Calculus of A Single Variable 8th Edition: Chapter 2 Answer Key

C H A P T E R 2
Differentiation
Section 2.1
The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem . . . . . 95
Section 2.2
Basic Differentiation Rules and Rates of Change
Section 2.3
Product and Quotient Rules and

Higher-Order Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Section 2.4
The Chain Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Section 2.5
Implicit Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Section 2.6
Related Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Review Exercises
. . 109
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
C H A P T E R
Differentiation
Section 2.1
The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem
1. (a) At x1, y1, slope 0.
2
2. (a) At x1, y1, slope 3.
At x2, y2, slope 52.
2
At x2, y2, slope 5.
5
(b) At x1, y1, slope 2.
4
(b) At x1, y1, slope 3.
At x2, y2, slope 2.
3. (a), (b)
f )4)
4
At x2, y2, slope 4.

5
4. (a)
f )1)
)x
1
f )1)
1)
f 4 f 3 5 4.75

0.25
43
1
y
6
f )4)
5
)4, 5)
f )4)
f )1)
3
2
f )1)
)1, 2)
x
1
(c) y
f 4 f 1 5 2

1
41
3
f 4 f 1
x 1 f 1)
41
Thus,
f 4 f 1
f 4 f 3
>
.
41
43
(b) The slope of the tangent line at 1, 2 equals f1.

This slope is steeper than the slope of the line through
1, 2 and 4, 5. Thus,
f 4 f 1
< f1.
41
3
x 1 2
3
1x 1 2
x1
5. f x 3 2x is a line. Slope 2
7. Slope at 1, 3 lim
x0
g1 x g1

x
1 x2 4 3
x0
x
1 2x x2 1
lim
x0
x
lim 2 x 2
lim
x0
t0
f 0 t f 0
t
3t t2 0
t0
t
lim
lim 3 t 3
t0
3
3
6. g x 2 x 1 is a line. Slope 2
x0
g2 x g2

x
5 2 x2 1
x0
x
lim
lim
x0
5 4 4x x2 1
x
lim 4 x 4

x0
t0
h2 t h2

t
2 t2 3 7
t0
t
lim
4 4t t2 4
t0
t
lim
lim 4 t 4

t0
95
96
Chapter 2
Differentiation
11. f x 3
f x lim
x0
lim
x0
13. f x 5x
12. gx 5
f x x f x
x
gx lim
33
x
lim 0 0
x0
x0
gx x gx

x
x0
lim
lim
0
0
x
lim 5 5
x0
f x x f x
x
x0
15. hs 3
s0
lim
3x
x
lim
lim 3 3
x0
1
16. f x 9 x
2
x0
f x x f x
x
lim
9 12x x 9 12x

x
lim
21 21
x0
x0
17. f x 2 x 2 x 1
fx lim
x0
f x x f x
x
2x x2 x x 1 2x 2 x 1

x0
x
lim
2x 2 4x x 2x2 x x 1 2x 2 x 1

x0
x
lim
4x x 2x2 x
lim 4x 2 x 1 4x 1
x0
x0
x
lim
18. f x 1 x 2
fx lim
x0
f x x f x
x
lim
1 x x2 1 x 2
x
lim
1 x 2 2x x x2 1 x 2
x
lim
2x x x2
lim 2x x 2x
x0
x
x0
x0
x0
2
s
3
hs lim
lim
fx lim
5x x 5x

x
x0
3x x 2 3x 2

x
x0
f x x f x
x
5 5
x
x0
lim
x0
x0
lim
14. f x 3x 2
fx lim
fx lim
hs s hs

s
2
2
3 3s s 3 3s
s0
s
s0
2
3
s 2

s
3
Section 2.1
19. f x x 3 12x

f x x f x
x
fx lim
x0
x x3 12x x x 3 12x

x0
x
3
2
x 3x x 3xx2 x3 12x 12 x x 3 12x
lim
x0
x
3x 2 x 3x x2 x3 12 x
lim
x0
x
2
lim 3x 3x x x2 12 3x 2 12
lim
x0
20. f x x 3 x 2
f x x f x
x
fx lim
x0
x x3 x x2 x 3 x 2

x0
x
lim
lim
x 3 3x 2 x 3x x2 x3 x 2 2x x x2 x 3 x 2

x
lim
3x 2 x 3x x2 x3 2x x x2

x
x0
x0
lim 3x 2 3x x x2 2x x 3x 2 2x

x0
21. f x
1
x1
fx lim
x0
22. f x
f x x f x
x
fx lim
x0
x 1 x x 1
lim
x0 xx x 1x 1
lim
x 2 x x2
xx x2 x 2
lim
2x x x2
xx x2 x 2
lim
2x x
x x2 x 2
x0
x
lim
x0 xx x 1x 1
x0
x0
1
x x 1x 1
x0
1
x 12
2x
x4
23. f x x 1
fx lim
x0
lim
x0
f x x f x
x
x x 1 x 1
x

x x 1 x 1
x x 1 x 1
lim
x x 1 x 1
x x x 1 x 1
lim
1
1
1

x x 1 x 1
x 1 x 1
2 x 1
x0
x0
f x x f x
x
1
1

x x2 x 2
lim
x0
x
1
1

x x 1 x 1
lim
x0
x
lim
1
x2
2
x3
97
98
Chapter 2
24. f x
Differentiation
25. (a) f x x2 1
f x x f x
x0
x
4
4

x x
x
lim
x0
x
fx lim
fx lim
lim
x0
lim
x0
lim
x0
4 x 4 x x
x x x x
x0
lim
x0
x x2 1 x 2 1
x
2x x x2
x0
x
lim
x x x
x x x
lim 2x x 2x

x0
At 2, 5, the slope of the tangent line is m 22 4.

The equation of the tangent line is
4x 4x x
x x x x x x x
f x x f x
x
4
x x x x x x
y 5 4x 2
2
4

x x x x
x x
y 5 4x 8
y 4x 3.
(b)
(2, 5)
5
5
2
26. (a) f x x 2 2x 1

fx lim
x0
(b)
f x x f x
x
(3, 4)
x x2 2x x 1 x 2 2x 1

lim
x0
x
lim
x0
3
1
2x x x2 2 x
x
lim 2x x 2 2x 2
x0
At 3, 4, the slope of the tangent line is m 23 2 4.

y 4 4x 3
y 4x 8.
27. (a) f x x 3

f x x f x
fx lim
x0
x
x x3 x 3
lim
x0
x
3x 2 x 3x x2 x3
x0
x
lim
lim 3x 2 3x x x2 3x 2

x0
At 2, 8, the slope of the tangent is m 322 12.

y 8 12x 2
y 12x 16.
(b)
10
(2, 8)
5
4
Section 2.1
28. (a) f x x 3 1

(b)
f x x f x
x
x x3 1 x 3 1
lim
x0
x
x 3 3x 2x 3xx2 x3 1 x 3 1
lim
x0
x
lim 3x 2 3xx x2 3x 2
(1, 2)
fx lim
x0
x0
At 1, 2, the slope of the tangent line is m 312 3.

y 2 3x 1
y 3x 1.
29. (a) f x x
f x x f x
x
fx lim
x0
lim
x x x
x
x0
lim
x0
lim
x0
(b)
(1, 1)
1
x x x
5
1
x x x
x x x
x x x x
1
x x x
1
2 x
At 1, 1, the slope of the tangent line is

m
1
2 1
1
.
2

y1
y
1
x 1
2
1
1
x .
2
2
30. (a) f x x 1
(b)
(5, 2)
f x x f x
fx lim
x0
x
lim
x0
lim
x0
lim
x0
x x 1 x 1
x
x x 1 x 1
x x 1 x 1
x x 1 x 1
x x x 1 x 1
1
x x 1 x 1
1
2 x 1

1
1

2 5 1 4
m
1
y 2 x 5
4
1
3
y x
4
4
10
99
100
Chapter 2
Differentiation
31. (a) f x x
4
x
f x x f x
x0
x
(4, 5)
fx lim
lim
x x
x0
lim
x0
10
(b)
12
4
4
x
x x
x
x
12
x x xx x 4x x 2x x 4x x

xxx x
x 3 2x 2x xx2 x 3 x 2x 4x

x0
xxx x
lim
x 2x xx2 4x

x0
xxx x
lim
x 2 x x 4
x0
x x x
lim
x2 4
4
1 2
x2
x

m1
3
4
.
16 4

3
y 5 x 4
4
3
y x 2.
4
32. (a) f x
1
x1
fx lim
x0
33. From Exercise 27 we know that fx 3x2. Since the

slope of the given line is 3, we have
f x x f x
x
1
1

x x 1 x 1
lim
x0
x
lim
x0
x 1 x x 1
xx x 1x 1
lim
x0
1
x x 1x 1
1
x 12

m
1
1.
0 12
The equation of the tangent line is y x 1.

(b)
(0, 1)
6
3x 2 3
x 1.
Therefore, at the points 1, 1 and 1, 1 the tangent
lines are parallel to 3x y 1 0. These lines have
equations
y 1 3x 1
y 3x 2
and
y 1 3x 1
y 3x 2.
Section 2.1
101
34. Using the limit definition of derivative, fx 3x 2. Since the slope of the given line is 3, we have
3x 2 3
x 2 1 x 1.
Therefore, at the points 1, 3 and 1, 1 the tangent lines are parallel to 3x y 4 0. These lines have equations
y 3 3x 1
and
y 1 3x 1
y 3x
y 3x 4.
36. Using the limit definition of derivative,
35. Using the limit definition of derivative,

fx
1
.
2x x
fx
Since the slope of the given line is 2, we have
Since the slope of the given line is 2 , we have

1
.
2x 13 2
1
1

2x 132
2
1
1

2x x
2
1 x 132
x 1.
1 x 1 x 2.
Therefore, at the point 1, 1 the tangent line is parallel to

x 2y 6 0. The equation of this line is
At the point 2, 1, the tangent line is parallel to

x 2y 7 0. The equation of the tangent line is
1
y 1 x 1
2
1
y 1 x 2
2
1
1
y1 x
2
2
1
y x 2.
2
1
3
y x .
2
2
37. f x x f x 1
39. f x x fx
38. f x x 2 fx 2x
Matches (b).
Matches (d).
40. f does not exist at x 0. Matches (c).
Matches (a).
decreasing slope as x
41. g5 2 because the tangent line passes through 5, 2.
g5
42. h1 4 because the tangent line passes through 1, 4.
20
2
1

5 9 4
2
43. The slope of the graph of f

is 1 fx 1.
h1
44. The slope of the graph of f

is 0 fx 0.
64
2 1

3 1 4 2
45. The slope of the graph of f is
negative for x < 4, positive
for x > 4, and 0 at x 4.
y
3
1
3 2 1
f
x
1
1
2
x
2
6 4 2
x
2
4
6
8
102
Chapter 2
Differentiation
46. The slope of the graph of f is 1

for x < 4, 1 for x > 4, and
undefined at x 4.
47. Answers will vary.

Sample answer: y x
1
3
2
1
x
4 3 2 1
1
x
2
49. f x 5 3x and c 1
2
3
f x x3
10
57. Let x 0, y0 be a point of tangency on the graph of f. By

the limit definition for the derivative, fx 4 2x.
The slope of the line through 2, 5 and x 0, y0 equals
the derivative of f at x 0:
5 y0
4 2x 0
2 x0
5 4x 0 x 0 8 8x 0 2x 0
0 x 0 4x 0 3
2
0 x 0 1x 0 3 x 0 1, 3
Therefore, the points of tangency are 1, 3 and 3, 3, and
the corresponding slopes are 2 and 2. The equations of
the tangent lines are:
y 5 2x 2
y 2x 1
(b) If fc 3 and f is even, then fc f c 3.

58. Let x 0, y0 be a point of tangency on the graph of f. By
the limit definition for the derivative, fx 2x. The
slope of the line through 1, 3 and x 0, y0 equals the
derivative of f at x 0:
y 2x 9
3 y0 1 x 02x 0
3 x 02 2x 0 2x 02
x 02 2x 0 3 0
x 0 3x 0 1 0 x 0 3, 1
Therefore, the points of tangency are 3, 9 and (1, 1,
and the corresponding slopes are 6 and 2. The equations
of the tangent lines are:
y 3 6x 1
y 3 2x 1
y 6x 9
y 2x 1
y
7
10
(2, 5)
(3, 3)
(1, 3)
(1, 1)
1
2
(3, 9)
4
2
x
1
3 y0
2x 0
1 x0
5 y0 2 x 04 2x 0
y 5 2x 2
x
2
x
1
56. (a) If fc 3 and f is odd, then fc fc 3.
3 2
6 4 2
12
55. f 0 0; f0 0; fx > 0 if

x 0
52. f x 2 x and c 9
51. f x x 2 and c 6
f x x 2 4
54. f 0 4, f0 0; fx < 0 for

x < 0, f x > 0 for x > 0
f x 3x 2
4 3 2
50. f x x 3 and c 2
53. f 0 2 and fx 3,

< x <
3 2 1
48. Answers will vary.

Sample answer: y x
8 6 4 2
2
4
x
2
(1, 3)
Section 2.1
59. (a) g0 3

(b) g3 0
(c) Because g1 3 , g is decreasing (falling) at x 1.
8
(d) Because g4 3 , g is increasing (rising) at x 4.

7
(e) Because g4 and g6 are both positive, g6 is greater than g4, and g6 g4 > 0.
(f) No, it is not possible. All you can say is that g is decreasing (falling) at x 2.
(b) gx lim
60. (a) f x x 2
x0
fx lim
x0
f x x f x
x
x x3 x 3
x0
x
lim
x x2 x 2
x0
x
lim
lim
x 3 3x 2x 3xx2 x3 x 3

x
lim
x3x 2 3x x x2

x
x0
x 2 2x x x2 x 2
x0
x
lim
lim
x0
x 2x x
x
x0
lim 3x 2 3x x x2 3x 2

x0
lim 2x x 2x

x0
At x 1, g1 3 and the tangent line is
At x 1, f1 2 and the tangent line is

y 1 2x 1
g x x g x
x
y 1 3x 1
y 2x 1.
or
or
y 3x 2.
At x 0, g0 0 and the tangent line is y 0.
At x 0, f0 0 and the tangent line is y 0.
At x 1, g1 3 and the tangent line is
At x 1, f1 2 and the tangent line is y 2x 1.
y 1 3x 1 or y 3x 2.
2
3
3
3
3
2
For this function, the slopes of the tangent lines are

always distinct for different values of x.
For this function, the slopes of the tangent lines are

sometimes the same.
61. f x 14 x 3
By the limit definition of the derivative we have fx 34 x 2.

2
2
1.5
1
0.5
0.5
1.5
f x
2
27
32
14
1
32
1
32
1
4
27
32
fx
27
16
3
4
3
16
3
16
3
4
27
16
1
62. f x 2 x 2
By the limit definition of the derivative we have fx x.

x
2
f x
fx
2
1.5
1.125
1.5
1
0.5
1
0.5
0.125
0.5
0.5
1.5
0.125
0.5
1.125
0.5
1.5
2
1
103
104
Chapter 2
Differentiation
f x 0.01 f x
0.01
63. gx
f x 0.01 f x
0.01
64. gx
2x 0.01 x 0.012 2x x 2100
3 x 0.01 3 x 100
2 2x 0.01
The graph of gx is approximately

the graph of fx 2 2x.
g
f
2
The graph of gx is approximately

3
the graph of fx
.
2 x
g
1
8
1
1
66. f 2 23 2, f 2.1 2.31525
4
65. f 2 24 2 4, f 2.1 2.14 2.1 3.99

f2
67. f x
3.99 4
0.1
2.1 2
1
and fx
Exact: f2 0
f2
1
.
2x 32
68. f x
2.31525 2
3.1525 Exact: f2 3
2.1 2
x3
3
3x and fx x 2 3
4
4
f
2
As x , f is nearly horizontal
and thus f 0.
f
5
69. f x 4 x 32

Sx x
f 2 x f 2
x 2 f 2
x
1 x 12
4 2 x 32 3
x 2 3
x 2 3 x 2x 2 3
x
x
1: Sx x 2 3 x 1
(a) x
S 0.1

3
3
x 2 3 x
x 0.5: Sx
2
2
x 0.1: Sx
S1
2
19
4
x 2 3 x
19
10
10
5
S 0.5
(b) As x 0, the line approaches the tangent line to f at 2, 3.

70. f x x
1
x
f 2 x f 2
x 2 f 2
Sx x
x

(a) x
1
5

2 x 2
5
x 2
x
2
2 x
22 x2 2 52 x

5 2x 3
5
x 2
x 2
22 x x
2 22 x
2
1: Sx
5
5 5
5
x 2 x
6
2 6
6
4
5 4
9
x 0.5: Sx x 2 x
5
2 5
10
x 0.1: Sx
S0.1
S0.5
S1
16
5 16
41
x 2 x
21
2 21
42
f
4
(b) As x 0, the line approaches the tangent line to f at 2, 2 .

5
Section 2.1
71. f x x 2 1, c 2
f x f 2
x 2 1 3
x 2x 2
lim
lim
lim x 2 4
x2
x 2
x2
x2
x2
x2
f2 lim
x2
72. g x xx 1 x 2 x, c 1

g1 lim
x1
gx g1
x2 x 0
xx 1
lim
lim
lim x 1
x1
x1 x 1
x1
x1
x1
73. f x x 3 2x 2 1, c 2
x 3 2x 2 1 1
x 2x 2
f x f 2
lim
lim
lim x 2 4
x2
x 2 x 2
x2
x2
x2
f2 lim
x2
74. f x x 3 2x, c 1

f x f 1
x 3 2x 3
x 1x 2 x 3
lim
lim
lim x 2 x 3 5
x1
x 1
x1
x1
x1
x1
f1 lim
x1
75. gx x , c 0
g0 lim
x0
As x 0 ,
As x 0 ,
x
gx g0
lim
. Does not exist.
x0
x0
x
1
.
.
1
76. f x , c 3
x
f3 lim
x3
f x f 3
1x 13
3x
lim
lim
x3
x3
x3
x3
3x
lim
x 3 x3
3x
9
1
77. f x x 623, c 6

f6 lim
x6
f x f 6
1
x 623 0
lim
lim
x6
x6 x 613
x6
x6
Does not exist.

78. g x x 313, c 3
g3 lim
x3
x 313 0
gx g3
1
lim
lim
x3
x3 x 323
x 3
x3
Does not exist.
79. h x x 5 , c 5
h5 lim
x5
x5 0
x5
hx h5
lim
lim
x5
x5
x 5
x5
x5
Does not exist.
80. f x x 4 , c 4
f4 lim
x4
x4 0
x4
f x f 4
lim
lim
x4
x4 x 4
x4
x4
Does not exist.
81. f x is differentiable everywhere except at x 1.

(Discontinuity)
105
106
Chapter 2
Differentiation

(Sharp turns in the graph)

(Sharp turn in the graph)

(Discontinuities)
85. f x is differentiable on the interval 1, .

(At x 1 the tangent line is vertical.)
86. f x is differentiable everywhere except at x 0. (Discontinuity)
87. f x x 3 is differentiable

for all x 3. There is a sharp
corner at x 3.
2x
is differentiable
x1
for all x 1. f is not defined at
x 1. (Vertical asymptote)
88. f x
89. f x x 25 is differentiable for

all x 0. There is a sharp corner
at x 0.
5
5
6
6
7
91. f x x 1
90. f is differentiable for all x 1.

f is not continuous at x 1.
The derivative from the left is
lim
x1
4
f x f 1
x1 0
lim
1.
x1
x1
x1
The derivative from the right is
lim
x1
f x f 1
x1 0
lim
1.
x1
x1
x1
The one-sided limits are not equal. Therefore, f is not

differentiable at x 1.
92. f x 1 x 2
The derivative from the left does not exist because
lim
x1
1 x 2 0
1 x 2
f x f 1
lim
lim
x1
x1
x1
x1
x1
1 x 2
1 x 2
lim
x1
1x
1 x2
. (Vertical tangent)
The limit from the right does not exist since f is undefined for x > 1. Therefore, f is not differentiable at x 1.
93. f x
x 13, x 1
x 12, x > 1

lim
x1
f x f 1
x 13 0
lim
x1
x1
x1
lim x 12 0.
x1

lim
x1
x 12 0
f x f 1
lim
x1
x1
x1
lim x 1 0.
x1
These one-sided limits are equal. Therefore, f is differentiable at x 1. f1 0
Section 2.1
94. f x
xx,, xx > 11
2

lim
x1
f x f 1
x1
lim
lim 1 1.
x1 x 1
x1
x1

lim
x1
f x f 1
x2 1
lim
lim x 1 2.
x1 x 1
x1
x1
These one-sided limits are not equal. Therefore, f is not differentiable at x 1.
95. Note that f is continuous at x 2. f x
4xx 1,3, xx > 22

2
f x f 2
x 2 1 5
lim
lim x 2 4.
x2
x2
x2
x2
The derivative from the left is lim

x2
The derivative from the right is lim

x2
f x f 2
4x 3 5
lim
lim 4 4.
x2
x2
x2
x2
The one-sided limits are equal. Therefore, f is differentiable at x 2. f2 4
96. Note that f is continuous at x 2. f x
x2x, 1, xx < 22
1
2

1
2 x 1 2
x 2 1
f x f 2
lim
lim 2
.
x2
x2
x2
x2
x2
x2
2
1
lim
lim
x2
2x 2
f x f 2
lim
x2
x2
x2
lim
x2
2x 2
2x 2
2x 4
2x 2
2
1
lim
lim
x 2 2x 2 x2 x 2 2x 2 x2 2x 2 2.
The one-sided limits are equal. Therefore, f is differentiable at x 2.
f2 12
97. (a) The distance from 3, 1 to the line mx y 4 0 is

d
Ax 1 By1 C
A2 B 2
m3 11 4

3m 3
.
m2 1
m2 1
1
x
1
(b)
4
1
The function d is not differentiable at m 1. This corresponds to the line

y x 4, which passes through the point 3, 1.
107
108
Chapter 2
Differentiation
98. (a) f x x 2 and fx 2x
(b) gx x 3 and gx 3x 2
(c) The derivative is a polynomial of

degree 1 less than the original
function. If hx x n, then
hx nx n1.
2
1
4 3 2 1
4
2
f'
1
x
(d) If f x x4, then

fx lim
x0
f x x f x
x
lim
x x4 x 4
x
lim
x 4 4x 3x 6x 2x2 4xx3 x4 x 4

x
lim
x4x 3 6x 2x 4xx2 x3

x
x0
x0
x0
lim 4x 3 6x 2x 4xx2 x3 4x 3.

x0
Hence, if f x x 4, then fx 4x 3 which is consistent with the conjecture. However, this is not
a proof since you must verify the conjecture for all integer values of n, n 2.
99. False. The slope is lim
x0
f 2 x f 2
.
x
100. False. y x 2 is continuous at x 2, but is not

differentiable at x 2. (Sharp turn in the graph)
101. False. If the derivative from the left of a point does not equal the derivative from the right of a point,
then the derivative does not exist at that point. For example, if f x x , then the derivative from the
left at x 0 is 1 and the derivative from the right at x 0 is 1. At x 0, the derivative does not exist.
102. Truesee Theorem 2.1.
103. f x
0,x sin1x,
x 0
x0
Using the Squeeze Theorem, we have x x sin1x x , x 0. Thus, lim x sin1x 0 f 0 and
x0
f is continuous at x 0. Using the alternative form of the derivative, we have
f x f 0
x sin1x 0
1
lim
lim sin .
x0
x0
x0
x0
x
Since this limit does not exist (sin1x oscillates between 1 and 1), the function is not differentiable at x 0.
lim
x0
gx
x0, sin1x,
2
x 0
x0
Using the Squeeze Theorem again, we have x 2 x 2 sin1x x 2, x 0. Thus, lim x 2 sin1x 0 g0
x0
and g is continuous at x 0. Using the alternative form of the derivative again, we have
gx g0
x 2 sin1x 0
1
lim
lim x sin 0.
x0
x0
x0
x0
x0
x
lim
Therefore, g is differentiable at x 0, g0 0.
Section 2.2
104.
109
3
1
As you zoom in, the graph of y1 x 2 1 appears to be locally the graph of a horizontal line, whereas the graph of
y2 x 1 always has a sharp corner at 0, 1. y2 is not differentiable at 0, 1.
Section 2.2
y x 12
1. (a)
y x3
(b)
y 12 x 12
y1 12
y 7x 8
8. y
7
x8
11. f x x 1
fx 1
15. gx x 2 4x 3
gx 2x 12x 2
19. y

sin cos
2
y

cos sin
2
23. y
y 8x 9
y 8x 7
5 x x 15
9. y
4 x x 14
10. y
1
1
y x 34 34
4
4x
1
1
y x 45 45
5
5x
8
x9
12. gx 3x 1
13. f t 2t 2 3t 6
gx 3
ft 4t 3
18. f x 2x 3 x 2 3x
st 3t 2 2
y 3x 2
20. gt cos t
21. y x 2
1
cos x
2
y 2x
1
sin x
2
gt sin t
24. y
14. y t 2 2t 3
y 2t 2
17. st t 3 2t 4
16. y 8 x 3
fx 6x 2 2x 3
22. y 5 sin x
y cos x
5
5
2 cos x x 3 2 cos x
2x3
8
5
15
y 3 x 4 2 sin x
2 sin x
8
8x 4
1
3 cos x
x2
Function
6. y x 8
y 6x 5
1
3 sin x
x
y
y1 1
5. y x 6
1
x 8
x8
y x 1
y x 2
1
y1 2
f x 0
1
x 7
x7
(b)
y 12 x 32
4. f x 2
y 0
7. y
y 3x 2
y1 3
3. y 8
y x 12
2. (a)
Rewrite
Differentiate
Simplify
5
x3
25. y
5
2x 2
5
y x 2
2
y 5x 3
y
26. y
2
3x 2
2
y x 2
3
4
y x 3
3
y
27. y
3
2x3
3
y x 3
8
y
9 4
x
8
y
4
3x 3
9
8x 4
110
Chapter 2
Differentiation
Function
28. y
29. y
30. y
Rewrite

3x2
y
x
2
x
9
y 4x 3
4
x 3
3
3x 2, 1, 3
x2
fx 6x 3
6
x3
ft
f1 6
34.
f
y 3x 3 6, 2, 18
y
2
9x 3
1
y x 32
2
y
1
2x 32
y 12x 2
y 12x 2
f t 3
32.
35.
y 9x 2
Simplify
2 3
x
9
y
y x 12
31. f x
Differentiate
3
,
5t
35, 2
1 7
33. f x x 3,
2 5
3
5t 2
fx
35 35
y 2x 12, 0, 1
36. f x 35 x2, 5, 0

3x 2 30x 75
fx 6x 30
y 8x 4
y0 4
37. f 4 sin , 0, 0
38.
f 4 cos 1
40. f x x 2 3x 3x 2
f x 2x 3 6x 3
2x 3
43. f x
gt 2 3 cos t, , 1
39. f x x 2 5 3x 2
fx 2x 6x 3 2x
g 0
41. gt t 2 4 t 2 4t 3
t3
6
x3
x 3 3x 2 4
x 3 4x 2
x2
fx 1
f5 0
gt 3 sin t
f0 41 1 3
8
x3 8
3
x
x3
45. y xx 2 1 x 3 x
y 3x 2 1
3 x x 12 6x 13
47. f x x 6
1
1
2
fx x 12 2x 23

2
2x x 23
49. hs s 45 s 23
4
2
4
2
h(s s 15 s 13 15 13
5
3
5s
3s
gt 2t
21 2
x
5
f0 0
4x 2 4x 1
y2 36
0, 21
12t 4
42. f x x x 2
fx 1 2x 3
12
2t 4
t
44. hx
1
2
x3
2x 2 3x 1
2x 3 x 1
x
hx 2
1
2x 2 1

x2
x2
46. y 3x6x 5x 2 18x 2 15x 3

y 36x 45x 2
3 x
5 x x 13 x 15
48. f x
1
1
1
1
fx x 23 x 45 23 45
3
5
3x
5x
50. f t t 23 t 13 4
2
1
2
1
ft t 13 t 23 13 23
3
3
3t
3t
6
x3
Section 2.2
51. f x 6x 5 cos x 6x 12 5 cos x

fx 3x 12 5 sin x
3
x
5 sin x
53. (a) y x 4 3x 2 2

2
52. f x
3

x
fx
3 cos x 2x 13 3 cos x
2 43
2
x
3 sin x 43 3 sin x
3
3x
54. (a) y x 3 x
y 4x 3 6x
y 3x 2 1
At 1, 0: y 413 61 2
At 1, 2: y 312 1 4
y 0 2x 1
Tangent line:
2x y 2 0
3
(b)
y 2 4x 1
Tangent line:
4x y 2 0
(b)
5
2
(1, 0)
1
55. (a) f x

fx
2
4 3

x
56. (a) y x 2 2xx 1
2x 34
x 3 3x 2 2x
3 74
3
x
74
2
2x
At 1, 2: f1
y 3x 2 6x 2
At 1, 6: y 312 61 2 11
3
2
Tangent line: y 6 11x 1
3
y 2 x 1
2
Tangent line:
7
3
y x
2
2
3x 2y 7 0
0 11x y 5
(b)
12
3
2
(b)
(1, 2)
2
7
1
57. y x 4 8x 2 2
y 4x 3 16x
58. y x 3 x
y 3x 2 1 > 0 for all x.
4x x 2 4
Therefore, there are no horizontal tangents.
4x x 2x 2
y 0 x 0, 2
Horizontal tangents: 0, 2, 2, 14, 2, 14
59. y
1
x 2
x2
y 2x 3
60. y x 2 1
2
cannot equal zero.
x3
Therefore, there are no horizontal tangents.
y 2x 0 x 0
At x 0, y 1.
Horizontal tangent: 0, 1
111
112
Chapter 2
Differentiation
62. y 3x 2 cos x, 0 x < 2
61. y x sin x, 0 x < 2
y 3 2 sin x 0
y 1 cos x 0
cos x 1 x
sin x
At x : y
Horizontal tangent: ,
3
x
At x
3 3

: y
3
3
At x
2
23 3
: y
3
3
Horizontal tangents:
63. x 2 kx 4x 9
Equate functions.
2x k 4
Equate derivatives.
Hence, k 2x 4 and
x2
2x 4 x 4x 9
2
or
3
3
64. k x 2 4x 7
2x 4
3 ,
3 3
, 23, 2
3 3
Equate functions.
Equate derivatives.
Hence, x 2 and k 4 8 7 k 3.
x 2
9 x 3.
For x 3, k 2 and for x 3, k 10.

3
k
x3
x
4
65.
Equate functions.
k
3
2
x
4
Equate derivatives.
3
3
3
x3 x x3
4
4
4
k
1
2x
Equate derivatives.
2x x x 4 2x x 4 x 4 k 4.
3
x 3 x 2 k 3.
2
67. (a) The slope appears to be steepest between A and B.

(b) The average rate of change between A and B is
greater than the instantaneous rate of change at B.
(c)
Equate functions.
Hence, k 2x and
Hence, k 34 x 2 and
3 2
4x
66. kx x 4
68. The graph of a function f such

that f > 0 for all x and the rate
of change the function is decreasing i.e., f < 0 would, in
general, look like the graph at
the right.
f
B C
A
E
x
69. gx f x 6 gx fx
70. gx 5 f x gx 5 fx
Section 2.2
y
71.

72.
x
3
3
4
If f is linear then its derivative is a constant function.
If f is quadratic, then its derivative is a linear function.
f x ax b
f x ax 2 bx c
fx a
fx 2ax b
73. Let x1, y1 and x2, y2 be the points of tangency on y x 2 and y x 2 6x 5, respectively.
The derivatives of these functions are:
y 2x m 2x 1 and
y 2x 6 m 2x 2 6
m 2x 1 2x 2 6
x 1 x 2 3
Since y1 x 12 and y2 x 22 6x 2 5:
m
x 22 6x 2 5 x 12
y2 y1

2x 2 6
x2 x1
x2 x1
x 22 6x 2 5 x 2 32
2x 2 6
x 2 x 2 3
4
3
)2, 3)
)1, 1)
x
2
)1, 0) 2
x 22 6x 2 5 x 22 6x 2 9 2x 2 62x 2 3

2x 22 12x 2 14 4x 22 18x 2 18
2x 22 6x 2 4 0
2x 2 2x 2 1 0
x 2 1 or 2
)2, 4)
3
2
1
x 2 1 y2 0, x1 2 and y1 4
Thus, the tangent line through 1, 0 and 2, 4 is

y0
1
2
42 01x 1 y 4x 4.
x 2 2 y2 3, x 1 1 and y1 1
Thus, the tangent line through 2, 3 and 1, 1 is
y1
32 11x 1 y 2x 1.
74. m1 is the slope of the line tangent to y x. m2 is the slope of the line tangent to y 1x. Since
y x y 1 m1 1 and y
1
1
1
y 2 m 2 2 .
x
x
x
The points of intersection of y x and y 1x are

x
1
x 2 1 x 1.
x
At x 1, m 2 1. Since m 2 1m 1, these tangent lines are perpendicular at the points of intersection.
113
114
Chapter 2
Differentiation
75. f x 3x sin x 2
76. f x x 5 3x 3 5x
f x 3 cos x
f x 5x 4 9x 2 5
Since cos x 1, fx 0 for all x and f does not have

a horizontal tangent line.
77.
f x x,
Since 5x 4 9x 2 0, fx 5. Thus, f does not have a

tangent line with a slope of 3.
2
78. f x , 5, 0
x
4, 0
1
1
f x x12
2
2x
fx
1
0y

2x 4 x
4 x 2x y
2
x2
2
0y

x2 5 x
10 2x x 2 y
4 x 2xx
10 2x x 2
4 x 2x
x 4, y 2
10 2x 2x
The point 4, 2 is on the graph of f.

y2
Tangent line:
2x
4x 10
02
x 4
4 4
5
4
x ,y
2
5
4y 8 x 4
The point 2 , 5 is on the graph of f. The slope of the

5 4
0 x 4y 4
tangent line is f 2 25.

5
y
Tangent line:
4
5
8

x
5
25
2
25y 20 8x 20
8x 25y 40 0
79. f1 1
80. f4 1
16
3.64
0.77
3.33
10
1.24
81. (a) One possible secant is between 3.9, 7.7019 and 4, 8:
y8
20
8 7.7019
x 4
4 3.9
y 8 2.981x 4
y Sx 2.981x 3.924
3
3
(b) f x x12 f 4 2 3
2
2
Tx 3x 4 8 3x 4
Sx is an approximation of the tangent line Tx.
CONTINUED
19
1
(4, 8)
2
12
2
Section 2.2
115
81. CONTINUED
(c) As you move further away from 4, 8, the accuracy of the approximation T gets worse.
20
f
T
12
(d)
3
f 4 x
T4 x
1
2
1
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.5
2.828
5.196
6.548
7.702
8.302
9.546
11.180
14.697
18.520
6.5
7.7
8.3
9.5
11
14
17
(b) fx 3x 2
82. (a) Nearby point: 1.0073138, 1.0221024

Secant line: y 1
Tx 3x 1 1 3x 2
1.0221024 1
x 1
1.0073138 1
(c) The accuracy worsens as you move away from 1, 1.
y 3.022x 1 1
(Answers will vary.)
(1, 1)
3
(1, 1)
3
3
2
2
(d)
3
2
1
f x
8
1
Tx
8
5
2
0.5
0.1
0.125
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.729
1.331
3.375
27
64
0.7
1.3
2.5
10
The accuracy decreases more rapidly than in Exercise 81 because y x 3 is less linear than y x 32.
83. False. Let f x x 2 and gx x 2 4. Then
f x g x 2x, but f x gx.
84. True. If f x gx c, then fx gx 0 gx.
85. False. If y 2, then dydx 0. 2 is a constant.
86. True. If y x 1

x, then dydx 11 1.
87. True. If gx 3 f x, then gx 3 fx.
88. False. If f x
89. f t 2t 7, 1, 2
90. f t t 2 3, 2, 2.1
1
n
x n, then f x nx n1 n1.
xn
x
f t 2
f t 2t
Instantaneous rate of change is the constant 2.

Average rate of change:
Instantaneous rate of change:
f 2 f 1 22 7 21 7

2
21
1
2, 1 f2 22 4

2.1, 1.41 f2.1 4.2
(These are the same because f is a line of slope 2.)
f 2.1 f 2 1.41 1

4.1
2.1 2
0.1
116
Chapter 2
Differentiation
1
91. f x , 1, 2
x
f x
92. f x sin x,
1
x2
0, 6
f x cos x
1, 1 f1 1
0, 0 f 0 1
2, 21 f2 41
6 , 12 f 6
3
0.866
3
f 6 f 0 12 0

0.955
6 0
6 0
f 2 f 1 12 1 1

21
21
2
93. (a) st 16t 2 1362
st 16t 2 22t 220
94.
vt 32t
vt 32t 22
s2 s1
1298 1346 48 ftsec
21
v3 118 ftsec
(b)
st 16t 2 22t 220
(c) vt st 32t
112 height after falling 108 ft
When t 1: v1 32 ftsec
16t 2
When t 2: v2 64 ftsec
2t 28t 27 0
(d) 16t 2 1362 0

t2
1362
(e) v
t2
1362
t
16
1362
32
22t 108 0
1362
v2 322 22
9.226 sec
86 ftsec
81362
295.242 ftsec
st 4.9t 2 v0 t s0
95.
96. st 4.9t 2 v0 t s0
4.9t 2 120t
4.9t 2 s0 0 when t 6.8.
vt 9.8t 120
s0 4.9t 2 4.96.82
226.6 m
v5 9.85 120 71 msec

v10 9.810 120 22 msec
vt
1
2 60
30 mph for 0 < t < 4
Similarly, vt 0 for 4 < t < 6. Finally, from 6, 2 to

10, 6,
st t 4 vt 1 miin 60 mph.
98.
v
50
Velocity (in mph)
1
1
97. From 0, 0 to 4, 2, st 2 t vt 2 mimin.
40
30
20
10
t
v
2
10
Time (in minutes)
60
Velocity (in mph)
50
40
(The velocity has been converted to miles per hour.)
30
20
10
t
2
10
Time (in minutes)
Section 2.2
99. v 40 mph 23 mimin
v 0 mph 0 mimin
0 mimin2 min 0 mi
v 60 mph 1 mimin
100. This graph corresponds with Exercise 97.
10
(10, 6)
10
Distance (in miles)
mimin6 min 4 mi
Distance (in miles)
2
3
(6, 4)
4
(8, 4)
2
(0, 0)
1 mimin2 min 2 mi
t
2
10
4
2
Time (in minutes)
(10, 6)
(0, 0)
(4, 2)
(6, 2)
t
10
Time (in minutes)
101. (a) Using a graphing utility,
(e)
dT
0.01114v 0.418
dv
R 0.417v 0.02.
For v 40, T40

0.86.
(b) Using a graphing utility,
For v 80, T80

1.31.
B 0.00557v 2 0.0014v 0.04.
For v 100, T100

1.53.
(c) T R B 0.00557v 2 0.418v 0.02

(d)
(f ) For increasing speeds, the total stopping distance

increases.
80
B
R
120
0
0
102.
C gallons of fuel usedcost per gallon

23,250
1.55
15,000
x
x
23,250
dC

dx
x2
x
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2325
1550
1163
930
775
664
581
dC
dx
233
103
58
37
26
19
15
The driver who gets 15 miles per gallon would benefit more. The rate of change at x 15 is larger
in absolute value than that at x 35.
dV
3s 2
ds
dV
48 cm2 per cm change in s.
When s 4 cm,
ds
103. V s 3,
104. A s 2,
dA
2s
ds
When s 4 m,
dA
8 square meters per meter change in s.
ds
117
118
Chapter 2
Differentiation
1
105. st at 2 c and st at
2
Average velocity:
st0 t st0 t 12at0 t2 c 12at0 t2 c

t0 t t0 t
2 t
12at02 2t0 t t2 12at02 2t0 t t2

2 t
2at 0 t
2 t
at 0
s t0
C
106.
instantaneous velocity at t t0
1,008,000
6.3Q
Q
dC
1,008,000

6.3
dQ
Q2
C351 C350
5083.095 5085
$1.91
When Q 350,
dC
$1.93.
dQ
107. N f p
(a) f 1.479 is the rate of change of gallons of gasoline sold when the price is $1.479 per gallon.
(b) f1.479 is usually negative. As prices go up, sales go down.
108.
dT
KT Ta
dt
109. y ax 2 bx c
Since the parabola passes through 0, 1 and 1, 0,
we have:
0, 1: 1 a02 b0 c c 1

1, 0: 0 a12 b1 1 b a 1
Thus, y ax 2 a 1 x 1. From the tangent line
y x 1, we know that the derivative is 1 at the point
1, 0.
y 2ax a 1
1 2a 1 a 1
1a1
a2
1
110. y , x > 0
x
y
1
x2
At a, b, the equation of the tangent line is

y
1
1
2 x a or
a
a
y
x
2
.
a2 a
The x-intercept is 2a, 0.
2a.
The y-intercept is 0,

1
2
1
2.
The area of the triangle is A bh 2a
2
2
a
y
b a 1 3
Therefore, y 2x 2 3x 1.
2
( )
(a, b) = a, a1
1
x
1
Section 2.2
111. y x3 9x
y 3x 2 9
Tangent lines through 1, 9:
y 9 3x 2 9x 1
x 3 9x 9 3x 3 3x 2 9x 9
0 2x 3 3x 2 x 2 2x 3
x 0 or x 32
The points of tangency are 0, 0 and 2 , 8 . At 0, 0, the slope is y0 9. At 2, 8 , the slope is y 2 4.
3
81
81
Tangent lines:
y 0 9x 0
9
3
y 81
8 4 x 2
and
y 4 x
y 9x
9x y 0
27
4
9x 4y 27 0
112. y x2
y 2x
(a) Tangent lines through 0, a:
y a 2x x 0
x 2 a 2x 2
a x 2
a x
The points of tangency are a, a. At a, a, the slope is y a 2a.
At a, a, the slope is y a 2a.
Tangent lines: y a 2ax a
y 2a x a
and y a 2ax a

y 2a x a
Restriction: a must be negative.

(b) Tangent lines through a, 0:
y 0 2x x a
x 2 2x 2 2ax
0 x2 2ax xx 2a
The points of tangency are 0, 0 and 2a, 4a 2. At 0, 0, the slope is y0 0. At 2a, 4a 2, the slope is y2a 4a.
Tangent lines:
y 0 0x 0 and y 4a 2 4a x 2a

y0
Restriction: None, a can be any real number.
y 4ax 4a 2
119
120
Chapter 2
Differentiation
x 2
x > 2
ax 3,
x 2 b,
113. f x
f must be continuous at x 2 to be differentiable at x 2.

lim f x lim ax 3 8a
x2
x2
lim f x lim x 2 b 4 b
x2
x2
fx
,
3ax
2x,
2
8a 4 b
8a 4 b
x < 2
x > 2
For f to be differentiable at x 2, the left derivative must equal the right derivative.
3a22 22
12a 4
a 13
4
b 8a 4 3
114. f x
x,
cos
ax b,
x < 0
x 0

f2x sin x is differentiable for all x 0.
f 0 b cos0 1 b 1
f x
x,
sin
a,
115. f1x sin x is differentiable for all x n, n

an integer.
You can verify this by graphing f1 and f2 and observing

the locations of the sharp turns.
x < 0
x > 0
Hence, a 0.
Answer: a 0, b 1
116. Let f x cos x.
fx lim
x0
f x x f x
x
lim
cos x cos x sin x sin x cos x

x
lim
cos xcos x 1
sin x
lim sin x
x0
x
x
x0
x0
0 sin x1 sin x
Section 2.3
Product and Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives
1. gx x 2 1x 2 2x

gx x 2 12x 2 x 2 2x2x
3
2. f x 6x 5x 2
fx 6x 53x 2 x 3 26
2x 3 2x 2 2x 2 2x 3 4x 2
18x 3 15x 2 6x 3 12
4x 3 6x 2 2x 2
24x 3 15x 2 12
3 t t 2 4 t 13t 2 4
3. ht
1
ht t 132t t 2 4 t 23
3
2
t

4
2t 43
3t 23
2
7t 4

3t 23
4. gs s4 s 2 s 124 s 2

1
gs s 122s 4 s 2 s 12
2
2
4

s
2s32
2s12
2
4 5s

2s 12
Section 2.3
5. f x x 3 cos x
6. gx x sin x
fx x 3sin x cos x3x 2

3x cos x x sin x
2
7. f x
fx
9. hx
hx
x
x2 1
1 x2
x 2 11 x2x
2
x 2 12
x 12
3

x
x 1
x 13
x 1
3
x 3 113x 23 x 133x 2

x 3 12
x 3 1 x 9x 2
3x 23x 3 12
1 8x 3
3x 23x 3 12
gx
sin x
x2
13. f x x 3 3x2x 2 3x 5

fx x 3 3x4x 3 2x 2 3x 53x 2 3
10x 4 12x 3 3x 2 18x 15
f0 15
2t 72t t 2 22 2t 2 14t 4

2t 72
2t 72
gt
10. hs
hs
s
s 1
s 11 s12 s 12

s 12
1
12. f t
x 2cos x sin x 2x x cos x 2 sin x

x 22
x3
2 1 x x cos x 2 1 x sin x
t2 2
2t 7
8. gt
11. gx
gx x cos x sin x
ft
s 1 2 s
s 2

2
s 1
2 s 1
t 3sin t cos t3t 2

t sin t 3 cos t

t 32
t4
14. f x x 2 2x 1x 3 1

fx x 2 2x 13x 2 x 3 12x 2
3x 2x 12 2x 12x 2 x 1
x 125x 2 2x 2
fx
x2 4
x3
16. f x
x 32x x 2 41
x 32
x1x1
x 12
x 2 6x 4
x 32
164
1

1 32
4
fx xsin x cos x1 cos x x sin x

f
x 11 x 11
x 12
2x 2 6x x 2 4
x 32
f x x cos x
17.
fx
x1
x1
f1
4

2
2

4
4 2
8
2
cos t
t3
f1 0
15. f x
121
f2
2
x 12
2
2
2 12
122
Chapter 2
18.
f x
sin x
x
fx
xcos x sin x1

x2

f
Differentiation
x cos x sin x
x2
6 32 12

236
6
3 3 18
2
3 3 6
2
Function
Rewrite
Differentiate
Simplify
y
2x 2
3
y
5x
2
19. y
x 2 2x
3
1
2
y x2 x
3
3
2
2
y x
3
3
20. y
5x 2 3
4
3
5
y x2
4
4
y
21. y
7
3x3
y
7 3
x
3
y 7x4
y
7
x4
22. y
4
5x2
4
y x2
5
8
y x3
5
y
8
5x3
23. y
4x32
x
y 4 x, x > 0
y 2x12
y
24. y
3x2 5
7
5
3
y x2
7
7
y
25. f x
fx
3 2x x 2
x2 1
2x 2 4x 2 2x 12
2
x 2 12
x 12
2
, x1
x 12
fx
x 3 3x 2
x2 1
x 2 13x 2 3 x 3 3x 22x
x 2 12
x 4 6x 2 4x 3
x 2 12
28. f x x 4 1
x 34 4x 1
x 32
fx x 4
4
4x
x
x3
x3
2
x
6
y x
7
27. f x x 1
fx 1
6x
7
26. f x
x 2 12 2x 3 2x x 22x

x 2 12
10
x
4
2
x1
x4
x1
x1
x 1x 1x 1
xx 114x
x 2 6x 9 12
x 32
x4
x 2 6x 3
x 32
2x 3
x 2 1
xx 11 4x
2
2x 2 x 2
x 12
Section 2.3
29. f x
2x 5
2x 12 5x 12
x
2x 5 2x 5
5
5

fx x 12 x 32 x 32 x

2
2
2x 32
2x x
3
30. f x
x x 3 x 13x 12 3
fx x 13
12 x x
12
5 16
x
x 23
6
1
5

6x 16 x 23
12
3
Alternate solution:
13 x
23
5
1

6x16 x23
32. hx x 2 12 x 4 2x 2 1
hs 6s 5 12s 2 6s 2s 3 2
fx
x56 3x13
5
fx x16 x23
6
31. hs s 3 22 s 6 4s 3 4
33. f x
3 x x 3
f x

hx 4x 3 4x 4x x 2 1
2 1x
2x 1
2x 1

x3
x x 3 x 2 3x
x 2 3x2 2x 12x 3 2x 2 6x 4x 2 8x 3

x 2 3x2
x 2 3x2
2x 2 2x 3
2x 2 2x 3
2
2
2
x 3x
x x 32
34. gx x 2
2x x 1 1 2x x x 1
gx 2
x 12x x 21 2x 2 2x 1 x 2 2x x 2 2x 2

x 12
x 12
x 12
35. f x 3x 3 4xx 5x 1

fx 9x 2 4x 5x 1 3x 3 4x1x 1 3x 3 4xx 51
9x 2 4x 2 4x 5 3x 4 3x 3 4x 2 4x 3x 4 15x 3 4x 2 20x
9x 4 36x 3 41x 2 16x 20 6x 4 12x 3 8x 2 16x
15x 4 48x 3 33x 2 32x 20
36. f x x 2 xx 2 1x 2 x 1
fx 2x 1x 2 1x 2 x 1 x 2 x2xx 2 x 1 x 2 xx 2 12x 1
2x 1x 4 x 3 2x 2 x 1 x 2 x2x 3 2x 2 2x x 2 x2x 3 x 2 2x 1
2x 5 x 4 3x 3 x 1 2x 5 2x 2 2x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x
6x 5 4x 3 3x 2 1
123
124
Chapter 2
37. f x
fx
Differentiation
x2 c2
x2 c2
x 2 c 22x x 2 c 22x
x 2 c 22
fx
4xc2
x2 c22
39. f t t 2 sin t

f t
38. f x
t2
cos t 2t sin t
ft
cos t
t
t sin t cos t
t sin t cos t

t2
t2
43. f x x tan x

fx 1 sec2 x tan2 x
4 t 8 sec t t 14 8 sec t

45. gt
1
1
gt t 34 8 sec t tan t 34 8 sec t tan t
4
4t
47. y
31 sin x 3
sec x tan x
2 cos x
2
3
3
y sec x tan x sec 2 x sec x tan x sec x
2
2
3
sec x tan x tan2 x 1
2
49. y csc x sin x
y csc x cot x cos x
c 2 x 22x c 2 x 22x
c 2 x 22
4xc 2
c 2 x 22
40. f 1 cos
f 1sin cos 1
t t cos t 2 sin t
41. f t
c2 x2
c2 x2
cos 1 sin
42. f x
fx
sin x
x
x cos x sin x
x2
44. y x cot x
y 1 csc2 x cot2 x
46. hs
1
10 csc s
s
hs
48. y
y
1
10 csc s cot s
s2
sec x
x
x sec x tan x sec x
x2
sec xx tan x 1
x2
50. y x sin x cos x

y x cos x sin x sin x x cos x
cos x
cos x
sin2 x
cos xcsc2 x 1
cos x cot2 x
51. f x x 2 tan x
fx x 2 sec2 x 2x tan x
xx sec2 x 2 tan x
53. y 2x sin x x 2 cos x
y 2x cos x 2 sin x x 2sin x 2x cos x
4x cos x 2 sin x x 2 sin x
52. f x sin x cos x

fx sin xsin x cos xcos x
cos 2x
54. h 5 sec tan
h 5 sec tan 5 sec sec2 tan
Section 2.3
55. gx
gx
57. g
g
xx 122x 5
2x 2 8x 1
x 22
56. f x
58. f
1 sin cos
sin 12
fx 2
(Form of answer may vary.)

1 sin
x x x 1 3x
f
125
x 1
x 5 2x 3 2x 2 2
x 2 12
sin
1 cos
1
cos 1

cos 1 1 cos 2
y
59.
y
y
6
1 csc x
1 csc x
1 csc xcsc x cot x 1 csc xcsc x cot x 2 csc x cot x

1 csc x2
1 csc x2
22 3
4 3
1 22
60. f x tan x cot x 1
61.
fx 0
ht
ht
f1 0
h
f x sin xsin x cos x
62.
t sec t tan t sec t1 sec tt tan t 1

t2
t2
sec tan 1
1
2
2

63. (a) f x x 3 3x 1x 2, 1, 3
f x sin xcos x sin x sin x cos x cos x
fx x 3 3x 11 x 23x 2 3
sin x cos x sin2 x sin x cos x cos2 x
4x 3 6x 2 6x 5
f1 1; Slope at 1, 3
sin 2x cos 2x
f
sec t
t
4 sin 2 cos 2 1
Tangent line: y 3 1x 1 y x 2

(b)
10
10
10
(1, 3)
10
64. (a) f x x 1x 2 2, 0, 2
65. (a) f x
fx x 12x x 2 21 3x 2 2x 2

f0 2; Slope at 0, 2
Tangent line: y 2 2x y 2x 2
(b)
x
, 2, 2
x1
fx
x 11 x 1
1

x 12
x 12
f2
1
1; Slope at 2, 2
2 12
Tangent line: y 2 1x 2 y x 4

4
(b)
(2, 2)
4
126
Chapter 2
66. (a) f x

fx
Differentiation
x1
,
x1
2, 13
fx sec2 x
2
x 11 x 11

x 12
x 12
f

2
1
f2 ; Slope at 2,
9
3
4 2; Slope at 4 , 1

y12 x
Tangent line:
1 2
2
1
Tangent line: y x 2 y x
3 9
9
9
(b)
4 , 1
f x tan x,
67. (a)
y 1 2x
4x 2y 2 0
3
(b)
( 4 , 1(

f x sec x,
68. (a)
3 , 2
(b)
fx sec x tan x

f
3 2 3; Slope at 3 , 2

2

y 2 2 3 x
3
Tangent line:
6 3x 3y 6 2 3 0
69. f x
8
; 2, 1
x2 4
f x
x 2 40 82x
16x
2
x 2 42
x 42
f 2
162
1

4 42
2
1
y 1 x 2
2
70.
f x
f x
f 3
y
1
y x2
2
2y x 4 0
71.
f x
f x
f 2
16x
;
x 2 16
27
;
x2 9
3, 23
x 2 90 272x
54x
2
x 2 92
x 92
543 1

9 92
2
3 1
x 3
2 2
1
y x3
2
2y x 6 0
2, 58
72. f x
4x
;
x2 6
2, 45
x 2 1616 16x2x 25616x 2

2
x 2 162
x 162
f x
x 2 64 4x 2x
244x2
2
x 2 62
x 62
256 164 12

20 2
25
f 2
24 16
2

10 2
25
8 12
y x 2
5 25
12
16
y
x
25
25
25y 12x 16 0
y
2
4
x 2
5 25
y
16
2
x
25
25
25y 2x 16 0

4

2
Section 2.3
x2
x1
73. f x
74. f x
fx
x 12x x 21
x 12
fx
x x 2
x 2 2x

x 12 x 12
x2
x2
1
75. f x
x 2 12x x 22x
x 2 12
x2
fx
2x
12
fx 0 when x 0 or x 2.
fx 0 when x 0.
Horizontal tangents are at 0, 0

and 2, 4.
Horizontal tangent is at 0, 0.
127
4x 2
x2
x 24 4x 22x
x4
4x 2 8x 2 4x
x4
4 4x
x3
f x 0 for 4 4x 0 x 1.
f 1 2
f has a horizontal tangent at 1, 2.
x4
x2 7
76. f x
f x
x2 71 x 42x

x2 7 2x2 8x
x2 8x 7
x 7x 1

2
2
2
2
x 7
x 7
x2 72
x2 72
1
1
f x 0 for x 1, 7; f 1 , f 7
2
14
12 and 7, 141 .
f has horizontal tangents at 1,
77. f x
x1
x1
78. f x
x 1 x 1
2

x 12
x 12
f x
1
1
2y x 6 y x 3; Slope:
2
2
2
1

x 12
2
f x
x 1 4
Let x, y x, xx 1 be a

point of tangency on the graph
of f.
4x 5
1

x 1x 1 x 12
x 1 2
x 1, 3; f 1 0, f 3 2
1
1
7
y 2 x 3 y x
2
2
2
y
f(x) =
6 4 2
x+1
x1
4
6
f(x) =
y = x + 4
2y + x = 1
(2, 2)
y = 4x + 1
4
2
2
1
x 22x 1 0 x , 2
2
12 1, f 2 2; f 12 4, f 2 1

y 1 4 x
1
2
y 4x 1
y 2 1x 2 y x 4
(12 , 1)
4x 2 10x 4 0
x
x1
Two tangent lines:
(3, 2)
x
(1, 5)
4x 5x 1 x 1
1
1
1
y 0 x 1 y x
2
2
2
(1, 0)
x 1 x
1

x 12
x 12
5 xx 1
1

1 x
x 12
2y + x = 7
x
x1
128
Chapter 2
79. fx
gx
gx
Differentiation
6
x 23 3x1

x 22
x 22
80. f x
xcos x 3 sin x 3x1 x cos x sin x

x2
x2
gx
xcos x 2 sin x 2x1 x cos x sin x

x2
x2
x 25 5x 41

6

x 22
x 22
5x 4
3x
2x 4

f x 2
x 2 x 2 x 2
gx
f and g differ by a constant.
f and g differ by a constant.
81. (a) p x f xgx f xg x
82. (a) p x f xgx f xg x
21 1
1
p 4 8 10 4
2
p 1 f 1g1 f 1g 1 14 6

(b) q x
gx f x f xg x

gx2
(b) q x
q 4
31 70
1

32
3
q 7
83. Area At 2t 1 t 2t32 t12

A t 2
32 t 21 t
12
12
Vt
x

,
200
x
x 30
2
42 41 12 3

42
16 4
12 t
1
t 32 2t 12
2
6t 1 2

cm sec
2 t
C 100
gx f x f xg x

gx2
84. V r 2h t 2
1
3t12 t12
2
85.
sin x 2x sin x 3x 5x

f x 5
x
x
1 x
dC
400
30
100 3
dx
x
x 302
86.
(a) When x 10:
dC
$38.13
dx
(b) When x 15:
dC
$10.37
dx
(c) When x 20:
dC
$3.80
dx
P
1 3 12
3t 2
t t 12
cubic inchessec
2 2
4t 12
k
V
dP
k
2
dV
V
As the order size increases, the cost per item decreases.
87.
Pt 500 1
4t
50 t 2
50 t 24 4t2t

50 t 22
Pt 500
200 4t 2
50 t
500
2 2
5050 tt
2000
2 2
P2 31.55 bacteria per hour
88.
F
Gm1m2
Gm1m2 d 2
d2
2 Gm1m2
dF
Fd
dd
d3
Section 2.3
sec x
89. (a)
1
cos x
d
1
cos x0 1sin x
1
d
sin x

sec x

dx
dx cos x
cos x2
cos x cos x cos x
csc x
(b)
cot x
sin x
cos x sec x tan x
1
sin x
d
1
d 1
sin x0 1cos x
cos x

csc x

dx
dx sin x
sin x2
sin x sin x
sin x
(c)
129
cos x
csc x cot x
sin x
cos x
sin x
d
1
d cos x
sin xsin x cos xcos x
sin2 x cos2 x
2 csc2 x
cot x

dx
dx sin x
sin x2
sin2 x
sin x
f x sec x
90.
gx csc x, 0, 2

fx gx
1
sin x
sin3 x
sec x tan x
cos x cos x
sec x tan x csc x cot x
1
1
1 tan3 x 1 tan x 1
csc x cot x
1
cos x
cos3 x
sin x sin x
x
3 7
,
4 4
91. (a) nt 3.5806t 3 82.577t 2 603.60t 1667.5
(b)
350
12
vt 0.1361t 3 3.165t 2 23.02t 59.8

(c) A
n(t)
vt
0.1361t3 3.165t 2 23.02t 59.8

nt 3.5806t3 82.577t 2 603.60t 1667.5
v(t)
5
12
12
0
0
0.05
(d) A t represents the rate of change of the average retail

value per 1000 motor homes.
5
12
0
A represents the average retail value (in millions of

dollars) per 1000 motor homes.
92. (a) sin
r
rh
(b)
h rcsc
h 30 h
r h r csc
h r csc r rcsc 1
93. f x 4x32

fx 6x12
f x 3x12
3
x
6
39602
94.
f x x
32
x2
fx 1
64
x3
f x
192
x4
cot
3 7920 3 miradian
130
95.
Chapter 2
Differentiation
1
x2 2x 1
x2
x
x
f x
x
x1
fx
1
x 11 x1

x 12
x 12
fx 1
2
x 13
f x
f x
96. f x
97. f x 3 sin x
1
x2
2
x3
98. f x sec x
f x 3 cos x
fx sec x tan x
f x 3 sin x
f x sec xsec2 x tan xsec x tan x

sec xsec2 x tan2 x
99. f x x2
100. f x 2 2x1
f x 2x
f x 2x2
2
x2
101. fx 2 x
102. f 4x 2x 1
1
1
f 4x 2x12
2
x
f 5x 2
f 6x 0
103.
104. The graph of a differentiable function f such that f > 0

and f < 0 for all real numbers x would, in general, look
like the graph below.
y
4
3
y
2
1
x
2
f 2 0
f
x
One such function is f x x 2
2.
105. f x 2gx hx
106. f x 4 hx
fx 2gx hx
fx hx
f2 2g2 h2
f2 h2 4
22 4
0
107. f x
gx
hx
fx
hxgx gxhx
hx2
f2
h2g2 g2h2
h22
12 34

12
10
108. f x gxhx

fx gxhx hxgx
f2 g2h2 h2g2
34 12
14
Section 2.3
109.
110.
f
f
x
2
131
x
2
It appears that f is cubic; so f would be quadratic and

f would be linear.
111.
112.
113.
y
f
4
3
2
1
It appears that f is quadratic; so f would be linear and f

would be constant.
f
1
3 2 1
1 2 3 4 5
3
4
5
115. vt 36 t 2, 0 t 6
114.
at 2t
2
1
v3 27 msec
a3 6 msec2
The speed of the object is decreasing.
116. vt
at
1500
2.4 ftsec2
25 152
100t
2t 15
(a) a5
2t 15100 100t2

2t 152
(b) a10
1500
1.2 ftsec2
210 152
1500
2t 152
(c) a20
1500
0.5 ftsec2
220 152
117. st 8.25t 2 66t
Average velocity on:
vt 16.50t 66
at 16.50
tsec
st ft
57.75
99
123.75
vt st ftsec
66
49.5
33
16.5
at vt ftsec2
16.5
16.5
16.5
16.5
4
132
0
16.5
0, 1 is
57.75 0
57.75.
10
1, 2 is
99 57.75
41.25.
21
2, 3 is
123.75 99
24.75.
32
3, 4 is
132 123.75
8.25.
43
132
Chapter 2
118. (a)
Differentiation
(b) The particle speeds up (accelerates) when a > 0 and
slows down when a < 0.
y
16
12
4
1
Answers will vary.
t
1
s position function
v velocity function
a acceleration function
119. f x x n
120.
f nx nn 1n 2 . . . 21 n!

Note: n! nn 1 . . . 3
2
1 (read n factorial)
f x
f nx
1
x
1nnn 1n 2 . . . 21

x n1
1nn!
x n1
121. f x gxhx

(a)
fx gxhx hxgx

f x gxh x gxhx hxg x hxgx
gxh x 2gxhx hxg x
f x gxh x gxh x 2gxh x 2g xhx hxg x hxg x
gxh x 3gx h x 3g xhx g xhx
f 4x gxh4x gxh x 3gxh x 3g xh x 3g xh x 3g xh x
g xhx g4xhx
gxh4x 4gxh x 6gxh x 4g xhx g4xhx
(b) f nx gxhnx
nn 1n 2 . . . 21

nn 1n 2 . . . 21
gxhn1x
g xhn2x
.
.
.
1 n 1n 2
21
21 n 2n 3 . . . 21
nn 1n 2 . . . 21

g xhn3x . . .
321 n 3n 4 . . . 21
nn 1n 2 . . . 21 n1

g
xhx gnxhx
n 1n 2 . . . 211
gxhnx
n!
n!
gxhn1x
g xhn2x . . .
1!n 1!
2!n 2!
n!
gn1xhx gnxhx
n 1!1!
Note: n! nn 1 . . . 3
2
1
(read n factorial)
122. x f x x fx f x
x f x x f x f x f x x f x 2 f x

x f x x fx f x 2 f x x fx 3 f x
In general, x f xn x f nx n f n1x.
Section 2.3
124. f x
123. f x x n sin x

fx x n cos x nx n1 sin x
x cos x n sin x
xn1x sin x n cos x
When n 1: fx x cos x sin x
When n 2: fx xx cos x 2 sin x

When n 3: fx x2x cos x 3 sin x
When n 4: fx x3x cos x 4 sin x
For general n, fx x n1x cos x n sin x.
1
1
2
125. y , y 2 , y 3
x
x
x
cos x
xn cos x
xn
fx xn sin x nxn1 cos x
x n1
x3y 2x2y x3
133
x sin x n cos x
xn1
When n 1: fx
x sin x cos x
x2
When n 2: fx
x sin x 2 cos x
x3
When n 3: fx
x sin x 3 cos x
x4
When n 4: fx
x sin x 4 cos x
x5
For general n, fx
x sin x n cos x
.
x n1
y 2x3 6x 10
126.
y 6x 2 6
2
1
2x 2 2 2 2 0
x3
x
y 12x
y 12
y xy 2y 12 x12x 26x 2 6 24x2
y 2 sin x 3
127.
y 3 cos x sin x
128.
y 2 cos x
y 3 sin x cos x
y 2 sin x
y 3 cos x sin x
y y 3 cos x sin x 3 cos x sin x 0
y y 2 sin x 2 sin x 3 3
129. False. If y f xgx, then
dy
f xgx gx fx.
dx
130. True. y is a fourth-degree

polynomial.
dny
0 when n > 4.
dx n
131. True
hc f cgc gc fc
f c0 gc0
0
132. True
133. True
134. True.
If vt c then at vt 0.
135. f x ax 2 bx c
f x 2ax b
x-intercept at 1, 0: 0 a b c
2, 7 on graph: 7 4a 2b c
Slope 10 at 2, 7: 10 4a b
Subtracting the third equation from the second, 3 b c. Subtracting this equation from the first, 3 a.
Then, 10 43 b b 2. Finally, 3 2 c c 1.
f x 3x 2 2x 1
134
Chapter 2
Differentiation
136. f x ax3 bx 2 cx d, a 0

f x 3ax 2 2bx c
2b 4b2 12ac
6a
f x 0 x
(a) No horizontal tangents: f x 0

4b2
12ac < 0
(b) Exactly one horizontal tangent

4b2
(c) Exactly two horizontal tangents
12ac 0
4b2 12ac > 0
Example: a c 1, b 0:
Example: a 1, b 3, c 3:
Example: b 1, a 1, c 0:
f x x3 x
f x x3 3x 2 3x
f x x3 x 2
x , if x 0
x
, if x < 0
2x, if x 0
fx
2x
2x, if x < 0
2, if x > 0
f x
2, if x < 0

137. f x x x
138. (a) fg fg fg fg fg f g
fg f g
(b) fg fg fg
fg fg fg f g

fg 2f g f g
f 0 does not exist since the left and right derivatives
are not equal.
Section 2.4
u gx
y f u
u 6x 5
y u4
ux1
y u12
3. y x2 1
u x2 1
y u
4. y 3 tan x 2
u x2
y 3 tan u
5. y csc3 x
u csc x
y u3
1. y 6x 54
1
x 1
6. y cos
fg f g
False
The Chain Rule
y f gx
2. y
True
3x
2
u
3x
2
7. y 2x 73
y 32x 722 62x 72
9. gx 34 9x4
gx 124 9x39 1084 9x3
y cos u
8. y 34 x 25
y 154 x 242x 30x4 x 24
10. f t 9t 223
2
6
ft 9t 2139 3
3
9t 2
Section 2.4
1
3
g x 5 3x123
2
25 3x
1
1
ft 1 t121
2
21 t
13. y 9x2 413
gx
15. y 24 x 214
1,1,
x > 1
x < 1
4 2 9x
16. f x 3
14 4 x
2 34
2x
x
f x 32 9x14
4 4 x23
3
27
f x 2 9x349
4
42 9x34
18. st
17. y x 21
y 1x 221
1
x 22
5
t 33
1
t2 3t 1
19. f t t 32
st t 2 3t 11
f t 2t 33
s t 1t 2 3t 122t 3

22. gt
dy
1
x 232
dx
2
15
t 34
t
f x x2
4x 231 x 242x
1
g t t 2 2322t
2
1
2x 232
3x 92
9x 3x 9
2xx 233x 2
27x 324x 3
25. y x1 x2 x1 x212
2x 1 x2121
2 12
x21 x212 1 x212

1 x212
x2 1 x2
1 2x2
1 x2
t
t 2 232
f x x
33x 923 3x 931
2xx 23
2x x 2
1
2
24. f x x3x 93
23. f x x2x 24
21 x
gt t 2 212
y x
2
t 33
2t 3
t2 3t 12
y x 212
21.
y 5t 33
y 15t 34
14. gx x2 2x 1 x 12 x 1
1
6x
y 9x2 42318x
3
9x2 423
20. y
135
12. gx 5 3x 5 3x12
11. f t 1 t12
y 2
The Chain Rule
1
26. y x 216 x 2
2
1 1
y x 2 16 x 2122x x16 x 212
2 2
x3
x16 x 2
216 x 2
x3x 2 32
216 x 2
136
Chapter 2
27. y
Differentiation
x
xx2 112
1
28. y
x2
1
y x x2 1322x x2 1121
2
y
x2x2 132 x2 112

x2 132
x2 x2 1
1
2
x 132
29. gx
xx 52
31.
f v
xx 52 x
2
x 4 4121 x 12 x 4 4124x 3
x4 4
x 4 4 2x 4
x 4 432
4 x4
x 4 432
2 x 52x
x 2 22
t
h t 2
2x 52 10x x 2

x 2 23
112vv
x 4
30. ht
g x 2
x
4
32. gx
1 2v
112vv 1 v2

1 v
t
33. y
91 2v2
1 v4
x 1
1 3x2 4x32
y
2xx2 12
y
5
y has no zeros.
22t t 23t 2
t 3 22
3x 2 2
2x 3
2x 36x2x 33x

2
22
33x 2 226x 2 18x 4

2x 34
63x 2 223x 2 9x 2
2x 34
x 2x 1
1
y
2xx 132
gx
y
5
y
2
y
6
6
1
36. gx x 1 x 1
x 1x
2xx 1
t
y has no zeros.
x x 1
y
t2
2
The zero of y corresponds to

the point on the graph of y
where the tangent line is horizontal.
35. y
34. y
x2 1
3x2x 32
g x 3
t2
2
2t 24t t 4 2t 34 t 3
3
t 3 23
t 23
f v 3
1
1

2x 1 2x 1
g has no zeros.
g
g
2
10
2
Section 2.4
37.
y
cos x 1
x
y
5
x sin x cos x 1
x2
y sin x
y sin 2x
y0 2
1 cycle in
0, 2
2 cycles in
0, 2
y sin 3x
40. (a)
y 2 cos 2x
y0 1
The zeros of y correspond to

the points on the graph of y
where the tangent lines are horizontal.
(b)
y cos x
1
x
1
1
dy
2x tan sec2
dx
x
x
The zeros of y correspond to the points on the graph of y

where the tangent lines are horizontal.
39. (a)
y x2 tan
137
dy x sin x cos x 1

dx
x2
38.
The Chain Rule
y sin
(b)
y 3 cos 3x
y
y0 3
3 cycles in
0, 2
y0
The slope of sin ax at the

origin is a.
2x
12 cos2x
1
2
Half cycle in
0, 2
The slope of sin ax at the
origin is a.
41.
y cos 3x
42.
43. gx 3 tan 4x
y sin x
gx 12 sec2 4x
dy
cos x
dx
dy
3 sin 3x
dx
44. hx secx2

hx 2x secx2 tanx2
46. y cos1 2x2 cos1 2x2
45. y sin x2 sin 2x 2
y sin1 2x221 2x2
y cos 2 x2
2 2x 2 2x cos 2x 2
41 2x sin1 2x2

48. g sec12 tan12
47. hx sin 2x cos 2x
g sec12 sec212 12 tan12 sec12 tan12 12
h x sin 2x2 sin 2x cos 2x2 cos 2x
12 sec12
sec212 tan212
2 cos2 2x 2 sin2 2x
2 cos 4x
1
Alternate solution: hx 2 sin 4x
h x 2 cos 4x4 2 cos 4x

1
49. f x
f x
cot x
cos x
2
sin x
sin x
50. gv
sin2 xsin x cos x2 sin x cos x

sin4 x
sin2
x2
sin3 x
cos2
51. y 4 sec2 x
y 8 sec x
sec x tan x
8 sec2 x tan x
cos v
cos v
sin v
csc v
gv cos vcos v sin vsin v

cos2 v sin2 v cos 2v
1
sin3 x
cos2 x
52. gt 5 cos 2 t 5cos t2

gt 10 cos tsin t
10 sin tcos t
5 sin 2 t
53. f 14 sin2 2 14sin 2 2

f 214 sin 2 cos 2 2
1
sin 2 cos 2 2 sin 4
138
Chapter 2
Differentiation
54. ht 2 cot2 t 2
55. f t 3 sec2 t 1
ht 4 cot t 2csc2 t 2

4 cot t 2
56.
f t 6 sec t 1 sec t 1 tan t 1
t 2
csc2
y 3x 5 cos x 2
6 sec2 t 1 tan t 1
57.
3x 5 cos 2x 2
dy
3 5 sin 2x 22 2x
dx
y x
1
sin2x 2
4
x
1
sin4x2
4
dy 1 12 1
cos4x28x
x
dx 2
4
3 10 2x sinx2
58. y sin x13 sin x13

y cos x13
59.
13 x 31 sin x
23
cos x
1 cos x13

3 x23
sin x23
23
1
2x
s t
cos x
y 3x3 4x15, 2, 2
61.
1
y 3x3 4x459x2 4
5

y2
62. f x
t1
t 2 2t 8
3
4
f x
3
3x3 41,
x3 4
f 1
1, 53
9x2
x3 42
9
25
1
2
1
x2 3x2,
x2 3x2
f 4
f x
1 2
t 2t 8122t 2
2
f x 3x3 423x2
9x2 4
53x3 4x45
f x 2x2 3x32x 3
64. f x
2x cos2x2
st t 2 2t 812, 2, 4
s 2
60.
6 sin t 1
cos3 t 1
4, 161
63.
22x 3
x2 3x3
f t
2x 31 x 12

5

2x 32
2x 32
f 2 5
3t 2
, 0, 2
t1
t 13 3t 21

5

t 12
t 12
f 0 5
5
32
x1
, 2, 3
2x 3
f t
65.
y 37 sec32x, 0, 36

y 3 sec22x
2 sec(2x tan2x
6 sec32x tan2x
y0 0
Section 2.4
66. y
1
cos x,
x
y
The Chain Rule
2 , 2
1
sin x

x2 2cos x
y2 is undefined.
67. (a) f x 3x2 2 , 3, 5
(b)
1
3x
f x 3x2 2126x
2
3x2 2
(3, 5)
5
9
f 3
5
Tangent line:
9
y 5 x 3 9x 5y 2 0
5
1
68. (a) f x xx2 5 , 2, 2
3
(b)
1 1
1
fx x x2 5122x x2 512
3 2
3
x2
1
x2 5
3x2 5 3
4
1
13
3
33 3
9
13
Tangent line: y 2 x 2 13x 9y 8 0
9
f2
y 2x3 12,
69. (a)
1, 1
70. (a) f x 9 x 223, 1, 4
y 22x3 16x 2 12x 22x3 1
2
4x
f x 9 x 2132x
3
39 x213
4
2
f 1

3813
3
2
Tangent line: y 4 x 1
3
14
2
y x
3
3
y 1 121 12

y 12x 11
(b)
(b)
( 1, 1)
3
(1, 4)
1
2
5
1
71. (a) f x sin 2x, , 0
(b)
fx 2 cos 2x
f 2
Tangent line:
y 2x 2x y 2 0
( , 0)
2
139
140
Chapter 2
Differentiation
4 , 22
y cos 3x,
72. (a)
f x tan2 x,
73. (a)
f x 2 tan x sec2 x
y 3 sin 3x
y
4 3 sin34 32
2
Tangent line: y
2
f

32
x
2
4
32
32 2
y
x

2
8
2
(b)
4 , 1
Tangent line:
y14 x
(b)
( 4 , 22 (
4 212 4

4x y 1 0
4
( (
,1
4
2
4
74. (a) y 2 tan3 x,
4 , 2
y 6 tan2 x
sec2 x
y
t 2
Tangent line: y 2 12 x

4
y 12x 2 3
g
3t 2
,
2t 1
12, 32
3t t 2 3t 2
t 2 2t 132
g t
4 612 12
(b)
gt
75. (a)
12 3
(b) y
3
1
3 x
2
2
y 3x 3
(c)
( 4 , 2(
(12 , 32 (
76. (a) f x x 2 x2, 4, 8

f x
77. (a)
x 25x 2
2x
s t
f 4 9
(b) y
y 9x 28
12
4
0x 0
3
y
4
3
(4, 8)
(c)
0
0, 43
21 t
2t

3
31 t
s 0 0
(b) y 8 9x 4
(c)
4 2t1 t
,
3
st
(0, 43 (
6
0
2
4
1
Section 2.4
y t 2 9t 2, 2, 10
78. (a)
y
y 2
5t 2 8t 9
2t 2
f x
27
4
f 3
(b) y 10
27
t 2
4
y
47
27
t
4
2
(c)
79. f x 25 x2,
3, 4
x
25 x2
3
4
3
25
y x ; Tangent line
4
4
8
5
(3, 4)
9
(2, 10)
18
f x
141
3
y 4 x 3
4
3
2
80. f x
The Chain Rule
x
2 x2
1, 1
f x 2 cos x sin 2x, 0 < x < 2
81.
f x 2 sin x 2 cos 2x
2
for x > 0
2 x232
2 sin x 2 4 sin2 x 0
2 sin2 x sin x 1 0
f 1 2
sin x 12 sin x 1 0
y 1 2x 1
y 2x 1;
Tangent line
sin x 1 x
3
2
1
5
x ,
2
6 6
sin x
(1, 1)
2
Horizontal tangents at x
3 5
, ,
6 2 6
Horizontal tangent at the points
56, 3 2 3
82.
f x
f x
x
2x 1
2x 112 x2x 112

2x 1
2x 1 x
2x 132
x1
2x 132
x1
0 x1
2x 132
Horizontal tangent at 1, 1
83.
f x 2x2 13

f x 6x2 122x
12xx 4 2x2 1
12x5 24x3 12x
f x 60x 4 72x2 12
125x2 1x2 1
6 , 3 2 3 , 32, 0 , and

142
Chapter 2
Differentiation
84. f x x 21
85.
f x x 22
f x 2x 23
86.
f x sin x 2
f x 2x cos x 2
1
x 22
f x 2x
2xsin x2 2 cos x2
2
x 23
2
cos x2 2x2 sin x2
f x sec2 x
f x 2 sec x sec x tan x
2 sec2 x tan x
f x 2 sec2 xsec2 x 2 tan x2 sec2 x tan x
2 2 sec4 x 4 2 sec2 x tan2 x
2 2 sec2 xsec2 x 2 tan2 x
2 2 sec2 x3 sec2 x 2
87.
1
hx 3x 13,
9
1, 649
88.
f x
x 412,
0, 21
1
h x 33x 123 3x 12
9
1
f x x 432
2
h x 23x 13 63x 1
3
3
f x x 452
4
4x 452
h 1 24
f 0
89.
1
x 4
f x cosx 2,
0, 1
g t 2 sec22t
f x 2x cosx 22x 2 sinx 2
g t 4 sec2t
sec2t tan2t2
4x 2 cosx 2 2 sinx 2
8 sec22t tan2t
f 0 0
g
6 323
92.
6 , 3
gt tan2t,
90.
f x sinx 22x 2x sinx 2
91.
3
128
x
2
f
2
3
The zeros of f correspond to the points where the graph

of f has horizontal tangents.
x
1
2
3
f is decreasing on , 1 so f must be negative there.

f is increasing on 1, so f must be positive there.
Section 2.4
y
93.
94.
3
2
x
1
f
x

95. gx f 3x

96. gx f x 2
g x f 3x3 g x 3 f 3x

97. (a) f x gxhx
g x f x 22x g x 2x f x 2

(b) f x ghx
f x gx h x g x hx
f x g hx h x
f 5 32 63 24
f 5 g 32 2g 3
(c) f x
f x
gx
hx
Need g 3 to find f 5.

(d)
hxg x gx h x
hx2
36 32 12 4
f 5

32
9
3
f x
gx3
f x 3
gx 2g x
f 5 3326 162
98. (a) gx f x 2 g x f x

2
1
f x
2
3
13
1
2
4
Hence, you need to know f 3x.
g x
2
3
13
1
2
4
r 0 3 f 0 3 13 1
h x
4
3
23
2
4
8
12
1
2
(b) hx 2 f x h x 2 f x
(c) rx f 3x r x f 3x3 3 f 3x
r 1 3 f 3 34 12

(d) sx f x 2 s x f x 2
r x
s x
1
3
Hence, you need to know f x 2.

1
s 2 f 0 3, etc.
99. (a) hx f gx, g1 4, g 1 12, f 4 1, h x f gxg x
h 1 f g1g 1
f 4g 1
1 12 12
(b)
143
The Chain Rule
sx g f x, f 5 6, f 5 1, g6 does not exist.

s x g f x f x
s 5 g f 5 f 5 g 61
Since g 6 does not exist, s 5 is not defined.
4
144
Chapter 2
100. (a)
Differentiation
hx f gx
sx g f x
(b)
hx f gxg x
s x g f x f x
h 3 f g3g 3
s 9 g f 9 f 9
f 51
g 82
12
1
2
2
101. (a) F 132,400331 v1
(b) F 132,400331 v1
F 1132,400331 v21
132,400
331 v 2
When v 30, F 1.461.
102. y
F 1132,400331 v21
1
1
cos 12t sin 12t
3
4
When v 30, F 1.016.
103. 0.2 cos 8t

The maximum angular displacement is 0.2 (since
1 cos 8t 1.
1
1
v y
12 sin 12t
12 cos 12t
3
4
d
0.2
8 sin 8t 1.6 sin 8t
dt
4 sin 12t 3 cos 12t

When t 8, y 0.25 feet and v 4 feet per second.
104. y A cos t
3.5
1.75
2
S CR 2 r 2
dS
dR
dr
C 2R
2r
dt
dt
dt
y 1.75 cos t
Since r is constant, we have drdt 0 and
2

10
5
dS
1.76 10521.2 102105
dt
Period: 10
y 1.75 cos
(b) v y 1.75
4.224 102 0.04224.
t
5

t
t
sin
0.35 sin
5
5
5
106. (a) Using a graphing utility, or trial and error, you obtain
a model similar to
T t 65 21 sin
(b)
When t 3, d dt 1.6 sin 24 1.4489 radians per

second.
105.
(a) Amplitude: A
132,400
331 v 2
(c) Tt 11 cos
6t 2.1
15
6t 2.1 .
0
13
100
15
13
0
(d) The temperature changes most rapidly in the spring

(AprilJune) and fall (SeptemberNovember).
Section 2.4
The Chain Rule
107. (a) x 1.6372t3 19.3120t2 0.5082t 0.6162

(b)
C 60x 1350
601.6372t3 19.3120t2 0.5082t 0.6162 1350
dC
604.9116t2 38.624t 0.5082
dt
294.696t2 2317.44t 30.492
The function dCdt is quadratic, not linear. The cost function levels off at the end of the day, perhaps due to fatigue.
108. f x sin x
109. f x p f x for all x.
(a) f x cos x

f x
2
sin x
f x
3
cos x
(a) Yes, f x p f x, which shows that f is

periodic as well.
(b) Yes, let gx f 2x, so g x 2 f 2x.
Since f is periodic, so is g.
f 4 4 sin x
(b) f x 2f x 2 sin x 2sin x 0
(c)
f 2kx 1k2k sin x

f 2k1x 1k1 2k1 cos x
110. (a) r x f gxg x
(b) s x g f x f x
r 1 f g1g 1
s 4 g f 4 f 4
Note that g1 4 and f 4
50 5
.
62 4
Also, g 1 0. Thus, r 1 0.
111. (a) gx sin2 x cos 2 x 1 g x 0

g x 2 sin x cos x 2 cos xsin x 0
5
5
64 1
Note that f 4 , g
and

2
2
62 2
5
1 5
5
.
f 4 . Thus, s 4
4
2 4
8
(b) tan2 x 1 sec2 x
gx 1 f x
Taking derivatives of both sides, g x f x.
Equivalently, f x 2 sec x
sec x
tan x and
g x 2 tan x
sec2 x, which are the same.
112. (a) If f x f x, then

d
d
f x
f x
dx
dx
f x1 f x
f x f x.
Thus, f x is even.
u u2
113.
uu
u
u
,
u

f x1 f x
f x f x.
Thus, f is odd.

u2
d
d
f x
f x
dx
dx
114. gx 2x 3
d
d
1
u
u 2 u2122uu
dx
dx
2
(b) If f x f x, then
u0
gx 2
2x2x 33 ,
x
3
2
145
146
Chapter 2
Differentiation

115. f x x2 4
xx 44 ,
2
f x 2x

h x x sin x
x 2
118. (a) f x tan
x
4

x
sec2
4
4
f x

x
sec2
2
4
tan
x
4 4
P1x f 1x 1 f 1
(b)
117. f x sin x

x
x
cos x, x 0
x
, x k
sin
sin x
f x cos x
f 1 1
f x
P2x
116. hx x cos x
f 1

2
4
2
f 1
2
2
21
8
4

x 1 1
2
1 2
2

x 12 f 1x 1 f 1 x 12 x 1 1
2 4
8
2
P1
P2
f
0
3
0
(c) P2 is a better approximation than P1.

(d) The accuracy worsens as you move away from x c 1.
f x sec2x
119. (a)
(b)
f x 2sec 2xtan 2x
P2
f x 2
2sec 2xtan 2x tan 2x 2sec 2xsec2 2x2
4
sec 2xtan2 2x sec3 2x
f
P1
f
0.78
0
0
6 sec3 2
(c) P2 is a better approximation than P1.

(d) The accuracy worsens as you move away
from x 6.

2 sec
tan
43
6
3
3
f

f
6 4
23 2 56
3
P1x 43 x
P2x

2
6
1

56 x
2
6
28 x

6
43 x
43 x
120. False. If y 1 x12, then

y 121 x121.

2
6

2
6
121. False. If f x sin2 2x, then

fx 2sin 2x2 cos 2x.
122. True
Section 2.5
Implicit Differentiation
147
f x a1 sin x a2 sin 2x . . . an sin nx
123.
f x a1 cos x 2a2 cos 2x . . . nan cos nx

f 0 a1 2a2 . . . nan
a1 2a2 . . . nan f 0

lim
x0
lim
x 0
lim
x0
124.

f x f 0
x0
f x
sin x
sin x
x
f x
1
sin x
d
Pnx
x k 1 n1Pn x Pn xn 1x k 1 n kx k1
k
n1
dx x 1
x k 12n2
x k 1Pn x n 1kx k1Pnx

x k 1 n2
Pnx x k 1n1
Pn1x x k 1n2
dn
1
dx n x k 1

d dn
1
dx dx n x k 1
x
1Pn x n 1kx k1Pnx
Pn11 n 1 kPn1
For n 1,
d
1
kx k1
P1 x
k

P11 k. Also, P01 1.
dx x k 1
x 12 x k 12
We now use mathematical induction to verify that Pn1 knn! for n 0. Assume true for n. Then
Pn11 n 1 k Pn 1
n 1kknn!
kn1n 1!.
Section 2.5
1.
x2 y2 36
2.
2x 2yy 0
y
4.
y
x3 y3 8
x12 y12 9
3.
2x 2yy 0
x
y
1 12 1 12
y
y 0
x
2
2
x
y
5.
x3 xy y2 4
3x2 xy y 2yy 0
3x2 3y2y 0
y
x2 y2 16
x2
y2
2y xy y 3x2

y
y 3x2
2y x
y
x12
y12
xy
148
Chapter 2
Differentiation
x2y y2x 2
6.
x3y3 y x 0
7.
x2y 2xy y2 2yxy 0
3x3y2y 3x2y3 y 1 0
x2 2xyy y2 2xy

y
3x3y2 1y 1 3x2y3
y y 2x
xx 2y
y
xy12 x 2y 0
8.
2xy
y
y
2xy
x3 3x 2y 2xy 2 12
9.
3x 2 3x 2y 6xy 4xyy 2y2 0
1
xy12xy y 1 2y 0
2
x
1 3x2y3
3x3y2 1
4xy 3x 2y 6xy 3x 2 2y 2
1 2y 0
y
6xy 3x 2 2y 2
4xy 3x 2
xy y 2xy 4xy y 0

y
2xy y
4xy x
2 sin x cos y 1
10.
cos x 4sin 2yy 0
2sin xsin yy cos ycos x 0

y
sin x 2 cos 2y 1
11.
cos x cos y
sin x sin y
cos x
4 sin 2y
y
cot x cot y
sin x cos y2 2
12.
13. sin x x1 tan y
2sin x cos y cos x sin y y 0
cos x xsec2 yy 1 tan y1
cos x sin yy 0

y
14.
cot y x y
15.
csc2 yy 1 y
1
y
1 csc2 y
1
tan2 y
cot 2 y
17. (a) x2 y2 16
cos x tan y 1
x sec2 y
y
cos x
sin y
y sinxy
16. x sec
y xy y cosxy
y
y cosxy
1 x cosxy
(b)
y
6
y 16 x2
1
dy
16 x2122x
dx
2
x
x
x

y
16 x2
16 x2
y
y
1
1
sec tan
y2
y
y
y2
sec1y tan1y
y2 cos
y2 16 x2
(c) Explicitly:
1
y x cosxyy y cosxy
1
y
y1 =
16 x 2
2
6
y2 =
16 x 2
(d) Implicitly: 2x 2yy 0

y
x
y
1y cot
1y
Section 2.5
18. (a) x2 4x 4 y2 6y 9 9 4 9
(b)
x 22 y 32 4, Circle
x
1
y2
(d) Implicitly:
2x 2yy 4 6y 0
2y 6y 2x 2

y
(b)
2
6
y2 = 43
16 x2
(d) Implicitly: 18x 32yy 0

y
(b)
x2
x2 9
1
9
9
x 2 9
3
(d) Implicitly:
9y 2 x 2 9
18yy 2x 0
18yy 2x
x
x
x

3x 2 9 3 3y 9y
xy 4
x2 y3 0
2x 3y2y 0
x y y
y
y
x
At 4, 1: y
y
22.
xy y1 0
y
9x
16y
1
dy 2x 2 9122x

dx
3
21.
3x
3x
9x

4 16 x2 443y
16y
(c) Explicitly:
20. (a) 9y 2 x 2 9
y
2
4
(c) Explicitly:
y2
16 x2
y1 = 34
3
y 16 x2
4

x 2
y3
y
6
1
9
144 9x2 16 x2
16
16
dy
3
16 x2122x
dx
8
4 (x 2)2
y = 3
x 2

4 x 22
19. (a) 16y2 144 9x2
y = 3 + 4 (x 2)
x 2
x 2
y3
4 x 22
(c) Explicitly:
dy
1
4 x 22 122x 2
dx
2
x 2
3 4 x 22 3
y 3 4 x 22
y 32 4 x 22
2x
3y2
At 1, 1: y
1
4
2
3
x
2x

18y 9y
149
150
23.
Chapter 2
y2
Differentiation
x2 4
x2 4
x3 3x2y 3xy2 y3 x3 y3
x 2 42x x 2 42x
2yy
x 2 42
2yy
x y3 x3 y3
24.
3x2y 3xy2 0
x 2 y xy 2 0
16x
42
x2
x 2y 2xy 2xyy y 2 0
8x
yx 2 42
x2 2xyy y2 2xy
At 2, 0: y is undefined.
y
y
y y 2x
xx 2y
At 1, 1: y 1
25.
x23 y23 5
26.
3x 2 3y 2y 4xy 4y
2 13 2 13
x
y
y 0
3
3
x13
y
At 8, 1: y
27.
x3 y3 4xy 1
y13
3y 2 4xy 4y 3x 2
xy
y
1
2
At 2, 1: y
tanx y x
4 12 8

38
5
x cos y 1
28.
1 y sec2x y 1
4y 3x 2
3y 2 4x
xy sin y cos y 0
y
1 sec2x y
sec2x y
y
cos y
x sin y
tan2x y
tan2x y 1
1
cot y
x
cot y
x
sin2x y
x2
x2 1
3 : y 21 3
At 2,
At 0, 0: y 0
29.
x2 4y 8
30.
x2 4y y2x 0

y
At 2, 1: y
4 xy2 x3
4 x2yy y21 3x2
2xy
x2 4
y
2x8x2 4
x2 4
16x
x2 42
At 2, 2: y 2
1
32

64
2
Or, you could just solve for y: y x
8
4
3x2 y2
2y4 x
Section 2.5
x2 y22 4x2y
31.
x3 y3 6xy 0
32.
2x2 y22x 2yy 4x2y y8x
3x2 3y2y 6xy 6y 0

y 3y2 6x 6y 3x2
4x3 4x2yy 4xy2 4y3y 4x2y 8xy

4x2yy 4y3y 4x2y 8xy 4x3 4xy2
y
4y x2y y3 x2 42xy x3 xy2

y
2xy x3 xy2
x2y y3 x2
At
6y 3x2 2y x2

3y2 6x y2 2x
169 32 4

43, 83: y 163
649 83
40 5
At 1, 1: y 0
33.
y 22 4x 3, 4, 0
34.
2 y 2y 4
y
x 12 y 22 20, 3, 4

2x 1 2 y 2y 0
2 y 2y 2x 1
2
y2
y
At 4, 0: y 1
x 1
y2
At 3, 4: y 2
y x 4
y 2x 10
35.
xy 1, 1, 1
36.
14x 63 xy 63 y 26yy 0
xy y 0
y
y
x
y
At 1, 1: y 1
At 3, 1: y
4, 23
x 2 2yy 2xy2 18x 8yy 0

18x 2xy2
2x2y 8y
At 4, 23 : y
184 2412
21623 163
3
24
1

6
483 23
Tangent line: y 23

y
3
6
3
63 143 83

3

8
26 633
y 3 x 4
x2y 2 9 x 2 4y 2 0,
y
63 y 14x
26y 63 x
y x 2
37.
3, 1
7x 2 63 xy 13y 2 16 0,
x 4
8
x 3
3
38.
x23 y23 5, 8, 1

2 13 2 13
x
y
y 0
3
3
y
At 8, 1: y
x13
y

y13
x
1
2
1
Tangent line: y 1 x 8
2
1
y x5
2
13
151
152
Chapter 2
Differentiation
3x 2 y 22 100x 2 y 2, 4, 2
39.
y 2x 2 y 2 2x 2,
40.
6x 2 y 22x 2yy 1002x 2yy
y 2x 2 y 4 2x 2
At 4, 2:
2yyx 2 2xy 2 4y3y 4x
616 48 4y 1008 4y
At 1, 1:
2y 2 4y 4
960 480y 800 400y
6y 2
880y 160
y 13
2
11
y
1
Tangent line: y 1 3 x 1
2
y 2 11
x 4
Tangent line:
1, 1
y 3x 3
11y 2x 30 0
2
y 11
x 30
11
41. (a)
x2
y2

1,
2
8
x
1, 2
(b)
yy
0
4
y
x2
y2
2x 2yy
b2x
2 1 2 2 0 y 2
a2
b
a
b
ay
y y0
b2x0
x x0,
a2y0
Tangent line at x0, y0
y0 y y02 x0 x x02

2 2 2
b2
b
a
a
4x
y
At 1, 2: y 2
Since
x02 y02
y y x x
2 1, you have 02 02 1.
a2
b
b
a
y 2x 4
Note: From part (a),
42. (a)
1
1
1x 2 y

1 y x 1 y 2x 4,
2
8
4
2
x2
y2

1, 3, 2
6
8
x
y
y 0
3 4
x0 b2
x x0,
y0a2
Since
x02 y02
x x yy
2 1, you have 02 20 1.
a2
b
a
b
43
2
32

y 2x 4
Note: From part (a),
Tangent line at x0, y0
yy0 y02 x0 x x02

2 2 2
b2
b
a
a
4x
3y
At 3, 2: y
y2
2x 2yy
xb2
x2
2 1 2 2 0 y 2
a2
b
a
b
ya
y y0
y
x
y
4
3
y
(b)
Tangent line.
y
1
3x 2 y

1 x 1 y 2x 4,
6
8
2
4
Tangent line.
Section 2.5
43.
tan y x
cos y x
44.
sin y y 1
y sec2 y 1
y
1

cos2 y, < y <
sec2 y
2
2
y
sec2 y 1 tan2 y 1 x2
y
1
,
sin y
0 < y <
sin2 y cos2 y 1
sin2 y 1 cos2 y
1
1 x2
sin y 1 cos2 y 1 x 2
y
45.
1
1 x 2
1 < x < 1
x 2 y 2 36
2x 2yy 0
y
x
y
y
y1 xy y xxy y 2 x 2 36

3
y2
y2
y3
y
x2y2 2x 3
46.
2x2yy 2xy2 2 0
x2yy xy2 1 0
y
1 xy2
x2y
2xyy x2 y 2 x2yy 2xyy y2 0

4xyy x2 y 2 x2yy y2 0
4 4xy2 1 xy22

x2yy y2 0
x
x2y2
4xy2 4x2y 4 1 2xy2 x2y 4 x 4y 3y x 2y 4 0
x 4y 3y 2x2y 4 2xy2 1
y
47.
x2 y2 16
2x 2yy 0
y
x
y
2x2y 4 2xy2 1
x 4y3
48. 1 xy x y
y xy x 1
y
x1
1
1x
x yy 0
y 0
1 yy y 2 0
y 0
1 yy

x
y
0
y2 y3y x2
y2 x2 16
y
3
y3
y
49.
y2 x3
2yy 3x2
y

y

3x2 3x2

2y
2y
3y
2x
x3
xy
xy
3y
y2 2x
2x3y 3y2
4x2
2x3
3y2x 6y
4x2
3y
3x

4x2 4y
153
154
50.
Chapter 2
Differentiation
y2 4x
2yy 4
1 12 1 12
x
y
y 0
2
2
2
y
y
x y 4
51.
y 2y2y
2
y y
2
(9, 1)
y
y
x
4
y3
At 9, 1: y
14
1
1
3
1
y 1 x 9
3
Tangent line:
1
y x4
3
x 3y 12 0
52.
y2
2yy

y
At 2,
x1
x2 1
(2, )
5
5
x 11 x 12x
x2 12
2
x2 1 2x2 2x
x2 12
1 2x x2
2yx2 12
144
: y

5
2 55 4 1 10
5
y
Tangent line:
5
5
1
x 2
105
105y 10 x 2
x 105y 8 0
53.
x2 y2 25
2x 2yy 0
y
x
y
At 4, 3:
Tangent line: y 3
4
x 4 4x 3y 25 0
3
(4, 3)
9
3
Normal line: y 3 x 4 3x 4y 0
4
At 3, 4:
3
Tangent line: y 4 x 3 3x 4y 25 0
4
Normal line: y 4
4
x 3 4x 3y 0
3
(3, 4)
9
Section 2.5
155
54. x2 y2 9
y
x
y
(0, 3)
At 0, 3:
Tangent line: y 3
Normal line: x 0
At 2, 5 :
Tangent line: y 5
Normal line: y 5
55.
2
x 2 2x 5y 9 0
5
5
56.
y2 4x
2yy 4
2x 2yy 0
x
slope of tangent line
y
y
slope of normal line
x
Let x0, y0 be a point on the circle. If x0 0, then the
tangent line is horizontal, the normal line is vertical and,
hence, passes through the origin. If x0 0, then the
equation of the normal line is
y0
y y0 x x0
x0
y
x 2 5x 2y 0
x2 y2 r 2
y
(2, 5 )
6
y
2
1 at 1, 2
y
Equation of normal line at 1, 2 is y 2 1x 1,

y 3 x. The centers of the circles must be on the
normal line and at a distance of 4 units from 1, 2.
Therefore,
x 12 3 x 2 2 16
2x 12 16
x 1 22 .
Centers of the circles: 1 22, 2 22 and
1 22, 2 22
y0
x
x0
Equations: x 1 22 2 y 2 22 2 16
which passes through the origin.
x 1 22 2 y 2 22 2 16
57. 25x2 16y2 200x 160y 400 0

50x 32yy 200 160y 0
y
200 50x
160 32y
( 4, 10)
10
Horizontal tangents occur when x 4:

2516 16y2 2004 160y 400 0
y y 10 0 y 0, 10
Horizontal tangents: 4, 0, 4, 10
Vertical tangents occur when y 5:
25x2 400 200x 800 400 0
25xx 8 0 x 0, 8
Vertical tangents: 0, 5, 8, 5
( 8, 5)
(0, 5)
4
( 4, 0)
10 8 6 4
x
2
156
Chapter 2
Differentiation
58. 4x2 y2 8x 4y 4 0
(1, 0)
8x 2yy 8 4y 0
y
8 8x 4 4x

2y 4
y2
(2, 2)
(0, 2)
3
Horizontal tangents occur when x 1:
412 y2 81 4y 4 0
(1, 4)
y2 4y y y 4 0 y 0, 4
Horizontal tangents: 1, 0, 1, 4
Vertical tangents occur when y 2:
4x2 22 8x 42 4 0
4x2 8x 4xx 2 0 x 0, 2
Vertical tangents: 0, 2, 2, 2
59. Find the points of intersection by letting y2 4x in the equation 2x2 y2 6.
2x2 4x 6
and
x 3x 1 0
The curves intersect at 1, 2.

Ellipse:
2x 2 + y 2 = 6 4
Parabola:
4x 2yy 0
y
(1, 2)
6
2yy 4
2x
y
y
y 2 = 4x
(1, 2)
2
y
At 1, 2, the slopes are:

y 1
y 1

y 1
y 1
Tangents are perpendicular.

60. Find the points of intersection by letting y2 x3 in the equation 2x2 3y2 5.
2x2 3x3 5
and
3x3 2x2 5 0
Intersect when x 1.
(1, 1)
Points of intersection: 1, 1
y2 x3:
2x2 3y2 5:
2yy 3x2
4x 6yy 0
y
3x2
2y
y

y
3
2
y

y
3
2
2x2 + 3y2 = 5
y
2
3
2
3
(1, 1)
2
2x
3y
y 2= x 3
Section 2.5
61. y x and x sin y
157
x = sin y
Point of intersection: 0, 0

y x:
x sin y:
y 1
1 y cos y
(0, 0)
x+y=0
y sec y
y 1
y 1

62. Rewriting each equation and differentiating:
x3 3 y 1
y
x (3y 29) = 3 15
x 3 = 3y 3
x3y 29 3
x3
1
3
y
y x2
1 3
29
3 x
y
15
12
3
1
x2
For each value of x, the derivatives are negative reciprocals of each other. Thus, the tangent lines are orthogonal
at both points of intersection.
63.
xy C
x2 y2 K
xy y 0
2x 2yy 0
y
y
x
C=4
3
x
y
y
x2 y2 C 2
y
K=1
3
K = 1
C=1
C=2
At the point of intersection x, y, the product of the slopes

is xyK xKxK 1. The curves are orthogonal.
65. 2y2 3x 4 0
66. x2 3xy2 y3 10
(a) 4yy 12x3 0
(a) 2x 3y2 6xyy 3y2y 0
6xy 3y2y 3y2 2x
4yy 12x3
y
(b) 4y
y K
x
y
K=2
y Kx
2x 2yy 0
C=1
K = 1
At any point of intersection x, y the product of the

slopes is yxxy 1. The curves are orthogonal.
64.
12x3 3x3

4y
y
dy
dx
12x3
0
dt
dt
y
dy
dx
3x3
dt
dt
y
(b) 2x
3y2 2x
3y2 6xy
dx
dx
dy
dy
3y 2 6xy
3y2
0
dt
dt
dt
dt
2x 3y2
dx
dy
6xy 3y2
dt
dt
158
Chapter 2
Differentiation
68. 4 sin x cos y 1
67. cos y 3 sin x 1
(a) 4 sin xsin yy 4 cos x cos y 0
(a) sinyy 3 cos x 0

y
3 cos x
sin y
y
dy
dx
3 cosx
0
dt
dt
(b) siny
siny
(b) 4 sin xsin y
cos x cos y
sin x sin y
dx
dy
4 cos x
cos y 0
dt
dt
dy
dx
3 cosx
dt
dt
cos x cos y
dy
dx
sin x sin y
dt
dt
69. A function is in explicit form if y is written as a function

of x: y f x. For example, y x3. An implicit equation
is not in the form y f x. For example, x 2 y 2 5.
70. Given an implicit equation, first differentiate both sides

with respect to x. Collect all terms involving y on the left,
and all other terms to the right. Factor out y on the left
side. Finally, divide both sides by the left-hand factor that
does not contain y.
71.
72. Highest wind speed near L
18
00
1671
1994
A
00
18
Use starting point B.

73. (a) x 4 44x2 y2
10
4y2 16x2 x 4
10
10
1
y2 4x2 x 4
4
y
10
1
4x2 x 4
4
y 3 9 4x 2
(b)
1 4
x
4
10
36 16x2 x 4
x4
16x2
10
36 0
x2
10
y1
16 256 144
8 28
2
y3
y2
y4
10
Note that x2 8 28 8 27 1 7 2. Hence, there are four values of x:

1 7, 1 7, 1 7, 1 7
To find the slope, 2yy 8x x3 y
CONTINUED
x8 x2
.
23
Section 2.5
73. CONTINUED
For x 1 7, y
y1
1
7 7x 1 7 3 317 7x 87 23 .
3
For x 1 7, y
y2
1
7 7, and the line is
3
1
7 7, and the line is
3
1
7 7x 1 7 3 317 7x 23 87 .
3
1
For x 1 7, y 7 7, and the line is
3
1
1
y3 7 7x 1 7 3 7 7x 23 87 .
3
3
1
For x 1 7, y 7 7, and the line is
3
1
1
y4 7 7x 1 7 3 7 7x 87 23 .
3
3
(c) Equating y3 and y4:
1
7 7x 1 7 3 31 7 7x 1 7 3
3
7 7x 1 7 7 7x 1 7

7x 7 7 7x 7 77 7x 7 7 7x 7 77
167 14x
x
If x
87
7
x y c
74.
1
2x
87
87
, then y 5 and the lines intersect at
,5 .
7
7
75.
y q xp
dy
0
2y dx
1
qy q1y px p1
y
dy

dx
x
Tangent line at x0, y0: y y0
y x pq; p, q integers and q > 0
y0
x0
x x0
x-intercept: x0 x0y0, 0

y-intercept: 0, y0 x0y0
Sum of intercepts:
x0 x0y0 y0 x0y0 x0 2x0y0 y0

x0 y0 2
c 2 c
x p1
y
p
q
y q1 q
p
q
x p1y
yq
x p1 pq p pq1

x x
xp
q
Thus, if y x n, n pq, then y nx n1.
159
160
Chapter 2
Differentiation
x 2 y 2 25, slope
76.
3
4
77.
4y3y 2yy 2x
2x 2yy 0
2x 2y 4y3y
x 3
4
y y x
y 4
3
x2
y
169 x 25
2
Note: y 4 y 2 x 2 0
y2
x 3
Points: 3, 4 and 3, 4
x2
y2

1,
4
9
2x
0 x0
2y 4y3
Horizontal tangents at 0, 1 and 0, 1
25 2
x 25
9
78.
y 4 y2 x2
1 1 4x2
2
If you graph these four equations, you will see that these
are horizontal tangents at 0, 1, but not at 0, 0.
4, 0
2x 2yy

0
4
9
9x
4y
y
9x y 0

4y
x4
9xx 4 4y 2
But, 9x 2 4y 2 36 4y 2 36 9x 2. Hence, 9x 2 36x 4y 2 36 9x 2 x 1.
Points on ellipse:
1, 323
3
3
9x
9
At 1, 3 : y

2
4y
2
4323
3
3
At 1, 3 : y
2
2
Tangent lines: y
y
3
3
x 4
x 4
3
3
x 23
x 23
79. x y 2
1 2yy
y
1
,
2y
slope of tangent line
Consider the slope of the normal line joining x0, 0 and x, y y 2, y on the parabola.
2y
y0
y2 x0
y 2 x0
1
2
y 2 x0
1
2
CONTINUED
Section 2.6
Related Rates
79. CONTINUED
1
1
1
1
(a) If x0 4, then y 2 4 2 4, which is impossible. Thus, the only normal line is the x-axis y 0.
1
(b) If x0 2, then y 2 0 y 0. Same as part (a).
1
(c) If x0 1, then y 2 2 x and there are three normal lines:
The x-axis, the line joining x0, 0 and
12, 12 , and the line joining x , 0 and 12, 12

0
If two normals are perpendicular, then their slopes are 1 and 1. Thus,
2y 1
1
y0
y
y2 x0
2
and
1
1
3
12
1 x0 x0 .
14 x0
4
2
4
3
The perpendicular normal lines are y x 4 and y x 4.

x2
y2

1
32
8
80. (a)
(c)
x2 4 4x 2 24x 36 32
2x
2yy
x

0 y
32
8
4y
At 4, 2: y
x2
2x 62

1
32
8
17x 2 96x 112 0
4
1

42
2
17x 28x 4 0 x 4,
Slope of normal line is 2.

Second point:
y 2 2x 4
46
,
28
17 17
y 2x 6
(b)
Section 2.6
1.
Related Rates
y x
2.
y 2x 2 3x
dy
1
dx

dt
2x dt
dy
dx
4x 6
dt
dt
dx
dy
2x
dt
dt
dx
1
dy

dt
4x 6 dt
(a) When x 4 and dxdt 3,
(a) When x 3 and
dy
1
3

3 .
dt
24
4
(b) When x 25 and dydt 2,
dx
225 2 20.
dt
dx
dy
2,
43 62 12.
dt
dt
(b) When x 1 and
dy
5
dx
1
5 .
5,

dt
dt
41 6
2
28
17
161
162
Chapter 2
Differentiation
xy 4
3.
x
x2 y2 25
4.
dy
dx
y
0
dt
dt
2x
dx
dy
2y
0
dt
dt

dy
x dx

dt
y dt

dx
y dy

dt
x dt

dy
y dx

dt
x dt

dx
x dy

dt
y dt
(a) When x 8, y 12, and dxdt 10,
(a) When x 3, y 4, and dxdt 8,
dy
12
5

10 .
dt
8
8
dy
3
8 6.
dt
4
(b) When x 1, y 4, and dydt 6,
(b) When x 4, y 3, and dydt 2,
3
1
dx
6 .
dt
4
2
5.
y x2 1
dx
3
3
2 .
dt
4
2
6.
dx
2
dt
dy
2x
dx

dt
1 x22 dt
(a) When x 1,
(a) When x 2,
dy
212 4 cmsec.
dt
dy 222
8

cmsec.
dt
25
25
(b) When x 0,
(b) When x 0,
dy
202 0 cmsec.
dt
dy
0 cmsec.
dt
(c) When x 1,
(c) When x 2,
dy
212 4 cmsec.
dt
y tan x
1
1 x2
dx
2
dt
dy
dx
2x
dt
dt
7.
y
dy 222 8

cmsec.
dt
25
25
8.
y sin x
dx
2
dt
dx
2
dt
dy
dx
sec2 x
dt
dt
dy
dx
cos x
dt
dt
(a) When x 3,
(a) When x 6,
dy
222 8 cmsec.
dt
(b) When x 4,
dy
2 22 4 cmsec.
dt
(c) When x 0,
dy
122 2 cmsec.
dt
dy

cos 2 3 cmsec.
dt
6
(b) When x 4,

dy

cos 2 2 cmsec.
dt
4
(c) When x 3,

dy

cos 2 1 cmsec.
dt
3
Section 2.6
9. (a)
dx
dy
negative positive
dt
dt
10. (a)
(b)
dy
dx
positive negative
dt
dt
(b)
11. Yes, y changes at a constant rate.
Related Rates
dx
dy
negative negative
dt
dt
dx
dy
positive positive
dt
dt
12. Answers will vary. See page 149.
dy
dx
a
dt
dt
No, the rate dydt is a multiple of dxdt.
13.
15.
D x2 y2 x2 x2 12 x 4 3x2 1
14.
D x2 y2 x2 sin2 x
dx
2
dt
dx
2
dt
dD 1 4
dx
x 3x2 1124x3 6x
dt
2
dt
dD 1 2
dx
x sin2 x122x 2 sin x cos x
dt
2
dt
2x3 3x
dx
x 4 3x2 1 dt
x sin x cos x dx
x2 sin2 x dt
4x3 6x
x 4 3x2 1
2x 2 sin x cos x
x2 sin2 x
A r2
16.
A r2
dr
3
dt
dA
dr
2 r
dt
dt
dA
dr
2 r
dt
dt
If drdt is constant, dAdt is not constant.

dAdt depends on r and drdt.
dA
(a) When r 6,
2 63 36 cm2min.
dt
(b) When r 24,
17. (a) sin
dA
2 243 144 cm2min.
dt
12b

b 2s sin
2
s
2
h

cos h s cos
2
s
2
A

(b)
1
1

bh 2s sin
2
2
2
s
h
s cos 2
s2

s2
2 sin cos
sin
2
2
2
2
d
dA s2
d 1

cos
radmin.
where
dt
2
dt
dt
2
12
When
dA s2 3
,

6 dt
2 2
When
dA s2 1
,

3 dt
2 2
3s 2
12 s8 .
2
(c) If
.
dA
d
is constant,
is proportional to cos .
dt
dt
163
164
18.
Chapter 2
Differentiation
4
V r3
3
19.
4
dV
V r 3,
800
3
dt
dr
2
dt
dV
dr
4 r 2
dt
dt
dV
dr
4 r 2
dt
dt
dr
1
dV
1

800
dt
4 r 2 dt
4 r 2
(a) When r 6,
(a) When r 30,

dV
4 622 288 in3min.
dt
dr
2
1
800
cmmin.

dt
4 302
9
When r 24,
(b) When r 60,
dV
4 2422 4608 in3min.
dt
dr
1
1

800
cmmin.
dt
4 60 2
18
(b) If drdt is constant, dVdt is proportional to r 2.

20.
V x3
21.
dx
3
dt
dx
3
dt
dV
dx
3x 2
dt
dt
ds
dx
12x
dt
dt
(a) When x 1,
(a) When x 1,
dV
3123 9 cm3sec.
dt
ds
1213 36 cm2sec.
dt
(b) When x 10,
(b) When x 10,
dV
310 2 3 900 cm3sec.
dt
22.
s 6x2
1
1
V r 2h r 23r r 3
3
3
dr
2
dt
ds
12103 360 cm2sec.
dt
23.

1
1 9
V r 2h h2 h
3
3 4
since 2r 3h
3 3
h
4
dV
dr
3 r 2
dt
dt
dV
10
dt
(a) When r 6,
dV 9 2 dh
dh 4 dVdt

h
dt
4
dt
dt
9h2
dV
3 622 216 in3min.
dt
(b) When r 24,
dV
3 2422 3456 in3min.
dt
When h 15,
dh
410
8

ftmin.
dt
9 152 405
Section 2.6
1
1 25 3
25 3
V r 2h
h
h
3
3 144
3144
24.
Related Rates
By similar triangles, 5r 12h r 125 h.
dV
10
dt
dV 25 2 dh
dh
144 dV

h

dt
144
dt
dt
25 h 2 dt
r
12
When h 8,
25.
dh
144
9

ftmin.
10
dt
2564
10
12
1
3
1
1
(a) Total volume of pool 2 2126 1612 144 m3
Volume of 1 m of water
1
2 166
18
144 100%
12.5%
% pool filled
18
m3
(see similar triangle diagram)
h=1
12
b=6
(b) Since for 0 h 2, b 6h, you have

1
V bh6 3bh 36hh 18h2
2
dh 1
dh
1
1
1
dV
36h

mmin.

dt
dt
4
dt
144h 1441 144
1
26. V bh12 6bh 6h2
2
since b h
12 ft
dV
dh
dh
1 dV
(a)
12h
dt
dt
dt
12h dt
3 ft
3 ft
h ft
dV
dh
1
1
2 ftmin.
2,

When h 1 and
dt
dt
121
6
(b) If

dh 3
1
3
1
dV
in./min
(12)2
ft3min.
ft/min and h 2 feet, then
dt
8
32
dt
32
4
x2 y2 252
27.
2x
dx
dy
2y
0
dt
dt
25
dy x

dt
y
dx 2x
dx

since
2.
dt
y
dt
(a) When x 7, y 576 24,
dy 27 7

ftsec.
dt
24
12
When x 15, y 400 20,

When x 24, y 7,
CONTINUED
dy 215 3

ftsec.
dt
20
2
dy 224 48

ftsec.
dt
7
7
165
166
Chapter 2
Differentiation
27. CONTINUED
1
A xy
2
(b)
dx
dA 1 dy
x
y
dt
2 dt
dt
From part (a) we have x 7, y 24,
dx
7
dy
2, and
. Thus,
dt
dt
12
dA 1
7
527
242
7
21.96 ft2sec.
dt
2
12
24
tan
(c)
sec2
x
y
d 1

dt
y
dx
x
2
dt
y
d
1
cos2
dt
y
dy
dt
dx
x
2
dt
y
25
dy
dt
dx
dy
7
24
2,
and cos , we have
Using x 7, y 24,
dt
dt
12
25
24
d

dt
25
241 2 247 127

121 radsec.
2
x2 y2 25
28.
2x
dx
dy
2y
0
dt
dt
dx
y

dt
x
dy
0.15y

dt
x
When x 2.5, y 18.75,
dy
since
0.15
dt
18.75
dx

0.15 0.26 msec.
dt
2.5
29. When y 6, x 122 62 63, and s x2 12 y2

108 36 12.
12 y
x2 12 y2 s2
y
12
dx
dy
ds
2x
212 y1
2s
dt
dt
dt
x
dx
dy
ds
y 12
s
dt
dt
dt
Also, x2 y2 122.
2x
dx
dy
dy x dx
2y
0

dt
dt
dt
y dt
Thus, x
dx
x dx
ds
y 12
s .
dt
y dt
dt
dx
12x
ds
dx
sy
xx
s

dt
y
dt
dt
12x
dy x dx 63

dt
y dt
6
ds
126
1
3

0.2

msec (horizontal)
dt
15
53
1263
3 1 msec (vertical)
15
( x, y )
Section 2.6
Related Rates
167
30. Let L be the length of the rope.

4 ft/sec
L2 144 x2
(a)
2L
dL
dx
2x
dt
dt
dx L

dt
x
(b) If
13 ft
12 ft
dL
4L

dt
x
dx
4, and L 13:
dt
dL
20
x dx
5

4
ftsec
dt
L dt
13
13
since dLdt 4 ftsec
dL
x dx L2 144

4
dt
L dt
L
When L 13:
lim
x L2 144 169 144 5
L12
dL
4
L2 144 0
lim
L12
dt
L
413
52
dx

10.4 ftsec
dt
5
5
Speed of the boat increases as it approaches the dock.
s2 x2 y2
31. (a)
dx
450
dt
y
200
dy
600
dt
2s
150
ds
dx
dy
2x
2y
dt
dt
dt
100
50
x
50
50
x
100 150 200
ds xdxdt ydydt

dt
s
When x 150 and y 200, s 250 and
(b) t
ds 150450 200600

750 mph.
dt
250
250 1
hr 20 min
750 3
x 2 y 2 s2
32.
2x
dx
ds
0 2s
dt
dt
s2 902 x2
33.
since dydt 0
x 30
dx
28
dt
dx
s ds

dt
x dt
ds
dx
ds x
2x
dt
dt
dt
s
dx
dt
When s 10, x 100 25 75 53,
2s
dx
10
480

240
1603 277.13 mph.
dt
3
53
When x 30, s 902 302 3010,
ds
30
28

28
8.85 ftsec.
dt

30 10
10
5 mi
2nd
30 ft
3rd
1st
s
90 ft
Home
168
Chapter 2
Differentiation
34. s2 902 x2
35. (a)
x 60
y
dx
28
dt
ds x

dt
s
15
y

15y 15x 6y
6
yx
5
x
3
dx
5
dt
dx
dt
dy 5

dt
3
When x 60, s 902 602 3013,
dx 5
25
5
ftsec
dt
3
3
ds
60
56

28
15.53 ftsec.
dt
3013
13
2nd
30 ft
15
x
3rd
6
1st
x
y
90 ft
Home
(b)
d y x dy dx 25
10

5
ftsec
dt
dt
dt
3
3
y
20

6
yx
36. (a)
20y 20x 6y
20
14y 20x
y
10
x
7
6
x
y
dx
5
dt
dy 10 dx 10
50

5
ftsec
dt
7 dt
7
7
(b)
50 35 15
d y x dy dx 50

5

ftsec
dt
dt
dt
7
7
7
7
37. xt
1
t
sin , x 2 y 2 1
2
6
(a) Period:
2
12 seconds
6
1
(b) When x , y
2
Lowest point:
1 12
2
1
(c) When x , y
4
2
3
1 14
15
and t 1:
dx 1
t

t

cos
cos
dt
2 6
6
12
6

m.
0, 23
x2 y2 1
2x
dx
dy x dx
dy
2y
0

dt
dt
dt
y dt
Thus,
dy
14

dt
154
Speed

12 cos 6
1 23 24 15 1205.

15 12
5
5

msec
120
120
Section 2.6
38. xt
Related Rates
3
sin t, x2 y2 1
5
(a) Period:
2
2 seconds

3
(b) When x , y
5
Lowest point:
(c) When x
1 35
4
m.
5
0, 54
3
,y
10
1 14
15
and
3
3
1
1
sin t sin t t :
10 5
2
6
dx 3
cos t
dt
5
x2 y2 1
2x
dx
dy
dy x dx
2y
0

dt
dt
dt
y dt
Thus,
dy
310

dt
154
Speed
5 cos 6
3
9
95
.

125
255
95
0.5058 msec
125
39. Since the evaporation rate is proportional to the surface

area, dVdt k4 r 2. However, since V 43 r 3,
we have
1
1
1

R R1 R2
40.
dR1
1
dt
dV
dr
4 r 2 .
dt
dt
Therefore, k4 r 2 4 r 2
dR2
1.5
dt
dr
dr
k .
dt
dt
1
R2
1
dR
2
dt
R1
dR1
1
2
dt
R2
dR2
dt
When R1 50 and R2 75:

R 30
1
1
dR
302
1
1.5 0.6 ohmssec
dt
502
752
pV 1.3 k
41.
1.3pV 0.3
V 0.3
dV
dp
V 1.3
0
dt
dt
dV
dp
1.3p
V
0
dt
dt
dV
dp
1.3p
V
dt
dt
42.
rg tan v2
32r tan v2,
r is a constant.
d
dv
2v
dt
dt
32r sec2
dv 16r
d

sec2
dt
v
dt
Likewise,
d
v
dv

cos2 .
dt
16r
dt
169
170
Chapter 2
y
30
tan
43.
Differentiation
dy
3 msec
dt
sec2
d
1 dy

dt
30 dt
d
1

cos2
dt
30
dy
dt
30
2

1 1
1
d
, and cos
. Thus,

radsec.
3
4
2
dt
30 2
20

When y 30,
44.
10
x
sin
dx
1 ftsec
dt
d
10
cos
2
dt
x

x
10
dx
dt
d 10 dx
2
sec
dt
x dt
45.
25
10 1
2
221
10
1

0.017 radsec
252 102
252
25 521 2521
525
y
tan , y 5
x
L
dx
600 mihr
dt
sec2
d
5
2
dt
x
y=5
dx
dt
d
5 dx
5 dx
x2
cos2 2
2 2
dt
x dt
L
x dt

L5 15 dxdt sin 15600 120 sin

(a) When 30 ,
(b) When 60 ,
d 120

dt
4
1
radmin.
2
90 radhr
x
50
d
302 60 radmin radsec
dt
sec2
d
120 sin2 75
dt

111.96 radhr 1.87 radmin.
3
radmin.
2
Police
tan
(c) When 75 ,
d
3
120
dt
4
30 radhr
46.
50 ft
ddt 501 dxdt

x
dx
d
50 sec2
dt
dt

(a) When 30 ,
dx 200

ftsec.
dt
3
(b) When 60 ,
dx
200 ftsec.
dt
(c) When 70 ,
dx
427.43 ftsec.
dt
Section 2.6
47.
Related Rates
171
d
10 revsec2 radrev 20 radsec
dt
cos
(a)
x
30
(b)
d
1 dx

dt
30 dt
sin
30
x
2000
(d) For 30 ,
30 sin 20
dx
600 sin30
dt
600 sin
4
dx
d
30 sin
dt
dt
2000
(c) dxdt 600 sin is greatest when

600

sin 1 2 n or 90 n 180 .
For 60 ,
dxdt is least when n or n 180 .
dx
600 sin60
dt
600
48. sin 22
x
y
49. tan
0
dx x

dt
y
x
y2
dy 1

dt
y
3
x
x 50 tan
50
dx
d
50 sec2
dt
dt
dx
dt
dy
sin 22 240 89.9056 mihr
dt
2 50 sec2
d
dt
1

d

cos2 ,
dt
25
4
4
y
x
22
50. (a) dydt 3dxdt means that y changes three times as fast as x changes.
(b) y changes slowly when x 0 or x L. y changes more rapidly when x is near the
middle of the interval.
51. x2 y2 25; acceleration of the top of the ladder

First derivative: 2x
dx
dy
2y
0
dt
dt
dx
dy
y
0
dt
dt
Second derivative: x
d 2x dx

dt 2
dt
dx
d 2y dy
y 2
dt
dt
dt
d 2y
dt 2
dy
0
dt
x ddt x dxdt dydt
d 2y
1

dt 2
y
When x 7, y 24,
1
300 cmsec.
2
dy
7
dx
dx
d 2x
is constant, 2 0.
, and
2 (see Exercise 27). Since
dt
12
dt
dt
dt
d 2y
1
7

70 22
dt 2
24
12
49
625

241 4 144
241 144
0.1808 ftsec
2
3003 cmsec.
172
Chapter 2
Differentiation
52. L2 144 x2; acceleration of the boat

First derivative: 2L
L
d 2x
dt 2
dL
dx
2x
dt
dt
dL
dx
x
dt
dt
Second derivative: L
d 2L dL

dt 2
dt
d 2x dx
dL
x 2
dt
dt
dt
dx
dt
L ddtL dLdt dxdt
d 2x
1

dt 2
x
dx
dL
d 2L
dL
10.4, and
4 (see Exercise 30). Since
is constant, 2 0.
dt
dt
dt
dt
When L 13, x 5,
d 2x 1
130 42 10.42
dt 2
5
1
1
16 108.16 92.16 18.432 ftsec2
5
5
53. (a) ms 0.3754s3 18.780s2 313.23s 1707.8
(b)
dm
ds
1.1262s2 37.560s 313.23
dt
dt
If t 10 and
54.
ds
dm
0.75, then s 17.8 and
1.1154 millionyear.
dt
dt
y t 4.9t 2 20
dy
9.8t
dt
y 1 4.9 20 15.1
y 1 9.8
20
20
y

x
x 12
By similar triangles:
20x 240 xy
When y 15.1:
20x 240 x15.1
20 15.1 x 240

x
240
4.9
20x 240 xy
20
dx
dy
dx
x
y
dt
dt
dt
dx
x
dy

dt
20 y dt
At t 1,
dx
2404.9

9.8 97.96 msec.
dt
20 15.1
y
12
(0, 0)
Review Exercises for Chapter 2

1. f x x2 2x 3
f x x f x
x
f x lim
x0
lim
x x2 2x x 3 x2 2x 3

x
lim
x2 2xx x2 2x 2x 3 x2 2x 3

x
x0
x0
2xx x2 2x

lim 2x x 2 2x 2
x0
x0
x
lim
2. f x x 1
f x x f x
x
f x lim
x0
lim
x0
lim
x x 1 x 1
x
x x x
x
x0
lim
x0
lim
x0
3. f x
x x x
x x x
x x x
xx x x
1
x x x
1
2x
x1
x1
x x 1 x 1

f x x f x
x x 1 x 1
f x lim
lim
x0
x0
x
x
lim
x x 1x 1 x x 1x 1
xx x 1x 1
lim
x2 x x x x x 1 x2 x x x x x 1
xx x 1x 1
lim
2 x
2
2
lim

xx x 1x 1 x0 x x 1x 1 x 12
x0
x0
x0
2
4. f x x
2
2

f x x f x
x x
x
lim
f x lim
x0
x0
x
x
lim
2x 2x 2 x
xx xx
lim
2 x
xx xx
lim
2
2
2
x xx
x
x0
x0
x0
173
174
Chapter 2
Differentiation
8. f x
7. f x 4 x 2
(a) Continuous at x 2
x1 4x4xx2,,
if x < 2
if x 2
(a) Nonremovable discontinuity at x 2
(b) Not differentiable at x 2 because of the sharp turn

in the graph.
(b) Not differentiable at x 2 because the function is

discontinuous there.
y
y
7
6
5
4
3
2
5
4
1 2 3 4 5 6
5 4
2
3
x
1
9. Using the limit definition, you obtain g x 43 x 16. At

x 1,
4 1 3
g 1
.
3 6
2
10. Using the limit definition, you obtain h x 38 4x. At

x 2,
h2
11. (a) Using the limit definition, f x 3x 2. At x 1,

f 1 3. The tangent line is
f x
y 3x 1.
2
.
x 12
At x 0, f 0 2. The tangent line is

y 2 2x 0
3
67
42 .
8
8
12. (a) Using the limit definition,
y 2 3x 1
(b)
2 1
1
y 2x 2.
(1, 2)
(b)
(0, 2)
4
6
13. g 2 lim
x2
lim
x2
gx g2
x2
14. f 2 lim
x2
x 2x 1 4
x2
f x f 2
x2
1
1

x1 3
lim
x2
x2
x3 x 2 4
x2
x2
lim
lim
3x1
x 2x 13
lim
1
1

x 13
9
x2
x 2x 2 x 2
x2
x2
lim
x2
lim x 2 x 2 8
x2
15. y 25
y 0
16. y 12
y 0
17. f x x8
f x 8x7
18. gx x12

g x 12x11

19. ht 3t 4
20. f t 8t 5
h t 12t 3
21. f x x3 3x2
f t 40t 4
175
22. gs 4s4 5s2
f x 3x2 6x
g s 16s3 10s
3xx 2
24. f x x12 x12
3
23. hx 6x 3
x 6x12 3x13
h x 3x12 x23
25.
3
x
2
gt t 2
3
g t
1
1
x1
f x x12 x32 32
2
2
2x
1
3 2

x
2
26. hx x2
9
4 3 4
t 3
3
3t
h x
28. g 4 cos 6
27. f 2 3 sin
29. f 3 cos
g 4 sin
sin
4
f 3 sin
31.
32.
f
30. g
cos
4
g
F t
x
1
5 sin
2
3
5 cos
2
3
F 200T
33.
f 2 3 cos
4 3 4
x 3
9
9x
100
T
(a) When T 4,
F 4 50 vibrations/sec/lb.
(b) When T 9,
1
F 9 333 vibrations/sec/lb.
34. s 16t 2 s0
First ball:
Second ball:
16t 2
16t 2 75 0
100 0
t
10

2.5 seconds to hit ground
100
16
4
t2
7516 5 4 3 2.165 seconds to hit ground

Since the second ball was released one second after the first ball, the first ball will hit the ground first.
The second ball will hit the ground 3.165 2.5 0.665 second later.
35.
st 16t 2 s0
s9.2 169.22 s0 0
s0 1354.24
The building is approximately 1354 feet high (or 415 m).
36. st 16t 2 14,400 0

16t 2 14,400
t 30 sec
1
Since 600 mph 6 mi/sec, in 30 seconds the bomb

1
will move horizontally 6 30 5 miles.
176
Chapter 2
37. (a)
Differentiation
(c) Ball reaches maximum height when x 25.
y x 0.02x2
(d)
15
y 1 0.04x
10
y 0 1
y 10 0.6
x
20
40
60
y 25 0
Total horizontal distance: 50
y 30 0.2
(b) 0 x 0.02x2
0x 1
38.
y 50 1
x
implies x 50.
50
(e) y 25 0
v02
64
v02 v02
,
64 128
)
2
0
( v32 , 0 )
x
v02
128
(a) y x
32 2
32
x x 1 2x
v02
v0
0 if x 0 or x
(b) y 1
v02
32
When x
Projectile reaches its maximum height at x v0

(one-half the distance).
264
32 2
32
x x 1 2x 0
v02
v0
Range: x
2v02 4v02

32
32
v02
v02
32 v02

2
64
64
v0 64
v02
v02
v02

.
64
128 128
If the initial velocity is doubled, the maximum

height is
64 128
2v0
2v0
50
or four times the initial range. From part (a), the

maximum height occurs when x v0264. The
maximum height is
4
128
v02
or four times the original maximum height.
v02 702

153.125 ft
32
32
Maximum height: y
when x 0 and x s0232. Therefore, the range is

x v0232. When the initial velocity is doubled the
range is
x
v02
64 v02
, y 1 2
0.
64
v0 64
(d) v0 70 ftsec
Projectile strikes the ground when x v0232.
(c) y x
64
x
v02
160
v02
702

38.28 ft
128
128

39. xt t 2 3t 2 t 2t 1
(a) vt x t 2t 3
(b) vt < 0 for t <
3
(c) vt 0 for t 2
(d) xt 0 for t 1, 2
x 2 1
3
2
3
2
3
2
12

1
2
v1 21 3 1
v2 22 3 1
14
The speed is 1 when the position is 0.

40. (a) y 0.14x2 4.43x 58.4
(c)
(b)
320
12
60
0
60
(d) If x 65, y 362 feet.
(e) As the speed increases, the stopping distance increases

at an increasing rate.
41. f x 3x2 7x2 2x 3
f x 3x2 72x 2 x2 2x 36x
42. gx x3 3xx 2

g x x3 3x1 x 23x 2 3
26x3 9x2 16x 7
x3 3x 3x3 6x 2 3x 6
4x3 6x 2 6x 6
44. f t t 3 cos t
43. hx x sin x x12 sin x

h x
45. f x
f x
1
2x
f t t 3sin t cos t3t 2
sin x x cos x
t 3 sin t 3t 2 cos t
x2 x 1
x2 1
46. f x
x2 12x 1 x2 x 12x

x2 12
x2 1
x2 12
47. f x 4 3x21

f x 4 3x226x
49. y
y
f x
6x
4 3x22
cos x2x x 2sin x 2x cos x x 2 sin x

cos2 x
cos2 x
y 3x 2 sec x tan x 6x sec x
x2 16 6x 52x

x2 12
23 5x 3x2
x2 12
48. f x 93x2 2x1
x2
cos x
51. y 3x 2 sec x
6x 5
x2 1
f x 93x2 2x26x 2
50. y
y
181 3x
3x2 2x2
sin x
x2
x2 cos x sin x2x x cos x 2 sin x

x4
x3
52. y 2x x 2 tan x
y 2 x 2 sec2 x 2x tan x
177
178
Chapter 2
Differentiation
54. gx 3x sin x x 2 cos x
53. y x cos x sin x
g x 3x cos x 3 sin x x 2 sin x 2x cos x
y x sin x cos x cos x x sin x
5x cos x 3 x 2 sin x
55. f x
2x3 1
2x x2,
x2
1, 1
f x
56.
f x 2 2x3
f x
f 1 4
f
y 4x 3
x1
,
x1
12, 3
x 1 x 1
2

x 12
x 12
2
8
12 14
Tangent line: y 3 8 x
1
2
y 8x 1
57. f x x tan x, 0, 0
f x
58.
f x x sec2 x tan x

f 0 0
y0
1 sin x
,
, 1
1 sin x
f x
1 sin x cos x 1 sin xcos x

1 sin x2
f

1 1
2
1
Tangent line: y 1 2x

y 2x 2
1
59. vt 36 t 2,
0 t 6
at v t 2t

v4 36 16 20 msec
a4 8 msec2
60. vt
at
90t
4t 10
4t 1090 90t4

4t 102
225
900

4t 102 2t 52
(a) v1
90
6.43 ftsec
14
a1
61.
225
4.59 ftsec2
49
gt t 3 3t 2
g t
3t 2
g t 6t
(b) v5
3
a5
62.
905
15 ftsec
30
(c) v10
9010
18 ftsec
50
a10
225
0.36 ftsec2
252
225
1 ftsec2
152
f x 12x14
f x 3x34
f x
9 74
9
x
74
4
4x
63.
f 3 tan
f 3 sec2
f 6 sec sec tan
6 sec2 tan

64. ht 4 sin t 5 cos t
y 2 sin x 3 cos x
65.
h t 4 cos t 5 sin t
y 2 cos x 3 sin x
h t 4 sin t 5 cos t
y 2 sin x 3 cos x
y y 2 sin x 3 cos x 2 sin x 3 cos x
0
10 cos x
x
xy cos x 10
y
66.
xy y sin x 0
67. hx
1
x

2x x1
1
x
f x 5 x2
h x 2
xy y sin x
68. f x x2
xx 31
xx 31
x
11 x 32x
x 2 12
2x 3x 2 6x 1
x 2 13
69. f s s2 152s3 5

4
f s s2 1523s2 s3 5
52s
1322s
ss2 1323ss2 1 5s3 5

ss2 1328s3 3s 25
70. h
h

1 3
1 3 31 21

1 6
71. y 3 cos3x 1
y 3 sin3x 13
y 9 sin3x 1
2 1
1 1 3

1 6
1 4
2
72. y 1 cos 2x 2 cos2 x

y 2 sin 2x 4 cos x sin x
22 sin x cos x 4 sin x cos x
73. y
y
x
sin 2x

2
4
1 1
1
cos 2x2 1 cos 2x sin2 x
2 4
2
0
74. y
sec7 x sec5 x

7
5
y sec6 xsec x tan x sec4 xsec x tan x
75. y
2 32
2
sin x sin72 x
3
7
y sin12 x cos x sin52 x cos x
sec5 x tan xsec2 x 1
cos xsin x1 sin2 x
sec5 x tan3 x
cos3 xsin x
76. f x
f x
3x
x 2 1
3x 2 112 3x 12 x 2 1122x
x2 1
3
3x 2 1 3x 2
2
x 2 132
x 132
77. y
y
sin
x
x2
x 2
cos
x sin
x
x 22
179
180
Chapter 2
78. y
y
Differentiation
cosx 1
x1
f x 1 x3
79.
1
3x2
f x 1 x3123x 2
2
21 x3
x 1 sinx 1 cosx 11

x 12
f 2
1
x 1 sinx 1 cosx 1
x 12
3 2
80. f x
x 1
y
81.
1
2x
f x x 2 1232x
3
3x2 123
f 3
y
f x 4x3 3x2 6x 8

4x 2x 1x 4
The zeros of f correspond to the points on the graph
of f where the tangent line is horizontal.
100
f
7
x2
x 132
g x
6 0 3 3
84. f x x 2x 4 2 x2 2x 82
4 0
83. gx 2xx 112
y 3 csc 3x cot 3x 3 csc2 3x

y
1
csc 2x
2
y csc 2x cot 2x
23 1

34 2
y csc 3x cot 3x
82.
12
2
23
g does not equal zero for

any value of x in the domain.
The graph of g has no horizontal
tangent lines.
85.
f t t 112t 113 t 156

5
6t 116
f t
f does not equal zero for any x in the domain.

The graph of f has no horizontal tangent lines.
5
f
2
7
1
86. y 3xx 23

y
87. f t t 2t 15,
3x 2 7x 2
23x
2
y does not equal zero for any x in the domain.

The graph has no horizontal tangent lines.
2, 4
(a) f t tt 147t 2

f 2 24
(b) y 4 24t 2
y 24t 44
75
(c)
y
5
(2, 4)
3 t 1
f t t 1
60
3
2
25
1
2 1
x
1
3, 310
88. gx xx 2 1,
(a) g x x2 1

g 3
1
21 x cos2 1 x
y
(a)
3
11.1983
6 cos2 3
y 2
1910
x 3
10
3
x 2
6 cos2 3
(b) y tan 3
2710
1910
x
10
10
y
(c)
x2
x 1
1910
10
(b) y 310
2, tan 3
89. y tan 1 x,
y
3
3
x tan 3
2 3
2
3
cos

6 cos
3
(c)
12
y 8
y1
10
181
(3, 3 10 )
8
6
4
2
( 2, tan
3(
90. y 2 csc3x
(a)
y
2
,
sin3x
1, 2 csc31
3 cosx
x sin4 x
(c)
5
4
(1, 2 csc3 1)
3 cos1
x 1
sin41
2
1
x
3 cos1
2
3 cos1
y
x 3
sin41
sin 1
sin41
91. y 2x2 sin 2x
3 cos1
y 1
sin41
(b) y 2 csc31
x
2
y 2x3 2 sec xsec x tan x

95.
x2
g 18 sec2 3 tan 3 sin 1
f x cot x
f x 2 csc xcsc x cot x
2 csc2 x cot x
2
2 sec2 x tan x
x3
6x 5
x2 1
f t
t
1 t2
96. gx
f t
t1
1 t3
g x
23x2 5x 3
x2 12
f t
2t 2
1 t4
g x
26x3 15x2 18x 5

x2 13
y 2 sin x cos x sin 2x
g 3 sec2 3 cos 1
sec2
f x csc2 x
y 4 4 sin 2x
97. g tan 3 sin 1
93.
y
y 2 cos 2x
92. y x1 tan x
y 4x 2 cos 2x
94. y sin2 x
98.
hx xx2 1
h x
h x
2x2 1
x2 1
x2x2 3
x2 132
182
Chapter 2
99. T
Differentiation
700
t 2 4t 10
T 700t 2 4t 101
T
1400t 2
t 2 4t 102
(a) When t 1,
T
(b) When t 3,
14001 2
18.667 deghr.
1 4 102
T
(c) When t 5,
T
14003 2
7.284 deghr.
9 12 102
(d) When t 10,
14005 2
3.240 deghr.
25 20 102
T
140010 2
0.747 deghr.
100 40 102
v 2gh 232h 8h
100.
dv
4

dh
h
(a) When h 9,
dv
4
ftsec.
dh 3
(b) When h 4,
dv
2 ftsec.
dh
x2 3xy y3 10
101.
102.
2x 3xy 3y 3y2y 0
3x
x2 9y2 4x 3y 0
2x 18yy 4 3y 0
y 2x 3y
36y 1y 4 2x
y2
2x 3y
3x y2
y
y
4 2x
36y 1
yx xy 16
103.
y
12x x
12
y x
12
12y
y y12 0
12
x
x
y
y y
2y
2x
2xy x
2xy y
y
2y
2x
y
104.
2xy y
2x
y2 x3 x2y xy y2
0 x3 x2y xy 2y2
0
3x2
x2y
2xy xy y 4yy
x2 x 4yy 3x2 2xy y

3x2 2xy y
y 2
x x 4y
2yx yy
2y

2xy x 2xy xx
105.
x sin y y cos x
x cos yy sin y y sin x y cos x

yx cos y cos x y sin x sin y
y
y sin x sin y
cos x x cos y

cosx y x
106.
x2 y2 20
107.
1 y sinx y 1
y
(2, 4)
2x 2yy 0
y sinx y 1 sinx y
y
1 sinx y
sinx y
x
y
6
1
At 2, 4: y
2
cscx 1 1
1
y 4 x 2
2
Tangent line:
x 2y 10 0
Normal line:
y 4 2x 2
2x y 0
108.
x2 y2 16
109.
10
2x 2yy 0
x
y
y
10
Tangent line:
dy
dx
dy
1 dx
2x
4x
dt
dt
dt
2x dt
10
5
At 5, 3: y
3
1 dx
(a) When x ,
22 units/sec.
2 dt
5
y 3 x 5
3
5x 3y 16 0
Normal line:
y x
dy
2 unitssec
dt
10
3
y 3 x 5
5
(b) When x 1,
dx
4 units/sec.
dt
(c) When x 4,
dx
8 units/sec.
dt
3x 5y 30 0
110. Surface area A 6x 2, x length of edge
dx
5
dt
dA
dx
12x
124.55 270 cm2sec
dt
dt
111.
s
12

h
2
1
s h
4
dV
1
dt
Width of water at depth h:

w 2 2s 2 2
V
14 h 4 2 h
5
4h
5
2
h 8 hh
2
2
4
dV 5
dh
4 h
dt
2
dt
dh
2dVdt

dt
54 h
When h 1,
dh
2

mmin.
dt
25
183
1
2
1
2
s
2
h
2
184
Chapter 2
Differentiation
tan x
112.
s t 60 4.9t 2
113.
s t 9.8t
d
32 radmin
dt
sec2
s 35 60 4.9t2
ddt dxdt
4.9t2 25
t
dx
tan2 16 6x2 1
dt
tan 30
1
When x ,
2
1
3
st
xt
xt 3 st
dx
1
15
6 1
kmmin 450 kmhr.
dt
4
2
5
4.9
5
dx
ds
3 39.8
38.34 msec
dt
dt
4.9
s (t)
30
x(t )
Problem Solving for Chapter 2

1. (a) x 2 y r2 r2, Circle
x2
y, Parabola
Substituting:
y r2 r2 y
y2
y2
2r y
r2
r2
3
1
2r y y 0
y y 2r 1 0
Since you want only one solution, let 1 2r 0 r 12. Graph y x 2 and x 2 y 12 14.
2
(b) Let x, y be a point of tangency:

x 2 y b2 1 2x 2 y by 0 y
y x 2 y 2x,
x
,
by
Circle
Parabola
Equating:
2x
x
by
2b y 1
1
1
by by
2
2
3
1
Also,
x2
y b 1 and y
2
x2
imply:
y y b2 1 y y y
54
Center: 0,
5
Graph y x 2 and x 2 y 4 1.
2
1
2
1y
1
3
5
1 y and b
4
4
4

2. Let a, a2 and b, b2 2b 5 be the points of tangency. For y x 2, y 2x
and for y x 2 2x 5, y 2x 2. Thus, 2a 2b 2 a b 1,
or a 1 b. Furthermore, the slope of the common tangent line is
y
10
8
6
4
a2 b2 2b 5 1 b2 b2 2b 5

2b 2
ab
1 b b
185
8 6 4 2
x
2 4 6 8 10
4
6
1 2b b2 b2 2b 5
2b 2
1 2b
2b2 4b 6 4b2 6b 2
2b2 2b 4 0
b2 b 2 0
b 2b 1 0
b 2, 1
For b 2, a 1 b 1 and the points of tangency are 1, 1 and 2, 5.
The tangent line has slope 2: y 1 2x 1 y 2x 1
For b 1, a 1 b 2 and the points of tangency are 2, 4 and 1, 8.
The tangent line has slope 4: y 4 4x 2 y 4x 4
3. (a)
f x cos x
P1x a0 a1x
f 0 1
f 0 0
f x cos x
P2x a0 a1x a2x 2
P10 a0 a0 1
f 0 1
P20 a0 a0 1
P10 a1 a1 0
f 0 0
P20 a1 a1 0
f 0 1
P20 2a2 a2 12
(b)
P1x 1
1
P2x 1 2 x 2
(c)
1.0
0.1
0.001
0.001
0.1
1.0
cos x
0.5403
0.9950
1
1
0.9950
0.5403
P2x
0.5
0.9950
1
1
0.9950
0.5
P2x is a good approximation of f x cos x when x is near 0.

(d)
f x sin x
P3x a0 a1x a2 x 2 a3x3
f 0 0
P30 a0 a0 0
f 0 1
P30 a1 a1 1
f 0 0
P30 2a2 a2 0
f 0 1
P30 6a3 a3 16
P3x x 16 x3
4. (a) y x 2, y 2x, Slope 4 at 2, 4
(b) Slope of normal line: 4

1
Normal line: y 4 4x 2
y 4x 4
y 14 x 92
(c) Tangent line: y 0
y 14 x 92 x 2
4x 2 x 18 0
Normal line: x 0
4x 9x 2 0
CONTINUED
x 2, 94
Second intersection point: 94, 81
16
186
Chapter 2
Differentiation
4. CONTINUED
(d) Let a, a2, a 0, be a point on the parabola y x 2. Tangent line at a, a2 is y 2ax a a2.
Normal line at a, a2 is y 12ax a a2. To find points of intersection, solve:
x2
x2
x2
1
x a a2
2a
1
1
x a2
2a
2
1
1
1
1
x
a2
2a
16a2
2 16a2
x
1
4a

2
a
1
4a
x
1
1
a
4a
4a
x
1
1
a
xa
4a
4a
x
1
1
1
2a2 1
a
x a

4a
4a
2a
2a
Point of tangency
The normal line intersects a second time at x
2a2 1
.
2a
5. Let px Ax3 Bx 2 Cx D

p x
At 1, 1:
3Ax 2
6. f x a b cos cx
f x bc sin cx
2Bx C.
A BCD 1
3A 2B C
14
At 1, 3: A B C D 3
3A 2B C
2
Equation 1
Equation 2
Equation 3
4 , 32: a b cosc4 23
Equation 4
bc sin
c4 1
Equation 3
Equation 2
Adding Equations 1 and 3: 2B 2D 2

Subtracting Equations 1 and 3: 2A 2C 4
Adding Equations 2 and 4: 6A 2C 12
Subtracting Equations 2 and 4: 4B 16
1
2 2
At 0, 1:
ab1
Equation 1
2B 5. Subtracting

Hence, B 4 and D
2A 2C 4 and 6A 2C 12, you obtain
4A 8 A 2. Finally, C 124 2A 0. Thus,
px 2x3 4x 2 5.
At
From Equation 1, a 1 b. Equation 2 becomes
1 b b cos
c4 23 b b cos c4 12.
From Equation 3, b
1
. Thus:
c sinc4
1
1
c
1

cos

c sinc4 c sinc4
4
2

1 cos
c4 21 c sinc4
Graphing the equation

gc
c
c
1
c sin
cos
1,
2
4
4

you see that many values of c will work. One answer:

1
3
3 1
c 2, b , a f x cos 2x
2
2
2 2

x 4 a2x 2 a2y 2
7. (a)
8. (a) b2y 2 x3a x; a, b > 0
a2 y 2 a2x 2 x 4
y
y2
a2x 2 x 4
a
a2x 2 x 4
Graph: y1
(b)
and y2
a2x 2 x 4
x 3a x
b2
Graph y1
.
a = 12
y
a, 0 are the x-intercepts, along with 0, 0.

a2
2x 2
0 2x 2 a2 x
b2y 2
a
2
y2

a2
a2y2
2
a4
a2y 2
a4
4
y2
a2
4
27a 4
33a2
y
256b 2
16b
3a4 , 3 16b3a , 3a4 , 316b3a

(b)
30
(0, 30)
(90, 6)
(100, 3)
(60, 6)
(70, 3)
x
90
100
60
Line determined by 0, 30 and 90, 6:

30 6
x 0
0 90

24
4
4
x x y x 30
90
15
15
When x 100:
4
10
100 30
> 3 Shadow determined by man
15
3
CONTINUED
70
Not drawn to scale
Not drawn to scale
y
(0, 30)
y 30
a2, a2, a2, 2a, a2, a2, a2, 2a
30
a
2
Four points:
9. (a)
3a
4
1
a
3a4 a 3a4 27a
64 4
Two points:
a

a2y 2
4
2
y
3ax 2 4x3
0
2b2y
x
2a2x 4x3
y
2a2y
3a 4x
4x 3 2a2 x 2a2 y y
a2
2
3ax 2 4x3
(c) Differentiating implicitly:

a2y
x3a x
2b 2 y y 3x 2a x x 3 3ax 2 4x 3
a=2
a=1
x
and y2
(b) a determines the x-intercept on the right: a, 0.

b affects the height.
x3a x
(c) Differentiating implicitly:
a2
187
Line determined by 0, 30 and 60, 6:

y 30
30 6
2
2
x 0 x y x 30
0 60
5
5
When x 70:
y
2
70 30
5
2 < 3 Shadow determined by child
188
Chapter 2
Differentiation
9. CONTINUED
(c) Need 0, 30, d, 6, d 10, 3 collinear.
30 6
63
3
24

d 80 feet
0d
d d 10
d
10
(d) Let y be the distance from the base of the street light to the tip of the shadow. We know that dxdt 5.
For x > 80, the shadow is determined by the man.
dy 5 dx 25
5
y
yx
y x and

30
6
4
dt
4 dt
4
For x < 80, the shadow is determined by the child.
dy 10 dx 50
y
y x 10
10
100

y x

and
30
3
9
9
dt
9 dt
9
Therefore:
25
4,
dy

50
dt
9,
x > 80
0 < x < 80
dydt is not continuous at x 80.
10. (a)
y x13
dy 1 23 dx
x
dt
3
dt
(b) D x 2 y 2
1
dx
1 823
3
dt
dx
12 cmsec
dt
(c) tan
y
sec2
x
d xdydt ydxdt

dt
x2
dD 1 2
dx
dy
x y 2 2x
2y
dt
2
dt
dt
xdxdt ydydt
x 2 y 2
812 21
64 4
98
68
49
17
cmsec
68
2
From the triangle, sec 688. Hence

d 81 212 16 4

radsec.
dt
646864
68
17
11. L x lim
x0
Lx
x Lx
12. E x lim
Ex
x Ex
x
ExE
x Ex
x0
lim
Lx L
x Lx
lim
lim
L
x
lim Ex
E
x
x 1
Ex lim
E
x 1
x0
x0
Also, L 0 lim
x0
x0
x0
L
x L0
.
But, L0 0 because

L0 L0 0 L0 L0 L0 0.
Thus, L x L 0 for all x. The graph of L is a line
through the origin of slope L 0.
x0
But, E 0 lim
x0
E
x E0
E
x 1
lim
1.
x0
Thus, E x ExE 0 Ex exists for all x.

For example: Ex e x.
13. (a)
z (degrees)
0.1
0.01
0.0001
sin z
z
0.0174524
0.0174533
0.0174533
(b) lim
z0
z0
(d) S90 sin
z 0
sin z
cos
z 1
sin z0 cos z

lim
z 0
cos z

cos z
180
180
at
ftsec2
(b) vt
27
5t
27 0

90 sin 1
180
2
sin
z

180 1
180
d

d
Sz sincz c coscz
Cz
dz
dz
180
(e) The formulas for the derivatives are more
complicated in degrees.
15. jt a t
27
14. (a) vt 5 t 27 ftsec
27
5

sin z

.
z
180
C180 cos
sin z cos
z sin
z cos z sin z
lim
z 0
z
lim
sin z
0.0174533
z
In fact, lim
d
sinz
z sin z
(c) sin z lim
z 0
dz
(a) jt is the rate of change of acceleration.

27
5t
27 t 5 seconds
2
S5 27
10 5 275 6 73.5 feet
(c) The acceleration due to gravity on Earth is greater in

magnitude than that on the moon.
189
(b) st 8.25t 2 66t

vt 16.5t 66
at 16.5
a t jt 0
The acceleration is constant, so jt 0.
(c) a is position.
b is acceleration.
c is jerk.
d is velocity.

Calculus of A Single Variable 8th Edition: Chapter 2 Answer Key

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Calculus of A Single Variable 8th Edition: Chapter 2 Answer Key

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C H A P T E R 2

The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem . . . . . 95

Basic Differentiation Rules and Rates of Change

Product and Quotient Rules and

The Chain Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Implicit Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Related Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem

1. (a) At x1, y1, slope 0.

At x2, y2, slope 52.

At x2, y2, slope 2.

At x2, y2, slope 4.

f 4 f 3 5 4.75

(b) The slope of the tangent line at 1, 2 equals f1.

7. Slope at 1, 3 lim

g1 x g1

9. Slope at 0, 0 lim

8. Slope at 2, 1 lim

g2 x g2

lim 4 x 4

10. Slope at 2, 7 lim

h2 t h2

lim 4 t 4

13. f x 5x

gx x gx

9 12x x 9 12x

2x x2 x x 1 2x 2 x 1

2x 2 4x x 2x2 x x 1 2x 2 x 1

5x x 5x

3x x 2 3x 2

hs s hs

The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem

19. f x x 3 12x

x x3 12x x x 3 12x

x x3 x x2 x 3 x 2

x 3 3x 2 x 3x x2 x3 x 2 2x x x2 x 3 x 2

3x 2 x 3x x2 x3 2x x x2

lim 3x 2 3x x x2 2x x 3x 2 2x

25. (a) f x x2 1

lim 2x x 2x

At 2, 5, the slope of the tangent line is m 22 4.

26. (a) f x x 2 2x 1

x x2 2x x 1 x 2 2x 1

At 3, 4, the slope of the tangent line is m 23 2 4.

27. (a) f x x 3

lim 3x 2 3x x x2 3x 2

At 2, 8, the slope of the tangent is m 322 12.

The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem

At 1, 2, the slope of the tangent line is m 312 3.

At 1, 1, the slope of the tangent line is

The equation of the tangent line is

30. (a) f x x 1

At 5, 2, the slope of the tangent line is

31. (a) f x x

x x xx x 4x x 2x x 4x x

x 3 2x 2x xx2 x 3 x 2x 4x

x 2x xx2 4x

At 4, 5, the slope of the tangent line is

The equation of the tangent line is

32. (a) f x

33. From Exercise 27 we know that fx 3x2. Since the

g1 x g1

g2 x g2

lim 4 x 4

h2 t h2

lim 4 t 4

gx x gx

9 12x x 9 12x

2x x2 x x 1 2x 2 x 1

2x 2 4x x 2x2 x x 1 2x 2 x 1

5x x 5x

3x x 2 3x 2

hs s hs

x x3 12x x x 3 12x

x x3 x x2 x 3 x 2

x 3 3x 2 x 3x x2 x3 x 2 2x x x2 x 3 x 2

3x 2 x 3x x2 x3 2x x x2

lim 3x 2 3x x x2 2x x 3x 2 2x

lim 2x x 2x

x x2 2x x 1 x 2 2x 1

lim 3x 2 3x x x2 3x 2

x x xx x 4x x 2x x 4x x

x 3 2x 2x xx2 x 3 x 2x 4x

x 2x xx2 4x

x 3 3x 2x 3xx2 x3 x 3

x3x 2 3x x x2

lim 3x 2 3x x x2 3x 2

lim 2x x 2x

2x 0.01 x 0.012 2x x 2100

(b) As x 0, the line approaches the tangent line to f at 2, 3.

22 x2 2 52 x

(b) As x 0, the line approaches the tangent line to f at 2, 2 .

77. f x x 623, c 6

85. f x is differentiable on the interval 1, .

89. f x x 25 is differentiable for