Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2.0 STATOR TESTS 2.1 INSULATION RESISTANCE & POLARIZATION INDEX 2.2 TAN DELTA/POWER FACTOR&CAPACITANCE TEST 2.3 PARTIAL DISCHARGE TEST 2.4 DC STEP VOLTAGE TEST 2.5 WEDGE TIGHTNESS CHECK 2.6 DC WINDING RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT 2.7 CORONA PROBE TEST 2.8 DIGITAL EL CID 3.0 ROTOR TESTS IR & PI DIGITAL RSO IMPEDANCE TEST DC WINDING RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT 4.0 EXCITER TESTS 4.1 IR & PI 4.2 DC WINDING RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT 4.3 IMPEDANDE TEST
2.6 DC WINDING RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT Introduction: The dc winding resistance tests are sensitive indicators of the presence of cracks, fissures & high resistance joints. These tests are necessarily performed off-line, with the machine Phase & neutral winding isolate from the busbars/cables. IEEE std for this test: IEEE Std. 118 2.7 CORONA PROBE TEST Introduction: The corona probe (originally known as the TVA probe) is used to locate partial discharge in each slot with the winding energized phase by phase. Alternatively it can be used as a stand-alone PD test for locating activity in the winding where no other PD information is available. When a partial discharge occurs, RF energy is radiated from the PD site. The larger the discharge, the greater is the radiated energy. The tip of the TVA probe consists of a loop stick antenna which is tuned to about 5MHz.The output of the antenna is fed by a coaxial cable to a tuned RF amplifier and a peak-reading millimeter that is sensitive to the peak pd pulses. The closer the antenna gets to the RF source, the higher the output of the meter. Interpretation: Areas showing the highest milliammeter readings are likely to be the locations or greatest insulation deterioration. Slot discharges may not occur on a shutdown machine. The test is therefore, most sensitive to delamination problems that primarily occur on the windings. IEEE std for this test: IEEE Std. 56 2.8 EL CID TEST Introduction: Electromagnetic Core Imperfection Detection test is used to detect faults in the core. The core is made up of a number of thin laminations 2mm thick or less, which are insulated from one another. If the insulation between a number of laminations breaks down for some reason or another (Egg physical damage when removing the rotor, relative movement, foreign objects, poor construction, etc), then current will flow axially, and a path for Circulating currents can result, particularly if the laminations are not insulated from the key bars.
The ELCID test requires only 4 % of the rated flux levels to be applied to the stator core. A reference coil placed around the excitation cable is used to detect the phase and magnitude of the excitation flux. This induces a flux in the stator core, which in a healthy core flows mainly in the radial and tangential directions. Failure of the inter-laminar insulation results in circulating currents, which flow axially (at right angles or in quadrate to the main flux) at the point of the fault. A Chattock coil mounted on a trolley is used to scan between two slot teeth along the length of each slot. The output from the Chat tock coil is sent to the Signal Processing Unit (SPU), along with the output from the reference coil. The SPU calculates that portion of the signal from the Chat tock which is in quadrature to the signal from the reference coil (flowing at right angles to it), and identifies this as fault current. This is then plotted against distance from the end of the core, to gain the standard ELCID traces, with a generally accepted maximum acceptable level of 100mA. The 100mA level corresponds to approximately the level of fault current, which would result in a 5 C rise in surface temperature when carrying out a power flux test. Vr =0.04 Vp-p/(2*1.732*k*tp)
Where factor.
Vp-p is the rated phase-to-phase voltage. Tp is the number of turns in series per phase. K represents the combined spread and short pitch A value of 0.92 is used for all generators.
Interpretation: Once all the test equipment has been set up, the chattock coil sensing head is moved along the teeth in the areas of the core to be checked, and the current readings in milliamperes are 6
recorded or observed. Areas of core where values in excess of 100mA are obtained should be marked with a nonconductive substance and examined for signs of defects.
3.1 IR & PI TEST (for Rotor) Introduction: The insulation resistance & polarization index tests are useful indicators of contamination and moisture on the exposed insulation surfaces of a winding, especially when there are cracks or fissures in the insulation. The insulation resistance is the ratio of the dc voltage applied between the winding copper and ground to the resultant current. Polarization index = Ratio of IR at 10min/IR at 1min
Interpretation: When an actual fault or insulation puncture has occur, the insulation resistance will be close to zero, and this is easily recognized as unacceptable. The polarization index is a direct measure of how dry and clean the insulation. The PI is high for a clean dry winding but approaches unity for a wet and dirty winding. For class F insulation PI > 2 indicates PI in acceptable range. 3.2 RECURRENT SURGE OSCILLOGRAPH (RSO) Introduction: RSO detects rotor winding faults like shorted turn, ground fault and high resistance connections. When viewed from slip rings, a healthy rotor winding is electrically symmetrical. If an identical electric pulse is injected at both slip rings, the travel time of the pulse through the winding would be identical, as would be the reflection of the pulse back to the slip rings. If a turn short or ground fault exists the impedance at the fault is smaller causing some of the phase energy to be reflected back to the slip ring and changing the
7
input pulse waveform in a way that is dependent on the distance to the fault. Thus, a fault will produce different waveforms at each slip ring. This principle is utilized in detecting faults in rotor winding. Interpretation: RSO will detect ground faults having a fault resistance of less than 500ohm. RSO will detect interturn faults if the fault has a resistance of less than about 10ohm. Faults which are significant during operation but less severe off-load may not be detected since they are likely to have a resistance of more than 10 ohm. 3.3 IMPEDANCE TEST Introduction: Periodic measurement of rotor impedance using an ac power supply is another means of detecting the presence of the shorted turns in a field winding. Z = V/I Where Z = impedance of the rotor winding V = voltage applied to the winding I = current measured in the clamp meter
Interpretation: Once the values of voltage and current are obtained the impedance of rotor winding is calculated by the above mentioned relation. An abrupt change in the impedance of 5% or more or a gradual change of more than 10% will indicate the likely presence of shorted turns in the winding. 3.4 DC WINDING RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT Introduction: The dc tests in general are sensitive indicators of the presence of cracks, fissures.These tests are necessarily performed off-line with the rotor field brushes are isolated from field supply.