Name: _________________________ (

Class: _____________________

Date: _____________

Acids

Name of acid

Formula

Hydrochloric acid

HCl

Ions produced in aqueous solutions

Cation
Anion
H+
Cl-

All acids contain _________________ in their formula.

Hydrogen ________, H+ are produced when acids ________ in water to form an aqueous
solution.
- Thus blue litmus paper used to test for dry acids must be damp otherwise the blue litmus
paper remains unchanged even if an acid is present.

Chemical properties of Acids

********Remember these general word equations************
metal
+ acid
carbonate + acid
base
+ acid

salt + hydrogen gas

salt + carbon dioxide gas + water
salt + water

*Note: 1. Carbonate refers to metal carbonates.

e.g.
Name of metal carbonate
Magnesium carbonate
Sodium carbonate
Potassium carbonate
Calcium carbonate

Formula
MgCO3
Na2CO3

2. Bases include metal oxides and metal hydroxides.

1

e.g.
Name of metal
oxide
Potassium oxide
Sodium oxide
Magnesium oxide
Calcium oxide
Aluminium oxide

Formula
K2O
CaO

Name of metal
hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide

Formula

Calcium hydroxide
Ammonium hydroxide

Ca(OH)2
NH4OH

KOH

(Ammonia aqueous)
3. Salts are ionic compounds that consist of 2 components, the cation and the anion.
Salt

Cation:

Anion:

e.g.
Name of salt
Sodium chloride
Magnesium chloride
Calcium chloride
Sodium sulphate
Copper(II) sulphate
Potassium nitrate

Formula

Cation

Anion

Cu2+

Reaction of some metals with

dilute hydrochloric acid
dilute sulphuric acid
A

Metal

Acid

Salt

Hydrogen
2

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
Calcium
Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
Calcium

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Sulphuric acid
Sulphuric acid
Sulphuric acid
Sulphuric acid

Sodium chloride
.
.
.
Sodium sulphate
.
.
.

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

hydrogen
...
...
...
hydrogen
...
...
...

A closer look at the reaction:

metal +
Mg

acid

salt

2HCl

hydrogen gas

MgCl2

H2

.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................

Metal
carbonate

Acid

Salt

Carbon
dioxide

water

Sodium

+ Hydrochloric acid

Sodium

+ water

carbonate
Potassium

+ Hydrochloric acid

chloride

+ ...

carbonate
Magnesium

+ Hydrochloric acid

+ ...

carbonate

.
3

Calcium

+ Hydrochloric acid

+ ...

carbonate
Sodium

+ Nitric acid

.
Sodium nitrate

+ water

carbonate
Potassium

+ Nitric acid

+ ...

carbonate
Magnesium

+ Nitric acid

+ ...

carbonate
Calcium

+ Nitric acid

+ ...

carbonate

Sodium

+ Sulphuric acid

Sodium

+ water

10

carbonate
Potassium

+ Sulphuric acid

sulphate

+ ...

11

carbonate
Magnesium

+ Sulphuric acid

+ ...

carbonate
12

Calcium

.
+ Sulphuric acid

carbonate

A closer look at the reaction:

carbonate

acid

CaCO3

H2SO4

salt

carbon dioxide gas +

CaSO4

CO2

water
H2O

.................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.........
.................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.............
4

Base

Acid

Salt

Water

Sodium hydroxide

Hydrochloric

Sodium chloride

+ water

Potassium oxide

acid
Hydrochloric

Magnesium oxide

acid
Hydrochloric

.
Sodium nitrate

+ water
+

Calcium hydroxide

acid
Hydrochloric

5
6

Sodium oxide
Potassium

+
+

acid
Nitric acid
Nitric acid

hydroxide

Magnesium oxide

Nitric acid

Calcium oxide

Nitric acid

9
1

Sodium hydroxide
Potassium oxide

+
+

Sulphuric acid
Sulphuric acid

.
Sodium sulphate

+ water
+

0
1

Magnesium oxide

Sulphuric acid

1
1

Calcium hydroxide

Sulphuric acid

A closer look at the reaction:

base +

acid

salt

(a) Na2O

2HNO3

2NaNO3

water
+

H2O

.....................................................................................................................................................
.
5

.....................................................................................................................................................
.

(b) KOH

2HNO3

KNO3

H2O

.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................

Bases & Alkalis

Bases

Insoluble bases
- doesnt ______________ in
water

Name of insoluble
base

Formula

Soluble bases/alkalis
- ___________ in water to
form a ______________

Name of soluble
base/ alkali

Formula

Sodium hydroxide

NaOH

Ions produced in
aqueous solutions
Cation
Anion
Na+
OH-

**********Remember this general word equation***********

acid + base salt + water
This is called a _______________________ reaction because the products of the reaction,
salt and water, both have neutral pH.
HCl

NaOH

NaCl +

H2O
6

In neutralisation reactions the hydrogen ions, H + react with the hydroxide ions, OH- to produce
water:
H+
+
OH
H2O
Solubilities of common salts
carbonates
chlorides
nitrates
sulphates

Soluble salts
sodium, potassium,
ammonium
all except
all nitrates
all except

Insoluble salts
all others
lead, silver
none
lead, barium,
calcium
Chlorides

Sulphates

Carbonates
Nitrates

SOLUBLE
SALTS

pH Scale

pH less than 7 is __________

pH of 7 is _____________
pH more than 7 is ____________

INSOLUBLE
SALTS

Note:
Acid/ base/ alkali refers to a noun, acidic/
basic/alkaline refers to an adjective.
Theres no such term as alkalic/alkalinic

Exercise
1. (a) The table below list the chemicals required to make four salts. Complete the
table.
Reactio
n no.
1

Reactants
zinc

sodium hydroxide +

Salt formed

sulphuric acid
sodium nitrate
copper (II) chloride

2. You are given two solutions : Solution A hydrogen chloride gas dissolved in water,
and Solution B hydrogen chloride gas dissolved in methylbenzene (an organic
solvent). Give an explanation for the following observation:
Solution A turns dry blue litmus paper red but not solution B.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. The chart shows the pH values of five solutions A, B, C, D and E.
Solution
pH value

A
2

B
7

C
8

D
13

E
6

(a) State which solution is

(i)

neutral

_____________________________________________

(ii)

strongly alkaline

_____________________________________________

(iii)

weakly acidic

_____________________________________________

(b) Which two solutions react together to form a salt?

_____________________________________________________________________