,

1.

, ,
( ()),
(Fludized Bed) .
(FBC, Fludised Bed Combustion) .
1-1.

1-2.

.

.

.

() .

1-2-1.

(, ,
Petroleum Coke, )

1-2-2.

Atmospheric Type(A-FBC Boiler) :

Pressurized Type(P-FBC Boiler) : 5-10kg/cm2

Bubbling Type(B-FBC Boiler) : .

Circulating type(C-FBC Boiler) : .

-
(, , Petroelum Coke, , )
- (, , )
- (90%)
- (NOx)
-
-
-
-
- (750-950)
- Fixed Bed Type(Stocker Boiler) (98%, 96%)
- NOx
- () ,
.
-
- Boiler Tube Erosion, Corrosion

2.

2-1.

2-1-1.

,
() .


.
()

( ) .

.
4 .





.

.

2-1-2.

.
.

.
()
(C) .
.

(Higher Heating Value) (Lower Heating

Value) .

 ,
.
()
. ,
, .
.

(, Fuel Ratio)
() ,
() , ,
(CO2), (CH4) (H) (O)
. , ,
,
() .
()
()
. ()

.
. ,
(
) .
.

, (
) .
,
() .
()
() .

. (Reality Index, T15)

()
()
15 .
T15 .
2-2.

2-2-1.

6-20% 40-60% .
, 95% Kaoline(Al2O3SiO2
H2O), Pyrites(FeS2), Calcite(CaCO3) .
(, Fly Ash)
.
(Dolomite)
(Bituminous Type Ash)
.
: Fe2O3/(CaO+MgO) > 1
: FeO3/(CaO+MgO) 1
.


SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
Na2O
K2O

(F)
3,090
3,680
2,660
4,690
5,070
1,690
930

(F)
3,590
6,350
6,350
5,540
3,210
2,690

K2O Na2O
Na2O . (SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2)
(Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, NaO, K2O)
.

() .
2-2-2.

,

(Fly Ash) (), () (
) Fouling

.
. Slagging

, Slagging .

 ()
. Slagging , ,
, Base/Acid Ratio(B/A
), , Slagging .
Base/Acid Ratio (B/A)
Slagging
.
B/A = Base/Acid = (Fe3O3+CaO+Na2O+K2O)/(SiO2 + Al2O3 + TiO2)
B/A 0.4-0.7 Slagging
. 1%() B/A
(S%) Slagging .
Sulfur Slagging Index(Rss) = B/AS
1%()
, Slagging Rss .
Rss
0.6
0.6 - 2.0
2.0 - 2.6
2.6

Slagging

Fusion Slagging Index (Rfs)

Sub-bituminous Coal Ash Lignite Coal Ashdml ,
Slagging Slagging index (Rfs) Plastic
slag IT HT .

Rfs = (HTmax+(4ITmin))/5 (, )

, HTmax () ITmin

Rfs Slagging .
Rss <()>
1,345 (2,450 )
1,345-1,230 (2,450-2,250)
1,230-1,150 (2,250-2,100)
1,150 (2,100 )

Slagging

Slaggigng
. Slagging
.
Slagging zone 250-10,000 Poise Slagging
Slagging Index -
.
Viscosity Slagging Index, Rvs = (T250 Oxide()T10,000 Red())/97.5fs
Viscosity Slagging Index, Rvs = (T250 Oxide() T10,000 Red())/54.17fs
T250 Oxide 250poise ,
T10,000 Red 10,000poise fs
fs .


1,038 (1,900)
1,093 2,000)
1,149 (2,100)
1,204 (2,200)
1,260 (2,300)
1,316 (2,400)

fs
1.0
1.3
1.6
2.0
2.6
3.3

[()]
1,371 (2,500)
1,426 (2,600)
1,482 (2,700)
1,538 (2,800)
1,593 (2,900)

fs
4.1
5.2
6.6
8.3
11.0

Rvs Slagging Rvs Slagging .

Rvs
0.5
0.5 - 0.99
1.0 - 1.99
2.0

Slagging

T250 Slag Slagging T250

Slagging .
Slagging
Dolomite % (Dp)
Dp = ((CaO + MgO)/(Fe2O3+CaO+MgO+Na2O+K2O))100%
Silica % (Sp)
Sp = (SiO2/(SiO2+Fe2O3+CaO+MgO))100%
35-90% Sp
.
Iron / Calcium (Fe2O3/CaO) Ratio

 10-0.2 3-0.3 1
Slagging .
CaO Fe2O3 Slag Fe2O3 14%
CaO .
Fe2O3 20% Fe2O3/CaO
20~40% .
Ferric % (Fp)
Fp = (Fe2O3/(Fe2O3 +1.11FeO + 1.43Fe))100%
Alkali (Na2O, K2O)
Na2O 2% Na2O + K2O 3.5% Slagging
. Silicate
.
Silica/Alumina (SiO2/Al2O3) Ratio
0.8-4.0 Silica Alumina
Slagging . SiO2/Al2O3
(ST) (FT) .
. Fouling

Na2SO4, CaSO4, Na2O

(Fly Ash)
Fouling
.
Fouling Index, Na2O , Fouling Potential .
Fouling Index (Rf)
Rf = (Base/Acid)Na2O


Fouling .
Rf
0.2
0.2 - 0.5
0.5 - 1.0
1.0

Fouling

Na2O
Na2O Fouling
. Na2O Fouling .
Na2O
2.0
2.0 - 3.0
3.0 - 6.0
6.0

Fouling

Na2O K2O CaSO4, MgSO4

Fouling .
Fouling Potential
Cl Na
Fouling Potential .

Na2O
0.1
0.3
0.5

Na (%)
0.07
0.2
0.33

Fouling Potential

Alkali
Alkali

Fouling .
.
Fouling .
.
Alkali

1.
acid() .
NaCl, Na2SO4, Na2CO3 KCl, K2SO4, K2CO3 Acetic
Slagging
2. Alkali
Fouling
R-(H,O)-C-Na(K)

()
Silicates)
(Aluminium
Na2Al2Si6O16
Na2Al2Si6O16

Acetic acid() .
. Slagging, Fouling .

-
20%
80% Fly Ash .
()
.
() , ,

, ,
.
-
()
,
, , .

650-730 .
550
550-600 1,100
.
-
() SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3

() .

() .

() .
-
.
Boundary Zone ,

.
2-3.

(Unburned Carbon)

 Ash
, , , ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
U.C(%) = (AB)/2 ()
A = 10()2/
= /
B = (4.43410-6(C.I)2) 0.037C.I111.09
C.I. (Combustibility Index) = , kcal/kg
2-3-1.

char ,

(O/C ratio)

2-3-2.

()

 , , ,
,
.

.

.
(Mo) .
2-3-3.

(, ) Spray water
.
, W/W

3.

3-1.

, , Ash
, (SOx, NOx), Handling
.

3-2.

: 2
.
Belt : Pile Silo
Belt Hopper
.
Mill : Bin
.
: Bin, Mill, Burner
.

3-3.

-
(3,000 )

- , ,
(Combustibility
Index) -
C.I = (/) (115 - Ash%) (1/105)
(Fuel Ration) = /

- Ash
- ,

(Unburned -
Carbon)
U.C = (A + B) / 2 []
Ratio)2

A = 10 (Fuel
/ Ash(%)
B = (4,434 10-6 C.I2 - 0.037 C.I + 111.09)/10
- Fly Ash Particle Size Distribution (Resistivity)

-
Resistivity Factor = 1/Conductivity Factor
Conductivity Factor = (Fe2O3+Na2O+K2O)/SiO2+Al2O3+TiO2+CaO+MgO

:
3,500kcal/kg
:
3,000-3,500kcal/kg
:
3,000kcal/kg
:
0.059
:
2.2-5%
:
0.059
:
0.059
:
0.059

-
: 0.5
Slagging
- : 0.5-1.0
(RB/A) - , ,
: 1.0
-
RB/A = Base/Acid
- Na2SO4 NaO
: 0.2
Fouling ,
: 0.2-0.5
(Rf)
: 0.5
-
Rf = (Base/Acid) Na2O (%)
- NOx NO O2
(Fuel NOx)
- Fuel NOx NOx 60-80%
-
NOx(ppm) = 10/0.1(N-No) -K(FRo-FR)+NOxo
: 240
N : (%)
: 240-300
(NOx)
No : (%)
: 300
ER :
K :
1.6 = 50
1.6 = 80
-NOxo : NOx(ppm)
- Mill
: 65
- HGI Mill
: 48-65
(HGI) -
: 48
H.G.I = 13 + 6.93W (W: 200mesh)

4.

4-1.

4-1-1. COM (Coal-Oil Mixture :

- )

COM () 50:50 COM

 , () COM
COM .
, COM 200mesh
70%
.
COM , ,
.
. COM , ,
, .

,

(kcal/kg)

(CP.70)
(Wt%)
(Wt%)

COM

6,700
1.35
15
10

4-1-2. CWM(Coal Water Mixture :

- )

10,300
0.95
75
0.02
1.5

COM

8,500
1.15
1000-2000
7.5
1.25

COM 70%, 30%

. ()
.
, , .
,
, NOx .
, SOx
.

4-2.

4-2-1.

CO2 H2, CO4,

() . ()
() .
,
CO2 H2, CO, N2 800-1,500kacl/Nm3
. 8,000-10,000
kcal/Nm3 .
4-2-2.

-
() .

,
2 .
, 3-5% , SOx
() 30% .
.
()
.
15 , , 1984
1,000t/d 120MWD , .

5.

(COGENERATION)
5-1.


(, )
1875 .

.
. 1884 De Lavel,
Parsons ()
.
1920 ,
, Cogeneration
.
(Combined Heat & Power)

(District Heating & Cooling)
, ,
Cogeneration
,

, , , , ,
, ,

( ), ( ),
, ,


19 ()
, 1880 Hamburg 1893
. ( )
104 KW .
, , 103KW
.
1 1920 ,
, , , , , .
, ,
1925 (CPCU) (EDF)
(TIRU) EDF
. CPCU Base Load ,
1968 1,200Gcal/h.

. Industrial Complex 1
.
2 -
. (),
, ,
, ,
.
1962 ,
, .
100 ,
.
1950

, , .

5-2.

 cogeneration 2

. 1930
, . 2
10 1970
,
.

1970
, 1987 7
. 1970

,
. ()
1960 1964 400KW, 10,000KW
. 1976 100
,

. ,
,
.

5-3.