133-162.
14. Posner M.I. Orienting of attention // Quart. Joum. of Ex
perimental Psychol. 1980. V. 32. P. 3-25.
15. Posner M.I., Cohen Y. Components of visual orienting//
Attention and Performance X / Eds. H. Bouma,
D.G. Bouwhuis. Hillsdale: LEA, 1984. P. 531-556.
16. Pulkin B.V. Programming without programming: The
system Butterfly for professional psychologists // Behav.
Res. Meth., Instr. and Computers. 1996. V. 28. 4.
P. 577-583.

TIME COURSE OF THE WARNING EFFECT IN THE DETECTION TASK

V. I. Belopolsky*, A. V. B e l o p o l s k y * *
* PhD, head of editorial and publishing department. Psychological Institute ofRAS, Moscow
** PhD, research assistant, Vrij University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Factors affected time dynamics of warning signal effect in the detection task were studied. Independent variables
were modality, spatial and temporal properties of warning signal as well as variability of the foreperiods (perma
nent, alternating, mixed) and validity of reaction stimulus. The results show general trend in reducing RT with
increasing foreperiod up to 1.5 s, although most prominent events occur at the range 100-350 ms. The data are
considered as support for two attentional components of warning effect, namely, alertness and orienting.
Key words: warning signal, reaction time, foreperiod, attention.

28

2007

 , 2007, 28, 6, . 59-68

( )
2 0 0 7 . . . * , . . **
* , .
,
** , .
- ,

. ,

. , , , , .,
.
: , , .

, ,
,
.

[2, 3, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15-17,
23,32 .]. ,

,
.

.
,

,
.

,

[27, 28].
-
,

.

, ..
,
. ,

,
. ,

.

(, , , .),
(,
.),

.

,

,

[6, 10, 11, 20 .]. ,


, -
[10, 11] -
[27, 28].
- ,
..
,

,

[10, 11].


.

, /
, /,
59

60

(" ").


, ,

.
"" ()
.
,
,
- ,
.

, ,
, . ,

, :
, .

,
, , , ,
- ,
, ,
[24]. ,
,
, ,

, [39].

, , , ,
.
, ,
,

[9, 14, 35].
.. ,
,
, ,
[5].

.
,

:
,

[37];
,

[38];

[40, 42];
,

[41] .

,
.
,
"
" "", ,

,
, [19].

,
,
, ,
,
[4].
,
,
,
.
, -,
, ..
.

(,
), ,
.
,
,
,
.

,
,
:
1)
,
, ,
,
;

.

[12],
[22],
[18].

.

2)
.
, ,
,

.
, ,
( ),
, , .,

28

2007


( ),


,
,
.

.
.. ,


, ,

,
, ,
[36]. .. , : "
, ,

,

" [30, . 72].
, .. , - "
,
,

...

" "

(
),
" [31, . 210].

,


,
.


.

, .. ,

" ". ...,
,
" "... [33,
. 99-100].

""
. ,
,
, , ,
,

28

61

.



(
). :

; ,


,


.
, (
, )

.

:


.
: 1)


? 2)

?
.
,
-
.
: , ,
, , ,
, , ,
, .
- " \
[21].
"
",
.

,
,
/-, ,
.. , "
" [1, . 167].
/-,

.

.. , .
2007

62

,
, ,



, , " " [25, . 345].

.. , "
,
,
" [ ] .

,

"
".
.
" "
(, , ),
( ),
- ,
, ,

/-,
.

(,
, , ,
) -
.
,
- . : ...
... ... ...


.

,
.
() 0.69 () - 0.65.

* -
} -
.
.
407
,
-
. ,
. ,
. 200
: 100 (47% 5 3 % )
100 (47% 5 3 % ) -
, 17
60 . ,

. ,

, 96%

, : 4% 3% -
, 1% - .

" ? " "
",
,
"
" (). ,

, .
- 49 ,
23 26 ,
30.6 .
28 22 , 50 ,
- 31.7 . ,

.

.
" ? "
" ".


(. 1).

"
". (
) ( < 0.01)
. ,
,

. ..
, "

, , ,
,
, -

" [34, . 507].
,
,

( - 49 ., - 50 .).
.

,
(. 2).

, -

28

2007

63

1. ( %)

" "

, = 100

" ?"

33

19

30

23

, = 100

25

27

49

30

0.01

. (* -
.

2.

*
***
*

* * *
**

*
*

*** **
*** *
* *
**
**
**

**
*

*
~ *

** ***
** *
* *

**
**
**

. * -
, . * < 0.05, ** < 0.01, * * * < 0.001.

,
.
, .

,
( < 0.05) (,
, ..).

. 2, ,

:
- , - ,
, .

:
, - .

,

(). ,


,
, .

,

(. . 3). ,

,

.

, "
",
.

[26],

,
:
, ,
(),
,

,

.
, ,
,
.
(,
, ..)

28

2007

64

3.

- .

- .

- .

, = 100

75

37.1

80

39.6

47

23.3

, = 100

81

39.3

82

39.8

43

20.8

, = 100

46

17.8

127

49.0

86

33.2

, = 100

49

17.3

149

52.5

86

30.3

(.
2). (
,
)

,


. , -


(, )
(, ),
-
(,
).


.

(
, ) (,
, ).

(, )

(, ).
-

(,
,
),

(, )

(,
).

:
1) ,
(
, );
2)
( ,
; -,
);

!
(
, ) |
.
.3.
!

- i
.
,
, !

,
-1

.
, -;
,

,
, *
(. 1).
, ,
- j
(. 4),
.

"
!
"
,
. , ,

-1
,

.

3)
.

, ,
( < 0.05)
,
( < 0.01)
.

,
,
10 ,

, ,

. -

28

2007

65

. 1. (1 - , 2 - ).

-
( < 0.05),

,
( < 0.05).

, :
,

(),

"" ,
, , " " ..

()

,
(. 4).

,
.

,
, , ,
-
(
- )
( ).

( < 0.05)

(

"
"
, , .

.

(
,
)
, ,

4.
( )

.
0.95

, = 100

2.36

2.72

2.02

2.59

0.86

, = 100

2.19

2.37

2.06

2.84

0.94

1.2

. .

0.01

, = 49

2.4

2.2

2.5

3.3

1.04

1.54

, = 50

1.5

1.6

1.8

2.6

1.19

1.65

0.01

0.05

0.05

0.05

. .

. % .
5

28

2007

66

. ,
( - )

( < 0.05).
,


, .


.

,
" "
,
, , .
,


,
-
.

"
"
-
: ,
, ., .




,
.

.

,
-


-
.

, ,
,

, .
,
,
, , , ,

.

, -

[27, 28].

1.
:

1.5 ,
,

,
.
2.
,
,
,
:

.
.
3.
- -

:

,

.


:

.

,

,


.

1. .. . .: , 1998.
2. ..
. .: , 1980.
3. ..
/ . .. . .: - "
", 1997.
4. .. . .: ,
2004.
5. .. .
: , 2004.
6. ..
// . /
.. , .. , ..
/ . . .. . -

28

2007


: , 2003.
. 407-418.
7. .., ..
. : , 1996.
8. .., ..

//
:
. .: , 1999. . 680.
9. . :

//
: . .
. .-. . 110-
. . . ., 1999. . 52-54.
10. ..
(- ). .: ,
2003.
11. .. -

//
:
. .: , 1999.
. 80-106.
12. .., ..

// . 2000. 5.
. 87-99.
13. .., .., .
//
. . 1989. 2. . 122-131.
14. .. (
) // .
2002. 3 . . 128-138.
15. ..
(-
) // . 1995.
1. . 5-12.
16. OA.
. .: , 1980.
17. ..
// .
1995. 5. . 69-78.
18. .
//
. . 2005. 2. . 5-15.
19. B.C., .
. --: , 2000.
20. ..
// / . .
. .. . .: , 2001.
21. ., .
//
. /
. .. . .: - , 1984.
. 180-187.
22. .., ..
(
) // . 2000. 1.
. 68-87.

28

67

23. ..
//
. . 1995. 4. . 26-36.
24. . . .:
, 1999.
25. .. :
. . .: , 2003.
26. ..
. : -
, 1994.
27. ..
: , ,
. .: , 2005.
28. .
//
. . 2005. 2. . 68-80.
29.
/ . .. . .:
, 1979.
30. .. : "" (
). .: - -
, 1996.
31. .. . .:
, " ", 1999.
32. . . .: -
, 1983.
33. ..
// . . 2005. 2. . 91-102.
34. . .: , 2001.
35. .
//
. -: 3-
, -,
25-28 , 2003. . 7. ., 2003. . 500-502.
36. ..

// . 2001. 4. . 135-146.
37. Ekman P., Friesen W.V. The repertoire of nonverbal be
haviour: Categories, origins, usage, and coding // Semiotica. 1. 1969. P. 49-98.
38. Elfenbein H.A., Ambady N.. Mandal M.K. et al. CrossCultural Pattern in Emotion Recognition: Highlighting
Design and Analytical Technigues // Emotion. 2 (1).
2002. P. 75-84.
39. Lehman D.R., Chiu C, SchallerM. Psychology and cul
ture // Annual Review of Psychology. V. 55. 2004.
P. 689-714.
40. Mesguita ., Frijda N. Cultural variations in emotions:
A review // Psychological Bulletin. V. 112. 1992.
P. 179-204.
41. Roseman IJ., Dhawan N., Rettek S.L. et al. Cultural dif
ferences and cross-cultural similarities in appraisals and
emotional responses // Journ. of Cross-Cultural Psychol
ogy. V. 26. 1995. P. 23-48.
42. Scherer K., Matsumoto D., Wallbott H., Kudoh T. Emo
tional experience in cultural context: A comparison be
tween Europe, Japan and the USA // Facets of emotion:
Recent research / Ed. K. Scherer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 1988. P. 5-30.
2007

5*

ETHNO-CULTURAL IDENTITY
AND PSYCHIC STATES SELF-REGULATION
(BY THE EXAMPLE OF RUSSIANS AND TATARS)
A. O. Prokhorov*, I. G. L a r i o n o v a * *
*Sc.D. (psychology), head of general psychology chair, Kazan State University, Kazan;
**PhD, head of general and social psychology chair, Nizhnekamck branch of Moscow
Humanities and Economics Institute, Nizhnekamck
The results of psychic's states peculiarities and their self-regulation study of Tatarstan population with different
ethnocultural identity are presented. It is shown that Russians and Tatrs as representatives of big social groups
are characterized by differences in the frequency of psychic states actualization, It is revealed that ethnoses' dis
positions, customs and traditions through such ethnocultural factors as ethnic self-consciousness, religious be
longing, etc. affected the specificity of the applied means and methods of psychic states self-regulation.
Key words: psychic states, self-regulation, ethnocultural identity.

28

2007

 , 2007, 28, 6, . 69-81

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

1

2 0 0 7 .

. . *, . . **

* , .
** , .
,

. ,
,
,
.


.

: , , ,
.

-

. -,
,

[1, 4, 6,
19,29, 30, 36 .];
, [20]. , ,
,


, .

,
-
.

,

[2].
"" ,
,
.

,
. -

,
,
.

.

,
[17].


.
, ,
, ,
,
. [3,
11, 23].

[16,26, 27, 35].
,

.

[12, 15, 28 .].

.
,

-

'
( 05-06-06469).

69

70

,
[5, 10, 27].

-

:
, [2, 8, 19 .]
,

,

.
-
,
.

,
,


.

,
.


,
,
,
, ,

.


[24].
,

,
.


.


,

[1, 11, 13, 14, 3 2 34, .].

[ 1 , 2 , 10],
[8],

[27].

"-",

.
,

,
.



. ,



.


, ,


.
.


.. [21],

,
. ,

,

.



, .
,
, ,

.


.

:


.
,

,

.
,
:
1.
(,
,
, , )

28

2007



,
.
, ,
.

,
.
2.
, ,
,
, ,

.
3.
.


. ,
.

.

,

.

, ,

.

( , ,
)

.

.
.
.

, ,
,

, 95 . (29 -
; 24 - ; 24 -
; 18 - ).
,

, ,
39 ,
.


,

28

71

.

.
.

( ,
),
(

,

). 16 .

1696
(404 - , 728 -
, 564 - ).


,
.

, ( ),
,
22
182 . .
.
:
;

;
,
, ,
, .
1.
. :
(
,
,

,
,

) ,

.

, ,
,
.
,

. - [22],

, " ", "
", "". ,
, ,
,
,
(. ).
,
,
2007

72

.

. ,



.

(
). ,
, ,
, , (
) .


.

.

( ).

, ,
.
,



.

.

,
.

,
.

.

,
.
,
, ; ,

; ,
,
.

,
, ,
.
2. . :

,
.

- [18].


[18].

3.
, ,
.
" "
[7].
" ",

, , ,
, : 1)
.
: ,
, , ;
2) . :
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
; 3) .
: ;
;
.

(5 .).
-3 3 (-3, - 2 , - 1 , 1, 2, 3)
,
,
.
.
4. ,
,
. :
, ,
.

-, ..
[27].
,

.
, -
.
: ,
, , , , .

, - .


. ,
,
.
,

.
1. :
, ( ), .

28

2007




.
2.
.
:
,
,
.
.
. "
" [25]

, ,
,

.
30 .
:
/;
; ;
. ,
, ,
: ;
(,
,
);
(
).
.
(J. Gardner) [31]



.

,
, ,
.
: ( ),
( ),
,
, (
), ,
(), .

,
,
.
3.

,

. : ,
,

,
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
, , ,
, ,

28

73

, ,
, .
. " " [9].

1 36 ,

(, , ..)
.

,

.

,

, .


.
:
* (
); ,
; ,

.

STATISTIC 5.0.


.
,

- .
, -
. ,


, ..
,
(,
, , ..).
:
,
"-";

; ,
, ,

, .

.

-

,
2007

74

(

,
(* = 1.91, < 0.02).

,



.
,
,
()
(<* = 2.03, < 0.02).
,

,
,
.

,
,
. , ,

,
. ,
,
,

(* = 1.7,
< 0.04),
.
, "-
" :

.





. ,
-
:

,

,

.

.
.
- ,
;
- ,

(

).

|
. ]


(
!
, , * = 2.02, < 0.01;
, , * = 2.54,
< 0.01).
, ,

-j
,
.
,
,


, ,
,
(. 19).
,


.
,
,

,
.
,
.


,
.


, (* = 2.56,
< 0.004) (. 1).
,
,

.
,

.

-
,
.
.


, ,

28

2007

75

:

, . ,

,
,
, ..
[21].
,
,
:
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
. -,


. ,
, ,

.


, ,
.

.


,
.

.
. 2, 3, 4


.


,

.



,
.
, ,
.

28

. 1.
()
.

( )
(. 2, 1, 2):


-
.
(

)
(. 2, 3,
4). ,


, , , ..
,
, ,
.
,
.
:
",
, ,
,
. ...

,

,
" [27, . 178]. ,
,


2007

76

. 2.
.
:

- ,
- . .
rs - ; - ; - ; - ; , , - , , ; , , , , ; , , - ,
, ; , , - , , ; , , -
, , .

. 3.
.
: . . 2.

,
,

,
, , .


,
.

, .
-

(
U = 76.5, < 0.05;
U = 73.5, < 0.04).
,
:

(. 3,
5, 6).

(. 2, 3, 4, 7).

.
, , -

28

2007

77

. 4.
.
: . . 2.

, ,
,
-
.
-
.
,
.
,
,


.



,
.


,


, ;


, .
,





,
,
,
.

28

[20].

, ,
.

, ,

"
",
-.


(U = 54,< 0.05),
(U = 19.5, < 0.0001)
(U - 47 < 0.006).
, ,

.


,


(rs = 0.52, < 0.05),

(rs = 0.64, < 0.01).

. ,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
2007

78

.
(
, ),


.

(rs = 0.77, < 0.01);

(rs - 0.66, <
< 0.01).

(rs - -0.75, < 0.01).
, ,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
-

.

.
,
, .

" " " "
,

:
, ,

;
,
,
.
,

"", "", ""
. ,
,
,
.


" " "
" . ,

,

.
( )

,
.
-

.

. ,
,

/

,
,

(
,



, rs = -0.74, < 0.01;


,
rs = 0.58 < 0.05).

.
,
/



. ,
.
,


"-", ,
,
, ,
,

,
, -
,

. ,

,
,

,

,
.


.

28

2007


,
,

,
,
,
.


,


.

,
.

.

. -
;
,

.
-
, ,
.

"-",

,
( ,
, ,

) (,
, ).



.




.

1.





.
2. ,

28

79

,
,




.
3.

,

.
,
,
.
4.

.

.



.
5. -

.

,






.
6.


.

. ,

.
7.
,
.




.

1. ..
:
// . . 2000. . 21. 6. . 51-56.
2007

80

2. . .
// . 2003. 3. . 2729.
3. ..

: . . ... . . .
., 1998.
4. . ,
. .: ,
1991.
5. ..
-
: . . ... . . . .: ,
1998.
6. .. . .:
, 1991.
7. .., .., ..

//
. 2002. 3. . 111-117.
8. .., ..

// . 1997. 7. . 3847.
9. .., .. -
" ": , , ,
// . 2003. 1.
. 37-24.
10. ..
- :
- "
- ". ., 1996. . 3 1 34.
11. .. . .: ,
1998.
12. - ..
. .: - .-. -, 2001.
13. ..

,
: . . ... . . . ., 1992.
14. .., .., ..

//
-
.
: , 1990. . 40-55.
15. .., .., ..
: .
.
.: "", 2001. . 28-29.
16. .
:
. .: "
", 2001.. 50-54.
17. ..
. . . ...
. . . ., 2005.
18. :
. / . .. .
: "", 1998.

19. / . .. . .:
" ", 1996.
20. : / ,
.. . .: , 2004.
21. ..
. .: , 1998.
22. ..
. .: , 2004.
23. .., ..
- //
. 1996. 11. . 25-32.
24. ..
. .: , 1992.
25. .., .., ., ..
(
) //
. 1996. 1 (2). . 34-41.
26. .., ..
.
: - //
-
. :
-, 2002. . 42^15.
27. .. .
. .: , 2002.
28. ..
. : "
", 2001.
29. DeCasper AJ., Fifer W.P. Of human bonding: New
borns prefer their mothers voices. // Sciens. 1980.
V. 208. P. 1174-1176.
30. Chamberlain D. What is Early Parenting? //
www.birthpsychology.com.
31. Gardner JM., Lennon E.M., Karmel B.Z. Evaluation of
spontaneous and elicited motor performance in high-risk
infants from birth to 4 months. N.Y., 2000.
32. Glynn L.M., Wadhwa P.D., Sandman A. The Influence
of Corticotropin Releasing Hormone on Human Feta
Development and Parturition // APPPAH Journ. 2000
V. 14 (3^1). P. 243-256.
33. Hattunen M., Niskanen P. Prenatal loss of father an<
psychiatric disorders // The Nature-Nurture Debate. The
Essencial Readings. N.Y.: S.J. Geci and W.M. Williams,
1999.
34. McEwen B.C., Schmeck H.M. The Hostage brain. N.Y.:
The Rockfeller University Press, 1994.
35. Robinson G.W., Garner DM., Douglas J.C. Psycholog
ical adaptation to pregnancy in childless women more
than 35-years of age // Amer. Journ. obstet. gynec. 1987
V. 158. 2. P. 328-333.
36. Verny T. Pre- and Perinatal Psychology: an Introduction
N.Y.: Hum. Scien. Press, 1987.

:
. ,
" ".
1.
?

28

2007


2.
?
3. - ?

5. - ,

? ^?.

4 . ?

DYNAMICS OF WOMAN'S PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS

DURING PREGNANCY AS A FACTOR OF MENTAL HEALTH
OF MOTHER AND BABY
O. A. Sokolova*, E. A. S e r g i e n k o * *
* PhD, psychologist of Family Planning and Reproduction Centre ofSWAD, Moscow
** Sc.D. (psychology), head of psychology of development laboratory of Psychological Institute ofRAS, Moscow
The results of analysis of woman mental health parameters' consecutive changes from the beginning of her
pregnancy up to the end are presented. It was determined that critical period for system of values and attitudes
changing, new meanings formation of mother-to-be is the second trimester of the pregnancy which is concurred
with the beginning of baby active movements sensation. The longitudinal study data of correspondence of pe
culiarities of psychic states regulations during the pregnancy and tension regulation and development of babies
after birth reveal new possibilities of mother-to-be personal development and the importance of prenatal period
in human's psychic formation.
Key words: mental health, pregnancy, prenatal development, psychic sates.

28

81

2007

 , 2007, 28, 6, . 82-90

.

2 0 0 7 .

. . *, . . * * , . . * * *

* ,
-
,

-
,
** ,
-
,
*** , .
, -
. .. ,
-
, .
()
, - .
, ,
. ,

-
.
: , ; , ,
; , - , , .
),
- 36.8% ( ),
- 21.9% ( ), 16.5% ( ).


, .

. -
[15]
[17], -
[18,
19].


[23].

-

.
, , ,
, , , , ,
,
7 64%, 7.6-45% [10].


, , , .


.

.

,
, , , -
[24,27, 28]. A. Bassois
. (. : [10])

:
- 50.9% (
), - 40.2% (

,

[20, 22, 26].
.
, (
)
.
,
, 82


[20, 22, 26]. ,

,
[10, 11, 15, 16].

,



.


.

.


, ,
.
,


.

-

,
(
)
.

-

, ,
,
.

83

-
- 30 (14 ., 16 .)
18 70 .
27 (11 ., 16 .)
- 3 (.).


,
[5,
6, 8].
-
- 34 (18 ., 16 .)
18 65 .

- 3 . (1 ., 2 .), - 3 . (1 ., 2 .),
- 5 . (3 ., 2 .), - 5 .
(1 ., 4 .), - 7 .
(3 ., 4 .), - 11 . (9 .,
2 .).
,

, , ,
.

, , ,
,
[5, 6].
-
- 18 (9 ., 9 .) 18
60 .

,
( ),
, , .


,
-
,
.

,

.
[5, 6].
,
.

, , .

,
.


.
,
,
- [6, 13].

136

(69 ., 67 .). 3
,
[6] .

() - 54
(28 ., 26 .) 17 65 ,

.

28

2007

6*

84

1.
() ( )


( -)

(. )

(-)
(%)

24

31

25

17

50

18

36

25

20

47

25

30

18

31

25

12

15

36

30

16

23

- < 0.05

118

184

157

119

81

67

= 55.1,

36

197

218

203

156

156

211

142

89

214

259

128

216

230

36

118

223

278

289

12.6

21.2

22.6

20.7

13.9

8.73

15.7

19.6

20.4

15.1

18.3

0.29
2.54

8.33

= 57.8,
- < 0.01
2

X = 7.78,
2

X = HI,
2

- < 0.01
z

X = 79.9,
- < 0.01

2. -

19

15

14

= 21.5,

39

- < 0.01

22

27

20

X = 3.59,

13

29

24

24

12

31

25

12

17

22

25

17

< 0.01

51

60

60

80

89

90

97

X = 10.3,

44

77

106

109

93

101

123

51

66

81

113

155

139

135

= 13.6,

203

- < 0.05

() ( )

(
-)

(. )

(-)
(%)

44

144

149

157

10.9

15.3

20.9

18.8

18.2

13.4

15.9

16.4

17.3

22.4

88

121

6.89

8.92

4.86

9.71

,

,

,
[4].

() ,
(, "", "
" ..) (, "
" , "" ..)
- 0 " " 6 - " ".

5 20 -

X = 18.9,
2

, .

"Stadia"
} [7].

(. 1)
- (. 2)

,
(. 3, 4),
.

28

2007

85

3. (),

.
(.)

.
(.)

.
(.)

.
(.)

2.9

2.5

25

4.5

3.8

2.5

1.7

26

4.2

3.5

3.1

2.9

27

4.1

3.6

4.0

2.7

28

4.0

3.2

3.9

3.1

29

3.5

3.0

3.1

2.6

30

3.7

3.2

3.3

2.7

31

4.3

3.5

3.7

2.7

32

4.5

4.0

2.5

1.9

33

4.7

4.1

10

2.3

1.8

34

4.1

3.2

11

2.2

1.4

35

2.8

3.5

12

2.5

1.7

36

4.5

4.4

4.7

2.0

13

2.7

2.5

37

14

3.6

3.3

38

4.1

4.1

15

3.4

3.0

39

2.8

2.8

16

3.1

3.4

40

4.5

5.5

17

3.8

3.9

41

4.4

4.5

18

3.6

3.5

42

4.9

4.5

4.5

4.5

19

3.5

3.5

43

20

5.3

4.7

44

5.0

5.0

21

4.9

4.1

45

2.9

4.0

22

4.9

4.8

46

2.7

5.5

23

5.0

4.8

47

5.0

4.8

24

4. ( ) ,

.
(.)

.
(.)

1.3

1.8

14

3.2

2.1

15

.
(.)

.
(.)

5.1

4.6

5.0

4.1
4.9

1.0

2.7

16

4.9

3.1

3.3

17

5.1

4.1

3.1

3.5

18

5.5

4.9

3.8

3.4

19

5.2

5.5

4.2

3.8

20

5.3

4.5

4.5

3.7

21

4.6

5.2

3.6

3.7

22

5.6

5.6

10

4.4

3.6

23

5.9

4.5

11

4.1

4.0

24

5.3

5.5

12

4.5

4.6

25

5.5

5.5

13

4.1

4.2

26

,
.

28

( <
< 0.01)
,
2007

86

.
, - 7.8,
- 6.37 (. 5).
-
(. 2, . 1) ,


,
.

( " ", "
"). ,
, , ,
, ,
. , ,


, , ,
, , .

. 1. .

.

-
(. 1, . 1).

,
" " 3.96%, - 2.33%; " " -
8.91%, - 4.65%. 5
"" ,
23.8%, - 4.65%;
" " - 30.7%; - 10.5%;
" " - 23.8%,
- 19.8%; " " -
8.91%,

58.1%. ,


- "" (. 1,. 1).

, ,
, , , ,
, . ,
,
, , ,
, .
,

- 5.0, - 4.1 (. 5).

,

( 75% ),


. ,
-

.




.
, ,
,
.
,

, . ,
("") ,
(. 1,
. 3). -

5. , ,

7.8

4.1

5.0

6.1

7.3

4.9

5.3

- .

6.4

10.4

14.6

9.6

10.8

7.6

8.8

6.2

7.1

28

2007

87

. 2. .

- .

. 3. .

- .

, ,
, , , ,
, , .

,

(19.4%) (33.3%)
;
("") - 18.7%;
4.3%
. ,
,
, .
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
.

,
,
:
6.1, 7.33 (. 5).

-
.
,
" "
,

"" " " , "
"
(. 2, . 2).

,
- ,
4.9, - 5.3 (. 5).

,

.

.
,
,
-
.



,
( < 0.05),
- ( <
< 0.01) (. 1, 2, . 3).

28

, ,
10.4,
- 14.6 (. 5).

.
, "" - 17.7%,
- 4.6% .
, ,
, , ,
.
, ,
, , ,
.
-

9.6,
10.8 (. 5).




,
.
,
, (. 3).
2007

88

. 4. ( ) .

-
.

. 5.
-
.

- .


,

.


,
( <
< 0.01) . ,

, -
. -

(. 4).
,
,
.
,
, .

,
,
(. 1).
(21.2%)
(22.6%),
15.7% 19.6%.

,
. 18.3%
, - 8.73 %
(. 1, 2, . 5).
,

,
.
()

,
, .


(. 3).

( < 0.05)
2
(X = 3.79, . . = 44)
,
.

[2].
,



[2, 3, 9].

,

, ,
. ,

,
[5, 6, 8, 10, 25].



. ,

, ,


[6, 14].


.
, -

28

2007


,
, ,
,
,
[21, 22].

, ,

.
,

.

(),
.

(. 4).

-
"
" [2].

,
,
. ,



,

-
,

(. 1, 2, 4).


,
, , ,

,
[1,10, 1214].
,
,


(. 6).
,
.. [12,
13].
, ,

.
, ,



[2, 3].

28

89

,


,
,

.


,

.
"
- " [3].

1.


.
2.
,
;

.
3.
"" "" ;
(" ",
"")
.
4.

.
5.
( )
-

.

1. .., ..
// .
. 2000. 12. . 21-27.
2. ., ..
- . .:
. -. .
, 2004.
3. . -

: . . ... . .
. ., 2003.
4. ..
//
: . ., 1995.
. 5-13.
2007

90

5. /
. A.M. . .: , 1999.
6. ., ..
( ). .: "", 2004.
7. ..
Windows. .: "
", 1999.
8. .., .., A.M. .


// . "
". 1986. 12. . 1795-1798.
9. :
/ . .. , .. , .. . .:
. , . ., 1996.
10. .. () /
. 1999. 1.
11. .., .., ..,
..
() //
. . ..
. 1989. . 89. . 11. . 129-135.
12. .., .

// :
1- . . .. 12-13 2001. ., 2001. . 269-270.
13. .. . .: ,
2002.
14. ., . ,
, ,

// .
2000. 2. . 5-49.
15. Averbuch ., Katzper . Gender and the placebo anal
gesic effect in acute pain // Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2001
V. 70(3). P. 287-291.

16. Buchbaum M.S., Davis G.S., Coppola R. et al. Opiate

pharmacology and individual differences. Somatosenso
ry evoked potentials // Pain. 1981. V. 10. P. 367-377.
17. Froehlich F., Thorens J., Schwizer W. et al. Sedation and
analgesia for colonoscopy: patient tolerance, pain, and
cardiorespiratory parameters // Gastrointestinal. Endos
copy. 1997. V. 45(1). P. 1-9.
18. GearR.W., Gordon N.C., Heller PH. etal. Gender differ
ence in analgesic response to the kappa-opioid pentazocine
// Neuroscience Letters. 1996. V. 205(3). P. 207-209.
19. Gordon N.C., Gear R.W., Heller P.H. et al. Enhance
ment of morphine analgesia by the GABAB agonist ba
clofen // Neuroscience. 1995. V. 69(2). P. 345-349.
20. Keefe FJ., Lefebvre J.C., EgertJR. et al. The relation
ship of gender to pain, pain behavior, and disability in
osteoarthritis patients: the role of catastrophizing // Pain.
2000. V. 87(3). P. 325-334.
21. Keogh E., Hatton K., Ellery D. Gender, coping and the
perception of pain // Pain. 2000. V. 85. 1. P. 225-230
22. Mercado A.C., Carroll L.J., Cassidy J.D., Cote P. Cop
ing with neck and low back pain in the general popula
tion // Health Psychol. 2000. V. 19(4). P. 333-338.
23. Paulson E., Minoshima S., Morrow TJ., Casey KL
Gender differences in pain perception and patterns of ce
rebral activation during noxious heat stimulation in hu
mans // Pain. 1998. V. 76(1-2) P. 223-229.
24. Taylor H., Curran N.M. The Nuprin pain report. N.Y.:
Louis Harris and Associates, 1985.
25. Unruch A.M. Gender variations in clinical pain experi
ence//Pain. 1996. V. 2. P. 123-161.
26. Unruh A.M., Ritchie J., Merskey H. Does gender affect
appraisal of pain and pain coping strategies? // Pain.
1999. V. 15(1) P. 31-40.
27. Verhaak P.F., Kerssens JJ., Dekker J. et al. Prevalence
of chronic benign pain disorder among adults: a review
of the literature // Pain. 1998. V. 77(3). P. 231-239.
28. Von KorffM., Dworkin S.G., LeResche L., Krueger A.
An epidemiologic comparison of pain complaints //
Pain. 1988. V. 32. P. 33-40.

MEN' AND WOMEN' DIFFERENCES IN PAIN PERCEPTION

G..A. A d a s h i n s k a y a * , E. E. M a i z e r o v * * , S. N. E n i k o l o p o v * * *
* PhD, assistant professor of general psychology chair, psychological and social department, Russian State Medical
University, senior research assistant of Reflexotherapy Institute, Federal Scientific, Clinical, and Experimental Center
of Traditional Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment, Ministry of Public Health of Russian Federation, Moscow
** M.D., head of Reflexotherapy Institute, Federal Scientific, Clinical, and Experimental Center of Traditional Methods
of Diagnosis and Treatment, Ministry of Public Health of Russian Federation, Moscow
*** PhD, head of clinical psychology department, scientific center of mental health of RAMS, assistant professor
of neuro - and pathopsychology chair, Faculty of Psychology, Moscow State University after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow
Patients' with neurogenetic, somatogenic and psychogenic pain syndromes appraisals of pain sensations per
ception and emotional-affective attitudes to pain are studied. Reliable differences between men and women in
appraisal of pain sensations intensity (strength), their description and degree of evidence of emotional-affective
attitudes to pain are obtained. It is shown that the given differences become apparent in the number of charac
terizing pain sensations and emotional attitude to pain descriptors: women use more definitions for pain in com
parison with men regardless of the pain syndrome form. It is determined that regardless of sex patients with
psychogenic pain syndrome for pain sensations and emotional-affective attitude to pain description choose
more descriptors in caparison with other patients.
Key words: sex, gender differences; neurogenetic, somatogenic, psychogenic pain syndrome; pain perception,
emotional-affective attitude, semantics, intraception.

28

2007

 . 2007, 28, 6, . 91-100

^ = = = = ^ = = = = = = = =

2 0 0 7 . . . *, . . * * , . . ***
* , , . ,
,
** , , , ;
e-mail: drobysheva@psychol.ras.ru
*** , ,

. ,

.
, , ,
, .
: , , ,
.



[26]. ,

,
,
,
, ,
, ,
.

,

,

- ,

,
[6, 11, 19, 20, 22, 27, 30].
..
0 , ,
,

.
,

" " [7].
,

[6, 29, 37, 43,
44, 49, 50, 52].

(),
, . . ,
,

[4]. ,


(),
.

,
,
.

[39],
,

. .
1
[45], . [46] -
, .

"-

.


,

91

-
.

.

92

"
,
, [40].

,
[15].
,
, ,
, ,
[6, 12, 35, 47, 48, 53].
.,

[46].


,
.
,
,
,

(
) ,
,

- .

-
:
- [13, 20, 36];
[10, 13, 10];

[9, 13];
[19, 25, 41];
[16].
[1, 2],

,

,
""

.
-
,
, "
" , -
,

.
,

,

,

2

-
, ,
[48].

.

(
),



,
.



.
,
,
,

.




,

,
,
.

.
3
189

(6-7 )


(61 .).
(65 .)
.
.
( , ),
-.

1. . (. Conners)
. [18] ,

DSM-IV
.
2.
[23],
,
:
; ;
3

. : ..
: ... .
. . ., 1985.

28

2007

93

;
.

3. . , . ,
. [3],

,

.

,

,
. ,


.

.
.
, ,


.
189
,
, -
. ,

( . ),
(
)
61 .

.

4. " " ()
. [17]. "
"
, ,
,

.
, ,
,
.
,
" ".
5. " " (CMAS) . , . , .
A.M. [24],
,
,
,

.
6.
-

.. [23],
" "
: ,
, .

-
, "
4
" .


, -
() .
4

. . [30], " "

,
" " . ,
, ,
" " " "
,
.

28

(65 .) ,
(-)


.
,
: 1)
(

), 2) (

: , ,
..), 3)
(

/
).
,
,
,
. "
", " ",
" ".
" "
.


( )

CMAS.


"
".


.
,
2007

94

1.

0.649

67.029

0.000

0.493

0.643

68.870

0.000

0.531

0.829

25.570

0.000

0.181

CMAS

2.

0.953

0.966

CMAS

0.589

3.

(.)

"
" (%)

" " (%)

"
"

61

51 . (83.6%)

10 . (16.4%)

""

65

4 . (6.2%)

61 . (93.8%)

:


.



.
-,

- .


,
,
.
.

, ,
,
,
- -.

. ,


.
( -,
< 0.001)
, .
,
-
,
,
,
" " .
,
(..
),
.
/ (
),
, - , ,
(

).

,
.

,
,
.
:
("
" "")
(
) (. . 1);
(
) (.
. 3);
(. . 1);

(. . 2).
,

2
(.- = 0.621; = 58.066; = 0.000).
,


.
,

, .
(. 2)
,

. -

28

2007

95

4.

0.903**

0.548**

0.280*

( )

0.903**

-0.358*

( CMAS)

0.548**

0.586**

0.586**

( - )

( - )
(
)

-0.358*

-0.280*
0.567**

0.573**

-0.720**
0.652**

-0.720**

-0.579**

: * < 0.05, ** < 0.001.

,
.


" "
"" ( = 0.000; = 1).

" "
.
,
, "".

,


/ .
(. 4) ,


.
(
)
( = 0.000).

. ,
(
,
)
.


;

fj-
/- ;

.
,

, ,
|3-.



(.. "
" "").

28

"
" (74%), "".

,
58% "
" 32% "".
, 50%


,

. ,
30%
" "
,
.

(i-,
(2) "
"
(. 6); (
) .

.
4,
.
" "
-,
(3-:
((} = 0.157).

"
",
" " ( ).
"
"

.

. , 2007

96

5. (
)

" "

""

0.763

0.582

19.488

0.000

0.740

0.578

25.995

0.000

0.566

0.320

7.074

0.000

0.566

0.320

9.587

0.000

0.563

0.317

14.382

0.000

. " " : 1 -
, ( ; ;
); 2 - , " " ( ) ,
" " : 1 - , 2 - ( ) 3 -
.

6. ( " " )

-1.854

0.069

-0.377

-0.752

0.456

-0.157

-5.405

0.000

-0.655

()

-2.280

0.026

-0.276

( - )
( )
( CMAS)

( - )

-2.275

0.027

-0.248

( CMAS)

-5.685

0.000

-0.673

()

-2.335

0.023

-0.281

7. ( " " )

( - )

-0.072

-0.466

0.643

( )

0.054

0.957

0.008

( CMAS)

-3.674

0.001

-0.431

()

-2.125

0.038

-0.239

( - )

-0.562

0.576

-0.067

( CMAS)

-3.743

0.000

-0.430

()

-2.142

0.036

-0.239

( CMAS)

-4.223

0.000

-0.453

()

-2.376

0.021

-0.255

, ,

,
.

" " ,
(3)
(. 7):
,

. , ,
, ,

,
, ,
.

.
,

28

2007

/
, -
-

.

.

,
,
,
.
" "
/
.
,
,

.

( -)
-
,

, - .
(
),

,
,
. ,
, , ,

(
). ,
-
.

97

,
.


.
,

.
,

[1, 2],
. ,

,
, ,
,
..
.


[31, 33, 42 .].

3. , ,

,
[28]. (
"" )
,
,
. .
" ":

,
[51, . 571].

,


- [5,
21, 42, 51].

" "
, ,
. ,

,
,
, ,
.

, ,

,
. . ,
-

84% ,
- 57% [12].
.
,

, ,
85.3%
.

.. [5]. ,




,

(
-
)
,
.
" ", -

28

2007

98

.
..
,
,
,


.

,
,

.

,

,

.
, . [38],
, ,
,
.

, ,
.

,
,
.


,
:
,
.
,


, ,
,
, ,
- ,
.
,
,
, ,
,
,

.

, -
.
,

, "", ,

.

,
( "
" )
,
.
,

,
"" .


.

.

- .


,


.
,

.

1.


,
"
"
.

.

-
.

,
.
2.



.

1. ..
// .
1999. 1.. 9-24.
2. ..
: . ... .
. ., 2002.

28

2007


3. .. . .: ,
2004.
4. .. . .: ,
1984.
5. ..
. .: , 1988.
6. . .
.: , 1996.
7. .., ..
. .: -
,2002.
8. .. . .:
, 1984. . 6.
9. .. . .: , 1980.
10. ..
. .: -, 1996.
11. ..
//
. 2000. 1. . 57-61.
12. .. :
. .: , 2001.
13. .. .:
, 1988.
14. .., ..

// . 2001. 2. . 4042.
15. .., ..
. 2- . .: , 1994.
16. ..
// . 1984. 4. . 8995.
17. . . .:
-, 2003.
18. .., ..
(
, ). .: , 1997.
19. ., 3. . : -, 1985.
20. .. .
.: , 1985.
21. .., ..
/
. .: , 1967. . 51-81.
22. ., ..

// . ., 1997. . 4. 4.
. 34-43.

99

25. . , .
/ . .. . .:
, 2004.
26. .
. ,
.
.: , 2002.
27. 3.
. : , 1987.
28. 3. . ., 1927.
29. . "" .
.: , 1993.
30. ., .
/ . .. . .: , 1975.
. IV.
31. . . .: , 1994.
32. .., ..
. . :
, 1995.
33. .
. . .: -, 1993.
34. .., .., ..

. .:
, 2004.
35. ..
.
,
. : -, 1997.
36. .
, ,
.
. .: , 1980.
37. Blau A. A unitary hypothesis of emotion: Anxiety, emo
tions of displeasure and affective disorders // Journ. Psychoanal. Quart. 1955. V. 24. P. 75.
38. Berge A. L'enfant an caractere dificele. P.: Libraire Hachette, 1970.
39. Bird H., Gould M., Staghezza-Jaramillo B. The comor
bidity of ADHD in a community sample of children aged
6 through 16 years //Journ. of Child and Family Studies.
1994. V. 3. P. 365-378.
40. Biederman J., Newcorn D., Sprich S. Comorbidity of at
tention deficite hyperactivity disorder with conduct, de
pressive, anxiety and other disorders // Amer. Journ. of
Psychiatry. 1999. V. 52. P. 464-470.
41. BowlbyJ. Separation: anxiety and anger. London, 1973.
42. Freud S. The Problem of Anxiety. N.Y.: Norton, 1936.
43. GrinkerR. Psychosomatic research. N.Y.: Norton, 1953.

23. ..
. .: , 2005.

44. Goldstein K. The Structure of Anxiety // Amer. Journ. of

Psychoter. 1954. V. 8. P. 745.

24. A.M.
.
. .: -
, 2000.

45. Hinshow S., Lahey ., Hart E. Issnes of taxonomy and

comorbidity in the development of conduct disorder //
Journ. Developm. and Psychopathology. 1993. V. 5.
P. 3 1 ^ 9 .

28

2007

7*

100

46. Jensen P., Martin D., Cantwell D. Comorbidity in

ADHD: Implications for research, practice and DSMV // Joum. of the Amer. Academy of Child and Adoles
cent Psychiatry. 1997. V. 36. P. 1065-1079.
47. Kendall P. Childhood coping: Avoiding a lifetime // Be
havioral Change. 1992. V. 9. P. 1-8.
48. Kendall P., Kortlander E., Chansky ., Brady E. Comor
bidity of anxiety and depression in youth: Treatment im
plications // Joum. of Consulting and Clin. Psychology.
1992. V. 60. P. 869-880.
49. Klein M. The Psychoanalysis of children. L.: Hogarth
Press, 1948.

50. Kubie C. The ontogeny of anxiety // Joum. Psychoanal.

Rev. 1941. V. 28. P. 780.
51. Mowrer O. Anxiety reduction and learning //Joum. Exp.
Psychology. 1940. V. 27. P. 497-516.
52. Rank O. The trauma of birth. N.Y.: Harcourt Brace,
1929.
53. Strauss C, Dast C, Hersen M., Kazdin A. Association
between anxiety and depression in children and adoles
cents with anxiety disorders // Joum. of Abnormal Child
Psychol. 1988. V. L P . 57-68.

ANXIETY AS A CONCOMITANT FACTOR IN CHILDREN

WITH ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY SYNDROME
V. M. Astapov*, . V. D r o b y s h e v a * * , V. V. Viktorova***
*PhD (psychology), professor, head of Practical Psychology chair Moscow Institute for Open
Education, Moscow
**PhD, senior assistant, Psychological Institute ofRAS, Moscow
*** Postgraduate student of Practical Psychology chair Moscow Institute for Open Education, Moscow
From the position of functional approach anxiety is considered as a co-disorder that is a cause of maladjusted
behavior of children with attention deficit and hyperactivity syndrome. It is shown that feeling anxiety and ori
entation of attention in search of threat at the moment of significant activity fulfillment have an influence on
its realization successfulness. Anxiety disorganizing effect on activity and behavior is connected with the fact
that determining anxiety direction activity is characterized by unequal concentration of attention on interpreted
as threatening environmental elements.
Key words: anxiety, uneasiness, attention deficit and hyperactivity syndrome, searching function.

28

2007

 , 2007, 28, 6, . 101-110

=

1

2 0 0 7 .

. .

, ,
,

.
, .
.
- , ,
.
,
, . . , ,
:
.

: , , ,
, .

XX .
,
.


.


,
.
-

,

.





,

.

,
.

,
, ,

,
'
( 07-06-00059).
07

, ,
.
-
, ..
,
.
,
,

, ,
. "
,
,
,
" [19, . 84].

, , ,

-. ,

,
. ,
, ,

..

101

102

- .

, , , ,
. ,



, . ,

,
" - " . ,
-
,
, ..

-
, ,
.

.


,
. " ", "
"

.
,

,
,
,
.
" " ,
,
, " " " " .

: ,
.

,

.
-
,
,
,
- .


,

.

, .
,
.

,
. , , ,
-
,

.
" " [9], "
" [18],
.
,


. ,
,

,

. ,


. , ""

, ,

. ,

, ,
.
,



,
,
,
.

-
.

-

, .. [2, 3].

.
-, ,
,
. -

28

2007



. :
,

; ,

; -
;
- ;
;
. -
; ,

, ,
, ,
, , .

:

,

.
-,
-,
. ,

. ,

, , .
,

, ,

, .
,

,
.
-,
..
,
,
, , [12].


. , ,
:
; ,

;


. ,

28

103

-,

.


(, ,
..), ,
.

,
. ,

, .
,
[2-4].
,

. , , ,
. ",
" ,
, ,
,
.
""
, "
;
, " [7,
. 42].


:
- ,


,
""

.
,
,

, ,

, ,
[16, . 294].



: , ,
, .
:
,
, .
, ,
,
2007

104

, .. ,
.
, , ,

.

[5],
,

[26, 28],
,
[24], .
,


.
,
,
. (
, , , ,

-,

.
,
,

.) " "
.
: " ? " " ? "
,
,
,
. ,

,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.

- .
,


, .
"

,
" [7,
. 18].

- .
.


. -


.
-
. -
.
,

, (,
..) ,
. ,
.. , .. , .. ,

, .

. . , O.K.
,
. ,
,
,

, .

, ,
,

,
. ,
O.K. , ,

,
.

.
. , .. , ,

. ,
,
. .

, , ,
.

.
. , .
.
,

28

2007


,
. ,

.
:
,

.

.
XX .

.
. ..
[27], .. [29]


,
- ,
, .

,
,
, .




.

.

,
.
, .

,
, .

. .. .

,
.

,
.
,

.
, . ,


.
.
: ,
.

28

105

, ,
, .


. ,



, ,
.
,

.


, ,


, .
3. ,
, , ,

.
, .
,

.

. ,

, ""
( ) [20, . 87].


, , ,
.
,
.

,
.
,



.

-
,
.

, ,



,
,
.
2007

106

, "

" [1, . 42]. "
,
,
" [ , . 43].

,
XX .:
, [14].


,
" ".



"
".

, -
, ,

.

,
,

.
, ,
,
.

, ,
,
(., , [15]).
,
,
.


.
,
. ,

"",
" " ,
,
,
, ,
. ,
,
" "
(. : [11, . 394]).

" " "".
, " "

, "" -
, .
- ,
,
.

,
,
, , .
,
-

. .
-
,
"
(
)
,
,
.
,
, ,
.
,
: - ,
. ,
,

.
,
, , " [10, . 64-65].

.
, , .
,


.


, ,
.
, ..
,
- ,
,
. ,
.. ,
,
-
,
,

-
[17].

. -

28

2007


,
,
.
-,


.

.

- ,

. ,
:
, ,
, " ";
,
.

,
, ,
, , ,
, , .
. : " , ,
, : -
.
,
, - , ..." .
-,
,
-.
, .. ,
. ,

,
: ,
. "
,
,
. :
! , ,
,
,
. ,
,
,
" [21, . 15].

107

.
, .
.
.

,
.

, ,
.
()
.
,
" ",
,
" " [ , . 22].


. ,
3
.

? ,
,
, " "
,

?
, ,
,
,
. ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
.., ,

,
.
,

:
, , -
.

, .
,
.
11 2001 .

. -

,
,
.
, , ,


. -

. // .
. 2006. . 1,8.

28

.. . .: ,
2001.

2007

108

,
.
:
,
, ,

. . ,
" ".
" "
, "".
"", ;
,
, , ,
(. : [8, . 155]).
,

, :
,
.
, ,
, [18]. ,
,
,

,
,

.

.
,

.
, , ..

,
.
"
", ,
,
,
.
,
:
, ,
, ,
.

.
, ,
, ,
.

,
,
.
,
,
,

,

. , ,
,


.
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
, .
,

" " [23].

.
,

,
.

" " ,
, [25].



. ,
, ,
.

, ,
.

,
, ,
"" - .
- ,
,
,
.
,

.

,

.

.
,

.
. -
,
,
.
. . : " -
, . . . " (. : [13,

28

2007


. 348]). , -
, "
": , ,
. , -
. ,
.

, .. ,
. ,
,
.

,
.
.


, ..
-
. . ,
, "
, .
, , .
" (. : [6,
. 186]). ,

, " ":
" ",
.
,

, -,

. -,

.
,
,

,

[22].
.
, , ,
.
,
. :
, , . ,
,
,
.

.

1. .. :
. .:
-; , 2006.

28

109

2. ..
. .: - " ",
2006.
3. .. . .:
; .: , 2003.
4. ..
// .
. 2003. . 24. 2. . 95-106.
5. ..
: //
. 2005. 6. . 3-12.
6. .. . . .: , 1979.
7. .., ..
. .: , 2006.
8. .
:
// .
2002. 4 . . 150-168.
9. A. Person: -
: . .: ,
2006.
10. . . .: , 1997.
11. . :
. : , 2002.
12. .. - :
, ,
//
: .
. 31 - 1 2007 . / . .:
.. , .. . .: - "
", 2007. . I. . 194-195.
13. . :
//
: - . .: -
, - .
1995. . 346-352.
14. B.C. . ,
. .: -,
2000.
15. ,
/ . .. .. .
.: - " ", 2005.
. 9^44.
16. ..
// ,
/ .
.. .. . .: - "
", 2005. . 294306.
17. ..
: . :
, 2006.
18. . . .:
, 1990.
19. .. . .:
, 2002.
20. 3.
? // . 2006. 5. . 78-88.
2007

21. . . "-".
-, 11
2001 . : - -
, 2002.
22. Cook-Greuter SR. Rare Forms of Self-Understanding in
Mature Adults // Transcendence and Mature Thought in
Adulthood. The Further Reaches of Adult Develop
ment/ Eds. M.E. Miller, S.R. Cook-Greuter. L.: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 1994. P. 119-143.
23. Gadamer H.-G. On the Problem of Self-Understand
ing // Philosophical Hermeneutics / Translated and edit
ed by D.E. Linge. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: Uni
versity of California Press, 1977. P. 44-58.
24. Gerber LA. Transformations in self-understanding in
surgeons whose treatment efforts were not successful //
American Joum. of Psychotherapy. 1990. V. XLIV.
L P . 75-84.

25. Gergen KJ. If persons are texts // Hermeneutics and

psychological theory. L.: New Brunswick, 1988. P. 2851.
26. Grimes DA., Creinin M. Induced Abortion: An Over
view for Internists // Annals of Internal Medicine. 2004.
V. 140. 8. P. 620-627.
27. Kintch W., van Dijk . Toward a model of text com
prehension and production // Psychological review.
1978. V. 85. 5. P. 363-394.
28. Modi D. Factors Influencing Women's Attitudes To
wards Abortion at the University of Pennsylvania // Per
spectives in Psychology: The Undergraduate Psycholo
gy Joum. of the University of Pennsylvania. 2002. V. 5.
P. 42-49.
29. Thorndyke P.W. Cognitive structures in comprehension
and memory of narrative discourse // Cognitive psychol
ogy. 1977. V. 9. 1. P. 77-110.

FROM STUDIES OF SUBJECT'S WORLD UNDERSTANDING

TO PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SELF-UNDERSTANDING EXISTENCE
V. V. Z n a k o v
Sc.D. (psychology), professor, leading research assistance, Psychological Institute of PAS, Moscow
The results of psychology of subject and psychology of human existence problem domains comparison are pre
sented. Psychological analysis of cognitive and existential components of psyche from the standpoint of psy
chology of human existence is carried out, its object is described. Gnoseological and ontological aspects of un
derstanding problem are analyzed. The tendency of psychological studies change-over - from studying of un
derstanding of facts, events, situations by individual subject to analysis of understanding as a way of group
subject's existence is considered. The question on necessity of psychological and not just philosophical study
of described by M. Heidegger self-understanding existence is posed. It is shown that existence doesn't include
understanding but is based on it: without understanding as joining to sense and values there is no full value hu
man existence.
Key words: psychology of subject, psychology of human existence, understanding, self-understanding, self-un
derstanding being.

28

2007

 , 2007, 28, 6, . 111-114

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ = ^ ^ ^ = = = = =

^ ^ ^ = = = = = = ^ ^ ^ = =

-
" "
2007 .
,
()
.
,
260 .

. .. (
. .. )
.
, , , ,
16 (, ,
, , , , ,
, , , ,
, --, , -
, , ) (,
; , ) .

" .. ().

. .. , ..

.. .

. () "
".

,
,
.
,
,
: (), (
), ()
.

- ,

,
, , .

, : ; , ,
;


, - ,
(
) .

.. () "
",

,
()
,
;

, , ,
, .

, .

,

.

,


- . "
: ?"
,
..
(), "
"
.. (-), "
" .. (), " -

. (
) " :
"


.
,
,


, .
.
Ill

112

MB. () "
"

. ,
,

,
.
. ()
"
(
)".
,


,
: , ,
, .

,

.
.. () "
:
" ,

,
,
,
.

.
P.M. (-)
" "
,

(
,
) -
(-). ,

,

. , , -


,
,
.
,
.. () "
",
,

,

.
-
-,

.


.
. (-)
"
"
,

: (), (
), (
),
().
.

. ,

,


-
(. ., ... .. ).

,

-.
.. () "

" ,


( ..
),
- . ,
,

, , . ,


,
.
. () "

" ,

. ,
,
, -

28

2007

.

-
.


.
.. () "
"



. ,

,
.

" - ".
"-

" ( .. , ;
. . , ; .. , )
,

, " " , "", "", " ".
- (.. , ),

(.. ,
),

(.. ,
). ,
:
(.. , ),
(.. , ),
(.. , -).
"-
" ( .. , ;
.. , ; . ,
) ,

;

;

;

.
. (
)

" ",
, ,
,
8

28

113

; .. () "


";
.. () "
,
".
"
"
(: .. , -
; .. , ; .. ,
)


(.. ,
),

(.. , ).

(.. , ),

(. , ),

(.. , ),


(. , ).
,


,

(.. ,
..
,
..
,
.. , .. , ;
. , ).
"
" (: .. , ; .. , ;
.. , )

(-
),
- .. (), ..
(), .. , .. (
). .. Kauianoea ()

.


.. ().
-
, -
:
, (.. ,
), (.. 2007

114

, ). ,

. . ()

. ,

-
(.. , ; .. , ).

":
: -

".

- "
" 2010
. .. .

. , ,
.. , ,
.. , ,

28

2007

 , 2007, 28, 6, . 115-117

= = = = = = = = = = = ^ = = ^ = ^ =

-
" :
"
15-16 2007 .
,

.


,
, ,


. .

,

.

. .. ()
,

.

,


.

,
,
.
.. (),
,
.
, ,


, , , ,


.
, , , ,
,

, ,
.

. ..
()
,

.
,
,
.

,
.

,
,

.



. ().

,
.
.. (),
.. ,


. ,


.
, ,



.
P.M. ()

,

, ,
.
,
. ,
,
,
, - -

,
115

8*

116

,
, ,


.

.



,
.
,
,
-
,
, ,
, ..


,
,

.

, .. ()

. , ,


. ,
-
,

,
,
,
,
,
.




.

,
, ,
,
.

-
,
,
(, ,
.), -

.
..

()

.

,
.
. ()
,
,

.


.. .. ().


.
.. ()

,
, ,

.
.. ()

,

.
-
.. ,
.. ().
, , ,
.
.. ()
,

- .


,
-
.
.. ()

. ,

,
: ,
,
,
,

.

28

2007

 -
.. () ..
(-),
,


,

() .

" ,

".
,


.

"-

" ( - . )

28

117

.. , . ,
,

2007

 , 2007, 28, 6, . 118-121

= =

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ = = = = = ^ ^ ^ =

XII
" "
18-19
XII "
".
150
27 ,
, .

,

.. (), ..
.. ().

.. (--).

.
. . .
.. .. .

-
..
(-). .. ()
,
,
,

.
.

.. (). .. ()


, a B.C. ()

.

..
() ,

.
,
, .



.
.. ,


,
,
.
,
,

.


,

.
..

() ,
,
, " ",
,

.
P.M. ()
()
.

. (),
. ..
()
.



.
.. (),

. ,
,
, , , - ,
.
, ,
"
", .

.. ().
.. ()

: - (
)
.
.. () 118

XII " "

.

-
. .. () ,

, ,
.

..
(). .. ()
, -

.
.. ()

. ,


,

.


. ().
.. ()

(43%),
(36%), (64%). A.M.
() ,
. .. - ()
-,
-
" ".

..
().

.. (), .. .. ().
.. () ,

-

:
.
- ,
,
,
.


.. .. ().

28

119

,

.

.. ..
().
.. (),


. ,

60-70 .,

,
.

- "
, ".


.. (). .. ()

.
-
, .. .
()
: , , , .
,


, .. ().
. () ,
,
-
,
.
.. () ,


,

. .. (),

,
, .
.. ()


70- .:
,

.
2007

120

-
-
.. (). ..
() ,


.

..
().


.. ..
().
,


, .

("
").
,
-
, "".
.. () ,
""
.

.

"
".
-

. ().
.. () ,

-
,


.


.
.. . (),
-

, ,


.
.. ()
,


.

, ,
.. (
). .. .. (-) ,



.


.. ().

..
. (), .. ()
.. ()

. ..
()



.

- (
)
#

. , .. , ..
().

.. , .. ,
. .. ()


.
(35-45 )
" " ,
.. () ,
.

. .. () ,


:
. . (
) ,

,
.

,
,
( ) .
, ,
-

28

2007

XII " "

, .. ()
.

,
, . ..
()
- .
,
, ,
,
.
.. ()



. -

,
.



,
, ..
.. ().
" "

.. , .. , ..
().


. ..
(), .. () ,
,
.

-,
.

. .. ()
,
, , ,
, .
,

-,
.
"-"
. . (
). .. () ,


,

. ,
.. () ,


. .. ()
-
.

"
",
30 .

,
.

-
,
.

"
( XII
)".

. . ()
,

28

121

.. ,
,
,

2007

 , 2007, 28, 6, . 122-123

=

= =

"".
.. -

.
,
..

-
..
.. .
,
: "
: "
(1980), "
" (1984), " "
(1993). ". .
" (2005)
,
,

.
,
.


,


.
, ,
, .
..


(2000) "
-
".

,
, ,

80 .
1952 . ..

, 1955 . - . 1958 .

, 1972 1993 .

,

. 1975 .

"

". 1981 .

..


- .

-
. ""
, , ,

- ,
- 122


(- -
), .
..
.

, "
", "
", "
" , .

28

123

..
: . .. , "
", " 850- ".
, ,
" "


!

2007

 , 2007, 28, 6, . 124-125

"
-2007", 2 2007
"
: " .
"
" ,
,
-
..
-
,
.

.. . "
"
, ,
.. . "
" .. ,

. . . ,
,
,
.

"
" ..
" :
".
" "
.. . "
"
"


",
:
..
,
..
,
. .

"
"
,
,
, "
" . . "

"
-2006 -

": ", .. , .. , .
.

"
"
, , -

" "

.

* * *
. ..
,
-


VI -
, ..
, - " - 2007"'.
- ..
,
..., ., . . ,
.
120
, , -,
, , , ,
, , , , ,
.

: .. -
, ,
, .. -
,
, , .. , ..., ., .
. .

,
.. .
,
.. .. .

: .. , .., .,
, . -
"" ..
, .. , ..., .
, . - "
", .. , ..., -

'
( 07-06-06020).
124

,
. - "
.. ".

: "
", "
", "
", " ",
" ",
" ".
"
(
- )
".
-: "
" - .. ,

125

.. , " " .. , . , .
, .. , " "..
.

30
.

VI -
,
.. , - " - 2007"
(220 31
),

DVD.

* * *

002.016.02
,

19.00.01 -
, ,

" ,
" (
- ..
).

,
.


.

, ,
-
.

.. ,

-
, .
.

28

. ,

,
"", - " "
.
,
.
,
,
,



.

,
.

.


.
,
(
), (
) .

2007

 , 2007, 28, 6, . 126-128

,
" " 2007 ., 28
.., ..

. 5, 5-14.
.., .., ..
6, 82-90.
.. . .. . 2, 106-113.
.. , 150-
.. . 5, 32-37.
.. (35
). 5, 96-100.
.. . .. . 6.
..

. 4, 82-89.
.., .., ..

. 6, 9 1 100.
.. . .. . 4.
.., .., ..
-
. 1, 100-106.
.., .., ..

.. . 3,5-13.
.. :
. 6, 19-29.
.. . .. . 6.
.., ..

. 6, 51-58.
.. .. -
. 5, 101-104.
.. -

. 3, 14-16.
. ., .., .., Pay ..
( 75-
.. ). 1, 125-128.
..
. 3, 23-28.
.. . .. . 6.
.. . .. . 6.
..
.
4, 52-63.
.. . .. . 5.
..
. 2, 31-43.
.. . .. . 6.
.. . .. . 1.
.. -
. 5, 61-69.
126

.. .. :
, , ... JNs 3,
96-107.
.. :
. 4, 101-113.
.. . . 1.
.. . 5, 8188.
.. . .. . 4.
..
.
2, 68-77.
..

. 3, 29-44.
.. . .. . 6.
.. . .. . 6.
.., ..

. . . 1, 115124.
.. "-
": . 2, 44-54.
..

. 6 , 5-18.
.. . .. . 3.
.. -
. 1, 6-16.
.. . .. . 6.
..

. 6, 101-110.
.. . . . 3.
., .., ..
. . 1, 107-114.
.. . . . 1.
., .., .

. 3, 65-75.
- ..
. 3, 115-123.
.., ..
. 1, 70-82.
..

. 2 , 5-18.
.. . .. . 3.


.., .. "
" :
. 2, 106-113.
..
. 1. 2,
78-94.
..
. 2. 3,
76-95.
.. . .. . 1.
.., .
. 2, 55-67.
. . . . 3.
.. . .. . 6.
..
. 1,
83-89.
.., .., .., .
-
. 4,
64-74.
.. ..
: . 5,2231.
.. :
.. . 5, 38^18.
. . .. . 4.
.., .., ..
-
. 4, 45-51.
.. . .. . 6.
..
.. . 5, 70-80.
..


. 5, 15-21.
..
. 2, 19-30.
.. . .. . 1.
.. . .. . 1.
.., .. .
6, 30-39.
.. ..
. 5,
105-111.
..
. 3, 17-22.
.., ..

( ). 6, 59-68.
Pay .. . .. . 1.
..
. 4, 15-22.
..
: . 3, 45-55.
.. . .. . 4.
.., ..
. 2, 95105.

28

127

..
. 1,
38^15.
..
. 1, 17-27.
.. . .. . 1.
.. . .. . 6.
.., ..


. 4, 3544.
.. . .. 2.
.., .., ..
"
", . - . 4, 75-81.
.., ..


. 6, 69-81.
.. :
-
. 1, 90-99.
. . .. . 2.
.. . .. . 4.
.. -
. 4, 5-14.
.., .., ..

. 6,40-50.
.. . .. . 4.
.. (
). 3, 108-114.
.. . .. . 4.
.. .
4, 90-100.
..
. 3, 56-64.
..
. 1,58-69.
..
. 1, 28-37.
.. .. :
. 5,49 .. . .. . 4.
.. . .. . 1.
.. . .. . 4.
.. . . . 1.
..
.. . 5,
89-95.
.. . .. . 4.
.., .. -

. 1, 46-57.
.., .., ..

. 4, 2334.
2007

128

.., ..
"
". 3, 124127.
..
, 100-
.. . 1, 129-131.
.. XII "
". 6, 118-121.
.. XVI

. 2, 114115.
..
. 3, 138-139.
.. III -
" :
- -
". 3, 134-137.
.. . .. . 3.
.., .. "
". 4, 114-117.
.. . .. . 4.
.., .., .., .., .., ..

. 2, 116-119.
.. . .. . 3.
.. . .. . 2.
.., .. "
". 6, 111-114.
.. -
" :
". 6, 115-117.
.. ,
.. . 2 , 120-123.
.. "
: ". 3.128-.
.. . .. . 2.
.. . .. . 2.
.. . .. . 2.
.. ,
35-
80- . . . 5, 112122.

31.07.07 .

.. . .. . 2.
.., .. "

". 3.131-133.
. 1, 143; 2, 128; 3, 140-142; 4, 127;
5, 125-128; 6, 124-125.

.. ..
'-
". .: , 2004.
414 . 1, 132-134.
.. ..
' ". .:
-, 2006. 392 . 2, 125-127.
.. .. "
: "..:
, 2006. 464 . 1, 140-142.
.. .. "
: ". .:
, 2005. 448 . 1, 135
137.
. "
" / . .. , ..
, .. . .: ,
2005.480 . 1, 138-139.

- 80 . 4, 118.
- 60 . 2, 124.
- 60 . 4, 125 . 6.
. 4, 119-120.
. 4, 121-122.
. 4, 123-124.

| 3, 143.
[ 1, 144.

" ". 2, 129.
, "
" 2007., 28. 6, 126-128.

13.09.07 .

. . . 16.0
. .-. 24.9 .
1509 .
. 683

l
60 88 / s

.-. . 16.4

: ,
: " " , 117997 , ., 90
- " / "
" " " , 121099 , ., 6

. . 8.0