1

/



/

2

1
0

ex

x2

x2

dx

Taylor

4
6
8
x
x
x
dx (1 x 2

) dx
0
2 ! 3! 4!
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
3 2! 5 3! 7 4! 9

1
0

e x dx S4
2

S4

1 1 1
1
R4

4! 9 5! 11

R4

1
0

x2

1 1 1
dx S4 1
3 10 42
4

1 0.3333 0.1000 0.0238

0.7429


e* x * x

x
x*

|e*| = |x* - x| *
* /
x

= x* *


I can tell that
distance between
two planets is
1 million light year
1 light year.

I can tell that this

parts diameter is
20cm0.1cm.

Of course mine is more

accurate ! The
accuracy relates to not
only the absolute
error, but also to the
size of the exact value
7

x* - x
er* =
x

r* |er*| r*
r*

x* - x
er* =
x*


8


x*
x* n x*

n

x* x x*

x* = a1.a2an10m

(a10)

|x - x*| 0.5 10m-n+1

x* n
9


= 3.14159265
x1 = 3.1415x2 = 3.1416

x1, x2
45

5
187.93250.0378558.000033
187.930.0378568.0000

0
10


x* = a1.a2an10m (a10)
|x - x*| 0.5 10k
x* m+1-k ?

11


x*
x* = a1.a2al 10m (a10)
x* n
1
r*
10-(n-1)
2a1
x*
1
r*
10-(n-1)
2(a1+1)

x* n

12

(x*) x*

(x1* x2*) (x1*) + (x2*)

(x1*x2*) | x2* |(x1*) + | x1* |(x2*)

(x1*/x2*)

| x2* |(x1*) + | x1* |(x2*)

| x2* |2

13


f (x) x* x

| f "( ) |
f ( x*) f ( x ) f '( x )( x * x )
( x * x )2
2
| f "( ) | 2
( f ( x*)) f '( x ) ( x*)
( x*)
2
f '( x) ( x*)
f '( x*) ( x*)

r( f(x*) ) f ( x ) f ( x*)
f ( x)

Cp

x)
f '( x )( x * x ) xf '( x ) ( x( *x*)
r

f ( x)
x
f ( x)

r ( f ( x*)) C p r ( x*)

14


f (x) x*=(x1*, x2*, , xn*)

x = (x1, x2, , xn)

n

( f(x*) )

k 1

f ( x*)
( xk *)
xk

15

sn 0
1

Sn 5 Sn1 0

xn
dx n=1, 2, ..., 8
x5

1
x n 5 x n1
1
n1
dx x dx
0
x5
n

1
Sn 5 Sn1
n
S0 ln 6 ln 5 0.182

3
16

?
S?
125.

S1 0.090, S2 0.050, S3 0.0833, S4 0.166,

S5 1.03,

S6 4.98, S7 25.0,

1 x
x
1
Sn
dx
dx
0 x5
0 5
5( n 1)
n
1 x
1
Sn
dx
0 6
6( n 1)
1

What
happened
?!

17


n
1
1

en S Sn 5 Sn1 5 Sn1 5( Sn*1 Sn1 ) 5en1
n
n

*
n

| en | 5 | en1 | 5 | en 2 |
2

5 | e0 |
n

18

1
1
Sn
6( n 1)
6( n 1)

Sn

1
5 Sn1
n

Sn1

1 1
Sn
5n 5

SN Sn ( n < N )

1 1
1
S8

0.0204

2 5(8 1) 6(8 1)
S1 0.0884, S2 0.0580, S3 0.0431, S4 0.0343,
S5 0.0285, S6 0.0244, S7 0.0209, S8 0.0204.

ex11.m
19

9 5

20

a1 = 0.12345a2 = 0.123465
a2 a1 = 0.000011

x x
x x

ln x ln x ln 1
x

x
2
1
1 2

x
e 1 x 1 x x ...
2
6

| x | << 1 1 cos x 2sin 2

11 12 78910

21

(109+10-9-109)/10-9

ex12.m

S=1 + 2 + 3 + + 40 + 108

22



p(x) = xn + xn-1+ + x + 1
n = 20 p(8)
n(n-1)/2 n
p(x)

p(x) = x (x ( (x (x + 1)+1) + + 1) + 1
n

1 n

Horner

23


P 191235

125 Taylor

24