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Conductors Supports Copper Aluminum Insulators Steel-cored aluminum Galvanized steel arms Cadmium Cross copper Miscellaneous items
Tendency to rot below the ground level Comparatively smaller life (20-25 years) Cannot be used for voltages higher than 20 kv Less mechanical strength and Require periodical inspection
Long distance transmission at higher voltage Greater mechanical strength Longer life Can withstand most severe climatic conditions Permit the use of longer spans
Insulators
6
Properties
High mechanical Strength High electrical Resistance High relative permittivity non-porous, free from impurities and cracks
Advantages
Cheaper
Used for TD greater than 33 kV
Voltage does not distribute itself uniformly disc nearest to the conductor has maximum voltage D.C. voltage distributes uniformly
String Efficiency
12
The ratio of voltage across the whole string to the product of number of discs and the voltage across the disc nearest to the conductor is known as string efficiency.
The greater the string efficiency, the more uniform is the voltage distribution
Self capacitance of each disc is C Nearest to the conductor has maximum Shunt capacitance C1
voltage
V String efficiency = 3 V3
Important Points
15
Assignment (Submit before the class) Voltage across string=Voltage between linenext and earth = Phase Voltage
voltage i.e.,
Example 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 8.10, 8.11, 8.12
Corona
16
The phenomenon of violet glow, hissing noise and production of ozone gas in an overhead transmission line is known as corona. THEORY OF CORONA FORMATION
Important Terms
18
Important Terms
19
Important Terms
20
Advantages Disadvantages
Virtual diameter of the Lost conductor of Energy is increased Reduces the effects of transients produced by surges Ozone is produced by corona Non-sinusoidal voltage drop and hence inductive interference with neighboring communication lines
The difference in level between points of supports and the lowest point on the conductor is called sag
Calculation of Sag
24 When supports are at equal levels
w(l / 2) wl Sag , S = = 2T 8T
Calculation of Sag
25 When supports are at unequal levels
ww tan = w + wi
wt l Sag , S = 2T