The potential difference, V, between two points is defined as the work done or energy produced when one coulomb

of charge is moved between the two points.

The current, I, flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference, V, across the conductor, if temperature and other physical conditions are kept constant.

The ratio of the potential difference, V, across the conductor to the current, I flowing through it.

V R I

A resistance of 10 W is placed across a 9 V battery. What current flows through the battery?
What is the overall resistance of a CD portable player if it is operated by a 3 V battery and 0.75 A flow through its circuitry?

Type of material Length, l

R directly proportional to l

Cross-sectional area (A)

R inversely proportional to A

Temperature
Conductor with higher temperature has higher

resistance

The resistors are arranged so that the current flows in one path only.

The resistors are arranged so that the current can flow through more than one path.

The electromotive force of a dry cell is the energy per unit charge converted from the other forms of energy into electrical energy to move the charge across the whole circuit.

The internal resistance of a cell is the opposition to the flow of current due to the flow of the current due to the chemicals in the cell. The internal resistance of the cell causes energy to be lost as heat from the cell.

A dry cell has an electromotive force, e.m.f. of 3.0 V and internal resistance, r of 0.5 is connected in series with a resistor, R . If a current of 0.4 A flows through the circuit, calculate (a) the potential difference across the resistor R (b) resistance R

A dry cell with an internal resistance of 2.0 is connected to a bulb. The potential difference across the bulb is 2.4V when the current flow is 0.3A. Determine the e.m.f of the dry cell.

A cell of e.m.f 12V and internal resistance r is connected to a bulb with resistance 2 . The current in the circuit is 5A. What is the internal resistance of the cell?

The unit of electrical energy is joule (J).

The unit of electrical power is the watt (W). 1 kWh(1 unit of electrical energy) is the electrical energy used by an electrical appliance of power 1kW for 1 hour.