Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources
Associated Press Staff. Group Asks Protest Support. Associated Press. 20 Feb. 1960. This newspaper article gives facts on how a church asks supporters to stage a Sit In at another store. This newspaper helped me to understand how the Sit-ins was impacting people in a positive manner. Blair, Ezell, David Price, Joseph McNeil, David Richmond, and Franklin McCain. Letter to President of F.W. Woolworth. 1 Feb. 1960. In this letter the Greensboro Four and David Price write to the president of Woolworth asking for the lunch counter to be desegregated. They say they have been served countless times at other counters, but just a few feet away are not allowed to sit and eat because the color of their skin. They also say that they are not writing with anger towards the company, but with a hope of understanding. Gaither, Tom. "Orangeburg: Behind the Carolina Stockade." Letter. May 1960. MS. CORE Pamphlet, Orangeburg, South Carolina. In this letter a college student describes a stockade where police wouldnt let 350 students pass and arrested all of them. He also talks about some workshops that they conducted in order to know how to act in tense situations.

Greensboro News Staff. Needed Just An Honorable Answer. Greensboro Daily News. 8 Feb. 1960 This newspaper gives info on what happened the 3rd and 4th day of the Sit-ins. I learned how many people were there and what happened. Griffin, Galen. NCC, Duke Students Join In Woolworth Counter Protest. 5 February 1960 This newspaper article tells that more students are joining the Sitin protest at F.W. Woolworth. The students were from Duke University. This was important because it shows that the Sit-ins were getting more publicity. Johns, Major. "Baton Rouge: Higher Education- Southern Style." Letter. May 1960. MS. CORE Pamphlet, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. In this letter an expelled student talks about how college expelled 17 students whom staged Sit-ins. The rest of the students at the college boycotted their classes until the 17 would be reinstated. The college informed parents and then told the students to either get back to class or withdraw. The next day so many people applied for withdrawal that the college said the slip must be cosigned by the parents. Laprad, Paul. "Nashville: A Community in Struggle." Letter. May 1960. MS. CORE Pamphlet, Nashville, Tennessee. From this letter I learned that the Sit-ins helped unify the Black community. I also learned that a bomb exploded in a Civil Rights

leaders house after one of the Sit-ins. 1000s of people then silently marched to meet the mayor. McCain, Franklin Eugene. Telephone interview. 12 Feb. 2013. In this telephone interview I called Mister Franklin McCain and asked him a question. I asked him where he got the courage to conduct the Sit-ins and he said he was born with courage. It doesnt take courage to do something that is right. McNeil, Joseph. Interview by Eugene E. Pfaff. Civil Rights Greensboro. N.p., 14 Oct. 1979. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. <http://library.uncg.edu/dp/crg/oralHistItem.aspx?i=555> In this interview, a man interview Joseph McNeil on business desegregation and the Sit-ins. I learned what motivated him to start the Sit-ins. The man also asked about the creation of some of the groups like CORE and SNCC. McNeil played a big part in the creation of those clubs. Nash, Diane. Interview. Makers. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. <http://www.makers.com/diane-nash>. In this interview Diane Nash talks about how the Sit-ins proved to be a turning point when Mayor Ben West conceded that segregation on the basis of color was morally wrong. News & Record Staff. N.C. Stores Close Down. News & Record. 10 Feb. 1960. Page B1 This newspaper article tells why the Woolworth store decided to close down. It helped me understand the pressure the restaurant was in and the national awareness of the Sit-ins.

Newspaper Staff. Common Sense And The Public Safety. Greensboro Daily News. 20 Feb. 1960. Front Page This newspaper gives information on how in the weeks the stores were closed, the Sit In hype didnt end, it just grew. The newspaper gives information on how the stores think the protestors are endangering public safety, but the protestors think that the people will side with them. Newspaper Staff. Counters To Remain Closed, Decision Made by 2 Stores Greensboro Daily News. 8 Feb. 1960. This newspaper article states that the Woolworth store and Kress store will be closing down after major Sit-ins at the restaurants. This helped me understand that the Stores wanted nothing to do with the Sit-ins. Newspaper Staff. Lunch Service Is Resumed At Stores Greensboro Daily News. 24 Feb. 1960. This newspaper article states that after being closed for two weeks, the F.W. Woolworth store opened with no Sit-in staged. The article says this was due to negotiation by the Students. This helped me understand that the people were planning to do a little more than their Sit-ins. Newspaper Staff. Movement by Negros Growing Greensboro Daily News. 4 Feb. 1960. Section B This newspaper gives information on the third day of the Sit-ins. It gives information of the action taken and comments said on the

day. It states that the counter still refuses to serve the now 100 black youths. Newspaper Staff. Picketing of Stores Planned. Greensboro Daily News. 10 Feb. 1960. Front Page This newspaper article tells about a few black youths, including the Greensboro Four, planning to picket the F.W. Woolworth store. This helped to understand the how much they wanted to be desegregated. Also I learned that they wanted to picket instead of sit because the stores were closed. Newspaper Staff. Segregation Resistance To Continue Greensboro Daily News. 21 Feb. 1960. This newspaper articles states that students are going to continue to protest in a peaceful way. The article states that after the time the stores closed the students planned on how to do more. Rodman, Edward. Letter. May 1960. MS. CORE Pamphlet, Portsmouth, Virginia. In this letter a high school student writes about his Sit-ins. He writes that the first few days it looked good, everything was peaceful. Then one day he was late for a Sit-in and a fight had broken out between the white and black boys. After this they held a workshop to learn the right and wrong ways to handle situations like this. Smith, Penny. A&T College Senior Explain Current Sit-Down Strike. 10 May 1960.

This newspaper article tells about what the students planned to do and what they were doing then. It also says that A&T students got help from white college girls from Bennett College. Smolin, Martin. "The North: We Walk so They May Sit." Letter. May 1960. MS. CORE Pamphlet, New York. In this letter a white college student explains how the northern colleges supported the Sit-ins. They picketed the Woolworths in New York. He said that a lot of people passing by wanted to help and some of them did. One white man even traveled 75 miles from New Jersey just to help them picket. Stephens, Patricia. Letter to James R. Robinson. Mar. 1960. MS. County Jail, Tallahassee, Florida This letter helped me learn the conditions of the protesters in jail. Despite of all the adversities they were ready to fill the jails to full capacity, with no bail. Sykes, Marvin. Negro college students sit at Woolworth lunch counter. News & Record. 2 Feb. 1960 This newspaper article gives information on what happened the 1st day of the Sit-ins. I learned that Four African American college students sat and refused to leave a lunch counter at F.W. Woolworth.

Secondary Sources
A Brief History Of The Sit-In Movement. Time. 7 Nov. 2012. <http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1957689_2030661, 00.html>

These pictures show each and every day of the Sit-ins as they happened. They helped me picture the Woolworth store and the tension the Greensboro 4 felt the first few days. A&T Finalizes Sit-in Anniversary Events. North Carolina A&T State University. 11 March, 2013 <http://www.ncat.edu/news/2013/01/sitin.html> From this website I acquired some pictures of the remaining Greensboro Four. It told me about an upcoming event that will honor the Greensboro Sit-ins at the college where the four came from. Aretha, David. The Civil Rights Movement: Sit-Ins and Freedom Rides. Greensboro, North Carolina: Morgan Reynolds Publishing, 2009. This book gives one of the best timelines of the Sit-ins and Freedom Rides. It also tells the whole story of the Sit-ins and Freedom Rides. Canterbury, Amy. The Greensboro Sit In - Free Lesson for Fourth Grade. Pirates and History - Integrating Fun and Learning in Elementary Education. 10 March 2013 <http://historyandpirates.blogspot.com/2013/02/the-greensboro-sitin-free-lesson-for.html> I found a picture of a newspaper article from this website. The newspaper is what a man thinks about the Sit-ins. He says that they shouldnt be happening. Farmer, James. The Story. The Sit-Ins. 25 Oct. 2012. <http://www.sitins.com>

This website helped me get key information important to my website. It helped me to understand what the Greensboro peoples reaction and how the Sit-ins was carried out. Greensboro Sit-In and the Sit-In Movement. History. 15 Dec. 2012 <http://www.history.com/topics/greensboro-sit-in> This website helped me understand what caused the Greensboro 4 to first start the Sit-ins. They were influenced by Mahatma Gandhis peaceful ways in India. I also learned who wanted to support them, such as a local white business man, Ralph Jones. Greensboro Sit-in. Civil Rights in America: Connections to a Movement. 27 February 2013 <http://topics.gannett.com/greensboro+sit-in/?template=digtriad> I found a picture on this website. In the picture two white employees are shown throwing a black man out of the store. It shows how some of the white people felt about the Sit-ins and what they did to prevent it. Hampton, Henry, and Fayer, Steve. Voices Of Freedom: An Oral History of the 1950s through the 1980s: United States and Canada: Blackside Inc., 1990. This book gives information on how the Sit-ins sparked a Chain reaction of Sit-ins across the South. It helped me understand why the Greensboro Sit-ins impacted the nation. Huaman, Jaime. Civil Rights Sit-Ins at Woolworth. NCpedia. 13 September, 2012 <http://ncpedia.org/history/20thCentury/greensboro-four>

This website told me what led up to the Sit-ins and also its after effect. It also gave a brief chronology of the Sit-ins and the dates of the events after it. Joseph, Peniel E. Waiting Til The Midnight Hour: A Narrative History Of Black Power In America. New York, New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC, 2006. This book gives information on the Sit-ins and other events regarding the Civil Rights Movement through the 1900s. It helped me understand why the Sit-ins were so important to Civil Rights Movement. Many Civil Rights Pioneers Preceded Icons. Clarion Ledger. 16 March 2013 <http://www.clarionledger.com/article/20110522/NEWS/105220328/ Many-civil-rights-pioneers-preceded-icons> On this website I found a picture of Ezell Blair, Jr. and Joseph McNeil discussing with a member of NAACP, Dr. George Simkins. They were discussing about they should further do to help the Civil Rights Movement. McWhorter, Diane. A Dream Of Freedom: The Civil Rights Movement From 1954 To 1968. Broadway, New York: Scholastic Inc., October 2004. This book gives information on how other Sit-ins happened. It also states that famous Civil Rights Leader Martin Luther King Jr. was supporting the Sit-ins. I learned that the Sit-ins Spread national awareness around the world.

Murray, Jonathan. Greensboro Sit-In. North Carolina History Project. 15 Dec. 2012 <http://www.northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/299/entry/> This website helped me understand the motives of the Sit-ins. It also gives facts on how the Sit-ins impacted the Civil Rights Movement by breaking the law in peaceful way, called passive resistance. I learned why the Sit-ins were carried out and how they were planned. Observances 2-1-12 . Brian Bahouth. 2 March 2013 <http://brianbahouth.com/?p=329> On this website I found a picture of a Sit-in. In the picture white hecklers are throwing stuff at the black students conducting the Sit-ins. They are throwing drinks, condiments, and even putting cigarettes on their backs. On This Day: Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit-ins Begin. Finding Dulcinea. 6 Nov. 2012 <http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-thisday/Feb/Greensboro-Sitins-Begin.html> This website gives information on how tragic black peoples lives were at that time. It states that black people were segregated from almost everything, including lunch counters, restaurants, libraries, parks, theaters, swimming pools, and water fountains. This helped me understand that in these poor living conditions it was brave to stage freedom movements. Powell, William S. and Allyson, Criner C. Part 4: Integration Efforts in the Workplace, Sit-Ins, and Other Nonviolent Protests. NCpedia. 1

January 2012 <http://ncpedia.org/civil-rights-movement/nonviolentprotests> This website article gives information on all of the Civil Rights Movement and is divided into groups, one of them being the Sitins. It tells of what groups formed to take further action and what the already existing groups did to help. Some of the groups are SCLC, SNCC, NAACP, and CORE. Search Results for Greensboro Sit-Ins. State Library of North Carolina.16 March 2013 <http://statelibrary.ncdcr.gov/slnc_search/slnc_search_results.html?cx =008976578403812611606%3Aifidjwldn1a&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF8&q=greensboro+sitins&sitesearch=search> This website helped lead me to other websites on the topic and some pictures on the topic. I found a newspaper from this website of the first day of the Sit-ins. Sit-ins: Greensboro, N.C. 22 Nov. 2012. 17 Nov. 2012. <http://crdl.usg.edu/events/sit_ins_greensboro_nc/> This website helped me learn how many students participated in the Sit-ins. It states that the Greensboro Sit-ins werent the first, but were the most helpful to raise awareness and encourage others. Sitting for Justice: Woolworths Lunch Counter. Separate is not Equal. 16 Dec., 2012 <http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/6legacy/freedom-struggle-2.html>

This website gives information on the impact of the Sit-ins. I learned when the Woolworth store desegregated its lunch counters. It also helped me understand why the counter had to be desegregated and why this was good. The African American Encyclopedia: Second Edition. Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2001. I learned how the Sit-ins affected the lunch counter managers. They realized it is better to keep the stores open on integrated basis rather than closed on segregated basis. The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Oxford African American Studies Center. 21 January 2013 <http://www.oxfordaasc.com/public/features/archive/0506/photo_ess ay.jsp?page=3> On this website I found a photo essay on the Civil Rights Movement. It has pictures of people picketing the lunch counters and pictures of the Sit-ins. The pictures showed that the students took a stand by not only the Sit-ins, but by picketing. The Greensboro Sit-Ins. Crmvet. 1 March 2013. <http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis60.htm#1960greensboro> This website tells about everything that happened in the Sit-ins. It also tells about the rest of the movements in the Civil Rights Movement. The International Civil Rights Center and Museum. February One. 5 Nov. 2012 <http://www.februaryonedocumentary.com/museum.html>

This website gives information on the International Civil Rights Museum, which used to be the Woolworth the Greensboro youth staged their Sit-ins. The website also gave information on where the museum is and why it is something you need to see. The website also gives pictures of the museum and how the preserved the seats were the original Greensboro 4 sat. The Sit In Movement. International Civil Rights Center & Museum. 16 Dec., 2012 <http://www.sitinmovement.org/history/sit-inmovement.asp> This website is the International Civil Rights Center website. It gives information on where all the Sit-ins took place and the highlights of the Sit-ins. This helped me understand why black youths envied the Greensboro 4s courage and decided that it was high time for them to do the same. The Sit-In Movement and Civil Rights. Study the Past. 16 March 2013 <http://www.studythepast.com/vbprojects/sit_ins.htm> From this website I found a picture of a man picketing a lunch counter. The picket says, How do we get an invitation to lunch? Eh!.. Guests?. The Sit-Ins Off Campus and Into Movement. Crmvnet. 7 Nov. 2012 <http://www.crmvet.org/images/imgcoll.htm> This website contains information on picture at the time of the Greensboro Sit-ins. It helped me learn that a lot of people were arrested for the Sit-ins but were proud. They said that they went to jail for a good reason and would keep staging Sit-ins until they were served justice.

The Sit-Ins The Greensboro Sit-Ins. 19 February 2013 <http://greensborositins.wordpress.com/the-sit-ins/> This website gives pictures on the Greensboro Sit-ins. They are from the first day of the Sit-ins to some of the days where there were hundreds of people. They show how many people showed up and what they did to pass time. Wexler, Sanford. The Civil Rights Movement: An Eyewitness History. New York, New York: Facts On File, Inc. 1993. This book tells the role of John F. Kennedy in the Civil Rights Movement. He made efforts to free Martin Luther King Junior when he was jailed after he staged a Sit-in in Richards Department Store in Atlanta. Wiliams, Juan. Eyes On The Prize. United States & Canada: Viking Penguin Inc, 1987. This book gives a comprehensive overview of the Civil Rights Movement and also important information about the Greensboro Sit-ins. This book has some amazing interviews and pictures that tell the story. Woog, Adam. The Fight Renewed: The Civil Rights Movement. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Thomson Gale Corporation, 2006. This book tells how the Sit-ins affected the overall economies of entire cities and how the businessmen and other white people in general reacted to the Sit-ins.