NGOC NGUYEN VINCENT LE HARVIR SOHI ANAND RAVI

Oxidation Reaction

Reduction Reaction

Condensation Reaction (Amides)

Esterification Reaction (Condensation)

Hydrolysis Reaction

Oxidation Reaction: aldehyde molecule reacts with an oxidizing agent (Potassium Permanganate [KMnO4]) to form carboxylic acid (carbon atom forms more bonds with oxygen) Reduction Reaction : carboxylic acid react with reducing agent (Lithium Aluminum hydride [LiAlH4 ]) to form an aldehyde and then into an alcohol (each step requires 2 hydrides (H-) added to the carbonyl of acids) *reduction reaction cannot be stopped halfway through, must be reduced to an alcohol Esterification/Condensation Reaction: the OH group from carboxylic acid and H from the alcohol are removed from the two molecules and an ester and H2O is formed. *must be in the presence of heat and an acid catalyst (Fischer esterification) Hydrolysis Reaction: opposite of condensation reaction, Ester reacts with H2O to break apart the ester bond and form a carboxylic acid and alcohol compound (catalyzed by an acid or base with the presence of heat)

H2SO4

 Carboxylic Acid found in many types of food and gives a tangy or sour taste to food They are also used to create: dyes, crayons, breathalyzer tests, perfumes, detergents, shampoos and preservatives Esters are used to make: pesticides, aspirin, plastic, soap, artificial flavours, create scents, Aspirin and make solvents for paint

Acetylsalicylic Acid

 Aminocarboxylic acids are the main component of proteins

Some aminopolycarboxylic acids are not disposed of through abiotic or biotic degradation processes in wastewater and sewage PFOS-based fluorosurfactants in firefighting foams disperse prefluorinated sulphonates and carboxylic acids into the environment and animal kingdom

Insects pollinate flowers with petal scents that derive from oils made of esters Products that are high in volatile organic compounds evaporate chemicals quickly into the air High VOC contents are harmful to inhale and are a major contributor to smog Known as a cholinesterase inhibitor, probable carcinogen, groundwater pollutant, and a reproductive toxicant

 Hydrolysis reaction: Ester + water (using sulfuric acid as an agent ) Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol Oxidation Reaction: Potassium Permanganate + Aldehyde carboxylic Acid Esterification/Condensation Reaction: carboxylic Acid + Alcohol (using sulfuric acid as an agent) Ester + Water Reduction Reaction: Carboxylic Acid + Lithium Aluminum hydride Alcohol

Methanoic Acid is found in ants and give them a sour or tangy taste Ambergris (whale vomit) is used to make expensive perfumes and is mostly made of esters Ester bonds are found in DNA