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" ",
70- ,
...
80/20. 80/20
.
(18481923) XIX .
, , . -:
, 80/20, , . 80/20,
, , .
, ,
( ) . .
"80/20" "N / n" (n<50<N, n+N =100 %)
:
n % N % ;
N % n % ;
n % N % , ;
20 % 80 % ;
80 % 20 % ..
, ,
20 % 80 % .
.
(, xo )
F ( x) = p{x < x} ( , X x ,
x) (x) F (x ) , [1, . 615]:
x
F ( x) = 1 o ,
x
d
xo
( x) =
F (x ) =
dx
xo x
+1
> 0,
x xo > 0 ,
x xo x x
F ( x) = 1 x ,
( x) = x 1 ,
> 0,
x 1,
(1)
; xo x.
" " () /heavy
tails, fat tails/, "", , . - " " ( ), , .
.
80/20 :
1 = ln(0,8) / ln(0,2) 0,14 c
F (5 xo ) = 5 1 = 0,2 ;
xo 1, 25
(x ) dx = 0,2 ,
( x ) dx = 0,8 .
xo 5
""
q .
, .
1
M 1 , 2 X . 1. , M 2 , .. (. 1, . 1).
, "" ,
.
1
( xo = 1, = 5 )
xo
xo 2
xo
1
>0
1
>0
1,15
>1
1,25
2
3
2
xo 2( + 1) 2 6 + 6 2
( 3)( 4 )
1 2 3
>2
0,10
>3
4,65
log
1
+ 1 log e
xo
>4
70,8
, ""
xo . :
, z o xo , :
( z , , x o )
zo
( z , , z o ) =
=
1 F ( z o , , x o ) z o z
1+
. , 2
H = ( x ) log c ( x )dx
H N ( m,) = log c ( 2e ) .
, 2 = 1 ( = 10) H 0,616
"" , - [3].
,
2
, H (. 2) xo = ( 1)
log e 0,434 .
, ( H- ) ,
. (1),
, , , .
, H- H
c=2
, e
, . , 10
.
. 2. - ,
- .
c , , .
, ,
..
80/20 ,
[4].
, , . , 50 %
. ,
.
, ,
.
, , , , . ,
.
[5]. :
* , , . . , , , , , .
* ;
(, , ).
* ( ) , .
, ( ),
, [6].
.
1.
"" () = 1 + 5 2 ,
-
:
n = n1+ n2 ,
n = ,
n =0
n2 =
n =0
2 n +1 =
n =1
n = 1.
n=2
, ""
2
1 1 0,214
0,191, [7, . 126129]
2
: 21 / 79 19 / 81.
"" "", ,
.
, ,
80/ 20,
.
, 5 = 100/20 ""
(+ 1 )2 = 5.
, 80/ 20 .
20 2 = 80 2.
4 = 2 2 :
2
( + 1 )
k =1
2k
= 1.
, , , - .
2. xi = xo d i , i = 0, 1, 2, ... ,
d > 1 .
F ( x ) n = 1,
S n = p{x n1 < x < x n } , X
x , x n , x n1 ,
Sn =
(x ) dx ,
n1
S n = 1,
F ( xn ) =
S j = F ( xn1 ) + S n .
j=1
S n S n = (d 1)d n
d 1 , 1 d m m
S n + S n +1 = d 1n d 1n .
d = xi = xo i , "" , S n ,
(. 3):
S n + F ( x n+1 ) = 1 ,
S n = n 1 ,
1 F ( xn )
=,
Sn
S n + S n+1 = n ,
S n 1 + 2 S n + S n +1 = n + 2 .
S n = n1 , n = 1,
xo = 1
=4
= 1 n ,
i =1
S n S n+1 = ,
S n + S n+ 1 = n ,
S1
S2
Si =
S n i = n+ 1
S3
S4
S5
. 3. ""
(. 4):
1
xo
xo
( x ) dx = 2 ,
= xo = 1
= xo = 1
x 2
a
b
x
2 2 x 3
2 x 3
b a
a
2
=1
xo =
= xo = 1
x 2
( x ) dx = 1 .
b
x
. 4. "" :
a = 2 0,382;
b = 1 0,618
.
- -,
.
, , ,
, . 1950-
.
.
xn (, xo )
x
x n = arg F ( x n ) = 1 o = n ,
xn
n ,
(0, 1).
, n 1 n ,
x n = xo n1 = xo (rnd 1) 1 ,
rnd 1
(0, 1).
.
[2, . 5, 2]:
N
x
ln n
= N
x0
n=1
x0 ,
xo , ,
N = 2530 , x0 . , x0 = min{x n } .
xn , , y n = lg x n , . S n , , S n
y1 + y 2 + ... + y n .
- .
,
,
.
.
[8] ,
"" . ,
e , e, , .
xo = 1 = 1 ,
(n) (p)
2
1 x 1
e 2 ,
1
p ( x) = x 1 ,
2
+1
x 1
p ( x) =
p ( x) .
n ( x, ) = 2 n ( x, ) ,
x
, n ( x, ) p (x) , ,
n ( x, ) =
x, n (x, ) = p ( x ) n (x, ) = p ( x ) .
:
p (x )
x 2 x 2 ( + 1)
= 0.
n ( x, )
[8] p ( x ) = n ( x, ) ( ! .. ), 2 ( + 1) = 1 , = 1
2 0,707 ,
1+ 5
.
2
, , (. 5, ).
, x = n , 2 2 = p ( ) ,
, x = =
: n , 2 2 p ( ) .
n (, ) = p ( ) ,
0,730 2 2 ,
x = , (. 5, ).
, ,
n ( x, ) p ( x ) 2 + n ( x, ) p ( x )
] [
]2 0
x,
: x 1,651 0,733 2 2 p ( x) = x 2 .
=1
2 0,707
{n (x, ) p (x)}100
n (x, ) p (x)
0,730
0,733
0,367
x 1,651
. 5. ( ): xo = 1, = 1
,
, "" . . n (, ) = p ( ) 1 = 1
, e ,
2
1
e 2( ) 2 = 0 ,
2
( ).
. .. .
-, ,
.
-, .
-, , "" ( ), :
""
.
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:
1. ., . ( ).
6- . . .: , 2003. 832 .
2. . , , / .. ,
.. , .. . .: , 2000. 432 . http://www.keldysh.ru.
3. .. "" //
. .: . 77-6567, . 15220 09.04.2009.
http://www.trinitas.ru/rus/doc/0232/012a/02322034.htm.
4. ..
// . .-. . , ,
IV 2006. .: .
, 2006. . 165167.
5. . 20/80: . .: , 2002. 352 .
6. .. 80/20. 2004. http://improvement.ru/zametki/pareto.
7. .. "" - . .: , 2005. 176 .
8. .. ( 2) // .
.:
77-6567,
.13953
30.10.2006.
http://www.trinitas.ru/rus/doc/0232/009a/02321038.htm.