D.V .Bhavanna Rao M.Tech., F.I.E., Retired R&B Chief Engineer E-mail: bhavannarao@yahoo.co.

in Phone: +919494440202 Egis-india consulting engineers pvt ltd.

for all my presentations, please visit http://aproadbuildqa.blogspot.com

shoulder

Base Sub base eeeeEeeee Sub-Grade (300mm)

shoulder

Embankment

Typical Pavement Cross Section

Earlier Design Approach as per IRC:SP:20-2002

As per IRC: SP:20-2002, traffic is evaluated in Commercial Vehicles Per Day grouping together all types of vehicles weighing 3.0t or more. The percentage of laden, un-laden or over loaded vehicles was not considered. sub-Grade strength is evaluated in terms of 4-day soaked CBR values except in areas with annual rainfall less than 500mm and where the water table is too deep.

Pavement thickness chart as per IRC: SP 20 2002

Pavement thickness as per IRC: SP 20 2002

CBR Crust Base 2% Sub base Base 3% Sub base Base 4% Sub base 0 to 15 CVPD 150 275 150 200 150 125 15 to 45 CVPD 150 365 150 265 150 200 45 to 150 CVPD 225 370 150 330 150 260 150 to 450 CVPD 225 455 225 320 150 315

Base
5%

150 100
150 60

150 165
150 115

150 210
150 150

150 260
150 175

Sub base
Base

6%

Sub base

Pavement thickness as per IRC: SP 20 2002

CBR Crust Base 7 Sub base Base 0 to 15 CVPD 150 60 150 30 150 nil 150 15 to 45 CVPD 150 115 150 70 150 30 150 45 to 150 CVPD 150 150 150 85 150 50 150 150 to 450 CVPD 150 175 150 125 150 75 150

10%

Sub base Base

15%

Sub base Base

20%

Sub base

nil

nil

30

50

Recommended Design Approach as per IRC:SP:72-2007 Low volume roads are divided into three categories 1) Gravel/Aggregate surfaced (Un-paved) roads

2) Flexible Pavements (Paved roads)

3) Rigid Pavements

note: AASHTO guide for Design of Pavement structures was considered in this publication.

Recommended Design features in IRC:SP:72-2007

Pavement design for new roads as well as for the up gradation/rehabilitation of existing roads have been included. Maximising the use of localised materials. Simple procedures for traffic counts, computing ADT(Average Daily Traffic) and ESAL (Equivalent Standard Axle Loads) in design life, selected as 10 years. 5 classes of sub-grade strength and 7 ranges of design traffic. Warrants for providing bituminous surface treatment. Long term performance monitoring by systematic condition surveys at regular intervals.

Design Traffic parameter

It has been expressed in terms of cumulative 80kN (8.16 tonnes) ESAL (Equivalent Standard Axle Loads) applications during the design life (10 years). Seasonal variations by way of enhanced traffic during the harvesting seasons have also been considered. Traffic growth rate shall be assessed by conducting traffic survey at least for 3 days each during peak and non peak seasons. In the absence of details, a traffic growth rate of 6% may be taken.

Composition of rural traffic It is not only the traffic volume but also its composition that plays an important role in determining the pavement thickness and its composition. Heavy Commercial Vehicles (HCV) like full sized trucks and buses and the Medium-heavy commercial Vehicles (MCV) with a gross laden weight 3.0 tonnes and above shall be considered.

Procedure has also been suggested to evaluate and consider the effect of Solid Wheeled Vehicles (SWC/iron-rimmed) in computing the design traffic.

Equivalency Factors for different axle loads

Axle l Load tonnes 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 kN 29.4 39.2 49.1 58.8 68.7 78.5 88.3 98.1 107.9 117.7 127.5 137.3 147.1 Equivalency factors 0.02 0.06 0.14 0.29 0.54 0.92 1.48 2.25 3.30 4.70 6.40 8.66 11.42

Axle equivalency factor = (W/Ws)4

W is single axle load in kN

Ws is Standard Axle Load of 80kN(8.16t)

Vehicle Damage Factor

1) Fully loaded Heavy Vehicle (HCV): Rear Axle=10.2t and Front axle=5.0t. VDF= 2.44+0.14=2.58 2) Un-laden/partially loaded HCV: Rear Axle=6.0t and Front axle=3.0t. VDF=0.29+0.02= 0.31 3) Overloaded (20%) HCV: Rear Axle=12.3t and Front axle=6.0t. VDF= 5.06+0.29= 5.35 4) Unladen/partially loaded MCV Rear Axle=3.0t and Front axle=1.5t. VDF=0.018+0.001= 0.019

Equivalent Standard Axle Load applications

+. N=T0365 L .
Where T0 = ESAL per day = number of commercial vehicles per day in the year of opening VDF = annual traffic growth rate(6%) L = lane Distribution Factor: L = 1 for single lane or intermediate lane L = 0.75 for two-lane roads n = design life in years(10 years)

Seasonal Variations in Rural Traffic

Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) in CVPD

100 150 200 300 400 500

Correction Factor for Solid-Wheeled (iron rimmed)Cart Traffic 1.70 1.25 1.20 1.15 1.10 1.07

In the Equivalent Standard Axle Load calculations, the above correction factor Is to be applied for Sold-Wheeled Carts if there Is significant volume of SWC(Iron Rimmed Vehicles). Damaging effect to the road surface by SWC is twice the damaging effect of a laden 6-8 t MCV.

Table 4 of SP:62 Guidelines for providing a Bituminous Surface Treatment

Type of Surfacing Annual Rain fall T1 ADT< 100

Traffic category
T2 T3 ADT= ADT= 100to150 150to200 T4 ADT> 200

Over 1500mm/ year

1000-1500mm/ year Less than 1000mm/ year

Gravel
Gravel Gravel

BT
Gravel Gravel

BT
BT Gravel

BT
BT BT

Sub Grade Strength

4-day soaked CBR values for new roads can be assessed by one of the following. 1) Based on Soil Classification and table 1 of SP:72 2) Using a Nomo graph (appendix C of SP:62) 3) using 2 sets of equations, based on classification test data, one for plastic soils and other for non plastic soils (appendix D of SP:62) 4) By conducting actual CBR tests in the laboratory.

Table 1 of SP:62: Typical Presumptive Design CBR values

Description of sub grade soil

IS Soil Classification CH, MH

Typical Soaked CBR Values % 2 3*

Highly Plastic Clays and Silts

Silty clays and sandy clays Clayey sands and Silty sands

ML, MI
SC, SM

4-5
6 - 10

*Expansive soils like BC soil may have a soaked CBR of less than 2%. Free Swelling Index test as per IS:2720 part 40 should be conducted.

Quick Estimation of CBR (appendix D)

Plastic Soil CBR = 75/(1+0.728WPI) Where WPI = Weighted Plasticity Index = P075 PI PI = Plasticity Index of the soil in % P075 = % passing 0.075mm sieve in decimal. Non-Plastic soil CBR = 28.091(D60)0.3581 Where D60 = diameter in mm of the grain size corresponding to 60% finer.

Expansive Soil Sub Grade Expansive soil should be compacted to 95% Standard Compaction at a moisture content 1 to 2% higher than optimum. When the CBR of subgrade is less than 2%, the economic feasibility of replacing 300mm sub grade with suitable soil and CBR of improved sub grade shall be considered for design. Alternatively, a capping layer of thickness less than 100mm of modified soil with CBR not less than10% should be provided. CBR of 2% may be considered for design

IRC: SP 72 2007, Pavement Design Catalogue. CBR = 2%

Bituminous Surface treated WBM/CRMB Base of gravel, WBM, CRMB of CBR not less than 100% Gravel Base of CBR not less than 80% Granular Sub Base of CBR not less than 20% Modified soil or sub grade of CBR not less than 10%

Cumulative ESAL applications

10,000 to 30,000 30,000 to 60,000

Nil 75

nil nil

200 150

nil nil

100 100

60,000 to 1,00,000
1,00,000 to 2,00,000 2,00,000 to 3,00,000 3,00,000 to 6,00,000 6,00,000 to10,00,000

75
75 75 75 75

100
100 100 100 150

nil
nil nil nil nil

100
100 150 225 200

100
150 150 150 225

IRC:SP :72 2007, Pavement Design Catalogue.CBR = 3 to 4%

Bituminous Surface treated WBM/CRMB Base of gravel, WBM, CRMB of CBR not less than 100% Gravel Base of CBR not less than 80% Granular Sub Base of CBR not less than 20% Modified soil or sub grade of CBR not less than 10%

Cumulative ESAL applications

10,000 to 30,000 30,000 to 60,000

Nil nil

nil nil

200 275

nil nil

nil nil

60,000 to 1,00,000
1,00,000 to 2,00,000 2,00,000 to 3,00,000 3,00,000 to 6,00,000 6,00,000 to10,00,000

75
75 75 75 75

100
100 100 150 150

nil
nil nil nil nil

150
100 100 100 150

nil
100 150 150 150

IRC: SP 72 2007, Pavement Design Catalogue. CBR = 5 to 6%

Cumulative ESAL applications Bituminous Surface treated WBM/CRMB Base of gravel, WBM, CRMB of CBR not less than 100% Gravel Base of CBR not less than 80% Granular Sub Base of CBR not less than 20% Modified soil or sub grade of CBR not less than 10%

10,000 to 30,000 30,000 to 60,000

Nil nil

nil nil

175 250

nil nil

nil nil

60,000 to 1,00,000
1,00,000 to 2,00,000 2,00,000 to 3,00,000 3,00,000 to 6,00,000 6,00,000 to10,00,000

nil
75 75 75 75

nil
100 100 100 150

275
nil nil nil nil

nil
125 150 100 100

nil
nil nil 100 100

IRC: SP 72 2007, Pavement Design Catalogue. CBR = 7 to 9%

Bituminous Surface treated WBM/CRMB Base of gravel, WBM, CRMB of CBR not less than 100% Gravel Base of CBR not less than 80% Granular Sub Base of CBR not less than 20% Modified soil or sub grade of CBR not less than 10%

Cumulative ESAL applications

10,000 to 30,000 30,000 to 60,000

Nil nil

nil nil

150 175

nil nil

nil nil

60,000 to 1,00,000
1,00,000 to 2,00,000 2,00,000 to 3,00,000 3,00,000 to 6,00,000 6,00,000 to10,00,000

nil
75 75 75 75

nil
100 100 100 150

225
nil nil nil nil

nil
100 125 150 150

nil
nil nil nil nil

IRC: SP 72 2007, Pavement Design Catalogue. CBR = 10 to 15%

Bituminous Surface treated WBM/CRMB Base of gravel, WBM, CRMB of CBR not less than 100% Gravel Base of CBR not less than 80% Granular Sub Base of CBR not less than 20% Modified soil or sub grade of CBR not less than 10%

Cumulative ESAL applications

10,000 to 30,000 30,000 to 60,000

Nil nil

nil nil

125 150

nil nil

nil nil

60,000 to 1,00,000
1,00,000 to 2,00,000 2,00,000 to 3,00,000 3,00,000 to 6,00,000 6,00,000 to10,00,000

nil
75 75 75 75

nil
150 100 100 150

175
nil nil nil nil

nil
nil 100 125 125

nil
nil nil nil nil