Engine Components : Layout of valves and form of combustion chamber : cylinder head holds intake and exhaust valves

s or ports , So it have many design according to positioning valves and form of combustion chamber. Cylinder head design should help the improve of Swirl or Turbulence of the air fuel mixture and prevents fuel droplet set onto piston surface or cylinder wall .

 When air fuel mixture is compressed between The piston and the flat part of the cylinder head ,it produces which called squish which mean squeezing of the gases to increase it's velocity and turbulence.

Combustion is always take place within a turbulent flow field for two reasons :
* turbulence increases the mixing process and enhance combustion , but at the same time * flow instability generated by combustion released heat through gas expansion and buoyancy , thus enhancing the transition to turbulence .

 layout of valves and form of combustion chamber : In petrol engines the three most combustion chamber designs are * Hemispherical * Bath - tub * Wedge Hemispherical cylinder head design :

 it have the Intake valve in one side of the combustion chamber and the exhaust valve at the other, and this produces cross flow, positioning valves in this way help the engine breath. When fuel starts to burn at the Spark plug the flame start to travel in all directions and this called Flame propagation . When the plug in the middle of the hemisphere start to ignite the flame have less distance to travel than other design and this give rapid and effective combustion , so this design is common in a lot of passenger vehicles.

 Bath - tub cylinder head design : The bath - tub combustion chamber is overshaped like inverted bath - tub , Valves are mounted vertically and side by side which make it simple to operate. The plug is one side and that create a short flame path, it all help to increase turbulence.

 Combustion chamber design can affect the combustion process also, and therefore the level of emissions. Designs that increase gas flow rate, and promote vaporization, distribute the fuel more evenly in the combustion chamber.

 Quenching of the combustion flame can occur in zones in the combustion chamber where surface temperatures are low. The flame temperature drops so low in these areas that the flame goes out, or is quenched. Fuel left unburned in these zones is then exhausted, as hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. If the spark plug is positioned so that the flame front travels evenly through the combustion chamber, combustion is more complete.

 Gas flow rate, and volumetric efficiency, can be improved by using 2 intake valves in each cylinder. The effective port opening is increased, and the gas flow rate increases. Changing valve timing also alters the combustion process. Reducing valve overlap reduces the scavenging effect. It also reduces hydrocarbon emission.

Engine Fuels
Petrol's octane rating is a measurement of the fuel's ability to resist engine knocking. Knock occurs when the fuel-air mix in the cylinder explodes instead of burning in a controlled way. This shockwave moves within the combustion chamber, and creates a metallic 'pinging' sound. An octane rating is often referred to as an 'antiknock index'. If fuel has a high octane number, it will have a higher resistance to engine knocking.

Biodiesel
A substitute for diesel fuel, made from vegetable oil (including used cooking oil). Used in boats, buses, and large trucks.