Alfred H L Toruan M. Fatikh Nanda Nugroho S.

Kalvaria Meningen Brain Spinal cord

BRAIN

The cranium (skull) is divided into two parts Neurocranium Viscerocranium . The neurocranium (cranial vault) is the bony covering of the brain and its membranous coverings, the cranial meninges. The neurocranium is formed by a series of eight bones: four singular bones centered on the midline (frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and occipital). two sets of bones occurring as bilateral pairs (temporal and parietal).

 The viscerocranium (facial skeleton)

consists of the bones surrounding the mouth (upper and lower jaws), nose/nasal cavity, and most of the orbits (eye sockets or orbital cavities). nasal conchae; and zygomatic, palatine, nasal, and lacrimal bones) .

The maxillae
contribute the greatest part of the upper facial skeleton, forming the skeleton of the upper jaw, which is fixed to the cranial base.

The mandible
forms the skeleton of the lower jaw, which is movable because it articulates with the cranial base at the temporomandibular joints (TMJs). Several bones of the cranium (frontal, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones) are pneumatized bones, which contain air spaces , presumably to decrease their weight. The total volume of the air spaces in these bones increases with age.

CRANIUM
Dome like roof
Primarily flat bones (frontal, temporal, and parietal) formed by intramembranous ossification .

CRANIAL BASE
Primarily irregular bones with substantial flat portions (sphenoidal, temporal) formed by endochondral ossification of cartilage

CRANIAL BASE

Meningens
Duramater

Arakhnoidmater
Piamater

BRAIN
a. Serebrum, b. Serebellum c. Batang otak.

Dienchephalon Hiphothalamus Epithalamus Thalamus Mesenchephalon Metenchepalon Myelechepalon

Ventrikel
Ventrikel Lateral Vebtrikel III Aquaductus Silvius Ventrikel IV

Cerebrospinal fluid

Ganglia Basalis
Putamen

Nukleus amigdaloid
Nukleus Kaudatus Capsula inter

Ganglia Basalis
Putamen Nukleus amigdaloid Nukleus Kaudatus Capsula interna

Vaskularisasi
Arteri A. Cerebri Anterior A. Cerebri Media A. Cerebri posterior

VENA

Central Nervous System

Spinalcord

Cerebellum

Spinal Cord

TENK KYU