UNIT 6: Classification and Evolution DAYSHEET 66: Tree Thinking and Evolution Review Name _____________________________________

Bellringer: Read the information below and answer the questions FOSSILS
Circle the oldest fossils:

Biology I Date: __________

FOSSILS are preserved remains of organisms that can show skeletal features and can be dated. Fossils tell us that different things have been alive at different periods of time. Scientists can determine the approximate age of a fossil using the law of superposition - the fossils that are found deeper underground are older than fossils found closer to the surface.

Look at the pictures of the bones below to the right. Which 3 organisms do you think are most closely related? Why?

HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES are parts with the same basic structure but different details in different species. If two organisms both have a homologous structure it shows that they have a common ancestor and are related.

Dolphin

What do each of the following vestigial structures tell us about the ancestors of the organisms below? 1. Example: Penguins, flightless birds, have wings The ancestors of penguins could fly 2. Humans have a tiny tail bone at the bottom of our spine

VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES are structures that are present in an organism even though they do very little or nothing at all. Vestigial structures show us that organisms have changed over time the ancestors of organisms needed body parts that their descendants no longer need. For example, penguins have wings, even though they cant fly. This tells us that millions of years ago the ancestors of penguins could fly.

2. Whales have tiny leg bones

3. What is the difference between a homologous structure and an analogous structure?

ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES are structures look similar on the surface, but are actually built very differently. Analogous structures show us that organisms that face similar environmental pressures tend to evolve similar adaptations. For example, both birds and some insects have wings, but they they do NOT have a recent common ancestor.

Explain why the fin of a shark and the fin of a dolphin are analogous structures:

Activity 1: Tree Thinking Introduction

All life on Earth is united by evolutionary history; we are all evolutionary cousins twigs on the tree of life. Biologists try to reconstruct evolutionary history and study the patterns of relationships among organisms. Unfortunately, history is not something we can see. It has only happened once and only leaves behind clues as to what happened. Biologists use these clues to try to reconstruct evolutionary history.

How To Read a Tree Diagram (Phylogeny):

1 2 3 4 5 6

The different ______________ are located across the ________ of the tree diagram The different ______________ (characteristics) are located along the tree diagram If two organisms are located next to each other on the tree, it means they are _________________________________________________________________. When a new trait appears, every organism that evolved after that point should have the trait o What traits on the diagram does organism 2 have? o What traits on the diagram does organism 6 have?

Practice Reading the Tree Diagrams Below:

1. In each of the following sets, choose the pair of organisms that are more closely related: Lancelet and leopard Lamprey and turtle or or Salamander and turtule Turtle and leopard

2. How many different traits or characteristics appear on the tree diagram? 3. Which traits from the diagram does the lancelet have? 4. Which traits from the diagram does the tuna have? 5. Which traits from the diagram does the leopard have?

MYA = Millions of years ago

1. In each of the following sets, choose the pair of organisms that you would expect to have more similar DNA: Indri and lemur Squirrel monkey and marmoset or or Indri and squirrel monkey Marmoset and baboon

2. How many different traits or characteristics appear on the tree diagram? 3. Which traits from the diagram does the lemur have? 4. Which traits from the diagram does the baboon have? 5. Which traits from the diagram does the human have? 6. How long ago did humans and squirrel monkeys share a common ancestor?

How to construct a tree diagram: Organisms that have the ___________________ traits branch off _________ Organisms that have the ____________________ traits branch off _________ If two organisms have very __________________ traits or DNA, they should be close together on the diagram. If two organisms have very ___________________ traits or DNA, they should be farther apart on the diagram. Traits that lots of organisms have evolved _______________ Traits that only a few organisms have evolved _______________

Humans

Try this one for extra credit points! Features Vertebral column Jaws Four supporting limbs Amniotic egg Diapsid skull Feathers Hair Jawless fish (Outgroup) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bony fish 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Amphibians 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Lizards 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 Birds 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 Mammals 1 1 1 1 0 0 1

Activity 2: Open-Note Practice Quiz Directions: Define the following terms. You can use your old daysheets, the glossary section of your binder, or go to the interactive glossary at www.biomonsters.com Natural Selection = ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Fitness = ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Adaptation = ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Directions: Describe how the following organism may have evolved through natural selection. The first is done for you as an example. Organism
Example:

Explanation How did this adaptation evolve? The camels with larger humps were more fit because they could store water for long periods of time. In every generation, the camels with the largest humps survived and reproduced and passed on their genes to the next generation. The camels with small humps died and did not pass on their genes.

Camels evolved from ancestors without large humps

Polar bears evolved from ancestors with brown fur

Directions: Match the terms on the left with their definition on the right

a. structures that an organism has, but does not use/need b. structures that are appear similar in different organisms at first glance, but on closer inspection are structurally different. The structures are similar because the organisms live in similar environments and face similar environmental pressures. c. structures that are very similar in different organisms, even though they have been modified for different purposes. The structures are similar because the organisms have a common ancestor.

1. Homologous structures

2. Vestigial structures

3. Analogous structures

Directions: Identify each of the following examples as a homologous structure, vestigial structure, or analogous structure.

6. Humans have erector pili (goose bumps) even though we dont need them. _____________________________

7. Dolphins and sharks do not have a common ancestor, but they have both evolved a streamlined shape for swimming in the water. _____________________________

8. Humans and chimpanzees both have opposable thumbs, large brains, a complete shoulder socket, and 3D vision. They share these characteristics because they have a recent common ancestor.___________________________

Directions: For each of the following organisms, list one adaptation and one environmental /selective pressure that may have caused that adaptation to evolve Organism Adaptation? Environmental / Selective Pressure?

Scientists obtained DNA samples from four different organisms and from an ancestral organism and analyzed the samples using gel electrophoresis. Common Ancestor ______ _____ _____ ______ ______ ______ ______ Which species is most closely related to the common ancestor? A. Species A B. Species B C. Species C D. Species D How do you know?________________________________________________________________ ______ Species A ______ ______ ______ Species B ______ ______ ______ ______ Species C ______ ______ ______ ______ Species D ______

Scientists analyzed the amino acid sequence of a particular protein from several new species of bacteria and from a known bacterial species. Their results are summarized in the table below: Species Known Species Species I Species II Species III Species IV Amino Acid Sequence Trp Ser Ser Phe His Arg Gln Trp Gly Asp Phe Iso Arg Lys Trp Ser Asp Phe His Arg Lys Trp Ser Asp Phe Iso Arg Lys Trp Ser Asp Phe His Arg Gln

Which species is most closely related to the known species? A. Species I B. Species II C. Species III D. Species IV Which species is least closely related to the known species? A. Species I B. Species II C. Species III D. Species IV

Activity 3: One-Pager Directions: Fill the space below with images, words, and ideas related to evolution. Use your previous daysheets for ideas on what to include. You must fill the entire page and use at least 3 colors.

HW66: Cells Review Name: _______________________ Directions: Match the organelle with its function 1. Ribosome 2. Cell Membrane 3. Chloroplast 4. Mitochondrion 5. Cytoplasm 6. Nucleus 7. Cell wall a. Controls what enters and exits the cells

Biology I Date: _____________________

b. Captures the suns energy to make food c. The site of protein synthesis d. Releases energy through cellular respiration e. Control center of the cell; contains the cells DNA f. Fluid-filling of the cell g. Provides support and protection

Directions: Place the organelles above into the correct spot on EACH of the Venn Diagrams below (you will need to write each organelle TWO TIMES). Prokaryotic Cell Both Eukaryotic Cell

Plant Cell

Both

Animal Cell

8. A cell is observed through a microscope. The cell is found to have a cell wall, cytoplasm, and a flagella. The cell does not have a nucleus. This cell is most likely from a A. bacteria B. fungus C. plant D. protist 9. A cell is observed through a microscope. The cell contains mitochondria, chloroplasts, and a nucleus. The cell is most likely from a A. bacteria B. animal C. plant D. cannot be determined

10. Identify the cell structure indicated in the animal cell diagram (above) that helps release energy A. C B. G C. F D. H 11. Collagen is a protein found in a skin. What organelle is involved in the production of collagen? A. C B. G C. F D. H 12. Unlike cellular respiration, photosynthesis occurs in A. animal cells only. B. plant cells only. C. all but plant cells. D. all eukaryotic cells