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Mechanical Design of Overhead Lines

INTRODUCTION Advantages of Overhead lines with comparison of Underground Cables

Main Components of Overhead Lines


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Conductors Supports Copper Aluminum Insulators Steel-cored aluminum Galvanized steel arms Cadmium Cross copper Miscellaneous items

Overhead Lines: Wooden poles


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Tendency to rot below the ground level Comparatively smaller life (20-25 years) Cannot be used for voltages higher than 20 kv Less mechanical strength and Require periodical inspection

Overhead Lines: RCC poles


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High cost of transport owing to their heavy Weight

Overhead Lines: Steel Towers


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Long distance transmission at higher voltage Greater mechanical strength Longer life Can withstand most severe climatic conditions Permit the use of longer spans

Insulators
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Properties
High mechanical Strength High electrical Resistance High relative permittivity non-porous, free from impurities and cracks

Insulators: Pin type insulators


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Used for TD upto 33 kV

Insulators: Suspension type insulators


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Advantages
Cheaper
Used for TD greater than 33 kV

Can be repaired Flexibility

Protect from lightning

Insulators: Strain insulators


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Used in dead end of the line

Insulators: Shackle insulators


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Used only in Distribution line

Potential Distribution over Suspension Insulator String


11 Shunt Capacitance

Mutual Capacitance/ Self The Capacitance

Voltage does not distribute itself uniformly disc nearest to the conductor has maximum voltage D.C. voltage distributes uniformly

String Efficiency
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The ratio of voltage across the whole string to the product of number of discs and the voltage across the disc nearest to the conductor is known as string efficiency.

The greater the string efficiency, the more uniform is the voltage distribution

String Efficiency: Mathematical expression


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Self capacitance of each disc is C Nearest to the conductor has maximum Shunt capacitance C1
voltage

Where The C1 greater = KC the value of K (= C1/C), the


more non-uniform is the potential. Inequality in voltage distribution increases with the increase of number of discs. Shorter string has more efficiency than the larger one.

V String efficiency = 3 V3

Methods of Improving String Efficiency


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By using longer cross-arms By grading the insulators By using a guard ring

Important Points
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The maximum voltage appears across the disc

nearest to the conductor (i.e., line conductor).


The voltage across the string is equal to phase

Assignment (Submit before the class) Voltage across string=Voltage between linenext and earth = Phase Voltage
voltage i.e.,
Example 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 8.10, 8.11, 8.12

Line Voltage= 3 Voltage across string

Corona
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The phenomenon of violet glow, hissing noise and production of ozone gas in an overhead transmission line is known as corona. THEORY OF CORONA FORMATION

Factors Affecting Corona


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Atmosphere Conductor size Spacing between conductors Line voltage

Important Terms
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Critical disruptive voltage

Important Terms
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Visual critical voltage

Important Terms
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Power loss due to corona

Advantages and Disadvantages of Corona


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Advantages Disadvantages
Virtual diameter of the Lost conductor of Energy is increased Reduces the effects of transients produced by surges Ozone is produced by corona Non-sinusoidal voltage drop and hence inductive interference with neighboring communication lines

Methods of Reducing Corona Effect


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By increasing conductor size By increasing conductor spacing

Sag in Overhead Lines


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The difference in level between points of supports and the lowest point on the conductor is called sag

Conductor sag and Tension

Calculation of Sag
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w(l / 2) wl Sag , S = = 2T 8T

Calculation of Sag
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Effect of wind and ice loading


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Assignment (Submit before the next class)


Example 8.17, 8.17, 8.19, 8.20, 8.21 , 8.22, 8.23, 8.24, 8.25, 8.26, 8.26

ww tan = w + wi

wt l Sag , S = 2T

The vertical Sag = S cos

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