 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٣٩
  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

? ‫א‬ ?  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬25
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 1880‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
،K ‫א‬‫א‬EPhotophoneF
‫א‬1958‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1970‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬20 dB/km‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ECorning Inc.F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬3 dB/kmEFirst WindowF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬850 nm
 ‫א‬
ESecond WindowF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 1300 nm‫א‬‫א‬
K0.5 dB/km‫א‬
EThird WindowF‫א‬‫א‬ENTTF1977‫א‬
0.2 ‫א‬‫א‬ 1550 nm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬dB/km
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K1976‫א‬EAirborne Light Optical Fiber Technology ALOFTF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1977‫א‬GTEAT&T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EBellFK ‫א‬
  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬611
 ‫א‬1980‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1550 nm1300 nm‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ESoliton TransmissionFEWDMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
7500 km2.5 Gbit/s1990 ‫א‬EBell LabsF
KERegeneratorsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEDFAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬1001998‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬WDM‫א‬E10 Gbit/sF400 km
 KEDWDMF‫א‬‫א‬EDense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬
E90 %F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K٤W‫א‬‫א‬

-١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬
Transmission Lines

Two -Wire Lines ‫א‬‫א‬١J ١


 ETwisted Pairs FE Lecher Lines) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 E“Return” LineF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E“Go” LineF
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K( Low Pass Filters ) ‫א‬‫א‬

Cross-Section and Field ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ١J ١

 Distribution
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١F‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

3
4 Φ

2
1

x
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١‫א‬

 E“Go” LineF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١F

E“Return” Line F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢F
‫א‬‫א‬ E٣F
‫א‬‫א‬ E٤F
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬Φ

-٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EBalanced LinesF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Equivalent Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ١

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

R،EResistanceF‫א‬
 G،EConductanceF ‫א‬
C،ECapacitanceF‫א‬
 L،EInductanceF‫א‬

  W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EdxF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E LF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬ 

R' = R / L

G' = G / L

C' = C / L

L' = L / L

EHomogeneousLine F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEdxF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kdx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
R' dx L' dx R' dx
4 2 4

G' dx C ' dx C ' dx

G' dx
2 2 2
2

R' dx L' dx R' dx

4 2 4

dx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١F‫א‬

 ،EΦ=0.4 mmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
Telephone Line
Ф = 0.4 mm
R'
264
Ω / km
G'
0.1
µs / km
C'
40
nF / km
L'
720
µH / km

 ‫א‬EOpen Two -Wire LinesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


K250 mm‫א‬‫א‬EΦ=3mmF
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
-٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
Open Two-Wire Line
Ф = 3 mm
x = 250 mm
R'
5
Ω / km
G'
0.1
µs / km
C'
5.4
nF / km
L'
2000
µH / km

Two-Wire Line Parameters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١J ١


Characteristic Impedance ‫א‬‫א‬
 E1.1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

R' + jω L'
(1.1) Zc = 
G' + jω C'
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ KE ComplexF‫א‬ Zc ،
 WE1.2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(1.2) R' 2 + (ω L' ) 2 

Zc =
G'2 + (ω C' ) 2

‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E1.2F
 W‫א‬
 WEdcF‫א‬‫א‬Ef = 0 HzF‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

R'
 Zc =
G'
 Ef = ∞ HzF‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

L'
Zc =
C'

، ‫א‬،E R, L, C, GF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 WK‫א‬

 0.4 mm=‫א‬Zc= 134 Ω
0.9 mm=‫א‬Zc= 135 Ω 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F3 mm=‫א‬Zc= 600 Ω 

   Propagation Constant  γ ‫א‬

 WE3.1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

γ = ( R ′ + j ω L′) (G ′ + j ω C' )
= α + jβ
(1.3)
 W
 KEAttenuation ConstantF‫א‬EF  α
 KE Phase Propagation ConstantF‫א‬‫א‬EF  β
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EAttenuationF
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
ELossy LinesF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KELossless LinesF‫א‬
-٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١J ١
Practical Determination of Characteristic Impedance

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  (1.4)  Z c = Z1,0 Z1,∞ 

 W
 .E Z 2 = 0 Ω F‫א‬‫א‬ Z1,0
 .E Z 2 = ∞ ΩF‫א‬‫א‬ Z1, ∞

 I1

Z1 V1 Z2

 Z2‫א‬E٣J ١F‫א‬

 EMultimeterF‫א‬EV1F‫א‬EI1F‫א‬
 Z1,0 
 W‫א‬ Z1, ∞

V1
=0Ω) Z2 , ( Z1,0 =
I1
(1.5)
V1
Ω) (1.6) ∞ = Z 2 , ( = ∞ Z1,
I1

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Coaxial Lines ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
 E?Open Two-Wire Lines ?‫א‬F 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 KECoaxial CablesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

-٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 Basic Construction ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ١

 WE٤J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EInner Conductor F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EOuter Conductor F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDielectricF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEJacketF‫א‬‫א‬

Dielectric
Jacket
Inner conductor

Outer conductor


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٥J ١‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

E - Field
E
H- Field H

Inner conductor

Outer conductor

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ١F‫א‬

-٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  


 EUnbalanced LinesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EAttenuationF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
Phase F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬Vφ‫א‬EVelocity
c 3×108 m / s
(1.7) Vϕ = =
εr εr
  KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ε r ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬c
EReflectionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEComplexFr‫א‬EReflection FactorF‫א‬
U−
(1.8)  r =
U+
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ U+‫א‬‫א‬U_
K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Z2 - ZC
 (1.9) r = r =
Z2 + ZC
 K‫א‬‫א‬ELoadF‫א‬Z2 ‫א‬‫א‬Zc

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Electric Equivalent Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

R' dx L' dx

G' dx C' dx

dx‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ١F‫א‬

‫א‬EMeasuring BridgeF‫א‬‫א‬ER, L, CF ‫א‬‫א‬
 KEDiagonal VoltageF‫א‬‫א‬VDE٧J ١F‫א‬

Z1 Z3
Vin
VD

Z2 Z4


 ‫א‬E٧J ١F‫א‬

- ١١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

F‫א‬‫א‬Z3‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E VD= 0 V‫א‬

Z1 Z
⇒ = 3
Z2 Z4
  WZ3‫א‬‫א‬
Z × Z4
Z3 = 1
Z2
،ECapacitiveF ،EInductiveF ‫א‬Z3، 
 KEResistiveF

Coaxial Line Parameters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ١

 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ECharacteristic ImpedanceF‫א‬‫א‬ J
EPropagation ConstantF‫א‬ J
EOperating BandwidthF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
EInsertion LossF‫א‬ J
EPower RatingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
EMechanical CharacteristicsF‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ECostF‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٠١،٢٠١،١٠١‫א‬‫א‬F٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤J ١J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EZc = 50 ΩF‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E Zc = 75 ΩF‫א‬W‫א‬
 ٠ECATVF

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢J ١
Advantages and Disadvantages of Coaxial Cables

Advantages ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،EreliableF‫א‬J 
 K١٥
    EInstallationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EBandwidthF‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬

Disadvantages ‫א‬‫א‬

 KEInsertion LossF  ‫א‬J 
 KEPower LimitationsF‫א‬‫א‬J 

 W
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


- ١٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 EZc = 50 ΩF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١

Frequency Power Loss Diameter Relative

Type
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ Cost
‫א‬
MHz Watts* dB/m mm ‫א‬‫א‬

RG 58 0 – 3000 45 0.5 – 0.6 5 

RG 8/RG 213 0 – 3000 190 0.33 10 

Belden 9913 0 – 1000 275 0.16 10 

LMR 400 0 – 2000 350 0.13 10 

15
0.5" Alum. 0 – 3000 650 0.11 
(0.6" )

( f = 1 GHz ) ‫* ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﻴﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮدد‬

EZc = 75 ΩF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١

Frequency Power Loss Diameter Relative

Type
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ Cost
‫א‬
MHz Watts* dB/m mm  ‫א‬‫א‬

RG 59 0 – 3000 75 0.4 6.25 

RG 11 0 – 3000 150 0.33 10 

CATV
0 - 1000 - 0.11 12.5 
0.5"

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 Ef = 1 GHzF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G

 
 W١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

R = 200 Ω; G = 0.2 µS;
L = 500 µH; C = 50 nF;
f = 1 MHz

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א؛‬ ‫א‬ J
‫؛‬Ef = 0 HzF‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬

R = 100 Ω G = 0.1 µS
L = 100 µH C = 40 nF
 f = 100 MHz εr = 4
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 W٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

I1 = 100 mA I1 = 150 mA

V1 = 18 v V1= 20 v

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W٥
KESatellite ReceiverF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K75 Ω‫א‬‫א‬70 Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٦
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬ 50 Ω‫א‬
 K100 µH‫א‬‫א‬
 W٧‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KELPFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KEImpedance MatchingF
 ‫א‬EProtective SheathF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
K  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K٣W‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
Introduction to Optical Fiber Communication Systems

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE١J ٢‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KEµm
‫א‬‫א‬{  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(2.1) ƒ = co / λ

 KE co = 3 × 108 m/sF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬co
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EnF‫א‬EcnF‫א‬‫א‬

cn = co / n (2.2)

  Electromagnetic Spectrum ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٢F‫א‬
 KE1014 Hz‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

dc AF VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF

30 300 3k 30k 300k 3M 30M 300M 3G

Visible Light
Micro - Millimeter Infrared Ultraviolet
waves Waves Freq.[ Hz]

3G 30G 300G 3T 30T 300T

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٢F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
λ = 850 nm
λ = 1310 nm
λ = 1550 nm
 KE 650 nmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W 1016 Hz  1012 Hz ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 .1014 Hz‫א‬EVisible LightF‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EInfraredF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EUltravioletF‫א‬‫א‬J 
 W 
 .1018 Hz‫א‬EX -RaysF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .1020 Hz‫א‬EGamma -RaysF‫א‬
 .1032 HzECosmic RaysF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬

 K
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
[ Hz] [nm] 
7.5 × 1014 400 ‫א‬
6.59 × 1014 455  
6.12 × 1014 490  
5.45 × 1014 550  
5.17 × 1014 580 
4.83 × 1014 620 
4 × 1014 750 
3.75 × 1014 800 ‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W١J ٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
[meter] [ Hz]
106 300
105 3000
100 3 × 106
1 3 × 108
0.1 3 × 109
0.01 3 × 1010
0.001 3 × 1011
0.0001 3 × 1012
0.000001 3 × 1014
0.0000001 3 × 1015
0.00000001 6 × 1016

0.0000000001 6 × 1018

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢
Basic Components of Optical Fiber Systems

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F‫א‬
- ٢٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Information Electrical Optical

Source Transmitter Source Fiber
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

Optical Electrical
Detector Receiver Destination
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ELEDFELight Emitting DiodeF‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬ELDFELaser DiodeF‫א‬J 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 EPDFEPhotodiodeF‫א‬‫א‬J 
 Ep -i -nFEp -i -n PhotodiodeF‫א‬p -i-nJ 
 EAPDF EAvalanche PhotodiodeF‫א‬APDJ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 EMMFEMultimode FiberF‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ESMFESingle -Mode FiberF‫א‬‫א‬J 
- ٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E SIFFEStep Index Fiber F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 EGIFFEgraded index fiber F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KCouplers and Splitters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KWDM Components ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KOptical Filters ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KAttenuators ‫א‬J 
 KWavelength Converters ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KPhotonic Switches ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KIsolators ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬Polarizers‫א‬J 
 KExternal Modulators ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬J 

 KE٣J ٢‫א‬F ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



- ٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Polarizer Local
Oscillator

Filter Coupler Photode

Laser Isolator 1 -tector
1 1

fiber
N:1 1:N Filter
Laser Isolator Coupler Splitter 2
2 2

Laser Isolator Filter

N N N

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٢F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢
 Advantages of Optical Fiber Communication Systems

 Large Transmission Capacity ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬ E1014 Hz‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬{٠  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 ٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Low Loss ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬λ = 1550 nm‫א‬‫א‬0.2 dB/km 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
ERepeatersF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


- ٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 Immunity to interference ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ { 
K ‫א‬‫א‬ECrosstalkF‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Small Size and Weight ‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
E 125 µm ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Greater Security ‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{
 ٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Flexibility ‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

  Greater Safety ‫א‬J ٧

‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬{
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K ‫א‬

Longer Life Span J ٨
15123020 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٩
High Tolerance to Temperature Extremes and Liquids
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Ease of Expansion System Capability ‫א‬‫א‬J ١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EWDM ‫א‬‫א‬

High Quality Transmission ‫א‬J ١١
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Signal to Noise F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
EBERFEBit Error RateF‫א‬‫א‬ES/NFERatio
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BER = 10 -6
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BER = 10 -9

Use of Common Natural Resources ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٢
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

Low Installation and Operation Cost ‫א‬‫א‬J ١٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Fiber Optic Applications ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KLong Distance Telecommunications ‫א‬‫א‬J 
KLocal Telephone Networks ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KCable Television ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KInternet and data communications ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KMilitary Communications ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KSensors ‫א‬J 

- ٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 W١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

f = 100 kHz f = 10 MHz f = 300 MHZ
f = 10 GHz f = 100 GHz f = 110 MHz
f = 10 THz f = 100 THz f = 300 THz
 W٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

λ = 10 km λ = 100 m λ = 100 cm
λ = 200 mm λ = 10 mm λ = 0.1 mm
λ = 1 µm λ = 850 nm λ = 1300 nm
λ = 1550 nm λ = 650 nm λ = 1 nm
 W٣
{‫א‬E 4 × 1012bitsF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEλ = 1300 nmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬1 % 
‫א‬EHzF ‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W٥
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E2 nm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1300 nm‫א‬
 KEDirect DetectionF
 W٦‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

- ٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 W٧‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W٨‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W٩‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 
 K٩W‫א‬‫א‬





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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
Optical Fibers

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Electromagnetic F‫א‬‫א‬KECarrierF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،ERadiation

 KEWaves TheoryF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
KEGeometric OpticsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
KEQuantum TheoryF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬KKK،‫א‬،‫א‬،

 Ray Theory Transmission ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KEnF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

n = co / cn

‫א‬‫א‬ co،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬cn 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣‫א‬KEco = 3 × 108 m/sF‫א‬‫א‬

-٣١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣

‫א‬  ‫א‬
 1  ‫א‬
1.33  
1.5  
3.5  
4  
1.36  
1.59  

 Snell's Law ١J ١J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٣F‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٣F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EbF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EaF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  


 EIncident BeamF‫א‬‫א‬
 EReflected BeamF‫א‬‫א‬
 ERefracted BeamF‫א‬‫א‬
  ( Incident Angle ) ‫א‬‫א‬ θ1
 ERefracted AngleF‫א‬‫א‬θ2
  EReflected AngleF‫א‬‫א‬ θ3

 W‫א‬‫א‬

n1sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2 (3.1)

K ‫א‬‫א‬n2‫א‬  n1

 W‫א‬‫א‬E3.1 ‫א‬F

sin θ1 n
 = 2
sin θ 2 n1

 KEθ1<θ2FEn1 > n2F

 Critical Angle ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 90º‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢J ٣‫א‬‫א‬F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


-٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

n1

θc
n2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٣F‫א‬

 WEθcF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

n1sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
n1 sinθc = n2 sin 90º
n1sinθc = n2

sin θc = n2/n1

⎛n ⎞
θ c = sin −1 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ ⇒
⎝ n1 ⎠
(3.2)


 1 ‫א‬En2 / n1F1‫א‬
 Kn1n2

 Total Internal Reflection ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١J ٣

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
F‫א‬Eθ1 > θcF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
‫א‬En1F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬En2F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 125 µm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬ECladdingF‫א‬ n1‫א‬ECoreF
ECoatingF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ θc ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣J ٣F‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٣F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬θ

Cladding, n2

θ θ

core, n1 θθ
Cladding, n2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٣F‫א‬
-٣٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 Acceptance Angle ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١J ٣


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E θaF‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥J ٣‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

Acceptance Cone ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬
A n=1
n=1 θ2
θa θ1 Core, n1

B Cladding, n2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٣F‫א‬

‫א‬θa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬θc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬θ1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K  ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  θa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ θc ‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  θa ‫א‬ . θa
 KEAcceptance ConeF‫א‬
-٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Numerical Aperture ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١J ٣

 
‫א‬‫א‬θa‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬Kn2 n1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


NA = n o sin θ a = n 12 − n 22 
(3.3)

Eno = 1‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  no ‫ﺣﻴ ﺚ إن‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

θ a = sin −1 (NA )
(3.4)

 Wn2n1E∆F‫א‬‫א‬NA‫א‬
 
NA ≈ n1 2∆
(3.5)

 W‫א‬ ∆ 

n 12 − n 22
(3.6) ∆ =
2n 12

-٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W

90º‫א‬ θa
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ NA
 E∆ << 1F‫א‬‫א‬∆

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Fiber Modes ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣

 EBeamsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ERaysF
 ‫א‬،EPropagation ModesF‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
‫א‬K‫א‬EMode IndexF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 TE - modesETransverse Electric Modes FJ 
 TM - modesETransverse Magnetic Modes FJ 
 HE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EHybridFJ 
 EH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EHybridFJ 

 KKKKKKHE11, EH12, TE01, TM02W‫א‬

-٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E V-number F V‫א‬‫א‬ENormalized FrequencyF
 W‫א‬‫א‬

2π
V= a NA
λ
(3.7)

2π
≈ a n1 2∆
λ
(3.8)

 K‫א‬ a‫א‬‫א‬λ

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٣F ‫א‬V
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


Modes

0
2.4 3.9 5.6 7 8.5 10 11.5
v - number

HE11 HE21 HE12 HE22 HE13 HE23 HE14

TM01 TM02 TM03
TE01 TE02 TE03

 ‫א‬‫א‬V‫א‬E٦J ٣F‫א‬

-٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

  Optical Fiber Types ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣


،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EStep-Index FibersFJ 
 ‫א‬EGraded-Index FibersFJ 
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE‫א‬FEMultimode Fibers F‫א‬J 
 KHE11‫א‬ESingle Mode FibersF‫א‬J 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬EGlass Optical FibersF‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬EPlastic Optical FibersF‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 ‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

  Step-Index Fiber ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٣

،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬En1F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٧J ٣‫א‬F‫א‬En2F 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

KErF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬n(r)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬a‫א‬‫א‬d‫א‬
 K[µm]‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
  50 µmW‫א‬
 125 µm W‫א‬
 1.48W‫א‬
 1.46W‫א‬

Cladding, n2

Core
n1

n( r )

r, µm
-d -a 0 d a

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٣F‫א‬

‫א‬n1 n2‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K"‫א‬‫א‬"‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EMS F‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  
2
V
MS =
2
 (3.9)
 W‫א‬‫א‬

c
(3.10) V =
n
KEn = n1‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬n
E3.10F‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،K
‫א‬،E٨J ٣‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬


n2

n1
n2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٣F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬EIntermodal DispersionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٨J ٣‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Graded Index Fiber ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٣


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
En = n1 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،En = n2F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
KEParabolicF‫א‬‫א‬ETriangularF‫א‬W
 KEn2F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬n(r)‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n(r)

⎧ ⎛r⎞
α
⎪ n 1 (1 − 2 ∆ ) ⎜ ⎟ r<a
⎪ ⎝a⎠
 (3.11) n(r) = ⎨
⎪ n 1 (1 − 2 ∆ ) = n 2 r≥a
⎪
⎩
 WEKKKK،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬α
 K‫א‬‫א‬ α = 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬ α = 2
 KE٩J ٣‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬ α = ∞

‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ α
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ α = 1.98 ‫א‬،‫א‬
 KENear Parabolic ProfileF‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EMgF‫א‬‫א‬

⎛ α ⎞ ⎛ V2 ⎞
Mg = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝α + 2⎠ ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
(3.12)

-٤٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 Kα‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Cladding n2

Core

n (r)
∞α= n1

α=2
α=1 n2

r
-d -a 0 a d


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٣F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،E١٠J ٣‫א‬F

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬E١٠J ٣F،E‫א‬F‫א‬
Fn  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬KE‫א‬ Fn‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٤٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٣F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬
 ،E‫א‬‫א‬F
100‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

Single Mode Fiber ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣J ٣

‫א‬HE11ESingle ModeF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E١-٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬EFundamental ModeF‫א‬
.Y x‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 V
 ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EV = 2.405F‫א‬‫א‬KE 2.405F
KVcECutoff V-NumberF‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
(3.13) 0 ≤ V ≤ 2.405

 WE٨-٣‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KEaF‫א‬‫א‬
 KE∆F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬Vc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

2
Vc = 2.405 1 +
α
(3.14)
E‫א‬‫א‬F 3 = 2.405
E‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ‬F 2 = 2.405

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؛‬10 µm 8W‫א‬
 ‫؛‬125 µm W‫א‬
 K∆ = 0.001‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬EaF‫א‬
K
 WE٨-٣F‫א‬
2π
 V= a n 1 2∆
λ

-٤٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V = Vc= 2.405 


2.405 λ
(3.15) a =
2π n 1 2∆

 WE3.14F‫א‬Vc ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

⎛ 2⎞
⎜⎜ 2.405 1 + ⎟⎟ × λ
α⎠
a=⎝
2π n1 2∆
(3.16)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E١١-٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Cladding
n(r)
2a Core
Cladding
n1
n2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٣F‫א‬

Cutoff Wavelength ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٨ -٣F‫א‬
‫א‬ECutoff WavelengthF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬λc


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

2 π a n1
λc = 2∆
VC
(3.17)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
Vλ
λc = 
2.405
(3.18)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
Vλ
(3.19) λc =
2
2.405 1 +
α

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 Kλc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Mode Field Diameter ‫א‬

‫א‬E10 µm‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
Mode F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KEMFDFEField Diameter
Gaussian F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 WE١٢-٣F‫א‬EDistribution




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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

E(r)

Eo

Eo /e ω0

Radius, µm
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

MFD = 2 ω0


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E(r)‫א‬E١٢-٣F‫א‬

 ‫א‬EMode Field RadiusF‫א‬ωo
 KESpot SizeF‫א‬

{
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ 10 µm
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K12 µm

  Plastic Optical Fiber ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣J ٣

EPOFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K650 nm‫א‬‫א‬

-٤٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 K‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬E1000 µm‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J
 KE0.5‫א‬FENAF‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE200 dB/km F‫א‬‫א‬EAttenuationF‫א‬J
 KE5 MHz.km‫א‬F‫א‬EBandwidthF‫א‬‫א‬J

E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ١J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬1.48‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1.46
 Kn2= 1.404 n1= 1.495 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 θcKEθcF‫א‬

⎛ 1.46 ⎞ -1 ⎛ n ⎞
= sin-1 ( 0.986 ) ⎜ ⎟ = sin ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ θc = sin-1
⎝ 1.48 ⎠ ⎝ n2 ⎠
= 80.57º.
-٥٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬EF

⎛ 1.404 ⎞ -1 ⎛ n 1 ⎞
= sin-1 ( 0.938 ) = 69.68º. ⎜ ⎟ = sin ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ θc = sin-1
⎝ 1.495 ⎠ ⎝ n2 ⎠

 ٢J ٣
 WKn2= 1.47 n1= 1.5 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EθcF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E θaF‫א‬‫א‬EF
 n2 n1E∆F‫א‬‫א‬EF

 W‫א‬

EF = 78.5º. ⎛ 1.47 ⎞

⎜
⎝ 1.5 ⎠
⎟ = sin
-1 ⎛ n1
⎜⎜
⎞
⎟⎟ θc = sin-1 
⎝ n2 ⎠

EF = 0.3 1.5 2 − 1.47 2 = n 12 − n 22 NA =

EF θa = sin-1 ( NA ) = sin-1 ( 0.3 ) = 17.4º.

n 12 − n 22 1.5 2 − 1.47 2
∆= = = 0.02
2n 12 2 ×1.5 2
EF

-٥١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ٣J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬  850 nm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK∆ = 1.5 %1.48

 KEVJ NumberF‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 KE٦-٣‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V = 7‫א‬EF

 W‫א‬
 WE٨-٣F‫א‬‫א‬EF

2π
V= an 1 2∆
λ
2π × 40 × 10 −6 × 1.48
 V = 2 × 0.015
0.85 × 10 −6
V = 75.8
 
 WE٩-٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

V 2 5745.6
  M S = = = 2873
2 2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬V = 7 E٦-٣F‫א‬EF
 W‫א‬

HE 11, HE 21, Tm 01, TE 01, HE 12, HE 22, TM 02, TE 02

-٥٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ٤J ٤
 W‫א‬
 ∆ = 1.5 %, n1 = 1.48, λ = 850 nm
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬Kn1 = 1.5, ∆ = 1%1.3 µm‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،n1 = 1.46‫א‬EλcF‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K∆ = 0.25 %،a = 4.5 µm

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E١٥-٣F‫א‬
 W‫א‬

Vc λ 2.4 × 845 × 10 −9
a= = = 1.3µm
2πn 1 2∆ 2π × 1.48 0.03

 W‫א‬،2 × a‫א‬،
= 2 x 1.3 = 2.6 µm

 WE١٦-٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

2
( α = 2 ) Vc = 2.4 1 + = 2.4 2 = 3.4 
α
3.4 × 1.3 × 10 −6
 a= = 3.3µm
2π × 1.5 0.02


-٥٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 WE١٧J ٣F‫א‬E λcF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

2π a n 1 2∆ 2 × 3.14 × 4.5 µm × 1.46 2 × 0.0025
λc = =
2.405 2.405
= 1.214 µm = 1214 nm.

Common Optical Fiber and Buffer Diameter ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣

،E٢J ٣‫א‬‫א‬F
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ECoatingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EBufferF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ETubeF
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٣F
 
Group Core Cladding Coating Buffer or tube
Number [µm] [µm] [µm] [µm]

I 8 to 10 125 250 or 500 900 or 2000 -3000

II 50 125 250 or 500 900 or 2000 -3000

III 62.5 125 250 or 500 900 or 2000 -3000

IV 85 125 250 or 500 900 or 2000 -3000

V 100 140 250 or 500 900 or 2000 -3000


 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

I. Core: 8 to 10 / 125

Single – mode fiber with:

NA: smallest (< 0.1 )

Loss: lowest ( ≈ 0.2 dB / km ) at λ = 1550 nm
BW: highest, tens GHz × km.
Wavelength: 1310 or 1550 nm
2 km ≈ Cable length:

II. Core: 50 / 125

Multimode fiber with:

NA: smaller (≈ 0.2 )

Loss : lower (≈ 3 to 4 dB / km )
BW: higher (few GHz × km)
Wavelength : 850 or 1310 nm
Cable length: ( ~ 0.2 to 0.3 km)

III. Core: 62.5 / 125

Multimode fiber with:

NA : medium ( ≈ 0. 3 )
Loss : low ( ≈ 4 dB / km )
BW: medium ( hundred MHz × km )
Wavelength: 850 or 1310 nm
Cable length: ≈ 1.5 km

-٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

IV. Core: 85 / 125 { European fiber size }

Multimode fiber with:
NA: large ( ≈ 0.3 )
Loss : high ( ≈ 5 dB / km )
BW: low ( tens MHz × km )
Wavelength: 850 or 1310 nm
Cable length : ( ≈ 1.5 km )

V. Core: 100 / 140

Multimode fiber with:

NA: largest ( ≈ 0.4 )

Loss: higher ( ≈ 5 dB / km )
BW: lowest ( ≈ MHz × km )
Wave length: 850 or 1310 nm
Cable length: ( 1. 5 or 1. 8 km )

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬


-٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬E٣J ٣F

value Explanation
Specification
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬


62.5 µm
Core diameter Multi mode fiber

Cladding diameter Doesn’t included Coating

125 µm
Coating diameter Plastic-colored coating
250 µm
Mode-field diameter This value is used only for
-----
single mode fibers

Attenuation:

at λ = 850 nm Maximum loss

3.5 dB / km
at λ = 1310 nm
1 dB/ km
Fiber-optic bandwidth:

At λ = 850 nm
160 MHZ × km
At λ = 1310 nm
500 MHZ × km
Chromatic dispersion
0.1 nS / nm × km
Cutoff wavelength For single mode fibers only
-----
Fiber manufacturer
company name

-٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

-٥٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 W١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 En = 1.5F‫א‬J
 En = 1.33F‫א‬J
 En = 1.54F‫א‬J
 En = 4F‫א‬J
 W٢
 En = 1.5F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K2 km
20  En = 3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 Km
 W٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1µs 
 W٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬θa , θ1, θ2, θ3, θc‫א‬‫א‬
 Kλ = 1310 ، ∆ = 0.01, n2 = 1.48 

n1 = 1.5 θ2
θa
50 µm
θ3
air n = 1 θ1

 W٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
62.5 µm = ‫ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﻠﺐ‬n2 = 1.47; λ = 1300 nm; θa = 30º;

-٥٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 EV-numberF‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 W٦

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K∆ = 1 %, λ = 1550 nm, n1 = 1.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K100‫א‬
 W٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kλ = 1310 nm; n1 = 1.5; n2 = 1.47; 62 µm ‫א‬
 W
 KENAF‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 W٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kλ = 1300 nm; n1 = 1.5; ∆ = 0.1 %; 22.66 µm ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬α
 W٩
‫א‬K1310 nm‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 W،1.48‫א‬‫א‬
 θ1, θ2, θ3‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EV- numberF‫א‬‫א‬EF
 KEHE11, HE21, TM01, TE01, HE12F

n1 = 1.5 θ2
θa
50 µm
θ3
air n = 1 θ1

-٦٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W١٠
‫א‬‫א‬٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE = 1αF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١١
‫א‬Eα = 1F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EλcF‫א‬‫א‬
.∆ = 0.1 % ،n1 = 1.5،8 µm‫א‬

-٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W١٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
n1 = 1.48; n2 = 1.46; a = 25 µm
 W١٣
 K10ENAF‫א‬‫א‬ θa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٤‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٦‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٧‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٨‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٩‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٢٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٦٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

K٤W‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
Fiber Optic Cables

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬KE

EOutdoor CablesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KEIndoor CablesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬ •
KEMetal ArmorF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Outdoor Cables ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤


 Loose Tube Cable ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ETubesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ELooseF
 
‫א‬EStrength MemberF‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 KE١J ٤‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K12‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 3mm  2mm
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEWater Resistant GelF

 KOTDR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٤F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE200 F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EPulling OperationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EStrength MemberF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EKevlarF‫א‬EDielectricF
‫א‬‫א‬EJacketF‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
KESteel ArmorF‫א‬ERubberF‫א‬EPolyethyleneF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Figure 8 Cable  8‫א‬٢J ١J ٤

،E٢J ٤‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬8‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EMessengerF
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KEArial InstallationF
 K‫א‬


 8‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٤F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

EKKKK،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Armored Cables ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬ESteel ArmorF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٣J ٤‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EDouble-ArmorF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
EGroundingF ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBuried CablesF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬



 E٣J ٤F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Ribbon Cable ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١J ٤


‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ERibbonF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
24 12‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٤J ٤‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEBuffer TubeF ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬200 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬800


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٤F‫א‬

Advantages of Ribbon Cables ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  •
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Disadvantages ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESplice EnclosureF‫א‬‫• א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESingle Central TubeFW‫א‬
KE٥J ٤‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٤F‫א‬

‫א‬EStandard Loose TubeRibbon CableF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫א‬ELoose TubeF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 KE٦J ٤‫א‬‫א‬F


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٤F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Indoor Cables ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤


Tight Buffered Cable‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٤

KEIndoor ApplicationsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBufferF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 900 µm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE٧J ٤‫א‬‫א‬F 250 µmECoatingF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٨J ٤‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EProtective SheathF


 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬، E Bend RadiusF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




  ‫א‬E٧J ٤F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٤F‫א‬

 Fan-Out Cable ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٩J ٤‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬EConnectorF
E‫א‬F 900 µm    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 3000 µm ‫א‬،‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٤F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Fiber Optic Patch Cords ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٤

EJumpersF
  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Other Cables ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤

 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

Submarine Cables ‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬،
، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Self - Supporting Aerial Cable ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
،KEMessengerF‫א‬،EKevlar
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EAll-Dielectric Self-Supporting CableF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Industrial Cables ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬EGeneral Purpose CablesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬EElectromagnetic InterferenceF‫א‬

Military Communication Cables ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬

Special Purpose Cables ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬



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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Galvanic Corrosion ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Rodent Protection ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Water Blocking ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EWater Resistant GelF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
E  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K ‫א‬

- ٧٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬١J ٤‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٤F

Specification Value Explanation

Cable type Loose tube

Number of fibers 18 3 active tubes, 6 fibers

per tube
Nominal weight: 166 kg/km

Diameter 14.4mm ±5%

Temp. range:

-Storage -40 to 70°c Storing cable on reel

-Operating -40 to 70°c Installed operating

temperature.
-Installation -30 to 50°c During installation and
handling
Max. Tensile rating:

-Installation 2700 N

-Permanent 600 N

Minimum bend radius:

-Installation 22.5 cm

-Permanent 15 cm

Maximum rise 247 m

Jacket Polyethylene

Central member Dielectric

Copper pairs None

- ٧٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  



























 

- ٧٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W١‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٢‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٣‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٤‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؛‬‫א‬ J
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫؛‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫؛‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
 W٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٦‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٧‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٨‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٩‫א‬
 KEFan-Out CableF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 ٤W‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Transmission Characteristics of Optical Fibers

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EAttenuationF‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬K‫א‬
 KEDispersionF‫א‬

 Attenuation ‫א‬١J ٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EOptical PowerF‫א‬ELossF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KERepeatersF‫א‬
‫א‬EInputF‫א‬W
K ‫א‬‫א‬EConnectorsF‫א‬‫א‬EOutputF
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EAttenuationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


Pin Fiber Pout




(5.1) [ dB ] = 10 Log [ Pin / Pout ] Attenuation,

 W
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pout‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pin
 W‫א‬‫א‬Pin / Pout ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  
0.1[ attenuatio
n dB ]
(5.2)10 Pin / Pout =

 ‫א‬EαF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

1 ⎡ P ⎤
(5.3) α [ dB / km ] = ⎢10 Log in ⎥
L ⎢⎣ Pout ⎥⎦

.[km]‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬L
 K‫א‬[dB]‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Decibel Unit ‫א‬١J ١J ٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬[dB]

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬KEAmplifiersF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬yxx / y‫א‬‫א‬
in dB
x / y = 100 10 Log x / y = 10 Log 100 = 20 dB 

 K1020‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬y x‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥


x/y x / y in dB

2 3

 10 10

1000 30

0.01 -20

0.0001 -40

0.5  -3

40 16.02

200 23.01

250  23.98

107 70

10-3 -30

 W‫א‬
‫א‬EPower LevelF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPower MetersF‫א‬
 KEReference ValueF

  dBw ‫א‬‫א‬1 Watt ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

dBw = 10 Log [ power/ 1W ]

 dBm‫א‬‫א‬1 milliwatt ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dBm = 10 Log [ power/ 1mW ]

dBµ ‫א‬‫א‬1 microwatt ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

dBµ = 10 Log [ power/ 1µW ]


 E٢J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥
 

Power Power Level

1W  0 dBw

100 W 20 dBw

10 mW - 20 dBw

1mW 0 dBm

0.5 mW - 3dBm

1W 30 dBm

0.1 mW -10 dBm

2 mW 3 dBm

 1 µW 0 dBµ

1 mW 30 dBµ

1W 60 dBµ

0.8 mW - 0.97

0.2 mW - 7 dBm

20 µW 13 dBµ

400 µW -4 dBm

 ١J ٥
‫א‬120 µW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K8 km ‫א‬
 K3 µW‫א‬
- ٨٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10 km ‫א‬EF
 K1 dB‫א‬1 km
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 W‫א‬
 WE١J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

= 10 log Pin / Pout
= 10 Log 120 µw / 3 µw
= 10 log 40 = 16dB
 =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
16 dB / 8 km = 2 dB / km

 W2 dB/km 10 km‫א‬‫א‬EF

2 ×10 = 20 dB
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K9‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 9 dB=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 20 dB + 9 dB = 29 dB

Pin / Pout = 100.1*29 = 102.9 = 794.3EF
 ‫א‬٢J ١J ٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

  Light Absorption ‫א‬‫א‬


FESilicaF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ESiO2‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
EIntrinsic AbsorptionF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EHeatF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1.6µm0.8µmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EOH ions‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Scattering ‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Rayleigh F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ، λ4 
 EScattering
‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Geometric Problems ‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEMicrobendingsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EMacrobendingsF‫א‬
EInstallationF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EMinimum Bend radiusF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Eθc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EMode CouplingF‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫• א‬

 EFirst WindowF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬λ = 850 nm
 ESecond WindowF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬λ = 1300 nm
 EThird WindowF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬λ = 1550 nm

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE0.2 dB/kmFλ = 1550 nm
Dispersion ‫א‬٢J ٥

W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬EMaximum Bit RateF‫א‬‫א‬
Maximum Transmission F
‫א‬‫א‬ESignal DistortionF‫א‬‫א‬،EDistance
 ‫א‬‫א‬KEDigital SystemsF‫א‬EAnalog SystemsF‫א‬


- ٨٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBroadeningF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ KEISIF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EIntersymbol InterferenceF‫א‬
‫א‬EBit Error RateF‫א‬‫א‬EErrorsF‫א‬
 KEPeF‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 H
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬[ time / km ]‫א‬‫א‬
K
 W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EIntermodal DispersionF
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EMultimode DispersionFEModal DispersionF
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  


Chromatic F‫א‬EIntramodal DispersionF
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Material F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬EDispersion
 KEWaveguide DispersionF‫א‬‫א‬EDispersion

InputPulse Output Pulse

Fiber PWout
PWin
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٥F‫א‬

EPWinF‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E∆t F‫א‬KEPWoutF‫א‬

⎛ ⎞
(5.4) ∆t = ⎜⎜ PW 2 − PW 2 ⎟⎟  
⎝ in out ⎠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K[ ps/km][ ns/km]‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Intramodal Dispersion ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  
‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Chromatic‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEMonochromatic‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

Material Dispersion ‫א‬

‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KENarrow Spectral LinewidthF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Erms ValueF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬EσmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

σλ ∗ L ∗M = σm
(5.5)

 W
‫א‬ESpectral LinewidthF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ σλ
Material Dispersion F‫א‬M‫א‬L، [nm]
 K‫א‬‫א‬ [ Ps / nm×km ]EParameter
 Kσm ‫א‬‫א‬

Waveguide Dispersion ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ EσwF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬1.3 µm‫א‬‫א‬KEσλF‫א‬‫א‬EλF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
‫א‬λ = 1.31 µm ‫א‬K1.31 µm‫א‬
KEZero-Dispersion WavelengthF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬λ = 1.55 µm‫א‬

EDispersion Shifted FibersF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬λ = 1.55 µm‫א‬
 KEDSFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Intermodal Dispersion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Erms ValueF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EσsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

L n1 ∆
(5.6) σ s =
2 3c

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ErmsF‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEσgF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

L n 1 ∆2
(5.7) σ g =
20 3 c

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5.7FE5.6F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E 100‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬E σ T2 F‫א‬‫א‬

(5.8) σ T2 = σ c2 + σ 2n

σ c2 K‫א‬ σ g2 ‫א‬ σ s ‫א‬‫א‬ σ 2n 
2

 σ c2 = σ 2m + σ 2w W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE σ T F‫א‬‫א‬

σ c2 + σ 2n σ T =
( 5.9)

 W‫א‬

(5.10) σ T2 = σ 2m + σ 2w = σ c2 


 W‫א‬‫א‬E5.10F‫א‬

(5.11) σ 2m + σ 2w σ T =

 Fiber Bandwidth and Information Rate‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥

‫א‬‫א‬EBWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBandwidthF‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ETransmission Bit RateF‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EInformation RateF‫א‬EBR)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WECodeF‫א‬
 ENRZ- codeF‫א‬‫א‬BW = BR
- ٨٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 E RZ- codeF‫א‬‫א‬ BW = BR/2

 W‫א‬‫א‬

0.2
[ bits / s] BT(max) =
σ
(5.12)

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬σ

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EBW×LF

0.2
(5.14) BW × L =
σT
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ σ T 

 ٢J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
NA = 0.3, n1 = 1.45, M = 250 ps/nm.km
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K50 nm
 KEBW×LF‫א‬‫א‬EF
 W‫א‬

 WE5.5F‫א‬
= 50 nm × 1 km × 250 ps / nm km σ λ ∗ L ∗ M = σ m (1km )
= 12.5 ns / km;
 WE5.6F‫א‬σs

- ٨٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

L n1 ∆
) n 1 2∆ = 29.5 ns / km; ( NA = σ s =
2 3c
 WE5.9F‫א‬σT
= 32.4 ns / km. σ 2m + σ s2 σ T =

0.2 0.2
EF = 6.2 MHz × km = BW × L =
32.4 ns / km σT

- ٩٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 W١
 W‫א‬‫א‬


Pin / Pout Pin / Pout in dB

 1
 8
300
0.02
0.0004
0.4 
105
10-6

 W٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬


Power Power Level

2W …… dBw
0.8 W …… dBw
5 mW …… dBm
12 mW …… dBw
0.3 mW …… dBm
40 µW …… dBµ
 10 mW  …… dBµ

- ٩١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6 km‫א‬
 K200 µW ‫א‬‫א‬2 mW
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K2 dB/km15 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 W٤
‫א‬10 km 0.8 dB/km‫א‬‫א‬
 K0.5 mW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K8 km ‫א‬
 K0.5 dB‫א‬2km ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K10 µW‫א‬1 mW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 W٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


∆ = 1 %, n1 = 1.5
Laser
σλ = 1 nm Photodiod
λ 1310 e
L = 20 km, M = 100 ps/nm.km


W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 KEBW×LF‫א‬‫א‬EF
- ٩٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 12 km‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KM = 100 ps/nm.km‫א‬2 nm
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٨
‫א‬K5 ns/km‫א‬10 km‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W٩‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١١‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٢‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٣‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KEFresnel ReflectionF‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬ECouplersF‫א‬‫א‬J 

K٤W‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
Fiber Optic Connection

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KEReceiverF‫א‬ETransmitterF‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESplicingF‫א‬J
‫א‬EMechanical SplicingF‫א‬‫א‬،EFusion SplicingF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEChemical SplicingF

،ERemovableFEFiber ConnectorsF
 ‫א‬J
 K ‫א‬،

Fiber Alignment and Joint Loss ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EAlignmentF‫א‬

 Fresnel Reflection ‫א‬١J ١J ٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 KE١J ٦‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬EPartial ReflectionF‫א‬

- ٩٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
⎛ ⎞
(6.1) r = ⎜⎜ n1 − n ⎟⎟
⎝ n1 + n ⎠

nESingle InterfaceF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬r
‫א‬n1En = 1‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KETwiceFr‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

Air
Fiber 1 gap Fiber2


 ‫א‬E١J ٦F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Loss Fresnel = −10 Log (1 − r)
(6.2)

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KEIndex Matching GelFEn1F

 ١J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬K1.5‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W‫א‬
 WE١J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬ErF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

2 2
⎛ n1 − n ⎞ ⎛ 1.5 − 1 ⎞
r = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
n
⎝ 1 + n ⎠ ⎝ 1.5 + 1 ⎠
2
⎛ 0.5 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟ = 0.04 ⇒ ( 4% )
⎝ 2.5 ⎠

 W‫א‬E٢J ٦F‫א‬
Loss Fres = - 10 log (1- r)
= - 10 log 0.96 = 0.18 dB

2 × 0.18 = 0.36 dB  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ErF‫א‬

Fiber Misalignment Problem ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٦

 Longitudinal Misalignment ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬EConnectorsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KEJ ٢J ٦‫א‬‫א‬FZ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ٢J ٦F‫א‬

- ٩٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Lateral Misalignment ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEJ ٢J ٦‫א‬‫א‬Fy‫א‬
 KEyF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ٢J ٦F‫א‬

Angular Misalignment ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KEJ ٢J ٦‫א‬‫א‬Fθ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEθF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

θ‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EJ ٢J ٦F‫א‬

- ٩٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Lateral Misalignment Loss ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Multimode Step-Index Fiber W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(6.3) Loss Lat = − 10 Log η Lat , [dB] 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ η Lat 

 ،‫א‬

(6.4)  η Lat = 1 − L Lat
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬LLat
⎛ y⎞
(6.5)  L Lat = 0.64 ⎜ ⎟
⎝a⎠

‫א‬a[µm]‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬y
 K‫א‬

 Multimode Graded-Index Fiber W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Loss Lat = −10 Log η Lat
η Lat = 1 − L Lat

 WE0 ≤ y ≤ 0.2 a ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬LLat

2 ⎛ y ⎞⎛ α + 2 ⎞
(6.6) L Lat = ⎜ ⎟
π ⎜⎝ a ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ α + 1 ⎟⎠

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬α
 Single-Mode Fiber W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

2
⎛y⎞
Loss Lat = 2.17 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ω⎠
(6.8)
ωo
 ω = ،ENormalized Spot SizeF 2 ωoω
2

Angular Misalignment Loss ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Multimode Step-Index Fiber W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Loss ang = − 10 Log η ang , [dB] 
 
2
⎛n ⎞
16 ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝n⎠ ⎡ nθ ⎤
 (6.9) η ang = 4 ⎢ 1 − ⎥ 
⎛ ⎛ n1 ⎞ ⎞ ⎢⎣ π n1 2 ∆ ⎥⎦
⎜⎜1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ n ⎠⎠

 KERadianF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬θ

 Single-Mode Fiber W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

2
⎛ θ ω n1 V ⎞
(6.10) Loss ang = 2.17 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , [dB] 
⎝ a NA ⎠
 K‫א‬EV- NumberF‫א‬‫א‬V
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W٢J ٦
K5µm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
⎛ y⎞
L Lat = 0.64 ⎜ ⎟
⎝a⎠
⎛ 5 µm ⎞
= 0.64 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.128
⎝ 25 µm ⎠
  η Lat = 1 − L Lat = 1 − 0.128 = 0.872
Loss = −10 Log η Lat
= −10 Log ( 0.872 ) = 0.59 dB


 W٣J ٦
K50 µm‫א‬Eα = 2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K 3 µm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

2 ⎛ y⎞ ⎛α + 2⎞
L Lat = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
π ⎝ a ⎠ ⎜⎝ α + 1 ⎟⎠
2 ⎛ 3 µm ⎞ ⎛ 2 + 2 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
π ⎝ 25 µm ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 + 1 ⎟⎠

=
2
(0.12 ) ⎛⎜ 4 ⎞⎟ = 0.1
3.14 ⎝ 3⎠
η Lat = 1 − L Lat = 1 − 0.1 = 0.9
Loss Lat = −10 Log ( 0.9 ) = 0.46 dB

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W٤J ٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 8 µ‫א‬J
 1.5‫א‬‫א‬J
  0.1‫א‬‫א‬J
 2.3‫א‬‫א‬J
10 µm‫א‬J
 W
1 µm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K2º‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 W‫א‬
 WE٨J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
2
ωo ⎛y⎞
,ω= ⎜ ⎟ Loss = 2.17
2 ⎝ ω⎠
ωo = MFD / 2 = 10 µm / 2 = 5µm
5µm
= 3.54µm. ⇒ω=
2
2
⎛ 1µm ⎞
= 2.17× 0.08 = 0.17dB ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ Loss Lat = 2.17
⎝ 3.54 µm ⎠

 WE١٠J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

2 2
⎛ 2π / 180 o × 3.54 µm ×1.5 × 2.3 ⎞ ⎛ θ ω n1 V ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 2.17 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ Loss Ang = 2.17
⎝ 4 µ m × 0 .1 ⎠ ⎝ a NA ⎠
2
⎛ 0.426 µm ⎞
= 2.46 dB. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 2.17
⎝ 0.4 µm ⎠
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ E
F
Total loss = loss Lat + loss Ang = 0.17dB + 2.46dB = 2.63dB.

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Connection Problems ‫א‬٢J ٦


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Different Core and / or Cladding Diameters ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،،
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

⎧ ⎛ a2 ⎞
2

⎪ ⎜ ⎟
(6.10) Loss CD = ⎨ = − 10 Log ⎜⎝ a ⎟⎠ , [dB] for a2 〈 a
1
⎪
⎩= 0 [dB] for a2 〉 a

Different Numerical Aperture ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬

⎧
⎪ ⎛ NA ⎞ 2
(6.11) ⎜ 2⎟ ,
⎪⎪ = −10 Log ⎜ ⎟ [dB] for NA 〈 NA
Loss = ⎨ ⎜ NA ⎟ 2 1
NA ⎪ ⎝ 1⎠
⎪ =0 [dB] for NA 〉 NA
⎪⎩ 2 1

Different Refractive Index Profiles ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EαF‫א‬‫א‬


⎧ α 2 ( α1 + 2 )
⎪ = −10 Log , [dB] for α 2 〈 α1
(6.11) Loss RI =⎨ α1 ( α 2 + 2 )
⎪= 0 [dB] for α 2 〉 α
⎩


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 Connectors ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KEConnectorsF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣J ٦‫א‬F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٦F‫א‬

 Connector Characteristics ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Insertion Loss ‫א‬
EF 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W
 K  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.25dB‫א‬EAverage Insertion LossF‫א‬
 K0.5 dB‫א‬EMaximum Insertion LossF

  Return Loss ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E- 50 dBFE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  


Durability ‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Connector Types ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٤J ٦F‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Reading Data Sheets ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ST, SC, FC, …،EPlugF‫א‬ •
EManufacturer Brand NameF‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
EConnector CompatibilityF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
EInsertion LossF‫א‬ •
EReturn LossF‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
EDurabilityF‫• א‬
EOperating Temperature RangeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٦F‫א‬









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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٦F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  



 EFE٥J ٦F‫א‬





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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  




 EFE٥J ٦F‫א‬





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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Couplers ‫א‬٤J ٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EPassive ComponentsF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ESplitF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ECombineF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬EPowerF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٦F


Number of Output Fraction of Output Loss in

Ports Power in each Output dB
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬
2 0.5 3
4 0.25 6
5 0.2 6.99
8 0.125 9
10 0.1 10
15 0.067 11.76
20 0.05 13
50 0.02 16.99
100 0.01 20
400 0.0025 26
1000 0.001 30

 W‫א‬G

Fraction of Output Power in each Output = 1 / Number of Output Ports

Loss in dB = 10 Log ( Number of Output Ports )

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  


Excess Loss ‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

⎛ P1 + P2 + ...... + Pn ⎞
(6.12) Exess Loss [dB] = 10 Log ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎝ Pin ⎠

Coupler Applications ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E٦J ٦‫א‬‫א‬FELocal Area NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬ •
E٧J ٦‫א‬‫א‬FECable Television DistributionF‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
EWavelength Division MultiplexingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 KE٨J ٦‫א‬‫א‬F

Coupler Characteristics ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EDirectionality of Light TransmissionF‫א‬‫• א‬
ENumber of Inputs and OutputsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
EWavelength SelectivityF‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
EType of Transmission: Single or MultimodeF‫א‬W‫א‬ •
ESignal AttenuationF‫א‬ •
ESignal SplittingF‫א‬ •
EPolarization Dependent LossF‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
- ١١٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Types of Couplers ‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٦F‫א‬

.‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٦F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٦F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٦F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٦F‫א‬



- ١١٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 W١
‫א‬‫א‬،1.47‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬FC
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 W٢
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ .4µm‫א‬‫א‬Eα = 1F
 K50 µm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K1.48‫א‬0.4‫א‬0.2
 K5º‫א‬‫א‬
 W٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2.2 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K12 µm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٥
‫א‬K3 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
V = 2.1; n1 = 1.5; MFD = 11.8 µm; a = 5 µm; NA = 0.1
 W٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E1 × 16FESplitterF
 K0.1 mW‫א‬2 mW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W٧
EyF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬


Number of Output Fraction of Output Loss in

Ports Power in each Output dB
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬
6
12
22
30
60
200
2000


 W٩
EyF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١١‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W١٣‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 EFiber TerminationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

K٥W‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Fiber Optic Installation and Splicing

Fiber Optic Installation ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٧


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫• א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ •

 KEIndoorF‫א‬‫א‬EOutdoorF‫א‬W‫א‬

 Outdoor Fiber Optic Cable Installation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٧


  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EUnderground Buried Cable InstallationF‫א‬
 KEAerial InstallationF

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Buried Cable Installation ‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ١J ٧


 EDuctF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
 KESteel Armored CablesF‫א‬

E١J ٧‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
،PVC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KEInner DuctsF‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

d2 / D2 < 50%
(7.1)

 K‫א‬D‫א‬ d




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٧F‫א‬

- ١١٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  


 Pulling the Cable ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
EDynamometerF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Aerial Installation ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ١J ٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢J ٧‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ESteel MessengerF
‫א‬‫א‬ESelf Supporting Fiber Optic CableF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K8
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٧F‫א‬
- ١١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Indoor Fiber Optic Cable  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٧

 Installation

EDirectlyF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،ECable TraysF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
K ‫א‬EPull PoxesF‫א‬‫א‬
Cable F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EVertical InstallationF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬ERisers
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Cable Installation Procedure ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ELubricantF‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPull TapeF‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
F‫א‬ESwivelF‫א‬EPulling EyeF‫א‬  E٤
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
KESwivelF‫א‬‫א‬ E٥

- ١٢٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬
 ‫א‬ E٦
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E٨
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E6‫א‬F E٩
‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬E١٠
 K‫א‬K
 
Installation Recommendations ‫א‬٣J ١J ٧

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
 W 
EF‫א‬‫• א‬
،‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Fiber Splicing ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٧


‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EFusion SplicingF‫א‬W‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬EMechanical SplicingF‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KEMidspanF‫א‬‫א‬J
 EPigtail AssemblyFJ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Splicing Procedure ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٧

،‫א‬‫א‬EEnd PreparationF‫א‬‫א‬ .١
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEStripping the Cable JacketF‫א‬‫א‬J
 KEStripping the Buffer or TubeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 KEGelF‫א‬J
 KEStripping the Fiber CoatingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬ECleaving the FiberF‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
ESplice ProtectorF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
KESplice TrayF‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
KESplice EnclosureF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 K‫א‬
 ESplice VanF‫א‬‫א‬W٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W٣
 K‫א‬EVanF‫א‬‫א‬
 ،،‫א‬‫א‬W٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥
 K‫א‬

 Splicing Tool Kit ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٧

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Ruler  ƒ
Alcohol Cleaning Solution‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
Cable Gel Cleaning Solution‫א‬ ƒ
Cotton Swabs ƒ
Paper Tissues ƒ
Fiber Cleaver‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
Fiber Coating Stripper‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
Fiber Buffer and Tube Stripper‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
Fiber Jacket Stripper‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
Utility Knife‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
Diagonal Cutter‫א‬ ƒ

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Scissors, Serrated blade‫א‬، ƒ

Tweezers ƒ
Protective Gloves‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
Splice Protector‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
Mechanical Splices or Fusion ‫א‬ ƒ
Splicer
Splice Tray‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
ESplice EnclosuresF‫א‬ ƒ
Light Source ƒ
OTDR and Power Meter ‫א‬OTDR ƒ
Large Table and Chairs‫א‬ ƒ
 Black Paper Table Cloth ƒ












 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W
 K‫א‬



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 Splicing Method ‫א‬٣J ٢J ٧


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ .٢
KE٣J ٧‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

3 meters or more

2 meters or
Buffer or Tube

Fibers
Cable Jacket Stength Member


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٧F‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬2‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ .٣
KE٤J ٧‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

- ١٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٧F‫א‬

ECoatingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 5
‫א‬K
K ‫א‬5‫א‬EBufferF
‫א‬‫א‬،E٥J ٧‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٧
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬



‫א‬E٥J ٧F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٨
- ١٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٩
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬E،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K١٠
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EFK١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EFK١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ESplice TrayF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K١٢
KE٦J ٧‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٧F‫א‬

 OTDREPower MeterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٤
 KE٧J ٧F‫א‬ESplice EnclosureF‫א‬
 OTDREPower MeterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٥
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٧F‫א‬

 Mechanical Splicing ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢J ٧

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬EGlueF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Capillary Splice ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٧‫א‬‫א‬FEF‫א‬

  Rotary or Polished Ferrule Splice ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EFerruleF
 ECoatingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE٩J ٧‫א‬‫א‬F

- ١٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٧F‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٧F‫א‬

 V- Groove Splice V-‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 1 dB0.1 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Fusion Splicing ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢J ٧

‫א‬EFusion SplicerF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EEnd PreparationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١١J ٧‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٧F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
KEMicroprocessorF‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

Optical Fiber Termination ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٧
 WEFiber TerminationF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ( Field-Installable Connector )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٧‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٧F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬ ( Pigtail Termination )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  
،‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬KE١٣J ٧‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٧F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEFiber Optic Cable TerminationF

Termination Without Enclosure ‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KE١٤J ٧‫א‬‫א‬F
 KE6F‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Fibers Connectors

Cable


 
 ‫א‬E١٤J ٧F‫א‬

Termination in a Splice Enclosure ‫א‬‫א‬ J 


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEPigtail TechniqueF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٥J ٧‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ٧F‫א‬



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Patch Panel Termination ‫א‬‫א‬ J 



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KE١٦J ٧‫א‬‫א‬F



 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ٧F‫א‬






- ١٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 W١‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٢‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٣‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٤‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٦‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬
 W٧‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٨‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٩‫א‬
 KEPigtail TerminationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١١‫א‬
 W١٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬20 mm
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 


K٦W‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Light Sources and Optical Photodetectors

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
Light Sources ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٨

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EElectrical SignalsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
ELight Emitting DiodeF‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
،ELDFELaser DiodeF‫א‬ELEDF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬

  Source Requirements ‫א‬١J ١J ٨

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬
‫א‬ EmWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

K‫א‬E σλ F‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬ESource Emitting AreaF‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬،EFiber Core AreaF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬EModulation AbilityF‫א‬ ƒ
EModulation RateF ƒ
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬ ƒ

 Operating Wavelengths ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬λ = 850 nmJ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ λ = 1300 nmJ
 ‫א‬،‫א‬ λ = 1550 nmJ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ λ = 650 nmJ

‫א‬ESpectral WidthF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬KELinewidthF‫א‬،‫א‬

- ١٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

50 %‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E σλ F‫א‬

 KE١J ٨‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Power,
max -

max/2-
σλ

λ , nm
840 850 860 870

 E σλ F‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٨F‫א‬

50 nm20 nm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1 nm‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬ ƒ

 Output Power and Light Coupling ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬EµWF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬100‫א‬
 W‫א‬،E1 % F‫א‬
KERadiation AngleF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

KELight Emitting AreaF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬

KEAlignment of the Source and FiberF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 KEFiber Numerical ApertureF‫א‬‫ƒ א‬

 WE٢J ٨ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

LED Fiber Core

‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٨F‫א‬


   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬Eηc F‫א‬E Coupling EfficiencyF‫א‬

Pin
(8.1) η c = 
Ps

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ps،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pin

Modulation ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EDirectlyF
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDirect ModulationF‫א‬
‫א‬
- ١٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

KEExternal ModulationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE10 Gbit/sF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

Light Emitting Diodes ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٨

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬E125 Mbit/sF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KELAN NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬650 nm1300 nm850 nm
‫א‬‫א‬EPN JunctionFPN‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KEForward BiasF

GaAsWESemiconductor MaterialsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
ECompoundsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GaAsP, InGaAsP
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EPhotonsF‫א‬W ‫א‬
 W
hc
 (8.2)  E g = hf = 
λ
c،‫א‬f، ‫א‬EEnergy GapF‫א‬Eg
‫א‬‫א‬KEh = 6.626 × 10-34 J.sFh،‫א‬
 Wλ

- ١٤١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

hc
(8.3) λ =
Eg

‫א‬[µm]‫א‬‫א‬،Ee.vF‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8.3F‫א‬
1.24
(8.4) λ =
Eg

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٨F

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

Wavelength Energy Gap Material
 [µm] [e.v]
1.107 µm 1.12  ‫א‬
1.850 µm 0.67  ‫א‬
0.867 µm 1.43 GaAs
1.329 µm 0.933  AlGaAs
1.3 µm 0.9538 InGaAs
1.55 µm 0.8 InGaAsP


 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،

EPF‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

P = [ Po cosΦ ]m
(8.5)
- ١٤٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

m ‫א‬‫א‬ Φ،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Po
‫א‬‫א‬m = 1KE Distribution Parameter, m ≥ 1 F‫א‬
 KE٣J ٨‫א‬‫א‬FELambertian DistributionF


Power
m=1
Po
Po cos Φ

Distance
0

 ‫א‬E٣J ٨F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPcF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Pc = Po [1 − ( cos θ a ) m+1
(8.6)

 K‫א‬‫א‬θa

 ١J ٨
،1.48‫א‬،50 µm‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬1 km
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1.46‫א‬
 K

- ١٤٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W‫א‬
 WE8.6F‫א‬
Pc = Po [1− ( cos θ a ) m +1
Pc = Po [1− ( cos θ a )1+1
= Po [1 − ( cos θ a ) 2
= Po [ NA]2 = Po [ sin θa ]2
Pc
⇒ = NA 2
Po
= 0.242 NA = n12 − n 22 = (1.48) 2 − (1.46) 2
P
⇒ c = (0.242) 2
Po
Pc
⇒ NA Loss = 10 log = 10 log ( 0.242 ) 2 = 12.3 dB
Po

W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

10 Log (NA)2 = 20 Log (NA)

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٨F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٨F
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
Material Type Wavelength Spectral Width Output Power Forward Current
* [nm] [nm]  [µW]  [mA]
AlGaAs SLED 660  20 190 - 1350 20
ELED 850 35 - 65 10 - 80 60 - 100

SLED 850 40 80 - 140 100

GaAs
ELED 850 35 10 - 32 100

SLED 1300 110 10 – 50 100

InGaAsP ELED 1300 25 10 – 150 30 – 100
ELED 1550 40 - 70 1000 - 7500 200 - 500

- ١٤٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬*
SLED: Surface Emitter Light Emitting Diode
 ELED: Edge-Emitter Light Emitting diode

 Laser Diode ‫א‬٣J ١J ٨


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1970‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬" Laser "‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W
 ‫א‬Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EAmplificationF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
Spontaneous FELEDF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬،EStimulated EmissionF‫א‬‫א‬EEmission
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 Cautions W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KEPowered OffFK‫א‬،‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬،‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

Laser Characteristics ‫א‬٤J ١J ٨

‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

Laser Quantum Efficiency ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Ith‫א‬Threshold Current
 W‫א‬EηF‫א‬‫א‬،KEInjection Current F
∆P
 (8.7) η =
∆I
‫א‬∆I، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∆P
 KE٤J ٨‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Power, mW

∆P
∆I

I, mA
0 Ith

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٨F‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬η = 0.7‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Threshold Current Temperature Dependence ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٨F‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٨F‫א‬


Frequency Chirp ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EDynamic ShiftF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬EσλF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

Dynamic Response ‫א‬‫א‬


EDelayF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EtdF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬10 GHz  ‫א‬
Relaxation Oscillation(RO)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE

- ١٤٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Light Output
RO

Time
0 td

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٨F‫א‬

Mode Hopping ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Rise and Fall Time ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0.1 ns،ENanosecondF

Reliability ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K105104‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬



- ١٤٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 Optical Photodetectors ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٨



 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
  
 ‫א‬
 KEPhotodiodeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Photodetector Requirements‫א‬١J ٢J ٨

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EHigh SensitivityF ƒ
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FEHigh Quantum EfficiencyF ƒ
KEShort Response TimeF‫א‬ ƒ
KEMinimum Noise ProducedF ƒ
KEStability of Performance CharacteristicsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
K‫א‬ESmall SizeF ƒ
KELow Bias VoltageF‫א‬ ƒ
KEHigh ReliabilityF‫ƒ א‬
KELow CostF ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٧J ٨‫א‬‫א‬FPN
 
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬KRLELoadF ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬EAbsorption RegionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EElectronFW
 ‫א‬EActive RegionF‫א‬ ‫א‬
Bias F‫א‬    ‫א‬EHoleF‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

EReverse BiasF‫א‬EVoltage
 KEPhotocurrentF‫א‬‫א‬RL‫א‬

Vb

RL

P N

photons



 PN‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٨F‫א‬

Cd،E٨J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 KEPhotodiode CapacitanceF‫א‬‫א‬
 
RL

+
Ip
Cd
−
Photons


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٨F‫א‬





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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Quantum Efficiency ‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EηF‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE0.7‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
Responsivity ‫א‬

‫א‬ERF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
Optical F‫א‬‫א‬EIpF‫א‬‫א‬EPhotocurrentF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K[A/W]‫א‬EPoF‫א‬‫א‬EPower
Ip
(8.8) R =
Po

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
η Po e
 (8.9) I p =
hf

E8.8F‫א‬E8.9F‫א‬K1.602 × 10-19‫א‬e
 W
ηe
(8.10) R =
hf
 
ηe λ
 (8.11) R =
hc

‫א‬F λ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬R
KP-I-N‫א‬1 A/WE٩J ٨‫א‬
‫א‬100 µW0.8 A/W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

I p = R Po

= 100 µW × 0.8 A/W = 80 µA

R [ A/ W]

( ‫) ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬Ideal
( ‫) اﻟﻌﺎدي‬Typical

λ, µm
0 0.5 1 λc

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٨F‫א‬

 ٢J ٨
850 nm‫א‬‫א‬3 × 1011‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1.2 × 1011‫א‬،
 K
W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1.2 × 1011
=
3 × 1011

= 1.2 × 1011 / 3 × 1011

= 0.4 = 40 %.

 WE١١J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬
ηe λ
R= 
hc
- ١٥٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

0.4 ×1.602 ×10 −19 × 0.85 ×10 −6

= 0.274 A / W. =
6.626 ×10 −34 × 3 ×10 8

 ٣J ٨
 K1.5 × 10-1965 %‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬2.5 µA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٨F‫א‬ EF

Eg = hf = hc/λ

6.626 × 10 −34 × 3 × 10 8
= 1.32 µm = 1320 nm. −19
λ = hc/Eg =
1.5 × 10

 WPo‫א‬‫א‬RE١٠J ٨FEF

0.65 × 1.602 × 10 −19 ηe
= 0.694 A/W = R= 
1.5 × 10 −19 hf
 WE٨J ٨F‫א‬
Ip
P0 = 2.5 × 10-6 / 0.694 = 3.6 µW. R =
Po


 Response Time ‫א‬


- ١٥٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 EtrFERise TimeF‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬ ‫א‬KEtfFEFall TimeF‫א‬
 K0.1 ns‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBWF‫א‬

0.35
 (8.12) BW = 
tr

E٨J ٨‫א‬‫א‬FC‫א‬R‫א‬، 
 W‫א‬

1
(8.13) BW = 
2 π R L Cd
 
Bias Voltage ‫א‬

EP‫א‬ N‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KAPD200 V5 V

- ١٥٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  


Photodetector Types ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٨

، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
  PN Photodiode PN

PN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

P-I-N Photodiode P-I-N

،PNP-I-N‫א‬
KEiF‫א‬EIntrinsicFNP‫א‬
 ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ PN‫א‬


Eb

Ip RL

P i N

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 P-I-N‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٨F‫א‬
 WP-I-N‫א‬‫א‬
 K20 V5 V‫א‬J 
 5 psns‫א‬J 
 K850 nm‫א‬‫א‬0.7 A/W‫א‬‫א‬J 

 Avalanche Photodiode ( APD ) 


‫א‬EAPD photodiodeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ESensitivityF
P-I-N‫א‬APD‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬Ei-regionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EVbF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E 105V/cm‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬Eelectron-hole pairsF‫א‬
EMFEAvalanche GainF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
50 VAPD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K200‫א‬
APD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K400 V
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Phototransistors ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EBipolar Junction TransistorF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EField Effect TransistorF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBJTF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KEFETF‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K1.1 µmESiF‫א‬J
 K1.6 µmEGeF‫א‬J
 K1.6 µmInGaAsInGaAsJ

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٨F‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٨F


Material‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

InGaAs Ge Si Type Unit  Symbol parameter
1.0 – 1.7 0.8 – 1.8 0.4 - 1.1  nm  λ  ‫א‬‫א‬
0.5 - 0.95 0.8 – 0.87 0.4 - 0.45 P-I-N A/W R  ‫א‬
60 - 70 50 - 55 75 - 90 P-I-N % η ‫א‬‫א‬
10 - 40 50 - 200  J APD  J M  ‫א‬‫א‬
1 – 20 50 - 500 1 – 10 P-I-N
nA Id  ‫א‬‫א‬
1-5 50 - 500 0.1 - 1 APD
0.0025- 40 0 - 0.0015 0.125 - 1.4 P-I-N
GHz BW  ‫א‬
1.5 – 3.5 1.5 - APD
0.155 – 53 - 0.01 P-I-N
Gbit/s BR  ‫א‬
2.5 - 4 - - APD
5-6 6 - 10 50 - 100 P-I-N
V V  ‫א‬
20 - 30 20 - 40 200 - 250 APD


- ١٥٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 Photodiode Noise ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٨



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬

  Dark Current Noise ‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EIdF‫א‬EDark CurrentF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬1 µA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

Shot Noise ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EIpF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ErmsF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 W‫א‬ EIsF‫א‬
(8.14) I s2 = 2eB I p

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B
Noise F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPower

(8.15) Is2 = 2 e B I p

Noise Equivalent Power ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENEPF‫א‬‫א‬

1 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬NEP،KHz
2hc
for small Id (8.16) ≈ NEP 
ηλ

h c 2e I d
for high Id (8.17) ≈
η eλ
 KE1 nA‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E1 µA‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 Detectivity ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
(8.18) =D
NEP

‫א‬ED*FESpecific DetectivityF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(8.19) D* = D A

- ١٦٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ٤J ٨
100 × 50 µm‫א‬ P-I-N
ENEPF‫א‬‫א‬K1300 nm‫א‬‫א‬55%
 K8 nA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 WE8.17F‫א‬

h c 2e I d
NEP ≈
η eλ
6.626 × 10 −34 × 3 × 108 2 × 1.602 × 10 −19 × 8 × 10 −9
=
0.55 × 1.602 × 10 −19 × 1.3 × 10 −6

10-14 W × = 8.78
 E8.19F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

D* = D A

10-14 W = 1.139 × 1013 × D = 1 / NEP = 1 / 8.78

1.139 × 1013 100 × 10 −6 × 50 × 10 −6 D* =

/ W. Hz = 8.1 × 108 m

 Minimum Detectable Power ( MDP ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬EMDPF‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬ES/N = 1F0 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(8.20) MDS = NEP BW
- ١٦١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  


Excess Avalanche Noise Factor ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 x
(8.21)
F(M) = M
x،EF‫א‬‫א‬M
 K10.70.5 0.3‫א‬xK‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٥J ٨
 W‫א‬

 θa = 14º‫א‬‫א‬J
 50 µm‫א‬J
 5 mm2‫א‬‫א‬J
 S = 5 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 KECoupling Loss‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Light emitting area

θa Photosensitive area

s = 3 mm

W‫א‬
‫א‬EAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  


2
⎛ d⎞
π ⎜ S tan θ + ⎟ = πr 2 A = 
⎝ 2⎠
= 3.14 { 2.5 tan (14º ) + 0.05 / 2 }

= 1.33 mm2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

= 14º θa r1

S d/2
Fiber

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
r1 = S tan θa tan θa = r1 / S

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R = r1 + d/2

= S tan θa + d/2
 K‫א‬d
،‫א‬‫א‬EA = 1.33 mm2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W( NA = 0.5 )‫א‬ K‫א‬

θ a = sin −1 (0.5) = 30 o
⎛ 0.05 ⎞
A = π ⎜ 2.5 tan 30 ° + ⎟ = 6.78 mm
2

⎝ 2 ⎠
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ 5 ⎞
= 10 Log ⎜ ⎟ = 1.332 dB.
⎝ 6.78 ⎠
- ١٦٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 W١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Power, mW
2-

λ , nm
840 850 860 870
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF
 KEσλF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 W٢
 KEg = 0.939EInGaAsPFELEDF
 W
 K[nm]‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 W٣
‫א‬Km = 2ELEDF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kn1 = 1.5, n2 = 1.48, W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K100 µW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 MM Fiber
m =2

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EIpF‫א‬‫א‬
 W٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EIthF‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٨F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K10º, 30º, 50º
 K

Power, mW

6-
-
-
-
1-
I, mA
0 10 20 30 40

 W٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬EηF‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 KEIthF‫א‬ E
F
W٨
 1.3 µm‫א‬‫א‬2 × 109‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1.5 × 1010‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W
 K‫א‬EηF‫א‬‫ א‬EF
  KERF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
F

- ١٦٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 W٩
70 %‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1.277 × 10-19 J‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٠
‫א‬‫א‬P-I-NENEPF‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K75 %‫א‬1300 nm
 W١١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

θa photosensitive
LED area (1 mm2 )
m=2 Fiber, n1 = 1.48, n2 = 1.45

s = 3 mm

 W١٢‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٣‫א‬
 Kλ= 1.55 µm, λ= 1.3 µm, λ= 0.85 µm, W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٤‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٦‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KESensitivityF‫א‬ENoiseF‫א‬،ESpeedF‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٧‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

K٤W‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Fiber Optic System Design

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Component Selection ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٩

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EDistortionF‫א‬ ،EBandwidthF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ KESignal to Noise RatioF‫א‬‫א‬
Bit RateF‫א‬EBit Rateper Second F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬ EError
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KW‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
K‫ƒ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Light Source‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٩

W ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KELaserF‫א‬ELEDF‫א‬‫א‬

 KEVFF‫א‬‫א‬EIFF‫א‬‫א‬J
 KEλF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 KEσλF‫א‬J
 KEPoutF‫א‬J
 KEtfF‫א‬EtrF‫א‬J

 ELaserF‫א‬

 W‫א‬
K ƒ
K‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬ ƒ
K ƒ

 ELEDF‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K ƒ
K‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
KEF‫ƒ א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬

 Optical Fiber ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٩


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬J
 K[dB/km]‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K
K1550 nm1300 nm‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 W‫א‬

- ١٧٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

ESplicingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
KETerminationF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫ƒ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
K ƒ
KELAN NetworksF‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬E‫א‬F ƒ
K‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Fiber Optic Cable‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١J ٩

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
 KEkg/kmF‫א‬‫א‬J

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Optical Photodetector‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١J ٩

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
KAPD‫א‬‫א‬p-i-n‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEReceiver SensitivityF‫א‬J
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ p-i-n ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬APD ‫א‬KAPD
 K 

 Optical Link Budget‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٩

‫א‬EPower BudgetF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WDM‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬KKK
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

 :1300 nm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫أ‬

5.4 dB 0.35 dB/km15.5 km 

W‫א‬ -‫ب‬

 0.2 dB 0.1 dB

 W‫א‬ -‫ت‬

1.0 dB‫א‬‫א‬0.5 dB

0.0 dB‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ث‬
- ١٧٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

2.0 dB‫א‬‫ א‬-‫ج‬

 8.6 dB‫א‬ -‫ح‬
- 10 dBm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫خ‬

- 18.6 EJ F‫א‬‫א‬ -‫د‬

dBm
 - 10dBm to – 25 dBm ‫א‬‫ א‬-‫ذ‬
- 25 dBm 10-9‫א‬ -‫ر‬
  6.4 dBEJ F‫א‬‫ א‬-‫ز‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Link Optical Budget Example:

(a) Optical fiber loss at 1300 nm:

15.5 km length at 0.35 dB/km 5.4 dB
(b) Splice loss:
2 splices at 0.1 dB/splice 0.2 dB
(c) Connection loss:
2 connections at 0.5 dB/connection 1.0 dB
(d) Other component loss 0.0 dB

(e) Design margin 2.0 dB

(f) Total link loss 8.6 dB


(g) Transmitter average output power - 10 dBm

(h) Receiver input power:

(g–f) - 18.6 dBm
(i) Receiver dynamic range - 10 to – 25 dBm

(j) Receiver sensitivity at BER 10-9 - 25 dBm

(k) Remaining margin (h–j) 6.4 dB

- ١٧٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Design Procedure ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٩


K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
WE١J ٩‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
 K‫א‬J
 K‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EMHz.kmF‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬ .٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٤

- ١٧٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٩

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Number ‫א‬    
Fiber Fiber Fiber Maximum Maximum
type Attenuation
 ‫א‬ Length
Bandwidth Loss [ dB]
[ µm ] [ dB/km ] Fiber [ km ]
[ MHz × km ] at 850 nm
NA
1 50 / 125 3.0 0.2 50 2.0 0.6
2 50 / 125 2.7 0.2 50 2.0 0.7
3 62.5 / 125 3.5 0.29 50 5.0 1.4
4 62.5 / 125 3.0 0.29 50 5.0 1.6
5 100 / 140 5.0 0.29 50 9.5 1.5
6 100 / 140 4.0 0.29 50 9.5 1.8



 ١J ٩
،1.2 kmE١J ٩‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 ‫א‬E١J ٩F‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E100/140FE62.5/125F‫א‬E١J ٩F‫א‬ .١
KE‫א‬4F‫א‬K‫א‬1.2 km
W‫א‬ .٢

- ١٧٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K1.2 km‫א‬‫א‬J
   .2‫א‬‫א‬J
 K3‫א‬‫א‬J 
KW‫א‬‫א‬J 
W‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 W850 nm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 3.6 dB3 dB/km1.2 km
0.3 dBK0.1 dB3 W‫א‬J 
2.0 dBK1 dB W‫א‬J
0.0 dB  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
2.0 dB ‫א‬‫ א‬J

 7.9 dB ‫א‬‫א‬J

 ‫א‬E5 dBF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٩FK٤
 K‫א‬E- 2.9 dBF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6‫א‬
‫א‬9.1 dB
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

 ٢J ٩
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؛‬EdF80 µm‫א‬J
 ‫؛‬EαF5 dB/km‫א‬J
 ‫؛‬EPinF-16 dBm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫؛‬EPrF-30 dBm‫א‬J
- ١٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫؛‬EF،EAcF1.5 dB‫א‬J
 ‫؛‬E MF5 dB‫א‬‫א‬J

 K‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
M = Pin – α.L – 2Ac – Pr

5 dB = – 16 dBm – α L – 2×1.5 – (–30 dBm)

α L = 6dB ⇒ L = 6dB / 5dB/km = 1.2 km

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

Power, dBm 

-16

-18
-19.5

- 21.5

-23

-25
- 30 M = 5 dB
-30

Length, km
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0

 Passive Components ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٩

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
  ‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬EPassive ComponentsF‫א‬
‫א‬،EFiber-Optic NetworksF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EActive ComponentsF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬

 WDM components‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEWDMF‫א‬‫א‬EWavelength Division MultiplexingF

 Multiplexer‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Demultiplexer ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Router ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Add / Drop Multiplexer ‫א‬
Bit F‫א‬EChannelF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EStream

  Filters ‫א‬

- ١٧٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Attenuators‫א‬
،EOverloadF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Optical Isolators‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Active Components‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٩

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Modulation and Modulators‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬EDirect ModulationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KELEDF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EInjection CurrentF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E1 Gbit/s‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫؛‬ELimited output PowerF‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫؛‬ELimited Modulation SpeedF‫א‬ J
KEOn-Off RatioF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫؛‬ENonlinear EffectsF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
- ١٧٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫؛‬EFrequency ChirpF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EExternal ModulationF‫א‬‫א‬
 KEElectro-Optical ModulatorF‫א‬‫א‬

 Optical Switches‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؛‬‫א‬ERoute RestorationF‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫؛‬EChanging ConfigurationF‫א‬J 
Dynamically Switching Large F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫؛‬Eblocks of Traffic
Wavelength Management in WDM FWDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KEsystems
KEOutputsF‫א‬EInputsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Wavelength Converters  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٣J ٩‫א‬‫א‬F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 KEWDM SystemsF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٩F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EIndex Matching GelF‫א‬‫א‬
 KEFiber ReelsF‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
 W١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 62 µm‫א‬ .
1 dB/km‫א‬ .
- 10 dBm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .
- 40 dBm‫א‬ .
5 km‫א‬‫א‬ .
22 km‫א‬‫א‬ .
1 dB‫א‬ .
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
Power, mW 

- 12

- 16

- 19
- 20
- 22
- 22.5
- 23.5
Length, km
0 3 5 6


 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
155 Mbit/s‫א‬ .
25 µm‫א‬ .
0.7 dB/km‫א‬ .
0 dBm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.
5 dB‫א‬‫ א‬.
6 km‫א‬ .
0.5 dB3‫א‬ .
 W
 ‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 W٤
34 Mbit/s1 km‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬250 meters‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١J ٩‫א‬FK0.8 dB‫א‬‫א‬




 W٥
‫א‬K1kmE٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W٦‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W٧‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٨‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٩‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١١‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٢‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٣‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٤‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KOTDR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

‫ت‬٣W‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Fiber-Optic Measurements and Testing

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،EαF‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬،EMFDF‫א‬،ENAF‫א‬‫א‬،EBWF‫א‬
 K‫א‬KKK‫א‬،EλcF
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W
 ‫א‬
 KOTDR
 
  Power Meter Measurements ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١٠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Optical Power Meter ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
EdB & dBmF‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
E± 0.1 dBF ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Light Source ‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 ‫א‬ ƒ

Test Patch Cords ‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١٠‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ






 ‫א‬E١J ١٠F‫א‬

- ١٨٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

  Adaptor ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

Cleaning Kit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٢J ١٠‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Patch Panel A Patch Panel B
‫א‬ ‫א‬
MM Fiber, L = 10 km
Power
Laser meter
Adapter Loss = 0.5 dB -20 dBm
P

Patch Cord, 0.8 dB Patch Cord, 1 dB

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١٠F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Total Link Loss = Laser Output - Power Meter Reading
= -5 dBm - (-20 dBm ) = 15 dB
Fiber Loss = Total Link Loss – Patch Cord Loss – Adapter Loss
= 15 dB – 0.8 dB – 1 dB – 0.5 dB – 0.5 dB = 12.2 dB
Fiber Loss per km = 12.2 dB / 10 km = 1.22 dB/km.

- ١٨٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 Patch Cord Losses ‫א‬ ٢J ١٠


 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٣J ١٠‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬EConnectorsF‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
EAF‫א‬‫א‬ dBm ‫א‬ K٣
KPref(dBm)‫א‬EReference ReadingF‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬dB‫א‬
KEAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBF‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬L (dB) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
KEBF‫א‬

(A) ‫א‬

Light Source Power Meter

‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎز ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة‬
‫ﻟ‬

EF

(B) ‫א‬ (A) ‫א‬

Light Source Power Meter
‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎز ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺪرة‬
‫ﻟ‬

Adaptor ‫ א‬

EF
 ‫א‬E٣J ١٠F‫א‬

- ١٨٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

EBF‫א‬dB‫א‬ K٦
W‫א‬‫א‬
L (dB) = PRef (dBm) - Pmeter (dBm) (10.1)
KdBm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pmeter (dBm) 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EAF‫א‬

 Fiber Optic Link Loss Measurement ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١٠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬EConnectorsF‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
،E٢J ١٠F‫א‬BA‫א‬‫א‬
KPref(dBm)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
KPmeter‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬ ‫א‬KEdBF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬،‫א‬

L (dB) = Pref (dBm) - Pmeter (dBm)

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

- ١٩٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Optical Return Loss Measurement ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١٠

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

EReflected PowerF
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EPrefF
 W‫א‬‫א‬EORLF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Pref
, [dB] (10.2) ORL = 10 log
Pinc

 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FEIncident PowerF‫א‬‫א‬Pinc

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،EConnectorsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،EWDM devicesF‫א‬
 KERayleigh ScatteringF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EOptical Return Loss Test Set F‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬ EOTDRF‫א‬EORL Test SetF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KE– 50 dBF
 K‫א‬

ORL Test Set ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬EConnectorsF‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬EORL Test SetF K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
KE٤J ١٠‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EORL Test SetF K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Patch Panel A
 Patch Panel B
‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
ORL Fiber
Light 
Test Set Equipment
Turned off 
‫اﻷﺟﻬﺰة‬

Patch Cord Patch Cord

‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ORL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١٠F‫א‬

OTDR Measurements  OTDR ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١٠

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OTDR

‫א‬Optical Time Domain Reflectometer‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥J ١٠‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬










 OTDRE٥J ١٠F‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬FOTDR
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EFiber TraceF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EFiber AttenuationF‫א‬ ƒ
EFiber LossF‫א‬ ƒ
ESplice LossF‫א‬ ƒ
EReflectanceF‫ƒ א‬
EOptical Power of the Reflected LightF‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
EORLF‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
EFiber Fault LocationF‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ETF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDF‫א‬KECounterF

Fault
‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬
Fiber

OTDR
co × T 3 ×108 × T
D [meters] = =
2 n1 2 n1

 n1،E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬co‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 Test Equipments ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ١٠


OTDR K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   
‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬EDynamic RangeF‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬ESoftwareF‫א‬‫א‬J 

Test Patch Cords ‫א‬ .٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬EPigtailF‫א‬‫א‬

( Cleaning Solutions, Swabs, Compressed Air,… )‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
‫א‬EAdaptersF‫א‬EConnectorsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFiber EndsF‫א‬
( Fiber Adapter ) K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( Index Matching Gel )‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K( Cleaver )‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K( Cable and Fiber Stripper )‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( Dead Zone Fiber ) K٨
KOTDR
‫א‬‫א‬ERangeF‫א‬OTDR‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٩٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ١J ١٠
EDynamic RangeF 1550 nm‫א‬‫א‬OTDR
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K25 dB‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Fα = 0.25 dB/km

  W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ERangeF‫א‬
 W‫א‬

25dB D OTDR (dB)
= 100 km for λ = 1550 nm = Range [km] = 
0.25dB / km α dB / km
Optical fiber
OTDR under test 
Patch cord


Fiber 
Dead zone adapter or
fiber connector 
(1 km fiber)

OTDR E٥J ١٠F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OTDR‫א‬
‫א‬100 km ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K100 km
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W





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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

OTDR Test Method OTDR ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ١٠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OTDR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٥J ١٠‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EConnectorF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EConnectorizationF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬5cm‫א‬Buffer‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E2 cm‫א‬Coating
EPatch CordF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OTDR K٢
‫א‬KEAdapterF‫א‬‫א‬EPigtailF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٥J ١٠‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬EDead Zone FiberF‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
KOTDR‫ א‬K٤
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬FOTDR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬KKK‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EOTDR TestF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
KE٦J ١٠‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFiber TraceF‫א‬









 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ١٠F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

KEResolutionF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
‫א‬،ESplicesF‫א‬،EConnectorsF‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
KEOverall FiberF
‫א‬ETotal end-to-end Loss in dBF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
KEFiber Attenuation in dB/kmF‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E101F‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
‫א‬  
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KOTDR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬








 E٧J ١٠F‫א‬






 E٨J ١٠F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 
 W١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

MM Fiber, L = 10 km Power
Laser meter
Adapter Loss = 0.5 dB ?
P

Patch Cord, 0.5 dB Patch Cord, 0.7 dB

A ‫א‬ B ‫א‬


 K1.5 dB/km ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W٢
‫א‬-20 dBm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W٣
‫א‬K EBF‫א‬‫א‬EAF‫א‬W ‫א‬
FEAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E- 8 dBm FEBF‫א‬‫א‬
 KEAF‫א‬KE- 7.5 dBm
 W٤
10 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EORL Test SetF‫א‬
 K1 mW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KµW
 W٥
،1.5‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K20 ns‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OTDR‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٩٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  


 W٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Panel panel

Laser FIBER Power

η=1 Meter
Ps = 1 mW - 20 dBm
0.5 dB

patch patch
cord 1dB cord 1 dB

 W٧
1300 nm‫א‬‫א‬OTDR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1.5 dB/km‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬30 dB‫א‬
 W٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K0.3 dB4

patch patch
panel panel

LASER FIBER, L = 8 km POWER

η = 0.5 METER
Ps = 1 mW - 20 dBm
0.5 dB 0.8 dB
patch patch
cord 0.7 dB cord 1dB
 W٩
 W‫א‬20 dB‫א‬‫א‬OTDR
‫؛‬62.5 µm‫א‬ J
‫؛‬1300 nm‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫؛‬8 km‫א‬ J

- ١٩٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

K‫א‬‫א‬10 ns‫א‬
 rms J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Power Level

-8 dBm
-10 dBm
-10.6 dBm

Length, km
0 2 4 6 8
OTDR display trace


 W
K‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬EBW × LF‫א‬‫א‬EF

 W١٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١١‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٢‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬OTDR‫א‬

- ٢٠٠ -
  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

FIBER OPTIC RECORD

Optical Fiber Attenuation / Loss Test Results

 ‫א‬L
--------------- Tested by --------------- Date
--------------- ( Physical )‫ـــــ‬ Cable length (OTDR) -------------- Cable location
---------------Start cable jacket sequence no. ------------ End cable jacket sequence NO.
----------------- OTDR location -------------- Fiber type
---------------Index of Ref. ------------- Cable manufacturer
--------------------------- Power meter/source type OTDR type
Fiber nm Test wavelength ------------- nm Test wavelength -------------
number OTDR measurements Power OTDR measurements Power
and bundle meter loss meter loss
color / fiber Average End to end dB Average End to end dB
color attenuation loss dB attenuation loss dB
dB/km dB/km

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

- ٢٠١ -
  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Optical Splice Test Results

 ‫א‬
----------------------------------------------------------------- Tested by -------------- Date
------- Cable length(OTDR) ----------- (Physical) -------- ( Factor) ----------Cable location
----------------------------- End cable jacket sequence No -------Start cable jacket sequence No.
--------------------------------------------------- Fiber type --------------Location A
----------------------------------------- Cable manufacturer ---------------------- Location B.
----------------------- OTDR type

Fiber Test wavelength --------------- nm Test wavelength --------------- nm

‫ ـ‬number OTDR measurements OTDR measurements
Splice
location From From Average From From Average
from A in location A location B loss location A location B loss
km loss dB loss dB (A+B)/2 dB loss dB loss dB (A+B)/2 dB

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

- ٢٠٢ -
  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Equipment Optical Power Record

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

--------------------------------------------Tested by --------------- Data

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Location
Power meter model -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Fiber Jumper Output Power

Equipment Type Location
FPP Position dBm

- ٢٠٣ -
  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Optical Fiber Return Loss Record

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Tested by ------------------------------------- ------------------- Data

-------------------------------------------------------------------Location
Return power loss meter model ---------------------------------------

Fiber FPP Return Loss

Fiber Panel Location
Number dB

- ٢٠٤ -
  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

Optical Link Budget Estimate

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

µm-------------- µm / cladding -------------- Optical fiber diameter: core

--------------------------Optical fiber numerical aperture (NA):
Lightwave equipment operating wavelength : ------------------

Description
a Optical fiber loss at operating wavelength ----------------- dB -----
km length at ------------ dB/km --------
b Splice loss: dB -----
dB/splice -------- splices × ---------
C Connection loss: dB -----
dB/connection------- connection × ------
d Other component losses: dB -----
e Design margin: dB -----
f Total link loss (a + b + c + d + e) dB -----
g Transmitter average output power: dB -----
h Receiver input power (g-f) dB -----
i Receiver dynamic range: dB -----
j Receiver sensitivity for (BER or S/N) dB -----
k Remaining margin: (h-j) dB -----

- ٢٠٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
REFERENCES

1. Bob Chomycz,: Fiber Optic Installer’s Field Manual, McGraw-Hill,

2000.
2. Djafar K. Mynbaev, Lowell L. Scheiner,: Fiber Optic Communications
Technology, Prentice Hall, 2001.
3. Franz J.H., Jain V.K.,: Optical Communication Component and
Systems, Alpha Science, 2000.
4. Jeff Hechet,: Understanding Fiber Optics, Prentice Hall, 1999.
5. John M. Senior,: Optical Fiber Communications, Principles and
Practice, Prentice Hall, 1992.
6. Robbert J. Hoss,: Fiber Optic Communications Design Handbook,
Prentice Hall, 1990.

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬،‫א‬،١٩٩٥،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٨٩L١٤٠٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K٢
K١٩٨٩L١٤١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K٣

- ٢٠٦ -
  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٢‫א‬‫ א‬١J ١
٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ١J ١
 ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ١J ١
٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ١J ١
٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ١J ١
 ٨‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١
 ٩‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ١  
 ١١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ١ 
 ١٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ١ 
 ١٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢J ١ 
 ١٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٨‫א‬‫ א‬١J ٢
٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢J ٢
٢٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٣J ٢
٢٧‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٢
 ٢٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٣١‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٣
 ٣٢ ١J ١J ٣
٣٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ١J ٣
٣٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ١J ٣
  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

٣٦‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ١J ٣
٣٧‫א‬‫א‬ ٥J ١J ٣
 ٣٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٣
٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٣
 ٤٠‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٣J ٣
٤٣‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٣J ٣
٤٥‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٣J ٣
٤٩‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٣J ٣
 ٥٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣
 ٥٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٣‫א‬‫ א‬١J ٤
 ٦٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ١J ٤
٦٤8‫א‬ ٢J ١J ٤
٦٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ١J ٤
٦٦‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ١J ٤
 ٦٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤
 ٦٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٤ 
 ٦٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٤ 
 ٧٠‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٤ 
 ٧٠‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤
 ٧١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤
 ٧٥



  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٧‫ א‬١J ٥
 ٧٨‫א‬١J ١J ٥
 ٨٢‫א‬٢J ١J ٥
٨٤‫ א‬٢J ٥
 ٨٦‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٢J ٥
٨٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٢J ٥
 ٨٩‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥
 ٩١
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٦
 ٩٥‫א‬ ١J ١J ٦
٩٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ١J ٦
 ١٠٣‫א‬٢J ٦
 ١٠٤‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٦
 ١٠٤‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٦ 
 ١٠٥‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٦ 
 ١١٠‫א‬٤J ٦
 ١١٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ١١٧‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٧
 ١١٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ١J ٧
 ١١٨‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ١J ١J ٧
  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

١١٩‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢J ١J ١J ٧
 ١٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢J ١J ٧
١٢١‫א‬ ٣J ١J ٧
 ١٢٢‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٧
 ١٢٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٧ 
 ١٢٣‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٧ 
 ١٢٥‫א‬٣J ٢J ٧ 
 ١٢٨‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢J ٧ 
 ١٣٠‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢J ٧ 

 ١٣١‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٧
 ١٣٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣٧‫א‬‫א‬١J ٨
 ١٣٧‫א‬١J ١J ٨ 
 ١٤١‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٨ 
 ١٤٥‫א‬٣J ١J ٨ 
 ١٤٦‫א‬٤J ١J ٨ 
 ١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٨
 ١٥٠‫א‬١J ٢J ٨ 
 ١٥٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٨ 
 ١٥٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٨ 
 ١٦٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦٩‫א‬‫ א‬١J ٩
  ٢٣٩  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  

 ١٧٠‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ١J ٩
١٧١‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ١J ٩
١٧٢‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ١J ٩
١٧٣‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ١J ٩
 ١٧٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٩
 ١٧٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٩
 ١٧٩‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٩
 ١٨٠‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٩
 ١٨٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٨٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ١٠
١٨٩‫א‬ ٢J ١٠
١٩١‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ١٠
١٩٢‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ١٠
١٩٣ OTDR‫א‬‫א‬ ٥J ١٠
 ١٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١J ٥J ١٠
١٩٦OTDR‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٥J ١٠
١٩٩
 ٢٠٣١
٢٠٢‫א‬‫א‬
 






 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS