enwK]Zhnbpw k\ymkhpw : _p`npWnIfpsS Ncn{XPohnXw

{]mNo\`mcXnse kv{XoIfpsS kmaqlnI]Zhnsbpdnp GXp ]T\fnepw _pkwLnse kv{Xo ]T\hnjbamIppv. kv{Xov kmaqlnIambn t\Sm Ign Hcp aptambpw _pkwLntepff {]thi\w hnebncpsnpv. {InkvXphn\v ap]v Bdmw \qmn cq]wsIm _pkwLfn kv{XobpsS CSw Fmbncpp? hn`n Imefn `npWoIv _pkwLnse PohnXw Fmbncpp? kwLns BNmc]chpw Zi\]chpw Bb ]cnWmafn Chv ]pmbncppthm? Fo hnjbfmWv ChnsS NsNm {iannpffXv . {K]mccys ap\nn hnebncpptm, `mcXnse h PmXn kev]sf \ncmIcn Cu Zi\nepw enwKXpeyX \ne\nn F hkvXpXbntemWv FntNcpXv.

an\n Sn.

enwK]Zhnbpw k\ymkhpw : _p`npWnIfpsS Ncn{XPohnXw

{]mNo\`mcXnse kv{XoIfpsS kmaqlnI ]Zhn CXn\Iw hfscb[nIw ]T\v hnjbambnpv. kmlnXyIrXnIsf A]{Knpw, [imkv{Xfnepw Aimkv{Xw t]mepff imkv{X{Kfnepw {]Xn]mZnpXns\ ap\nnbpw Ncn{X]cambpw Ccnepff ]T\ Dmbnpv. thZImeLw sXmv ]e Imefn cq]wsImv hn`n IrXnIfn \nv e`np AdnhpIsf ap\nn {]mNo\`mcXnse kv{Xokaqlns Nn{Xw \nnsSpm {ia Dmbnpv. {]mNo\IrXnIfn {]Xn]mZnp kv{XoIsf kw_n \nba BNmc ChbneqsS e`np kmaqlnImhbpw ]T\hnt[bambnpffXmWv. Nne {][m\ ]T\ ChbmWv. Ncn{XImc\mb F.Fkv.At 1938 cNn The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization `mcXnse kv{Xo kaqlspdnpff ]T\fpsS BZyImeamXrIIfn {][m\s HmWv. tZiob Ncn{XcN\bpsS `mKambmWv At kv{Xo kaqls ]TnpXv . Cu taJebn X\nv appmbnpff Nne ]T\sf Atlw ]cmainppv.1 {]mNo\IrXnIsf ap\nn lnpkv{Xosb ]Tnm {ianp At hniIe\w sNp hnjb ChbmWv. 1. _meyw 2. hnhml\nba, hnhmltamN\w 3. hnhmlPohnXw 4. hn[hbpsS PohnXw 5. kmaqlnI BNmc 6. kv{Xobpw aXhpw 7. kzhImiw 8. hkv{Xhn[m\w 9. kaqlns kv{XotbmSpff \ne]mSpI. hn`n ImeLsf Bkv]Zamn Cu hnjbsf hnebncpp At Nne \ne]mSpI kzoIcnppv . F.Un. BZyiXIfn BWv [imkv { Xfnepw AXneqsS kaqlnepw kv{Xohncp\ne]mSpI cq]w sImffpXv FmWv Atlns {][m\ \nKa\w. BNmc, kv{XobpsS hnZym`ymkw, hnhmlw Chsbmw ]cmainptm Cu \ne]mSmWv Atlw kzoIcnpXv . AXn\pappff Imefn kv { XoIfpsS kaqlnImh sasXmbncpp Fpw Atlw A`n{]mbsSpp. hn`n ImeLfnse kv{XobpsS AhIsf ]Tnppsnepw Ccnepff \ne]mSpIfntebvv Fntcm ]cym]vXamb sXfnhpI AtdpsS ]T\w aptmv hbvpn. Cu ]T\w lnp kv{Xo F \nebn tI{oIcnpXv {_mW {Xnb kaqlsbmWv. CXn \npw `namb Hcp kv{Xo kaqlw Cu IrXnbpsS ]cnKW\bn hcpn. `mcXob kv{Xo ]T\fpsS BZyIme amXrI FXnep]cnbmbn Cs kv{Xo ]T\cwKv Cu ]T\w {]ka. Fnepw AtdpsS ]T\w hfscmew kv{Xo
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]T\fn kzm[o\w sNepnbncpp. Atlns hmZfpsS {]_eamb cq]n \npamWv kv{Xo ]Zhn F amXrIsb kv{Xo hnm\w DsmXv Fv Dam N{Ihn A`n{]mbsSpp(2008: 39). kv { XobpsS kaqlnI ]Zhn FXv ]etmgpw `mcXob kv{Xo]T\fn {][m\ hnjbhpw Bbncpp. kv{XobpsS IogmfXbpw AXn\v \nZm\amIp PmXnImew, kmaqlnImhI XpSnb Hcp]mSp LSIsf ap\nnbpff ]T\fmWv ]nmev DmbnpffXv. kv{XobpsS IogmfX F hkvXpX hn`n ImetZimhIfn hn`n coXnbnemsWnepw \ne\npp Fncnt kv{XobpsS kmaqlnI ]Zhn Dbtm, XmWtXm Fv NnntXn. Cy kmlNcyfn kv{XobpsS IogmfX ]Tnptm Ncn{X]camb Hcp ASnd \Im\mWv enwKhn`P\s hniIe\w sNpXv . \qmpIfneqsS AXn\v kw`hnp cq]mchpw ap\nnbmWv Cu Ncn{X]camb hniIe\w. Cy kmlNcyfn kv{XobpsS IogmfX NsNptm hhpw enwKhpw, hhpw PmXnbpw, PmXnbpw enwKhpw Xnepff _sf ]TntXpv Fv DamN{Ihn hnebncppp(2008:39). hhpw enwKhpw Xnepff _spdnv BZyIme samkstmanbsb ]T\taJebmbn kzoIcnpsImv tKZse\(1986) \Sp \ncoWsf DsmpsImmWv DamN{Ihn Cs\ A`n{]mbsSpXv. XpSv hw, PmXn, enwKw Fnh Ipcpgnm\mhm Xcn _sncnpp Ah ]ckv]chn\nabfneqsS ]ckv]cw cq]sSppp. hnhmlw, ssewKnIX, {]XypmZ\w XpSnbhbpsS LS\ PmXnhyhbpsS ASnm\]camb ASndbmWv. AkaXzs \ne\np amfpsS ASnm\hpw AXpXsbmWv Fv Ah \nconpp(2008: :39). PmXnhyh \ne\npXn hnhml {]XypmZ\ hyhI, kv{Xo[ kev ] Fnh Fs\ ]phlnp Fv AhcpsS ]T\w hyamppv . kv{XobpsS hn`nmhIfnse IogmfXsb Cu ]T\w ka{Kambn Dsmffpp. {]mNo\ Cybnse enwK]ZhnbpsS Ncn{Xs At\zjnpIbpw enwK]camb ]T\ {]mNo\ Cysb a\nemm Fs\ klmbIamWv Fv hnebncppIbpw sNpp The Power of Gender and The Gender of Power F Ipww tdmbnbpsS ]T\w. kwkvIrX, {]mIrX, ]men `mjIfn cNnXamb kmlnXy, kmlntXyXc {K]mccysf ap\nnbpff At\zjWw \Sp Cu IrXn hfsc {itbamWv. IpwwIpw tdmbn FUnp sNbvX kv{Xo ]T\nse hn`n ImgvNmSpIsf Dsmffp teJ\fpsS kamlcamb Women in Early Indian Socities ]e ImeLfn Dmbnpff ]T\ Dsmffpp. ChnsS ]Tnm {ianpXv {InkvXphn\v apv Bdmw \qmn cq]w sIm _p kwLfn kv{XobpsS CSw Fmbncpp FXmWv. `npWnIv hn`n Imefn _pkwLnse PohnXw Fmbncpp? kwLns BNmc]chpw
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Zi\]chpw Bb ]cnWmafn Chv ]pmbncppthm? {InkvXz_v[ns BZyiXIfn `npWokaqln\v DmIp am Fv? Fo hnjbfmWv. _paXnse kv { Xo PohnXsfpdnpw `npWnIfpsS [m\pjv T m\ \nbasfpdnpw hn`n ImgvN]mSpIfnepff \nch[n ]T\ e`yamWv. Cu teJ\n apv ]cmain kv{Xo ]T\sfmw _paXnse kv{Xo F taJesb hniIe\w sNppv . _pZi\spdnpff ]T\fpw Cu hnjbs ]Tnppv . sF._n.tlmWdpsS. Women Under Primitive Buddhism : Lay Women and Alms Women Ccnepff B[p\nI]T\fn BZyImetXmWv (1930). _paXhnizmknI, _paXZi\n XXv]ccmb KthjI, B[p\nI _pn`npWnI Fns\ hn`n Xefn \nv \nch[n {itbamb ]T\ Cu taJebn Dv.2 _pZi\hpw hn`n tZifnse _paXm\pbmbnIfpsS PohnXfpw ]T\hnt[bamp _p`npWnbmb Karma Lekshe Tsomo bpsS ]T\ Chbn {][m\amWv . 3 {Inkv X paXnse k\ymknkaqlhpambn `npWnamsc Ch XmcXayw sNppv. _pZi\ns knmXenepw {]mtbmKnIXenepw \ne\np kv{XobpsS AkaXzmhI TsomobpsS ]T\hnjbamWv. tKbv HmwshZns Buddhism : Challenging Brahmanism F IrXnbpw _pZi\nse enwK]camb AkaXzsf hnebncppp. _pZi\nse {K]mccytbpw4 ChnsS ]cmain ]T\tfbpw B[mcamn _p`npWnIfpsS PohnXs hniIe\w sNm\mWv ChnsS {ianpXv . _pkwL cq]wsIm Imes kaqls a\nemtXv CXn\v BhiyamWv.

_ps Imes kaqlhpw k\ymkhpw _ps PohnXImev I]nehkv X phnepw cmPKrlnepw AXpt]mepff BhmktI{fnepw \ne\nncp kaqls a\nemm B.Fkv.ibpsS Cu hnhcWw klmbIamWv. ]nImesshZnIkaql(1000 _n.kn.500 _n.kn.)Irjnmcmbn amdp Imev ]pXnb BhmktI{ cq]w sImffpp. IjIcn \npw apffhcn \npw e`yamb Iw sImv bmKw \SpIbpw ]ptcmlnXpff ZnW \IpIbpw sNbvXncpp. IjI, {]`pm, tbmm ChcpsS h in{]m]np. Irjnpw bpn\pw Bhiyamb temlWnm, BimcnWnm XpSnb hn`mKfpw Dmbn. kaqln NmXphWyw \ne\nncpp. Fnepw Cu ImeLn sshiycpw {Xnbcpw Xn henb Acw Dmbncpn. tKm{Xhfn ChcncpIqcpw tbmmfmbncpp. IjIcpsS Dev ] mZ\w ]cnanXambncpp. Fnepw ChcpsS kXanmsX `qansb Zm\w sNm `cnp {Xnbv kmyambncpp. {_mW XfpsS Pknamb ]hn{XX Dun Ddnncpp. AtXmsSmw sshiycpsS {Xbsc At]npff IogmfXbpw Ah m]nncpp. {_mWcpsS B[n]XytmSv {Xnbv
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AkwXr]vXn Dmbncpsnepw AXns\ ewLnm Ahv Ignncpn ({]mNo\ Cy P. 273). Cu hnhcWw kaqlns B[n]Xyw Pknamb ]hn{XXsb ap\nn {_W \ne\nm {ianp ImgvN\Ipp. hfpsS CSIec IqSmsX kaqls apt]mp sImpt]mtIXpw XfpsS tass \ne\ntXpw {_mWcpsS BhiyamWv. hPmXn ]cnipnI \ne\ntXv hcpw XeapdIfneqsSbmWv. CXn\v kv{XobpsS ]cnipX hfsc {][m\amWv. AXpsImpXs Imes kv{Xo h\nbapw [\nbapw hnt[bbmthh BWv. ChnSps amXrImkv{Xo IpSpw_n\nbmWv. Cu kaqln kv{XobpsS ]cnipn, kzPmXn hnhmlw Ah {][m\ambncpp. IpSpw_ns ]cnipn kv { Xobn \njv T amWv . AXpsImpXs AXv Ah XIm\pff kmyX ]cnKWnv {im]qw \hfmb ]Xv\nsb kzoIcntXmsWv Krlkq{X kqNnnpp. 5 apJyambpw {_mWkaqls Dsmffp \nbafpsS XpS av khWkaqlfnepw \ne\nncpp. Cu kaqlfn kv{Xo IpSpw_hpambn _sv am{Xw \nesImffp hfmWv. IpSpw_n \nv `namb Ahbn kv{Xo knsncpn. {_mW {Kfn `cWm[nImcnbpw IpSpw_\mY\pw A\pjvTnt Isfpdnpff hniZmwifpw AhbneqsS XfpsS A[o\XbnepffhcpsS ta Ch B[n]Xyw \ne\nnbncpp F kqN\ \Ipp. PmXnh AneqsSbpw enwKns AneqsSbpw \S t{imWohXvIcW Ipwpw tdmbv Bhnjvcnpp(1994). {_mWfn \nnjvSamb Aizta[w, cmPkqbw XpSnb cmPIobm\pjvTm\fneqsS `cW{]tZis DXv ] mZ\{]XypmZ\ hn`hfnt cmPmhns \nb{Ww icnhbvsSpp. IpSpw_\mYmcpw Krls A\pjvTm\fneqsS IpSpw_ns D]mZ\{]XypmZ\ \nb{Ww \Snempp. Nne ]pcpjmscbpw apgph kv { XoIsfbpw kmnI kmaqlnI PohnIsf \nebn Iogv s SppXn\v A\pjvTm\]camb HcSnd cq]w sImncpp. kaqln kv{Xo IpSpw_ns Ahn`mPy`mKamsWnepw Xs PohnXnt \nb{WmhImi\pff hfmbncpn. Ccw Hcp kmaqlnI kmlNcynemWv _ps P\\w. _p Xs ]pXnb PohnXmNmc ]XnbneqsS s]mfnsgpXnbXv Cu kaqlns hm\pjv T m\ kev]sfbmWv. _p {_mWcpambn \Sp kwhmZfn {_mWcpsS ]cnipn kev]sfbpw h kev]sfbpw, A\pjvTm\sfbpw \ncmIcnppv. _ps Imev k\ymkw F Bibw apJyambpw cv kcWnIfnembmWv \ne\nncpXv. B{iafpsS {_mW]mccyhpw {iaW]mccyhpw sshZnIm\pjvTm\]XnbpsS bmKNcyIsf \nlnpIbpw, sshZnIamb m\mP\hpw injyv hnZym`ymkw \Im, {]IrXnkwcWw Chbn apgpInb EjnIpefpsS Xt]mh\PohnXamWv BZytXv. Ccnepff B{iafpsS Nn{XW GItZiw Cmep Xs
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BZycq]n cNns cmambWw. alm`mcXw Fo CXnlmkfn ImWmw. Cu B{iaPohnXw Krlmhsb ]qambn Dt]nmXmWv. Cu B{iafn kv{XobpsS Ihy Krlmhbn DffXp XsbmWv. IpSpw_ns `mKsa \nebv msX hnZymn\nI F \nebv t m, Kpcpm, k\ymkn\n Fo AhIfntem AdnbsSph NpcpamWv . apJyambpw Cu B{iaPohnXw {_mWkaql ntXmWv. {iaW]mccyw cq]wsImXv sshZnImNmc hncpambn NnnncphnSbnemWv . sshZnI I amn\pdw kXyt\zjnIfmbhv DffXmbncpp Cu amw. apJyambpw Cu amw \ne\nncpXv B PohIm, ssP\m, kmwJyw apXemb Zi\sf kXymt\zjWamambn kzoIcnncph XpSnbhcnemWv (Smith Durden Jo p. 18, Takakush p 110). Ccnepff Nne BNmcymsc _p Kpcpmcmbn kzoIcnncpXmbpw Ahcn \nv e`n AdnhpIfn ]q Xr]vXn e`nmXpsImv XtXmb hgn sXcsSpXmbpw _ps PohnXIY hyampp(Awt_ZvI, 2000: 5253). ]e Xcnepff {hXfpw X]pw ChcpsS PohnXNcybpsS `mKambncpp. Ch \bnncpXv Hs PohnXamWv. k\ymkn kwLw F Bibw _pZi\nepw kam\amb Imev ssP\Zi\nepw BWv cq]wsImXv. k\ymkw m]\hcnsXv Cu kwLfneqsSbmWv. CXv Av \ne\nncp k\ymk kev ] fn \nv hn`namb coXnbmWv . kwLPohnXw hoSpt]npsImv Hcp ]pXnb kaqlns `mKamIemWv . _pZi\ns BZyImeLn k\ymkw imizXamb kXys At\zjne. _ps {]Ya ]cnKW\ euInI ZpxJmWv (kucym\w 16mw kw 131). euInI ZpxJfpsS \ncmkneqsS imizXamb apn F Bibw Cu Zi\n {ItaW cq]wsImp. ZpxJsfbpw AhbpsS ]cnlmcamtbpw Ipdnv Nnnp Cu Zi\n k\ymkn kaqlw `np Fdnbsp. Ch IpSpw_PohnXs ]qambn Dt]nhcpw efnXamb PohnXw kzoIcnhcpw Bbncpp. `nbneqsS `Ww t\SpIbpw XfpsS ssZ\wZn\ kmcfneqsS kaqlnse hn`n kcWnIfnepff a\pjycpambn kw ]pepIbpw AhcpsS ZpxJsfbpw {]iv\sfbpw Dsmv Ahbvv ]cnlmcw IspIbpw sNpXv ChcpsS [m\pjvTm\fmbncpp.(CXn\v ]nImev hfscb[nIw am kw`hnppv ) . hhyhsb AwKoIcnm Cu _ukaqln hn`n P\hn`mK {]tXyInpw {Xnbcpw sshiycpw XXv]ccmbn. Cu Zi\ns {][m\ ]cnt]mjI {_mtWXc kaqlambncpp. hhyhsbbpw PmXymNmcsfbpw \ncmIcnpsImv \nesImXv, kaqln A[xIrXmhbn \ne\nncp kv { Xo kaqlw Cu amntev BIrjv S cmIpXn\v Hcp {][m\ ImcWambncnmw.

_pkwLn kv{XoI _ps A\pbmbnIfpsS kwLw cq]oIcnstm AXn kv { XoI Dmbncpn. Fm A[nIImew IgnbmsX Xs alm{]Pm]Xn F `npWnbpsS ]cc _uk\ymkn kaqln cq]wsImp. _ps hfbmb alm{]Pm]Xn AtltmSv `npkwLn {]thi\w BhiysSpIbpw _p AXv \ncknpIbpw sNbvXp. Fnepw alm{]Pm]Xn hensbmcp kv{Xo kaqls XtmsSmw tNpsImv Atlns bm{Xm ams ]nXpSp. alm{]Pm]XnbpsS XmXv]cyhpw {][m\ injy\mb B\s \n_hpw aqew _p `npWokwLn\v cq]w \In(Npffhw 5mw JWvUw). Ahv `npv DffXnt\m AShpw \nbafpw \ntinp. Fv Kpcp[fmWv Ahv \ntinsXv.5 `npv CXv \memWv. Cu A[nI \ntifn {][m\w Ghpw {]mbw Ipd `nphns\tmepw Ghpw {]mbw sN `npWn _lpam\ntXmWv FXmWv . kwLns [mnImNcWfn `npkwLs {]amWamnsmmWv `npWnI {]hntXv. `npsft]mse Hv kcnm `npWnamv A\phmZw e`nncpn. _ps Cu \nti ]qambpw kzoIcnpsImmWv alm{]Pm]Xnbpw kwLhpw Cu hgn kzoIcnXv Fv hn\b{K ]cmainpp(Npffhw 5mw JWvUIw). _ps [ kev]tmSp BIjWw am{XamWv Ahsc Cu hgnbntebvv \bnXv Fv IcpXpI km[ya. Ahv PohnXn t\cntSnh A[xIrXmhIfpw CXn\v ImcWfmWv. kaqlnse IogmfX, tKm{Xbpfn `mmsc \jv S s hn[hIfpsS kmaqlnImh, IpSpw_nse ]pcpjm `npamw kzoIcnXv XpSn \nch[n LSI CXn\v ImcWambnpv. _pkwLw kmaqlnIamb ]e IogmfXIfn \npw tifn \npw tamN\w \Ip kpcnXamb Hcp CSw BhpIbmbncpp. BymnI Da\w AXns Hcp `mKamhpIbmbncpp. `npWo kwLns cq]oIcWn\v ImcWmc\mb {][m\injy\mb B\s tNmZyw kv{XoIv BymnI PohnXw kzoIcnm Ignbn FXpsImmtWm _p Ahsc kwLntev kzoIcnmXv FmWv. B\\v _p \Ip adp]Sn kv { XoIv BymI PohnXw km[yamWv . {]mtbmKnI {]iv \ fmWv AhcpsS kwLcq]oIcWn \nv Xs XSbpXv FmWv. Chsc kzoIcnpXv kwLns Bbpv Ipdbv pw Fpw Atlw ]dXmbn hn\b{K tcJsSppp (Npffhw 5mw JWvUIw). BymnItam, _pn]ctam Bb IogmfX kv{Xov Dsv _pt\m Atlns injyt\m Cu kw`mjWn IcpXpn. {]mtbmKnI {]iv\ FXpsImv DtinpXv `npWo kwLns cq]oIcWw _pkwLn\Ipw kwLw hyhlcnp kaqlnepw Dmmhp A\pcW\ Bbncpncnmw. Npffhn ]cmainp Cu k`w hn\b{Kfn ]ebnSpw Bhnv
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]cmainsSpXmWv. ]t Cu k`s apgph\mbpw hkvXpXbmbn AwKoIcnm B[p\nI ]T\ Xmd. Ccw k` ]nev mev kv { Xohncpambn Iqnthbmbn ]e ]T\fpw IWmpp. Cu `mKs `mjsb `mjmimkv{X] cambn A]{KnpsImmWv CXv ]nevmev tNXmWv Fv Nne ]T\ A`n{]mbsSpp(Tsomo 2000 : 438). AhcpsS \ncoWn kv{Xov BymnI PohnXw kmyamWv F _ps A`n{]mbw \ne\ns Cu \ncmIcWw {]ka. CXv hn\b{Kfnse kaXbpsS Bibv hncpamWv. Fm _u{Kfn ]etmgpw Cu k`w ]cmainsSpIbpw _p \ntinsXv IcpXsSp Fv Kpcp[ \n_m\pjvTm\fmhpIbpw sNptm, CXv BZyIme _pNcybn Xs ISph kv{XoIp taepff \nb{Wambn IWmmw. CXv kaqlnse kv { XobpsS Ahsb shfnhmpp. kaqln \ne\nncp NnIsfbpw BNmcsfbpw kv{Xo {]hnp CSsfbpw AXnewLnpsImmWv kv{Xo `npWo amntebv v XncnbpXv FXv kaqln\v _pkwLtmSpff {]oXnsb CmXmpw, kwLn\pffnse `qcn]amb ]pcpjkaqlw s]mXpkaqlns ImgvNmSpIfpsS {]Xn\n[m\amWv. XfpsS `npNcybpsS `mKambn kv{XoItfmSpff kw Hgnhmtp Hcp kaqlntebvv kv{XoI ISphcpXv {]mtbmKnI Xen Hcp {]iv\ambncpp. `npWnIfpsSbpw `npfpsSbpw BNmcsf kw_np Npffhnse ]cmaifn Ccw {]mtbmKnIamb ]e {]iv\sfbpw _p A`napJoIcnpXmbn ImWmw. `npfpsSbpw `npWnIfpsSbpw PohnXw ncambn kaqlns \ncoWn\p apnembncnpIbpw AXpsImv Xs AhcpsS Hmtcm {]hnbpw hnai\v hnt[bamIpXp ImWmw. `npfpw `npWnamcpambpff CSs]SepI, `nbmNnp kcnptm Dmhp hyXykv X kw`h `npWnamcpsS hkv{X[mcWw, B`cWfpsS D]tbmKw, s]mXpIpffn IpfnpXv, s]mXpefn km[mcWmcpambn CSs]SpXv Chsbmw hn`n k`fn hnai\n\v hnt[bamIpXpw Atmsgmw kaqln\v kzoImcyamb Nne hyhI _p `nppw `npWnIpw hn[npXpw ImWmw. _p Xs kwLntebvv kv{XoIsf {]thinnpXns\ kmaqlnIamb Hcp henb hgnncnhmbn ]e ]WvUnXmcpw ]cmainpp. sshiy{Xnb kaqlfnse kv{XoIv CXv Adnhv t\Sm\pff Hcp henb k`ambn F coXnbnemWv At hnebncppXv (At, 1938: 12) . `npaX s]mXpsh kv{XoIsXncmWv F Xs Imgv N mSv \ne\nnsmv XsbmWv Atlw Cu A`n{]mbw tcJsSppXv. kv{XobpsS kzmX{yNcn{Xnse Xnfam shfnambn tlmW CXns\ ImWpp(1930). Cu BZyIme ]T\ am{Xa, _paXnse kv{Xo kaXz kev]n\v Du \Ip Nne B[p\nI ]T\fpw Cu Bibs
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]nXmpp(\rt]{Ipam {iohmkvXh 2011: 443). Xobmbpw Cpw kaqlnepw, IpSpw_nepw \ne\np kv{XobpsS IogmfX ]cnKWnptm CXv Hcp t\w Xsbmbn IWmtXmWv . Fnepw ChnsS IpSpw_w, kaqlw Chbnse AkaXz`cnXamb AhIfn \npff tamN\w Hcp kaXzmhbntembncpn. _pkwLnepw ]pcpjtI{namb Hcp `cWkwhn[m\ns `mKambnsbmWv `npWnI \ne\nXv. _p[ ]T\w, hnlmcfnse PohnXw kaqln Ahv e`nncp kzmX{yw Fo taJeIfnsemw `npfpw `npWnIfpw cv Xefn Bbncpp. Hcp `npWn kwLntebvv kzoIcnsSWsan `np kwLnsbpw `npWn kwLnsbpw A\phmZw BhiyamWv. `npv CXv _m[Iambncpn. hnip{Kfn \nv kv{XoI AIn\nsncpp. `nppw `npWnampw kwLn A\pjvTnp BNcWfpsS `mKambn [m[ DcntXpv. CXv `npWnamsc A`yknnncpn. AXn\m `np XsbmWv `npWnamv thn []mcmbWw \nlnncpXv. _pZi\ns ImXemb [kev]hpw AXpambn _s Bibfpw ]Tnm BZyIme `npWnamv Ahkcw e`nncpn. AXpsImv [tm]tZiw \Im Chv AhImiapmbncpn. kaqlhpambn \nccw kw ]pepIbpw PohnXn\v kaqls B{ibnpIbpw sNp HmbXpsImp Xs kaqln\Ipff Hcp kaqlambncpp kwLw. `np `npWnamv [tm]tZiw \IpXpw kwLnse A\pjvTm\mNmcfpsS `mKambn `npWokwLfpambn CSs]SpXpw kaqlns ZrjvSnbn kzoImcyambncpn. Cu kmlNcyn XncsSps `npWnI, `npfn \nv [w, av imkv{X Fnh ]Tnv kwLns [m\pjvTm\ kzbw \nhlntXmWv Fv _p \ntinp (Npffhw 5mw JWv U w). Cs\ `npWnIv _p[ns ]T\{]NcW ]XnIfntebvv {]thi\w e`np. {]mtbmKnI hnm\fn, NnInbn [`mKfn Fmw Adnhp t\Snb `npWnam `npWn kwLs \bnm Bcw`np. CXv `npWnkwLns hfbnse {][m\Lambn. kaqlns Xm]cyw ap\nn _p Ahpta sImph \nb{WfmWv hnm\m\n\v hgnsXfnXv. hnm\kmZ\hpw AXneqsS Ah t\Snb {]h\taJeIfpw `npWnIfpsS hfbvv hgn sXfnp. _pt\msSmnv kcnpIbpw AtltmSv [hnjb N sNpIbpw sNp _p`npWnI ]etmgpw _u{Kfn ]cmainsSppv . Aimkv { Xw Nmc{]hnv `npWnthj[mcnIsf \ntbmKnpXns\ ]cmainpp. kaqln FhnsSbpw ISpsNm\pff kzmX{yw Hcp Nmc\pth kmayw Fo KpW ap\nnbmWv Nmcmsc \ntbmKnpXv. `nIjpWnI P\fpsS CSbn X{]cambn kcnpIbpw Bibhn\nabw \SpIbpw sNpXpsImmhmw Aimkv{Xw `npWn thj[mcnIsf Nmcmcmbn \ntbmKnm
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\ntinpXv (Aimkv{Xw, hn\bm[oIcWw, hnZymkaptiw). _ps Imep Xs _ps Bibfn BIrjvScmb Krl]XnIfpw D]mknImcpw Dmbncpp. ChcpsS [\hpw HuZmcyhpw _pkwLs ]cncnp. kwLn\v `Ww, hkv{Xw, hnlmc Fnh \InbXv Ccw D]mkIcmWv. D]mkIcpsS klmb kzoIcnpXnepw AhcpsS A`y\Isf am\npXnepw _p\pw kwLhpw XmXv ] cyw ImWnp. _pkaqlnse \mev LSIfmbn `np, `npWn, D]mkI, D]mknI Fnhsc _p IWmn. D]mkIcpsS kwLnt\mSpff Xmev]cyw _p[ kev]s ap\nn am{Xambncpncnn. kaqlnse {_mWm\pjv T m\ta[mhnXzn\v hncpamb _ps \ne]mSpIfpsS KpW^ew knn kaqlambncpp Ah. Ahv kmaqlnIambn e`n t\pff {]Xn^ew IqSnbmbncpncnmw kwLtmSv Chpff ISmSv. _ps ]cn\nmWtmSv ASppff Atlns {]`mjWfn `np, `npWnI, D]mkI, D]mknIam Fnhsc Hcp t]mse A`nkwt_m[\ sNpp. D]mkIhrhpw `np `npWo kwLfpw hf {]m]np Ign AhbnemWv Atlw hnShmpXv. kmnIambpw kmaqlnIambpw _pkwLw \nebpdnp Ignncpp.

tYcoKmY _ps Imev Pohnncp `npWnamcpsS Bobm\p`hsf Nn{XoIcnp IrXnbmWv tYcoKmYI \n`m\w(\nmWw) {]m]n `npWnamcpsS KmYIfmWnh. _p `oWnIsf kwt_m[\ sNp coXnbnemWv IrXn Bcw`npXv. Ch `npWnIfpsS Bobm\p`hfpw ]q PohnXmhIfpw {]Xn]mZnppv. CXn\v kam\amb `npfpsS A\p`h hnhcnp tYcmKmYI F IrXnbpw Dv. tYcoKmYbn 73 KmYIfnembn tImUoIcnsncnp 522 ]ZyfmWv DXv. KmYItfmtcmpw Hcp {]tXyI `npWnsb kwt_m[\ sNbv X psImptXm AhcpsS \n`m\s {]IonpsImptXm Ah kzbw Xs A\p`hs hniZoIcnptXm BWv. auenIamb ]mccyn kqns _phN\fpw apJyinjycpsS hN\fpw t]mse, BZyIme IrXnIfn Hmbn Chbpw t{ImUoIcnsp. Cu IrXnbmsX kv { XohncNnXamb asmcpaX]mccy{Khpw C FXv CXns {]m[m\ys hyampp. \n`m\w tiIcamb euInI PohnXns _\fn \np ]qamb apn F \nemWv tYcoKmYbn ]etmgpw ]caminsSpXv. aqv hnZyI t\Sn, _ps hN\ Dsmp, AXv apnbntev \bnp Fv KmYIfn BhnpXmbn ImWmw. PohnX_fn \nv AdnhneqsS t\Snb apnbmWv
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ChnsS \n`m\w. tYcoKmYbnse Bib hyamp Nne DZmlcW ChnsS ]cmainpp. 1. AIminbpsS KmY (25,26) Fs thX\w (KWnImhrbn \nv) Imin cmPyns hcpam\tm A[nIamWv. F\nv hnebnpsImv \mKcnI Fs hnesIhfmn F\nv Fs cq]tmSv Ah tXmn. AXnse\nv Xmev]cyw \sp. Rm P\\n \nv acWntepw acWn \nv P\\ntepw hopw hopw kcnpsImncnnt? Rm aqp hnZyIsf Adnp _ps hN\sf Dsmp. \bpsS KmY (19. 20) BZy`mKw \tbmSv asmcm ]dbp coXnbnepw XpSv \bpsS adp]nSnbpw BWv Cu KmYbn \t, tcmKw _m[npXpw, Agppw \ndXpw ZpjnXpamb icocs t\mq, a\ns\ [ym\\ncXambn hfp. A{]kamb kXysf hn`mh\w sNm iamIq {itbmSpw bpntbmSpw honp Rm icocs AIw ]pdw a\nemn. F\nv icoctmSv \ntXmn Fs AcwKw hncambn. {imephpw hnkwbpbpamb Rm D]imnsbt\Sn ]pnIbpsS KmY (22) Cu KmY ]pnI Hcp {_mWs\ apnbntev \bnpXnsXmWv. {_mW Xs apnsbpdnv ]dbpp. Rm apv {__phmbncpp. Cv Rm {_mW\mWv. Rm aqv hnZyIsf Adnp. ]cnip hnm\sf Bnp. Rm ipoIcnsp. [Zo\bpsS KmY (33) Dd a\pw Xmev]cyhpw Dht apnbpq C{nbkpJsf XyPnh Dbcntev \opp. ap (apn)bpsS KmY Rm apbmWv. icnpw apbmWv (km[pap) aqv hf hkvXpfn \nv Rm apbmbn, Dc, De Fs hf ]Xn. kpawKebpsS KmY (45) kpabmWp Rm km[p aq. Rm hf hkvXpfn \nv apnt\Sn, Acnhm, Ie, hf ashn tie, tJa, kpJ PohI h\nI Fo `npWnamsc euInI kpJfntebvv Xncnphcm Nne t{]cnnpp. B t{]cWbpw KmYIfn ImWmw.
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Cu temI-n tamN\w C. hnthIw sImsp {]tbm-P\w? C{n-b-kp-J-sf Ctm Adnbq ]noSv ]m--]n-m CS-h-c-cpXv (57). `np-Wo-amw kzoI-cn-m-\m-{K-ln-p kpta-[bpw Ah-fpsS amXm-]n-Xm-fpw Xnep kw`m-jWw Cu KmY-I-fn {][m-\-am-Wv. Xs hgn-bn XS-p-sImv Pohn-X-ntev Wn-p--bm-tfmSv kp`-Po-h-I--h-\n-IbpsS adp-]-Snbpw {it-b-am-Wv. kp-cnbpw Ahsf `np-Wo-am-n-tep \bn-p `np-Wnbpw Xn-ep kw`m-j-W-amWv Cu KmYbn (329-331). kpcn \ns Dtiw k^-e-am-I-s. Ah-ti-jn-p `-Whpw DXna-Wn-Ifpw aXn C\n Blm-c-am-bn. s]mSn ]pc Hcp IjvWw XpWn aXn hkv{Xw. \o B{k-h--fn \nv ap-bm-bn-cn-p-p. ]cn-ip--bm-b-hsf Rm Fs ZrjvSn ip-am-n-bn-cn-p-p. Rm ]cn-io-e-\-n-emWv. `h-Xnsb hniz-kn Rm `npWo kwL-ns \ a\-n-emn aqv Adnhv t\Sn. _ps hN-\- Dsm-p. kpcn \-bpsS KmY kpcn \t, Cu aen-\hpw tcmK-_m-[n-X-hp-am-Ip ico-c-s-p-dnv AXns bYmm-h--sb-p-dnv Nnn-q. a\-ns\ GIm-{Khpw Dd-p-Xpw Bq. \ns ico-cns kucyw AXv hnUvVnsb am{Xw BIjn-p--XmWv. {i-tbmsS a\v [ym\-\n-cX-am-q. \ns {ibpw Ignhpw sImmWv bYm-amb ImgvN-bn-tev \o Fp-I. Cu temI-nse ti-`-cn-X-amb Pohn-X-n \nv am\-kn-I-amb ti--fn \nv Hs hn`n Xe--fn-ep tamN\w KmY-bpsS hnj--fm-Wv. Bo-b-X-bpsS Kl-\-amb Xe-fpw Pohn-X-t-i--fn \np tamN-\-ns Bizm-khpw Hcp-t]mse KmY-I-fn ImWmw. Xsf am-n \nv hyXn-N-en-n-m {ian-p--hsc _p-am-n-tev ]cn-h\w sNn-n-p `np-Wn-I-fpsS IYbpw KmY-I-fn ImWmw. Xs ku-cyn BIr-jvS-\mb Bsf kp` F `npWn ku-cy-ns Wn-IX ]d-p-t_m-[y-s-Spp-p. ico-c-ns kucyw AXns Wn-I-Xbpw bYmm-h-bpw a\-n-emn Xn-f-tb Hmbn tYco-Km-Ybpw tYcm-Km-Ybpw IW-m-p-p. Fm Agp-p-I-fp-sSbpw Ccnn-S-am-Wv. ico-cw. ]s kp-c-amb ico-c-ns {]tem-`n-n-m-\p Ign-hns\ tYco-Km-Ybpw tYcm-Km-Ybpw DZm-l-c-W--fn-eqsS hy-am-p-p. {]tem-`-\-sf AXn-Po-hn-p `npfp-sSbpw `np-Wn-If - p-sSbpw A\p-`h - - {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. tYco-Km-YI - f - n Ccw {]tem-`-\- \n`m\w {]m]n--hpw Dm-Ip--Xmbn ImWmw. \n`m-\m-h-sb Adn-h X-fpsS kl-Po-hn-I-fp-ambn Bi-b- ]p-sh-p-p-v. tYcnv euInI hncn FXv ap--h-tcm-Sp X-fpsS hnIm-c-v kw`-hn ]cn-Wmaw BWv. Pohn-X-t-i F \ne-bn Cu KmY-I-fn ]cm-ain-p-Xv hn[-hmXzw asf \jvS-s-S, kaq12

l-nse A[x-Ir-Xm-h , IpSpw-_ - nse IjvS - m-Sp-I Ch-bm-Wv. hnhm-l - n\v app-Xs _p-[-n-te-m-Ir-jvS-cmbn _p-am-nsenb-h-scbpw KmY-I-fn ImWmw. \n`m\-ns BZy-Ime kev]w tYco-Km-Y-bn hy-am-p-p. Cu `np-Wn-amsc Ah-cpsS Hmtcm-cp--cp-sSbpw {]tXyI Ign-hp-Isf ap\nn _p A`n-\ - n-p-X - mbn KmY-Ifn ImWmw. ]mSm-Nm-csb `np-Wo-[-nse \njvTpw tJasb Dm-gvNbvpw [-Zo-\sb BNmcy F \nebvpw kp-cn-\-sb [y\-ns hnj-b-nepw Dev]-e-h-\sb Aeu-In-I-amb Ignhp-I-fpsS t]cnepw A`n-\-n-p-Xv Ahbn Nne-Xm-Wv. Cu {Kw {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNp ka-Xz-Zi\w ]nm-e-_p--]m-c-cyw ]nXp-S-cp-n-. tYco-Km-Y-bn \nv e`n-p kv{XoNn-{Xw-i--bpw, \n-b-ZmVy-ap--h-fpamb Bo-b-hm-Zn-bp-tS-Xm-Wv.

`np-Wo-kw-L- _p-\p-tijw _p-\p-tijw `np-Wokw-L-v kw`-hn- Ah {it-b-am-Wv. _ps ]cn\nm-W-n-\p-tijw _p-kwLw hnhn-[-L---fn \nb-a- t{ImUo-I-cn-m\pw Bib- N sNm-\p-ambn Hp-tN-cp-p-v. cmP-Kr-l-nse \nb-a-t{Im-Uo-I-c-W-ntem sshim-en-bnse cmw kt-f-\-ntem Hpw `np-Wn-I {]tXy-I-ambn ]cm-ain--s-Spn-. Cu kt-f-\--fn-eqsS hn`n kc-Wn-I-fn-tev \op _p-aXw {]mtbm-KnI PohnX-N-cy-Iv D]-cn-bmbn Bi-b-hm-Z-X-e-n\v Du sImSpv Zi-\-ns ]mX-bn-tev \op-p. Zmi-\n-I-amb ]e hgn-I _p-Zi-\-n Dmbn Fnepw Cu Zmi-\n-Im-Nmcy-mn-S-bn `np-Wn-I C. BZy kt-f-\-n t{ImUo-I-cn--s [-{K--fn Ds-Sp tYco-KmY HgnsI av {K- `np-Wn-I-fp-tS-Xm-bn-n-. _ps ]cn-\nm-W-n-\p-tijw Cu Zi-\-n i-amb t_m[n-kXz k-ev]fpw \nm-W-s-p-dn-p Nne ImgvN-m-Sp-Ifpw `np-Wn-am-cp-sSbpw D]m-kn-I-am-cp-sSbpw Bo-b-Xsb XmgvXmbn ImWp-p-v. CXn {]Jym-X-amb Hv kv{Xov (`n-p-Wn-v) \nm-W - n-\p Al-Xs - b-p-dn-mWv. [m-\p-jvTm-\ - f - n-eqsS hn`n Pohn-XN - { - I-ptijw t_m[n-k-zm-h--bn Fn-t-cm Ign-m B Ah--bpsS ]q-X-bn ]pcp-j-cq-]-n-tev ]cn-W-anv ]pcpj cq]-n am{Xta \nmWw t\Sm Ignbq FXmWv AXv. DZm-l-c-W-I-Y-I-fn-eq-sSbpw Znhym-]-Zm-\--fn-eq-sSbpw Cu Bibw hfsc ZrVambn m]n--s-n-cn-p-p. alm-bm\ am-ns k-[ ]pWvU-co-I-kq{Xw, kml-c\m-K-cmP kq{Xw Fo IrXn-I-fn-emWv Cu k-ev]-\-n\v B[m-c-amb IY hcp--Xv. hfsc hni-Z-ambn _p-Zi-\-nse ]nme {K- (_nkn 200 FUn 300) Cu Bi-bs N sNbvXn-cp-p. Cm-es alm-bm-\-{K---fn \nmWw FXv B\-m--I-amb Hcp A\p-`q-Xn-bmbn IW-m--s-n-cp-p. AXv t_mt[m-Z-b-ns Ah--bm-Wv. Cm-ev
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cq]w sIm hn`n kq{X-{K---fn-semw \nm-W-n-\mbn kv{XobpsS ]pcp-j-cq-]-nte-p ]cn-Wmaw F Bibw hcp-p-v. tYco-Km-Y-I-fnse \nm-W-k--ev]-n \nv `n-am-W-Xv. Ch-bn NneXv \nm-W-n-ep-]cn _p-Xz-n-te-s-pI F Ah--sbbmWv \nmWw sImv Dsm-p--Xv. k ]pWvU-coI kq{X-nse IY B {Kw \nt-in-p-\\ coXn-bnse Ncy-I sImv s]sv Xs _p-Xz-n-te-smw F-Xn\v DZm-l-c-W-ambn aRvPp{io F BNm-cy ]d-bp--XmWv. t{imXm-hmb imco-]p-{X-\mWv kv{Xo ico-cw-sImv AXv km[y-a Fv hmZn-p-X - v. Cu IY-bn {imhI ]mc-c - y-ns hm-hmWv imco-]p-{X. kv{XoIv _pXzw {]m]nmw Fv {]I-S-ambpw Zmi-\n-I-ambpw kv{XoI sXfn-bn-p--Xmbn Cu IY-I-sfmw Nqn-m-p-p. Fm kv{XoI Xpey-c F \nebvv kv{Xo ico-c-ns ]cn-an-Xn-I Nqn-m-n-smv Hmtcm IY-bnepw FXnp-I Dbp-h-cp--Xmbn ImWmw. FXnp-I D-bn-p--h-cm-Is imco-]p-{X-s\-tmse alm-m-cmb BNm-cy-m-cmbn Cu Zi-\{ - K- - IW-m-p-h - cpw BWv. CXp-sIm-p-Xs kv{XobpsS _p-Xzw, \nmWw AYhm Bo-b-amb Ghpw Db Ah FXv _p-Zi-\-n Ftmgpw {]iv\h-cn--s Hm-bn-cpp Fv ImWmw. CXv ]nm-e-_p--Zi-\-nse `np-Wn-IfpsS Bo-b-amb Ak-a-Xzm-h hy-am-p-p.

h{P-bm-\hpw `np-Wn-Ifpw F.-Un. aqmw \qm-tm-Sp-IqSn _p-Zi-\-n X{-am-ns kzm[o\w iam-bn. X{-am-ns hf kaq-l-nse hn`n--amb ]e kc-Wn-I-sfbpw DtpsIm-m-bn-cp-p. X{-am-{]-h\w h{P-bm\w F _p-hn-`m-K - n\v cq]w \evIn. _p Ncn{X ]pcp-j F-Xn-ep-]cn Cuiz-c-\m-bn. _ps temtIm--cX t_m[n-k-Xz-k--ev] Ch ]pXnb Bcm-[\m am--fn-te-v \on. _p Ah-K-Wn-m\pw {]Xn-tcm-[nm\pw {ian ]eXpw hfsc i-ambn _p-a-X-n B[n-]Xyw m]n-p. tKm{X-X-{am--fnse Bcm-[-\m-aqn-Ifpw Cu Bcm-[-\m-{I-a-ns `mK-am-bn. Xmcm, {]m, ]cman-X, ]-i-_cn XpSn kv{XotZ-h-X-Ifpw D]m-kn--s-p. Ccw D]m-k-\-I-fn kv{XoIfpw ]s-Sp-n-cp-p. D]m-k-\-I Aeu-InI in-I {]Zm\w sNp--Xmbn IW-m--s-ncp- p. Aeu- I nI in- I - f mn kv { XoI (kv { Xo- t Z- h - X - I ) BWv UmIn- \ n- I (Tsomo:2000:177). Fm ]nm-ev Ccw knn-I t\Snb kv{XoI a{-hm-Zn-\nItfm ]nim-Nn-\n-Itfm Bbn IW-m--s-p. X{-am-n kv{Xov ]utcm-lnXyw A\ph-Zn--s-n-cpp Fnepw Ah ka-cmbn IW-m--s-n-cp-n (Tsomo Ibid). _n.-kn. Bdmw \qmv apX F.-Un. aqmw \qm-p-h-sc-bp Ime-b-f-hn `mc-Xn _p-Zi-\-ns hn`n-m-h--I-fn `np-Wn-I-fpsS Pohn-X-s-p-dn-p Nne
14

Bi-b--fmWv ChnsS ]cm-ain--Xv. Chsc IqSmsX _ps Imev _p-[-ns ]cn-t]m-jI - a - m-bn-cp D]m-kn-Ia - mcpw _p-{K- - f - n ]cm-hr-jvSc - m-hp-p-v. Ah-bn {itb-amb NneXv ChnsS tcJ-s-Sp-p-p. _p-Zi-\ - n Gsd {]m[m-\y-ap kv{Xohy-n-Xz-amWv `np-Wo-kw-L - ns cq]oI-c-W-n\v Imc-W-`q-X-bmb alm-{]-Pm-]Xn F _ps hf-. `np-Wn-N-cysb kzoIcnv [-k-Xy-sf Adn Ah \nmWw t\Sn-b-Xmbn ]d-b-s-Sp-p. Xs Pohn-Xm-hkm-\s kzbw Adnv _p-t\mSv hnS-hm-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. _ps ]Xv\n btim-[cbpw `npWn kzoI-cnv \nmWw t\Sn-b-h-fm-Wv. Xs Pohn-Xm-h-km-\s a\-n-emn Fs icWw Rm XsbmWv Fp-]-dv _p-t\mSv hnS-hm-p-Ibpw sNp-p. D]mkn-I-am F \nebvv \nc-h[n IY-I-fn ]cmarjvSc-mhp--h-cmWv hnim-J, amen-\n, A{a]men XpS-n-b-h. Ch-scmw [-hn-j-b--fn _p-t\mSv N \S-p-p-v. hnimJ F [\m-Vy-\mb ho-bpw amen\n F tZi-ap-Jys aIfpw ]e FXnp-I-sfbpw AXnPo-hn-p-sImv `np-kw-L--fpsS Bh-iy-n-\mbn `-Whpw [\hpw hn\n-tbm-Kn-p-p. KWn-I-amb A{a-]men Xs amhntXmv _p-kw-L-n\v Zm\w sNbvXp. C-c-n-ep D]m-kn-I-am-tcmSv kvt\lm-Z-c--tfm-sS-bmWv _p\pw kwLhpw s]cp-am-dn-bn-cp-Xv Fv IYI hy-am-p-p. _p-{K---fn kv{Xo {][m-\-ambpw aqv hn`n-m-h--I-fn IWm--s-Sp-p-v. 1. {]tem-`\w `np-hns\ {]tem-`n-n-p--h AXp-sImv Xs kw Hgn-hm-t-h F \ne-bvv. 2. kwc-I h{P-bm-\-ns hc-thmsS kwc--I-bmb amXr-tZhn k-ev]--fn-eqsS. amXmhv F euInI Ah al-Xz-h-XvI-cn--s-Sp-n-. kv{Xosb kw_-n-n-S-tmfw ZpxJ-Im-c-W-amb _-\mWv amXrXzw FmWv hne-bn-cp-p--Xv. 3. `npWn [-\n-jvT-bvmbn hoSp-t]-n--h F \nebvv B aqv Ah-I - s - f-p-dn-p ImgvN - m-Sp-I ]e-tmgpw ]c-kv]c hncp-a - m-Ip-pthm Fv tXmn-n-p--h-bm-Wv. k`--\p-k-cnv Ccw hn`n-m-h--I hni-Zo-I-cn-s-Sp-tmgpw ImgvN-m-Sp-I-fnse sshcpyw A\p-`-h-s-SpI Xs sNpw. hn`n--{K--fn \nv hyXykvXkml-N-cy--fnse ]cm-ai- FSp-m 1. _p-Zi-\-nse ]pcpj tI{n-XXzw kv{XoI-fpsS apn k-ev]-v XS--ambn 2. kv{XobpsS D-a-\-n\v _pZi\w Imc-W-am-bn. 3. kv{Xo ]pcpj XpeyX \ne-\n-\-\n-cpp Fo aqv hncp hmZ-K-XnIv Dt]m]-e-I-amb sXfn-hp-I Ismw Fv Fen-k-_v sP. Fv. A`n-{]m-b-sSpp (Tsomo, 2000:61). Zmi-\nI Xe-nepw {]mtbm-KnI Xe-nepw D hyXymkw ]etmgpw Cu sshcp-y-n\v Imc-W-am-Wv. Zmi-\nI Xe-n kv{Xov ]pcpj XpeyX \evIpp-s-nepw {]mtbm-KnI Xe-n ]pcpj XpeyX ImWp-n-. ]nXr-Zm-b-{I-a-nse ]pcpj-tI-{nX `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-ns \ne-]m-Sp-I Xs-bmWv ]nm-ev kwL-ns `c15

W-nepw ImWp-Xv (FUn BZy-Zi-I--fn) kv{Xosb kwL-nse ]Z-hn-I-fn \nv AIn \np-Xn-sbpw Zmi-\n-I-amb Hu-Xy-n \nv XS-bp--Xn-sbpw `mK-am-bmWv ]e-tmgpw Zi-\-tbpw IY-I-tfbpw hymJym-\n-n-cn-p-Xv Fv \mkn B.-_n.-bpsS ]T\w hne-bn-cp-pp (Aravind, Sharma, 1987:117-118). ChnsS ]dbm\p-t-in Bi-bw, `np-Wn-am-cpsS kwLw, _p-a-X-nse Ah-cpsS m\w Fnh kv{Xov kaq-l-n \ne-\n-n-cp Db Ah-bvv DZm-l-c-W-ambn Nqn-m-Wn-p ]T-\- Ctmgpw Dm-Ip-pv (B. Labh. 2011:441-447). CXv ]qambpw icn-b-. kaq-l-nse h PmXn k-ev]-sf Cu Zi\w ]e-tmgpw s]mfn-s-gpXp-p-v. Fnepw enwK-Xp-eyX Cu Zi-\-nepw \ne-\n-n-. kzw hgn sXc-s-Sp-m\p kv{XobpsS BZy-Ime {ia--fn Hmbn `npWo kwLs IW-m-mw. ]nme kaq-l - n kaq-l - ns enwK-]c - a - mb ImgvN - m-Sp-Isf kwLhpw Bn-p-Ib - mWv sNbvXXv. enwK-]-c-amb Xpey-Xbvv thn \ne-sIm-n-. Cu kwL-ns N-q-Snepw kv{XobpsS Iogm-fX Xs-bmWv \ne-\n-s--Xv.

IpdnpI

1.

At ]cmainp ]T\ ({KkqNnbn DsSpnbncnph)

Works about women (India) Horner - Women order Primitive Buddhism, London 1930 Meyer - Sexual life in Ancient India Eng. Translation 1930 Mitter Justice - Position of Women in Hindu Law Calcutta 1913 Nehru. S - Our Cause Allahabad 1936 Upadhya- Wome in Rigveda Lucknow 1933

2.

Nne DZm-l-c-W-
i . Blackstone, Kathryn. R - Women in the footsteps of Buddha : Struggle for Liberation in therigatha First Indian Edition, Motilal Banarasidass New Delhi 2000, First Publish in Brittan 1998. ii. Falk Nancy & Gross Rita. M. Unspoken Worlds : Womens religious lives in Non Western Cultures Sanfrancisco, harper Row 1979. iii Gross Rita. M - Buddhism Women in Religion, London Printer Publishers 1994. Buddhism after Patriarchy : Feminist History Analysis and Re construction of Buddhism Albany : State University of New York Press 1993.

16

iv

Klein Anne carolyn : Meeting the great Bliss queen Buddhist Feminist and the Art of the Self. Beacon Press 1994.

Mur Coff Suson : The First Buddhist women : Translations and Commentaries on Thergatha.

vi

Law, Bimlachurn Women in Buddhist Literature Varanasi, Indological Book House 1981.

vii

Spon berg Alan : Attitudes towards Women and the Feminine in Early Buddhism in Buddhism, Sexuality and Society Newyork City Indian Press 1922.

viii

Sharma Arvind Ed : Women in World Religions Satoruru Publishers New Delhi 1995.

ix

Sharma S.P & Labhb, The Oceans of Buddhist Wisdom NBBC New Delhi 2011.

3.

Karma Lekshe Tsomo -bpsS {][m\ ]T\-

i. Buddhist Feminist Reflections, Essay in Buddhist Philosophy Essential Readings Edited by William Edelglass Jay L Garfield. ii iii. iv. v. Buddhist Women Across Cultures - (Ed.) Sri Satguru Publications New Delhi,2000. Buddhist women and Social Justice : Ideas, Challenges. Sakyadhitha. Daughter of the Buddha Sisters in Solitude : Two traditions of Buddhist Monastic Ethics for women, Albany State University of Newyork Press 1996. vi. Tibetan Nums and Nunneries. In Janice D. Willies (ed) Femine Ground : Essays on Women and Tibet Ithaca N.Y : Show Lion Publications 1989 118 - 34.

4.

_pZi\nse {][m\ {K _p\pw injycpw auJnI ]mccyn eqsSbmWv Bib {]NcnnncpXv Fnepw ]nevmev t{ImUoIcWw Bhiyambtm Ah {Xn]nSIfmbn. Ghpw {][m\hpw BZyw t{ImUnIcnsXpw BWv {Xn]nSI 1. A`n[ ]nSIw 2. hn\b]nSIw 3. kq ]nSIw hn\b{Kns {][m\ {]Xn]mZyw `npNcybpw `npPohnXhpambn _s \nba coXnI XpSnbh. CXn\v aqv hn`mK 1. kqhn`mKw 2. JIw 3. ]cnhmcw. kqhn`wKw almhn`wKw, `npWn hn`wKw Fns\ cv `mKfmWv almhn`wKw `npp \nbafpw. `npWn hn`mKw `npWnIp \nbafpamWv. JI almhw Nphw Fns\ cv `mKfmWv.
17

CXn kwLns \nbafpw _ps PohnXhpambn _s kw`hfpw IYIfpw tcJsSpnbncnpp. ]cnhmcw Chp A\p_w t]msebmWv. kp]nSIn Av hn`mK : \nImb FdnbsSpp. _paXkw_nbmb Bibfpw NIfpw _ps hN\fpw CXn DsSpp. ZoL\nImbw, ana\nImbw kbp\nImb AwKpc\nbIw, JpZpI\nImbw CXn_pI\nImbw ]Xn\v hn`mKfmWv. 1. JpZpI]mTw. 2. []Zw. 3. DZm\ 4. CXnhpI 5. kp\n]mX 6. hnam\hp 7. thXhp 8 tYcmKmY 9. tYcoKmY 10. PmXI 11. alm\ntZi 12. ]p\ntiw 13. ]Xnkw`nZma 14. _phwim]Zm\ 15 Ncnb]nSnI A`nZ]nSIn Db Xenep Zmi\nI NI Ggphn`mK [kwLm\n, hn`wKw, [mXpIY, ]pe]Xn IYmhp, baI]m\w Chsbmw ]men {KfmWh. thXtIm thZi, t\XnIcW, anen] Fnhbpw A`n[ns `mKambn IWmsSpp. Cu{Xn]nSIv ASUIY F {]mYanI hSmJSm\pw CXn\v aqeSoI, AXn\v A\pSoI Cs\ aqv Xenep hymJym\fpv . Cu hymJym\ lo\bm\amnsXmWv . almbm\w Cu {Kfnse Nne Bibsf XnIfpsImv cq]w sImtm AhcptSXmb hymJym\ Dmbn almbm\ amns {K _pZi\ns kwkvIrX]mccyamWv. AiytLmj, hkpan{X [Ion, imcnXI, \mKmp\ XpSbnhcneqsS Cu Zmi\nI ]mccyw hf {]m]np. almbm\ kwkvIrX ]mccyns {K efnXhnkvXcw, emhXmcw, kamLncmPkq{Xw, {]RvPm]cmhnXI, Jhyqlkq{Xw, k ]pcoIkq{Xw, Zi`qanImkq{Xw, khW{]`mkkq{Xw, XpSn 50 Hmfw {K Chbn Nne kq{X{K ]menhn\b{Kns `mK XsbmWv. Ch IqSmsX ]nev I me IrXnIfpw Zi\ns Dv Cu ]men kwkv I rX {K]mccyfn tYcnKmYbpsS IrXzwam{XamWv. kv{XoIfptSXv FXpsImv `npWnIsf kw_npw GXv ]T\nepw Ah {][m\amWv. 5 8 Kpcp-[- 1. 2. 3. 4. Hcp `npWn 100 hjs kymkn-\n-bm-sW-nepw Ghpw ]pXnb `nphns\ hn-Ww. `npWn ag-mew `npfn-m tZiv Nne-h-gn--cpXv Fm 15 Znh-k--fnepw Dt]m--n-\pw, ]IoSn\pw `np--tfmSv Ah-kcw tNmZn--Ww. Fm ag-m-e-v tijhpw `np-kw-LtmSpw `np-Wn-kw-L-tmSpw Xs sXp-I-sf-p-dnv At\zjn--Ww.
18

5 6. 7. 8. 6.

`npWn inml-amb sXv sNbvXm 2 kwL-tfmSpw aml\ F {]mivNnw A\p-jvTn-p-I. cp-hjs inWn\v tijw D]-kw-hm-Z-n\v Ah-kcw `np--tfmSv tXSWw. Hcn-epw `np-hns\ A]-am-\ncpXv. kwL-\ntim\p-k-cWw [-]m-T- `np-v `npWn-amv \Imw Fm `np-Wn-amv `npv [tm-]tZiw km[y-a-.

{Krlkq{X Krls BNmcfpw Ihyfpambn _s \nbamhenIfmWv. Ch sshZnI{Kfn s]Spp. Kmlyhpambn _s \nbafn hnhmlw Hcp {][m\ LSIamWv. ]Xv\nv Dmth KpWKWsf Ch hniZambn ]cmainpp.

7.

D]th\ tI\nb anI, hnimJ, A{a]men XpSnbhcpsS IYI hn\b{Kfn hniZambn ]cmainppv. ChbpsS t{ImUoIcn cq]w Awt_ZvIdpsS _p\pw _p[hpw F IrXnbn DsSpnbnpv. 6mw `mKn.

8.

\n`m\w \n`m\w Fv ]men `mjbnepw \nmWw Fv kwkv I rXnepw D]tbmKnpp. _pamns eWambn IWmsSp kev]amWv \nmWw. P\npI, acnpI Fo Nm{In-Im-h--bmWv Pohn-Xw. P\-\-a-cW N{In \nv nc-amb apn-bmWv \nm-Ww. CXv t\Snb Bv ]noSv P- Bhn-t--Xn-. Cu Ah--bn-tev Fp-Xv bYm-amb Adn-hn-eqsS am{Xw. \mev Bcy-k-Xz-sf Dsm AjvSmw-K-am-n-eqsS GXp-a-\p-jy\pw \nmWw km-y-amWv FmWv BZy-Ime k-ev]w. ZpxJw ZpxJ-Im-cWw ZpxJ-\n-hm-c-W-n-\p hgn, ZpxJns \miw Ch \mev Bcy-kXzfpw C{n-b--sfbpw a\-n-s\bpw \nb{n-p AjvSmw-K-amw AXn-\p hgnbpw BWv. BZy-Ime {K--fn ZpxJ-fn \np D]-im-n-bmWv \nm-Ww. F-Xo hnfv sISp--Xp-t]mse F D]-a-bmWv \nm-Ws Ipdnv hnh-cn-p-tm D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xv. Fm ]nme alm-bm-\-k--ev]--fn \nmWw kpJ-]q-amb Aeu-In-Im-\-m-\p-`q-Xn-bmbn IWm--s-p. {K--fn _p-Xz-{]m]vXn Xs-bmbpw \nmWw hne-bn-cp--s-p. _p-Im-e-tmSv ASp IrXn-I-fn kv{XoIfpw aqv Adn-hp-I, _ps D]-tZ-i Ch Dsmv \nmWw t\Sn-b-Xmbn ]d-bp-p. tYcn-I, btim-[-c, alm-{]-Pm]Xn Fn-h DZm-l-c-W--fm-Wv. Cu k`--fn C{nb \n{K-l-n-eq-sSbpw at\m\n-b-{-W-n-eq-sSbpw Fn-t am\-kn-Im-h--bmWv \nm-Ww. ]cn-\nmWw Pohn-Xm-yhpw \nmWw e`n-m C\n Hcp PohnXw C. B N{I-n \nv tamNn-Xcmbn ]nm-es k ]p-coI kq{Xw t]mep
19

IrXn-I-fn \nmWw

t_mt[m-Z-b-I-tm-sSmw _p-cq-]-n-tev ]cn-W-an--em-Wv. CXv Aeu-en-Im-\-m-h-bm-Wv. 9. t_m[n-k-Xz _p-Xz-n\v apmbn hnhn[ P- _p-\p-Xs Dm-bn-cp--Xmbn alm-bm-\am-n Hcp kev]w cq]w sImp. Hmtcm PX-nepw kZvKp-W--fn-eq-sSbpw Db Nn-I-fn-eq-sSbpw Ghpw Icp-W-tbmSpw IqsS kaq-l-n-t\mSv CS-s]-Sp--Xn-eq-sSbpw t_m[nkz-z ]qWX t\Sp-p. 10 t_m[n-kzz P-v tij-amWv temI-hn-m-\--tfbpw Cu {K- ]c-ain-p-p-v. 1. apZnXw 2. hnipn 3. {]`m-Icn 4. An-jva-Xn. 5. kp`p 6. A`n-apJn 7. Zpcw-K-a 8. AN-e 9. km[p-aXn 10. [-ta-Lw. hnhn[ P--fnse kXv{]-hrn-I sImv t\Sp _pXzw GXv a\p-jy\pw [-N-cy-I-fn-eqsS km[y-am-Wv. _ps ]q P-I-Y-ImWv PmX-I-I-Y-I. alm-bm-\-Ir-Xn-I-fn t_m[nk-m-h--bn Nn{Xo-I-cn-s-n-cn-p--sXmw ]pcp-j-m-cm-Wv. t_m[n-k-m-h--bn kv{XoIsf IW-m-m-Xp-sImv Ahv m\-ns ]c-tIm-Sn-bn-ep kp-Xm-h (a-lm-bm-\-nse hf {]m]n \nmW k-ev]w) kmy-a Fv {ItaW m]n-X-am-bn. 10. k ]pWvU-cnI kq{Xw, kmK-c-\m-K-cm-P-kq-{Xw, kv{Xohn-h hymI-c-Ww, kap-Xo-ZmcnI ]cn-hr-w, alm-c-Xv\-IqS kq{Xw, hna-e-Z ]cn-hrw AtimI Zm-hym-I-cWw kpImhXo hyql-kq-{Xw Fo alm-bm\ IrXn-I-fn-semw kv{XobpsS \nm-Wm-h (_p--Xm-hbpw Bbn _-s IYIfpw kwhm-Z-fpw Dv. Cu Iq-n Ghpw {][m-\hpw k-]p-WvU-cnI kq{X-nse IY-bmWv Cu IY {]m-Iq-S, aRvPp-{io, imco-]p-{X Fo _p-]-WvVn-X-cpsS kw`m-j-W-tmsS Bcw-`n-p-p. k-[ ]pWvU-coI kq{Xnse [m-\p-jvTm-\m-Ncy _p-Xz-n-tev Hcmsf thK-n \bn-pp F aRvPp{io-bpsS hmZ-amWv kw`m-j-W-n\v hnj-bw. kap-{Z-cm-Pm-hmb \mK-cm-Ps ]p{Xnbpw Fv hb-p-am{Xw {]mb-ap--h-fp-amb s]Ip-n-bpsS _p-Zi-\-n-ep Adnhpw Zb XpS-nb {it-b-amb KpW-fpw sImv t_m[n kzXzs {]m]n-m Ahv s]sv Xs Ignbpw Fv aRvPp{io A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p. Fm {]m-Iq-S ]e Pw sImv t\tS Hm-WXv F \ne-]mSnemWv. Ch-cpsS kw`m-jW - - n-\n-Sbvv \mK-cm-P] - p{Xn AhnsS s]sv hp-tN-cp-p. kv{Xo ico-c-ns ]cn-an-Xn-I D Ahv F-s\-bmWv t_m[n-k-Xzmh e`n-pI Fv imco-]p-{X kwi-bn-p-p. Fm B s]Ipn s]mSp-s\ ]pcpjcq]s {]m]n-p-Ibpw t_m[n-k-Xz-ns ]-knw-lm-k-\-n {]Xy--s-Sp-Ibpw sNpp. Cu IYbpw kam-\-amb {K--fnse IY-Ifpw ]pcp-j-cq-]-n t_m[n-k-Xzm-h-sb {]m]n- F Bi-bs Dd-n-p.

20

{KkqNn
AS Altekar, Position of Women in Ancient Hindu Civilization MLBD 1959 Reprint 1995 Aravind Sharma (ed), Women in World Religians, Sri Satguru Publication New Delhi 1985. Black stone. R. Kathryn Women in the Foot Steps of Buddha Struggle for Liberation in the in the Therigatha, Motilal Banarssidass New Delhi, 2000. Gross M. Rita , Buddhism After Patriarchy Sri Satguru Publication Newdelhi. Indian Edition 1995. Heera Bhupendr-Impact of Buddhism on Socio-Religious Life of the Asian People, Decent Books New Delhi 2007. Kabil Singh Chatsumarar-Bhikshuni Patimolkkot the Six Schools, Sri Satguru Publication New Delhi 1998. S.P.Sharma & B.Labh, The Ocean of Buddhist Wisdom NBBC 2011. Omyedt Gail-Buddhism in India challenging Brahmanism and caste, Sage Publications New Delhi 2003. Rhys Davids TW,(ed) Buddhist Sutras- Atlantic Publishers Distributers 1990. TW Rhys David (Ed) Vinaya texts, Atlantic Publishers Distributers 1990. Tsomo Karmalekshe, Buddhist Women Across cultures- Realization Sri Satgru Publication New Delhi 2000.

Awt_ZvI, _p\pw _p[hpw, Awt_ZvI kqIrXnI 22 tIcf`mjm Cnyqv Xncph\]pcw. \hw_ 2000 DamN{Ihn, ]n.Fkv.at\mPvIpam (]cn`mj), PmXnsb enwKhXvIcnptmamXr`qan 2008. sk\pIpcy tPmPv, B. Fkv i, {]mNo\Cy, Un.kn. _pIvkv, tImbw, 2008.

21