Map Reading 1) Grid references - Read eastings then northings (E comes before N (: ) - Eastings: number increases way - Northings:

: number increases ^^ way - Read by the bottom left hand corner - 6 grid references: - Divide the line into 10 parts - Count till the number touches the middle of the object

- The 6 grid reference of PO is 218104 - The 4 grid reference of the PO is 2110 2) Measuring distances - If its a straight line, use your ruler measure, then convert it to its real length using the linear scale or ratio - For curved lines, use a string, mark the points, and measure it against your ruler or linear scale. 3) Find bearings - draw a line between 2 points - use a protractor (facing north) and measure from clockwise 4) Gradient of slope - ratio: Different in height between 2 points (actual distance) over horizontal distance between 2 points (ruler) 5) Relief features - Contour patterns - Hill less than 600m above sea level - mountain more than 600m above sea level - ridge elongated with contours and steep sides - plateau elongated with no contour lines on top with steep slopes - valley a river flowing between 2 setes of contour lines - floodplain gentle contour lines with river in middle - cliff along coast; very gentle contour lines then suddenly very steep contour lines - gorge very narrow and steep and has a river flowing through it - steep slope = dip slope - gentle slope = scarp slope - steep & gentle slope = escarpment - uniform slope = even in gradient - stepped slope = uneven in gradient - concave slope = contours are spaced nearer as height increases - convex slope = contours are spaced further out as height increases 6) Settlement patterns

- Linear (along a road or river for easier transportation) - Dispersed (far apart for farming purposes) - Nucleated (clustered share resources or shortage of land)