`K-hZvKo-X--a-Xm-I ]cn-Wm-a--fpsS ]mTm--c-

_n\ojv C. sI.
`mc-XobZi-\--fpsS m\-ao-amw-k-bmb D]-\n-j-p-Ipw, {_-kq-{X-n-\psamw tN-s IrXn-bmWv `K-h-ZvKo-X. kmwJy-Zi-\w, tbmK-Zi-\w, thZm-Z- i\w Fnh-bpsS kqvahpw qe-hp-amb Bi-b
- CgtN-s Xz-LS- \
- b
- mWv KoX-bp-tS-Xv.
AXp-sIm--p-Xs Cu Zi-\--fpsSsbmw DZv`-h-Im-e-pw tij-amhmw KoXm-Im-ew.
`K-hZ- vKo-Xb
- psS Imew, Imhv, KoX alm-`m-cX
- `- m-Ka- mtWm? XpS-n-bh
- s- b-p-dnv At\Iw
hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z- \S-n-p-v; Ctmgpw XpS-cp-p-ap--v. Bb-Xn-\m Ah-sb-p-dn-p hnhcWw Cu {]_--ns hnj-b-a-.
{]_--ns BZy-`m-Kv, Is--Sp--s-Xpw {][m-\-s--Xp-amb KoX-I, hnh\-, hnip--{K--am-b-Xn\p ]nnse sImtfm- W n- b AP- - I Fnh N- sN-p-p.
\thm-m-\L
- n-epw, kzmX-{y-ka- c-
- nepw KoX-bn-eqsS {]tbm-Kn-s- aXm-I bpnsb
Is- - m- \ p {ia- a mWv c- m w `mK- n \S- p- - X v . ka- I m- e n- I - L - - nepw KoXsb
ap\nn \S-p ssl-h\
- nn-Xnsb hni-Zo-Ic- n-m-\mWv aqmw `mKp {ian-p-X
- v.
alm-`m-c-X-n \npw thdnv kzX-{-ambn \ne-\np--mb Imew apX KoXbvp kw`-hnp-sIm--n-cn-p ]cn-Wmaw aXm--I-k-ao-]-\-ns Dd \ne-]m-Sp-I-fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-sW-pw,
KoX-bpsS hnip ]Zhn sImtfm-Wn-b B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS krjvSn-bm-sW-p-ap ImgvN-mSmWv Cu {]_--n-\m-[m-cw.

`K-h-ZvKo-X-a-Xm-I ]cn-Wm-a--fpsS ]mTm--c-

KoX F kw Km\w F A-n-emWv km[m-c-W-bmbn {]tbm-Kn--s-Smdp--Xv. Cy Zi-\--fn-epw ]pcm-W--fnepw CXn-lm-k--fn-epw ap kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fn-epambn NnX-dn-n-S-p At\Iw KoX-Isf ImWmw. Ahsb t{ImUo-I-cn-p-sIm-v X-kzman
{][m-\-s 27 KoX-I-sf-p-dnp {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-p.1 Ah AK-kv-Xy-Ko-X, AjvSm-h-{I-Ko-X,
t_m[m-\--Ko-X, tbmK-hm-kn-jvT-nse {_-Ko-X, kvI-]p-cm-W-nse {_-Ko-X, Zm-t{XbKo-X, m-\K
- o-X, Cuiz-cK
- o-X, E`p-Ko-X, I]n-eK
- o-X, KtW-iK
- o-X, Poh-apn KoX, tZho-Ko-X,
cma-Ko-X, cp{Z-Ko-X, hkn-jvT-Ko-X, inh-Ko-X, inh-cm-a-Ko-X, {ipXn-Ko-X, kn-Ko-X, knm--Ko-X,
kqX-Ko-X, kqcy-Ko-X, lwk-Ko-X, A\p-Ko-X, D-c-Ko-X, {ioaZv `K-h-ZvKoX Fn-h-bm-Wv.-tUm.\o-e-I-WvT-bm-I-s, Gitas in Mahabharata and Puranas F IrXn-bn alm-`m-c-Xn-se-bpw ]pcm-W-n-sebpw KoX-Isf tNp-sIm-v ]Xn-\-tmfw KoX-I-sf-p-d-np hnhcn-p-p.2 Awi-Ko-X, hma-tZ-h-Ko-X, kZvP-Ko-X, tk\m-PnXv KoX, hr-Ko-X, ]cm-KoX XpS-nb-h-bmWv ]pXp-Xmbn Atlw kqNn-n KoX-I. thZm--]-T-\-n\v At\Iw kw`m-h-\-I
\Inb kzman inhm-\--bmIs Kpcp-Ko-X, {][m-\-Ko-X-I, A{]-[m-\-Ko-X-I, ]e-h-I-Ko-XI Fn-s\ \mep-`m-K--fmbn Xncnv 29 KoX-I-sf-p-dnp {]kvXm-hn-n-p--v 3.C{]-Imcw
At\Iw KoX-Isf ]e-bn-S
- f- n-epw, GSp-If- n-ep-ambn ImWm-hp-X
- m-Wv. Ccw KoX-Is- fmw
\ne-\ns-bmWv alm-`m-cXw `ojva-]-nse 700 tmI--f-S-nb `K-hZvKo-Xbvv Gsd
{]m[m\yw e`n-p--Xv. am{X-a-, Cuiz-c-Km\w F ]Z-hnbpw `K-hZvKo-Xv e`n-p. Iw,
m\w, `n Fn-h-bpsS hnh-c-W-n-\-pdw aX-]-c-hpw cmjv{So-b-hpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb
A\-h[n kml-Nc- y-f- n-eq-sS-bpw, Ncn-{X-n-eq-sSbpw `K-hZvKoX IS-p-t]m-bn-p-v; Ctmgpw
AXns Zi-\-bm{X XpS-cp-p.

`K-h-ZvKoX
thZm-Z- i-\
- ns ASn-d- b
- mbn hnti-jn-n-p {]m-\{- Xb-n-s `mK-am-bmWv
`K-h-ZvKo-X s]mXpth ]cn-K-Wn--s-p-t]m-cp--Xv. sshZn-I-a-X-ns kvXw`--fmbn XneI\pw 4, lnp-bn-k
- ns ASnm-\a- mbn Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW\
- pw5 hnti-jn-n-n-p {]m\-{X-b-n KoX Ds-Xv Zi-\-ssh-hn-[yhpw hym]vXnbpw AXn-\pXpsIm--m-bn-cp-p.
AXp-sIm--p-Xs tIh-e-amb Hcp Zi-\-n-s-tbm knm--n-stbm ]n_-e-n-tem
Bi-b-ntem HXpm-hp--X KoXm-Zi-\w. kmwJyw, tbmKw, aoamwk XpS-nb BkvXn-IZi-\--tfm-sSmw Xs _u-Zi-\hpw KoX-bn CSw ]nSn--Xmbn ImWmw. At\Iw Zi\-f- psS Iq-ambn KoX-bpsS D-Sw \ne-\np-tmgpw km-Xvhte-sd-tm-ep ]WvUnX thZ--fp-tS-bpw D]-\n-j-p-I-fptSbpw k-X-s-bm-Wv KoX-bn-ep--sXv hmZn-pp.6 KoXm-[ym-\
- nXs D]-\n-jZ- vkm-ck
- w-{K-la- m-Wv `K-h-ZvKo-Xs- bv kqN\ \Ip-p-ap2

- v .7 Fm {]IrXn ]pcp-j-hW-\, KpW-{X-b-hn-h-cWw XpS-n-b-h-bn-eqsS kmwJy-Zi-\s-bpw, [ym\-tbm-Kw, cmP-Kp-ly-tbm-Kw, hn`q-Xn-tbm-Kw XpS-n-b-h-bn-eqsS tbmK-Zi-\-sbpw, I--m-\-hn-h-c-W--fn-eqsS aoamw-km--th-Zm Zi-\--sf-bpw, Hw _u-Zi-\sbpw KoX-bnse {]Xn-]m-Z-\-hn-j-b-ambn Is--m-\m-Ip-p; Ccw Zi-\--fpsS ka-\zb-hpw ka-{K-X-bp-amWv KoXm-Zi-\-ns ImX.
`K-hZvKo-Xb
- psS cN-\m-Im-es kw_-n-p X-v Cpw AdpXn hn-n. kmwJy-Zi-\-n-sbpw thZ-]m-c--cy-n-sbpw ]p\:{Iao-I-cW ^e-am-bmWv KoX cq]s- - s Xpw AXp- s Im- - p - X s _n. kn. aqmw \qm- t - m fw ]gw KoX- b v p- s - pw
Nne hmZn-p-p.8 sI. Sn. sXemMv {In.-ap. \memw-\q-m--n-tev KoX-bpsS ]g-s sIms-n-p-tm Pn. Fkv. ssJ {In. ap. 700 \pw 200 \pan-S-bn-emWv KoXm-Im-e-sap hnh-cnp-p.9 t_m[m-b\
- s Krly-kq-{X-n-\pw `mk-Im-eL
- -
- n\pw apmWv KoX-bpsS cN-\m-Ime-sav tUm. Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p.10 tPm F. t{_mn-Mv--Wm-Is
_n. kn. c- m w \qm- t - m fw ]nn- t ev KoX- b psS Ncn- { Xs sIms- - n- p- p.11 Fm
`K-h-ZvKoX GI-IXrXz-n cq]-s--X-s-pw, hyXy-kvX-cmb Fgp-p-Im hyXy-kvX-Im-e-fn-embn ]qo-Ic- n- IrXn-bm-sWpw, Hw kmwJy-aS-
- p Zi-\
- ]nm-e
- p-Iqn-t-Xm-sWpw sXfn-bn-m-\mWv Awt_-ZvI {ian--Xv.12 Un.-Un. sImkmw_n KoX-bnse
Ncn-{X-]-c-amb D-S-s IW-n-se-Sp-p-sIm-v F.-Un. 150 \pw 350 \pw CS-bn-emWv
KoX-bpsS cN-\m-Im-es- a-p \nco-n-p-p.13 C{]-Imcw {InkvXp-]q-hpw {InkvXzm-\
- c- h
- pamb Ime-K-W-\-In-S-bn-ep X--fn KoX-bpsS cN-\m-Imew \ne-\npp; AXp
XpS-cp-Ibpw sNp-p. KoX-bpsS cN-\m-Im-es kw_-n-p Fm hmZ-fpw Cu {]_-ns hnj-ba-
- m-X
- n-\memWv Nne kqN-\I
- f- n-eqsS IS-p-t]m-bX
- v. Fp-Xs- -bm-bmepw
kmwJyw, tbmKw, aoamw-k, _u-kn-mw XpS-nb At\Iw Zi-\--fpsS kzm[o\w KoXbn-ep-ff- X
- n-\m Cu Zi-\
- f- p-sS-sbmw DZv`h
- m-\
- c- a- mWv KoX-bpsS cN-\m-Im-es- av A\pam-\n-mw.
c- m - b n- c - n- e - [ nIw ]cn- ` m- j - I - f p- s - p hniz- k n- - s - S p- p- s - nepw KoX- b psS
samw -]-cn-`m-j-I-sf{X Fv Xn-s-Sp-pI Gsd {]bm-k-I-c-am-bn-cn-pw. Fp-sIm-sm {]mtZ-inI `mj-I-fnepw tZi-`m-j-I-fnepw hntZ-i-`m-j-I-fn-ep-ambn hnh-\- Gsd.
AXn {]kn--s-Sp-n-bhtbmsSm-w, Am-Xpw Ds-Sp-p. kzman-am-cptSXp-am-{X-ambn
Bbn-c-n-e[nIw hymJym\ Ds--n-cns Cu IrXn-bp-sS cq]-L-S-\-bpw Bi-bhpw A{Xtbsd sshhn-[yhpw Bg-hp-ap--Xm-sWp sXfn-bp-p. c-m-bn-c-n \S-nb Hcp IWs-Spp {]Imcw KoX-bpsS hnh-\--fpsS ]nI C{]-Im-c-am-Wv 14.
Xangv

70

sXepv

150
3

admTn

132

_wKmfn

384

{^v

25

28

Cwojv

270

CsXmcp GI-tZ-i-I-W-p-am-{X-amWv. Cpw hymJym-\--fpw, X-a-Ifpw XpS-psIm--n-cn-p-p. Bpw GXp-co-Xn-bnepw hymJym-\n-m-\pw hni-I-e\w sNm-\pw hf-sm-Snm\pw Ign-bm-hp Bi-b-L-S\ KoX-bvp-v F-XmWv CXn\p Imc-Ww. i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS
hymJym\w apX-ep `K-h-ZvKo-X-bpsS ]cn-Wmaw aXm--I-bp-n-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cpp F
Xncn--dn-hn-te-mWv KoXm-]-T\w Fn-t-cp-I. 8mw \qm--p-hsc Cy P\-Xbvv A]-cnNn-Xa- mb KoX Hcp {]tXyI L-n hnip {K-ambn Db-Xn\p ]nnepw CtX bpnbm-bn-cp-p.

KoX]m-Tm--c--fpw ]cn-Wm-ahpw
Is--Sps \map-X \nc--c-amb ]cn-`mjI-pw ]cn-Wm-a-pw hnt[-bam-bn-sm--n-cn-p Bi-b-in-ev]-amWv `K-hZ- vKo-X-bp-tS-Xv. AXp-sIm--p-Xs hni-I-e-\-,
hnai\- XpS-nb A\pIqe/{]Xn-Iqe hmZ-a-pJ- Cu {Kw \nc--c-ambn krjvSnp-p. alm-`m-c-X-n\npw {]tXy-I-ambn KoXsb ASn-amn kzX-{-`mjyw cNn-pXv i-cm-Nm-cy-cm-Wv. i-c]
- qn-Ic- mb ss]im-Nn, t_m[m-b\
- , cn-tZ-h, Kp]vX Fnh-cpsS KoXm-hym-Jym-\--sf-p-dnp ]cm-ai-ap-s-nepw sXfn-hp-I-fpsS A`m-h-n i-c\mWv KoXm-hym-Jym\n\v XpS-a- n-sXv hniz-kn-s- -Sp-p. i-c`- m-jy-n-\p-apv ap KoXI-sf-tmse {]kvXpX IrXnbpw A{]-k--am-bn-cp-p. i-c-\p-ap-p-Xs hymJym-\-fpw
hymJym-Xm-fpw \ne-hn-ep--m-bn-cp-s-nepw Ah-cmcpw Xs KoX-bvtm KoXm-kw-_--amb
hymJym-\ \nn-Xntm {]mapJyw \In-bn-cp-n-. Pm{K-v, kz]v\k
- p-jp-]vXy-h
- I
- sf hnebn-cp-n-sm-v i-cs ]c-a-Kp-cp-hmbn Adn-b-s-Sp KuU-]m-Z cNn amWvUq-tIym-]-\njv hymJym\w (Ku-U-]m-Z-Im-cn-I) {K-hn-i-I-e-\-hym-Jym\ cwKs apt--v anI
DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv 15. Fm `K-hZvKo-Xm-kw-_--amb Hcp hymJym-\-tam, hni-I-e-\tam KuU-]m-ZcpsS ]cn-K-W-\-bn hn-cp-n-. (Ku-U-]m-Z-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS ]n-I-bn Nne ]WvUn-X KoXm-`mjys tNnps--nepw AXv GXp KoX-bm-sWv hnh-cn-n-n-). i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Kpcphm-b- tKm-hn--`-K-h-Zv]m-Z-cm-Is KoXm-]-cm-aiw t]mepw \S-n-b-Xmbn tcJ-I-fn-. A-s\bm-Ip-tm BZys KoXm-`m-jy-ambn i-cs KoXm-hym-Jym-\s ]cn-K-Wn-p--Xn sXn. c-m-a-ym-b-nse ]mw tmIw apX Bcw-`n-p `mjyw \njvIm-a-I-s-bpw Cuizcm-Ws- bpw hnh-cn-p-X
- n-\n-Sb
- n Xz-akn alm-hm-Iy-hp-ambn KoXsb _n-n-pp.
4

BZys Bdv Aym-b-sf Xzw (\o), a[y-n-ep Bd-[ym-b-sf XXv (A-Xv) Fn-s\bpw Ah-km-\s Bd-[ym-b-sf XXv s\bpw, Xzn-s\bpw XmZm-y-s-Sp-p
Akn F ]Zhpambpw hnh-cn-p-p. I-n \npw m\n-te-p ]mX-bmWv
i-cs\ kw_-nv KoX. Bb-Xn-\m KoX-bpsS D-S
- s B-km-m-XvIm-c]
- m-Ta- mbn
ImWm-\mWv i-c {ian-X
- v. thtZm-]\
- n-j
- p-f- psS hnm\w Fs\-bmtWm hymJym-\n-s--Xv, AtX m\-a-WvU-e-n \np-sIm--mWv i-c KoX-sbbpw hymJym-\n--Xv.
16

m\-]-cn-[n-p-n hymJym-\n--s--Xp-sIm--p-Xs ka-kvXt- h-Zm-km-c- kw-{K-l- ambmWv KoXsb i-c ]cn-K-Wn--Xv. i-c-Ko-Xm-`m-jy-ns Npcpw C{]-Im-c-amWv;
F)

KoX-bnse bYm Xzw m\-amWv apn-amw F-Xm-Ip-p.

_n)

Bm-hn-s\-p-dn-p m\-n-eq-sS-b
- msX asmcp tamN-\a- n F-XmWv
`K-hms D]-tZ-iw.

kn)

Xz-akn alm-hm-Iy-amWv KoX-bvm-[mcw

Un)

I-m am{Xw tamw e`n-p-I-bn

Cu hn[w I-hpw `nbpw \ne-\ntXs KoX m\-aW
- vUe
- a- mbn Xocp-Xpw

AXn\p {]Ya ]cn-Wmaw kw`-hn-p-Xpw i-c-\n-eq-sS-bm-sWv A\p-am-\n-m-\m-hp-p.

m\-n \npw `n-bn-tep KoX ]cm-h\w sN-s-Sp-Xv bap-\m-Nm-cy-cneq-sS-bm-Wv. 32 tmI- am{X-ap KoXm-kw-{K-l-n-eqsS B-km-m-Xvm-c-n17

\p t\cmb amw `n-bm-sWpw KoX-bn-eqsS AXp km[y-am-hp-sapw \n-N

- n-pIbmbn-cpp bap-\m-Nm-cy.
hnin-jvSm-ssZzX aX-m-]-I-\mb cmam-\p-Ps KoXm-`mjyw, `n-tbm-K-n-\m-Wv
{]mapJyw \In-b-Xv. Fm thZm--]-T-\--fp-tSbpw eyw shfn-s-Sp-p HmWv KoXbn Bd-[ym-b--fn hnh-cn--s-Sp- `n-tbm-K-sav cmam-\p-P KoXsb Zin-p-p.
I-tbm-Kh
- pw m\-tbm-Kh
- pw ]cn-]I
- z-am-Ip-t- Xm-sS-bmWv `n-tbmKw XpS-p-s- Xpw,
IrjvW\
- n-te-s-n-t-cm-\p GI-amw Cu tbmK-am-sWpw hnh-cn-p-t- XmsSmw Xs
]c-a-]p-cp-j-\mb IrjvW Xs-bmWv {_-am-bpw ]c-{_--am-bpw cma-\m-bpw _p-\mbpw
Adn-b-s-Sp--sX-p-IqSn KoXm-[ym\ hnh-c-W-n Atlw hy-am-p-p. bap-\m-Nmcys KoXm-kw-{K-l-am-bn-cpp cmam-\p-Ps KoX-bn-te-p hgn-Im-n. IrjvWtI-{n-Xamb KoXsb \nn-m-\mWv cmam-\p-P {ian--Xv. ]no-Sp-h a[z Cu {ia-n\v Icpp
]I-cp-I-bpw sNbvXp. Pohm-m- {]Ir-Xym-Xs ]c-a-]p-cp-j-tk-h-I-cm-sW-pw ip-`-nbn-eqsS IrjvW-]-Z-n tNc-emWv tam-sapw Atlw hnh-cn-p. `n-bn-eqsS km[y-amIp tams D]-tZ-in-p {K-sa \ne-bn-emWv a[z KoXsb Zin--Xv. NWvUm-ecpw iq{Z-cp-a-S-p Iogv hn`m-K-p-th--n-bmWv hymk alm-`m-cXw cNn--sXv A`n{]mb-s a[z hnjvWp-k-l-{k-\m-a-hpw, `K-h-ZvKo-Xb
- p-aS-
- nb alm-`m-c-X
- n\v thZ-tf-m
]cn-K-W\ \InbXmbn ImWp-p.
5

mt\-izcs KoXm-`m-jy-amWv {][m-\s- asmv. mt\-izcn F-dn-bs- -Sp

KoXm-`mjyw adm-n-bn ]Zy-cq]n-ep `mj-W-ambn hfp-h--Xm-Wv. k-im-kv{X-fp-tSbpw amXr-tK-la- m-bpw ]c-al
- w-k
- m-cm-Ip Ac-b
-
- hnl-cn-p am\-kk
- c-
- mbpw
KoXsb ImWm-\pw, KoX-bpsS {]`m-h
- m temIw apgp-h A`n-hr-n-sv B\w ]pIp
k-ev]s {]Zm\w sNm-\p-amWv mt\-iz-c {ian--Xv. XpSv A`n-\-h-Kp-]vX, h` XpSn At\-I KoXsb hymJym-\n-p-I-bp--m-bn. mn- L-nse {][m-\-s
hymJym-\
- fpw Ah-bpsS kz`m-hhpw NphsS tNp-p.
{ioi-c- m-Nm-cy

AssZz-Xh
- ym-Jym-\w

cmam-\p-P

hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xh
- ym-Jym-\w

a[z

ssZzX hymJym-\w

h--`

ipm-ssZzX hymJym\w

\nw_m

ssZzXm-ssZzX hymJym\w

{io `mkvc- m-Nm-cy

t`Zm-t`Z hymJym\w

{ioI-WvTm-Nm-cy

inh-hn-in-jvSm-ssZzX hymJym\w

hnm-\`- np

hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xh
- n-tij hymJym\w

_e-tZ-h

ANn-ym-t`-Zh
- ym-Jym-\w

{ioI-cm-Nm-cy

{ioa-Zv`m-Kh
- X
- m-\p-km-ch
- ym-Jym\w

A`n\hKp-]vX

inhm-ssZz-Xh
- ym-Jym\w

Ccw hymJymXm-sfmw Xs Ah-c-h-cptSXmb aX-t_m-[-n \np-sIm--mWv

KoXsb hymJym-\n--Xv.

Hcp GIo-IrX hnizm-kk

- a- qlw F \ne-bn lnp F Bibw

\ne-hn hcm Cu L-n A\-h[n aX-f- n NnX-dn-n-S

- p-Ib
- m-bn-cpp KoX. AssZzX-a-Xw, hnin-jvSm-ssZz-X-aXw, ssZzX-aXw, ipm-ssZz-X-aXw Fn-s\ hnhn[ aX-Zi-\--fnepw Nn-I-fn-ep-ambn KoX ]cn-W-an-p-sIm--n-cp-p. Cs\ hnL-Snp InS aX-n \npw
GIo-Ir-X-hn-izmk{]mam-W-ambn KoX cq]-s-Sp-Xv sImtfm-Wn-b B[p-\n-I-X-bn-em-Wv.

sImtfm-Wn-b B[p-\n-I-X-bpw KoX-bpsS hnip--]-Z-hn-bpw.

tImf-\n-hX
- vc- W
-
- ns `mK-ambn cq]-s Fm B[p-\nI {]h-WX
- I
- t- fbpw {]{InbIsfbpw hnim-em-n sImtfm-Wn-b B[p-\n-IX Fp hntijnn-mw. BNm-cm-\pjvTm-\
- , Pohn-Xc- o-Xn, `-W{- I-a
- , hkv{X- XpSn Fm taJ-eI
- f- nepw ]cn-h\-hpw ]ptcm-K-a-\hpw km[y-amb Cu L-n kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw ]uckvXy IrXn-I-fpw hnm\hpw B[p-\nIoI-cW {]{In-bbvv hnt[-ba- m-Ip-sa-X
- n kwi-ba- n-. Cy-bpsS ]q-Nc- n{X-s-bpw kwkvm-c-s-bpw- Ip-dnp ]Tn-m sImtfm-Wn-b hmZn-I-fpw A[n-Im-cn-Ifpw
tNv cq]wsImSp ]uc-kvXy-hm-Za- mWv Cy IrXn-Ipw hnm-\
- n\pw hnim-ea- mb
6

A-hym]vXn \nn-p--Xv. Hcp cmjv{Ss Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn `cn-m AXns ]qIme Ncn-{X-hpw, kwkvm-chpw ]Tn--W-sa-n-cn-t, Cy-bnse tImf-\n-`-cWw Xr]vXn-I-cambn `cn-m {]mNo\ kwkvm-cw, Pohn-Xw, \nb-amh-en-I XpS-n-bh ]Tn-t--Xv {_nojp-ImcpsS Bh-iy-am-bn-Xop. ]uc-kvXy-hm-Z-ns ^e-ambn Cy kwkvm-c-n-epw,
kmln- X y- n- e p- a p- - mb XmXv]cyw Cwojv `mj-I-fn-tev Cy IrXn-I XPa sN-sSm Imc-W-ambn Xop. Cy kwkvm-c-N-cn-{X-ns `qcn-`m-Khpw sshZnI kmln-Xynepw ap kwkvIr-XIrXn-I-fnepw AS-n-bn-cn-pp FXn\m kwkvIrXIr-Xn-I-fpsS
hnh-\-v {]m[m\yw e`n-p-Ibpw 18, 19 \qm--p-I-fnse sImtfmWn-b A[n-Im-cn-Ifpw {K-Im-fpw kwkvIr-XIrXn-I-fpsS hnh-\-n\v ]cn-{i-an-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
As\ Cuv Cym I\n Kh-dm-bn-cp hmd tln-Mvkns PpUo-jy ]Xn
A\p-k-cnv ]c--cm-KX lnp imkv{X \nb-a- t{ImUo-I-cn--s-Sp-Ibpw F tImUvHm^v Pp-temkv F t]cn \Xm-\n-tb CXv Cwo-jn-tev ]cn-`m-j-s-Sp-p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. am{X-a 1784 hneyw tPmkv m]n Gjym-nIv skmsskn Hm^v _wKm
]uckvXy IrXn-I-fpsS hym]-\-n\v apJy ]p-h-ln-p. Gjy-bnse kmln-Xyw, Ie, imkv{Xw,
tZiob kw`m-h\
- I
- , ]pcm-hk
- vXp-, Ncn{Xw Ch-bpsS ]T-\
- n-\mbn kan-s- -n-cp
Hcp alm-{]-m-\-am-bn-cpp Gjym-nIv skmssk-n. {]kvXpX skmssk-n-bpsS {]h\
^e-am-bmWv 1785 Nmkv hnnkv BZyambn KoX Cwo-jn-tep hnh\w sNp-Xv. Kh P\-d-em-bn-cp hmd tln-vkns \nt-itmsS e--\nshv I\n
sNe-hn Xs-bmWv Bhagavad Geeta or Dailogue of Kreeshna and Arjoon
F- IrXn {]kn-o-I-cn--s--Xv. {_nojv {]kn-o-I-c-W-hn-`mKw ta[m-hn-bmb \Xm-\n-tb
kvann\v hmdtl-nvkv Ab Iv {it-ba- m-Wv. Iev]\
- b
- p-tSbpw \ymbhm-Z
- n-tbpw
`mjm coXn-bp-tSbpw DZm--X-sIm-v KoX al-mb IrXn-bm-sWp ]d-bm F\nv bmsXmcp
aSn-bp-an-. AXv AXp-ey-amb Hcp IrXn-bm-Wv. a\p-jy-h-n\p Adn-hmb k-aX
-
- f- nepw shv
{InkvXp-aX Xz--tfmSp ssZh-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn icn-bmw-hw s]mcp--s-Sp-Xpw AXns
auen-I-kn-m-- ZrV-ambn {]I-Sn-n-p-Xpw Ko-X-bm-Wv 19. {]am-W-{K-s Bkv]-Z-amn-bp Ccw \n-N\w ]mm-Xy--Pq-X--ss{I-kvXh amXr-I-bn Cy-bnse aX-sf
hmbn-m-\p {ia-ns `mK-am-bn-op. GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-n-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb aXs
Cy-bn ]cy-th-jWw sNbvXv Is-m-\mWv Hmdn-ben-p-I ]cn-{i-an-20-sX hmZ-nte-mWv Cu Ip- \-bn-p--Xv. KoXsb {InkvXp-a-X-X-z--tfmSv Zmi-\n-I-ambn ASp-nm\pw AXp-hgn aX-]-c-ambn sImtfm-Wn-b B[n-]Xyw m]n-m-\p-ap Hcp ]mX Xpdp-I-bm-bn-cpp hmdtl-n-vkns eyw. Nmkv hnnkv hgn Cu AP- XpSn-sh-bvm\pw tln-vkn\p Ign-p.
Fm Nmkv hnnkv aX-{Kw F-Xn-\-pdw Hcp Imhy-am-bmWv KoXsb
]cn-K-Wn--Xv. hnh\ns Bap-J-n hnnkv Fgp-Xp-p. `K-hZv KoX FXv
7

]ucm-Wn-Ia- mb Hcp sshZn-II

- m-hy-am-Wv, CXv alm-`m-cXw F ]pcmW CXn-lm-k
- n \npsa
Spn-p Hcp `mK-am-Wv 21. alm-`m-c-X-ns `mK-ambn Xs KoXsb ]cn-K-Wn-p
hnnkv, hmd tlnvkn\v 1784 \hw-_ 19\v Ab In KoXm D]-tbm-K-sp-dn-p {_nojv ey--fn Bi {]I-Sn-n-p--Xmbpw ImWmw. Iv C{]-Im-c-amWv
`K-hZvKo-X-bpsS Hcp Xa Xm Bh-iy-s nXn-v, AXn\p ]nn Xm Dt-in
ey--sf-p-dnv Rm A-\m-sW-n-epw, Fs Ign-hns ]cam-h[n \ coXn-bn Rm
AXv \n-ln-mw Fv Ddp Xcp-p.22 `K-hZvKoXm hnh-\
- n\p ]nn tlnMvkn\v
{]tXy-I-amb Hcp ey-ap--m-bn-cpp FXnte-mWv Cu Iv hnc Nq-p--Xv. ss__n
Xz-hp-ambn _n-n-v Hcp hnip ]Zhn KoXbvp km-\n-p-Ibpw hnip--{K--ambn
KoXsb \nn-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNt- - X ns Bh- i y- I X {_nojv A[n- I m- c n- I p- - m - b n- c pp. Cy aX-t_m[w t]mepw {_no-jp-Im \nn-s-Sp Cy hnm-\-n-em-bn-cn-W-sa X{-ns `mK-am-bn-cn-mw KoXm-hn-h-\-n\p ]nnepw {]hn--Xv. m\n \npw `n-bn-tep ]cn-W-an KoX sImtfm-Wn-b L-sa-p-tm hyh-m-]n-Xam-b aX-ns N-q-Sn-tev Ds-Sp--Xmbn ImWmw.23 XpSv FUzn Bt\mUpw,
lIvkn-en-bp-a-S-p At\Iw bqtdm-]y KoX-bn-em-Ir-jvS-cm-hp-Ibpw Xmm--fpsS coXn-\p-kc- nv Ahsb ]p\-cm-hn-jvc- n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. bqtdm-y-cpw Cwojv hnZym-`ymkw t\Snb
]uc-kvXycpw KoXsb Zmi-\n-I-ambn hymJym-\n--Xn\pw hnh\w sNbvX-Xn\pw tijw am{XamWv Cy P\X KoX-bn IqSp-X BIr-jvS-cm-Ip--Xv. ]noSv `mc-Xo-b {]kvXpX
IrXnsb Gs-Sp-p-Ibpw lnp {]amW {K-ambn AXns\ cq]m--c-s-Sp-p-I-bpam-bn-cpp. 18-mw \qm--n-\p-apv KoX hnip {K-am-bn-cp-n-s-pw KoX-bpsS hnipXzn\v
IqSn-bm c-p \qm--ns ]g--ta-bp-p-shpw Ncn-{X-tc-J-I sXfn-bn-p-p.
{_no-jp-Im \nn-s-Sp ]q Ncn-{X-n\n-p-sIm--p-Xs Xv Hcp
kph `qX-Im-e-hpw kwkvm-c-hp-ap-s-pw tZio-b-kz-Xz-ns `mK-amWv Ah-sb-pwm-]n-s-Sp-p-hm-\p {ia- Cy-bn-ep-S-\ofw \S-p. thZ--fn-tep aS-pI XpSnb hmIy-f- p-ambn {]hn \thm-m\ kwL-f- psS {]h-\
- f- pw alm-`m-cX
-
- ns
ip-]m-T-\nn-Xn-bp-samw Hcp kph ssl-h-L-s \nn-s-Sp-p--Xn-tep hgnsh-p. ]mc--cys ]mT-h-Xv-cn-p--Xm-bn-cpp Hmdn-b--enp hyh-lm-c-. AXp-sIm-p-Xs kwkvIrX {K-v B[p-\n-I-hpw tZio-b-hp-amb B[n-Im-cn-IX e`n-p-Ibpw
{]am-W-{K---fmbn Ah Db-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu L-n hnh-\--fpw hymJym-\fpw hgn at-sXmcp {K-s-mfpw D-Xa- mb ]Zhn KoXbvp e`y-am-Ip-Ibpw KoX lnp
hnip--{K--ambn cq]-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Npcp-n-]-d-m sImtfm-Wn-b B[p-\n-I-XbpsS krjvSn-bm-bn-cpp KoX-bpsS hnip--]-Z-hn.
8

tZio-b-{]-m-\hpw `K-h-ZvKo-Xbpw
\mp-cm-Py-f- n-sem-Xp-p {]mtZ-inIhpw kp-Nn-Xh
- p-amb tZi-t_m[w F-Xn-\
- pd-tv ]q-L--n hnim-em-n-ep Cy tZio-bX hfn-cp-n-. A\m-Nm-c-fp-tS-bpw ]c-c- m-KX
- h
- n-izm-k
- f- p-tSbpw sIp-]m-Sp-If- m _n-Xa- m-bn-cp tZi-t_m-[s
GI-t_m-[-n-epw s]mXp-N-cn{X kvarXn-bn-ep-sa-n-pI FXv Gsd {]bm-k-I-c-am-b-n-cpp. kmaq-ly-\t- hm-m-\
- n-eq-sS-bp apt-
- p-am-{Xta hnim-ea- mb tZio-bt_m[w krjvSnm Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-p-q. AXp-sIm--p-Xs \thm-m-\-{i-a--fn \np-amWv Cy
tZio-bX
- b
- psS {]mcw-`w. Cy \thm-m\w aX-\h
- o-Ic- W
- {- ]-{In-bb
- n-eq-sS-bmWv hnImkw {]m]n-sX-n-cns BZy-L---fnse Cy tZio-bXz-n\v cmjv{So-b-t-m aX-]-c-hpw kmaqln-I-hp-amb kz`mhw ssIh-cnI kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. Cy \thm-m-\]n-Xm-hmbn Adn-b-sSp cmPm- dmw-tam-l tdmbpsS t\Xr-Xz-n 1828 cq]o-Ic- n {_-ka- mPw D]-\n-j
- ns\
tI{o-Ic- n-p-sIm-v bpn-bn-e[
- n-jvTn-Xa- mb B[p-\n-IC
-
- ysb \nn-s-Sp-m {ian-p. tdmbv
hn{K-lm-cm-[\
- sb FXn-Xpw GI-ssZ-hh
- n-izm-ks ]Sp-p-bm {ian-X
- p-samw D]\n-jXv hmIy-f- psS ]n_-e
- n-em-bn-cp-s hmZhpw \ne-\np-p. `K-hZ- vKo-Xsb BZyambn kmaq-lnI A\o-Xn-s-Xn-sc-bp Bbp-[-ambn {]tbm-Kn-Xpw cmPm dmwtaml tdmbnbm-sW-Xv {]k--am-Wv. kv{XoPo-hnXw kwc-n-m-\pw kmaq-lnI ss]im-Nn-I-Xzs adnI-S
- m\pw tdmbv D]-tbm-Kn-Xpw D-cn-Xpw KoX-bnse tmI-f- m-bn-cp-p.24 tdmbn-eqsS km[yamb kXn \nm\w, hn[-hm-hn-hmlw Fo kmaq-ly-]c- n-jvm-c
- p Imc-Whpw KoXbm-bn-cp-p F hmZhpw i-ambn cwK-p-h-p.25 KoX-bn-eqsS \thm-m-\-n\pw tZio-bXbvpw {]mcw`w Ipdn-p-I-bm-bn-cpp tdmbv. XpSv Z-bm-\--k-c-kz-Xn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-n
1875 cq]w-sIm- Bcy-k-amPw Cy Zmi-\nI ]mc--cy-ns {]k-nsb DWp-Ibm-bn-cp-p. thZ-sf Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNbv X p- s Im- - p {_m- W nI {]h-\-sf iambn FXnp-Ibpw sslh \thm-m-\
- n\p in ]Icp-Ibpw sNbvXp Zbm-\
- k
- c- k
- zXn. Fm {_m-Wy-tm-sSmw Xs {InkvXp-a-X-hpw Cmw-a-Xhpw Bcy-k-am-P-n
FXn-sp FXpw {it-b-am-Wv. lnp \ho-I-cWw F {]{In-b-bn-sem-Xp-p--Xm-bncpp Bcy-ka- m-P{- ]-h-\
- s- f-nepw `KXvknw-Kv, emem-eP
- v]X
- vdmbv XpS-nb tZio-bt- \-Xm kam-P-n \npw {]tNm-Z-\-apsm--h-cm-bn-cp-p.
kzman-hn-th-Im-\-s t\Xr-Xz-n cq]w-sIm- cma-Ir-jvW-an-j A-hn-izm-k-sf
\ncm-I-cn-p-sIm-p {]hn-p-Ibpw thtZm-]-\n-j-p-Iv ]pXp-hym-Jym\w \Ip-Ibpw
sNbvXp. hnth-Im-\
- Xs {]`m-jW
-
- v Ghpw IqSq-Xe
- mbn D]-tbm-K
- n-Xv KoXm-hN
- \
- -sf-bm-bn-cp-p. Icp-n-s-bpw, I-n-sbpw Dd-hn-S-am-bn-cpp hnth-Im-\-s\ kw_nv KoX. AXp-sIm--p-Xs I-t_m-[-n-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb tZio-b-XbmWv hnth-Im-\-
cma-Ir-jvWa- n-j\
- n-eqsS hn`m-h\w sNbvXX
- v. Cy kwkvm-c
- n-em-Ir-jvSb
- mb B\n-_k
- v
t\XrXzw \Inb Xntbm-k-^n- skmssk-n-bpsS {]h-\- X-fpsS kwkvm9

cs Xncn--dn-bm-\p ]mX Cy-mp Xpd-p-sIm-Sp-p. -`-K-hZvKo-X-bpsS I-`m-Kn\v Gsd {]m[m\yw \Inb B\n-_-kv ssZ\w-Zn-\-{]-h-\--sfmw Iam-sWv
hni-Zo-I-cn-p-I-bpw KoXsb shfn-]m-Sns ]pkvX-I-ambn ImWp-Ibpw sNbvXp. C{]-Imcw
aXmI-hpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb At\Iw {]m-\--fpsS hf tZio-b-X-bpsS hym]-\-n
Hpw Ipdhm ]p-hl
- n-p. thZ-s- f-bpw D]-\n-j
- p-sf-bpw kvarXn-Is- fbpw ap\nnbp \thm-m-\- t- Z-io-b{- ]-h-\
-
- B[n-Im-cn-Ia- mb tZio-b{- K-
- f- mbn kwkvIr-XIrXnIsf cq]m-c- s- -Sp-n. Acw cq]m-c-
- ns ]cn-Wn-X^
- e
- a- m-bmWv tZio-ba- m-sbmcp m\w
KoXbvp e`n-p-X
- v.
KoX-bn-eqsS \thm-m-\i
- _
- vZ
- apg-n-sb-nepw bYm-n lnp aX-ns
B[n-Im-cnI {K-ambn Cu L-n KoX ]cn-W-an-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. KoXsb ap\nn
kmaq-ly-hn-h
-
- n\p XpSw Ipdn cmPm d- mw-tam-l tdmbv, Adntm Adn-bm-sXtbm KoXsb
lnp--fpsS {]am-W-{K--ambn AwKo-I-cn-p. Fm hn`m-K--fnepw s] lnp- {]am-Wambn AwKo-I-cn-p ]pWy-{Kw26 Fv KoXsb Atlw hnti-jn-n-p. \thm-m-\L-n tdmbv \Inb Cu aXm-I hnti-jWw tIhe {K-n \nv ]pWy-{Kamn
KoXsb amp-Ib
- m-bn-cpp; AXpw lnp-f- psS ]pWy-{K-w. sImtfm-Wn-b \ne-]m-Sp-If- psS
ASn-d IqSp-X ZrV-am-p-Ib
- m-bn-cpp tdmbv Xs KoXm-hN
- \
-
- f- n-eq-sS. KoXbvv hnh\-tam hymJym-\tam cNn-m-Xn-cp hnth-Im-\- lnp--fpsS am{Xw {K-ambn KoXsb ]cnK-Wn-n-cp-n-. KoX ]Tn-n-s--Xn-ep-a-[nIw ^pSvt_m Ifnp kz-tm-S-Sp-mw27 Fv
A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. tIh-e-a-X-{K--ambn am{Xw KoXsb sIn-n-Sn-n-cn-p-hp adp-]-Sn-bm-bn-cpp {]kvXpX hmIyw. Fm hnth-Im-\-s atX-X-c-Ko-Xm-k-tis aX-n-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-m-\p {ia- \nc-cw \SpsIm-n-cn-p-p. hnth-Im-\-s
t]cn \S-s- KoX-bpsS ]e hmZ-ap-J
- f- pw ]pkvXI
-
- fpw KoXsb lnp-Xz-n Xfbvm-\mWv {ian-X
- v. am{X-a lnp-t_m-[a- p-Wp ]e KoXm-b
-
- p apnepw hnthIm-\ Nn{X-hpw hmIy-fpw {]Xy--am-Ipp FXpw {it-b-amWv. B.-F-kv.-F-kv. eoUdm-bncp _m_m-km-tl_v B]vtX hnth-Im-\
- B.Fkv.Fkn\v KoX-sb-tmsebmsWv
28A`n-{]m-bs- -Xv {it-ba- m-Wv. tIc-f
- n am{X-a Cy-bn-ep-S\
- ofw hnth-Im-\
- K
- oXm ktiw
C-c-n-emWv hn\n-tbm-Kn--s-Sp--Xv. KoX atX-X-c-am-m A\p-h-Zn--s-Sm kml-NcysbmWv CXv kqNn-n-p--Xv. Cy \thm-m\w ssl-h-\-thm-m-\-am-sW-n-cn-t,
tZio-b-X-bpsS {]mcw`w aXm-[njvTnX-am-sW-n-cnt `K-h-ZvKo-X-bpsS Bibhpw aX-Nn--ntep Npcp-p-sa-Xv \nkvX-am-Wv.

KoX--a-Xm-[n-jvTnX cmjv{Sobw
`K-h-ZvKo-Xbvv tZio-b-hpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb apJw ssIh-cp-Xv Cy kzmX-{y-ka-c-n-em-Wv. _me-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-I, Ac-_n-tm, Kmn, hnt\m-_ -`mth XpSn At\Iw
10

tZiob t\Xm- KoXsb hymJym-\n-p-Ibpw hni-Zo-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. hnkva-b-I-c-amb

hkvXpX tZiob {]m-\-nse anX-hm-Zn-I-fpw Xo{h-hm-Zn-Ifpw KoXsb X-fpsS Bi-b {]N-cn-n-p-hm-\p D]-I-c-W-am-n-Xop F-Xm-Wv. AXn-\mbn Ah-c-h-cp-tS-Xmb
\ne-]m-Sn \np-sIm-p KoX hymJym-\n--s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Fm cmjv{So-b-amb Cu
hymJym-\
- s- fmw Xs ]tcm-a- mbn KoXsb lnp-aX
-
- n Xf-n-Sm-\mWv {ian-X
- v. tImf\n
hncp at\m-`m-hh
- pw kzmX-{y-ka- c- hpw i-amb L-n cmjv{So-bX
- S- h
- d- I
- f- n \npamWv
]e KoXm-hym-Jym-\
- fpw ]pd-p-h
- n-p-X
- v. ]{X-{]-h-I\
- pw, kwkvIr-X]
- W
- vUn-X\
- p-amb
_me-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-Is {ioaZv `K-h-ZvKo-Xm-c-l-ky-amWv Ah-bn {][m-\w. aWvtUse Pbnense XShp Pohn-X-n-\n-S-bn-emWv Xne-Is KoXm-`mjyw ]qn-bm-hp--Xv. Cysb [t-{X-ambn ImWp-Ibpw Iuc-h-]--ambn {_nojv A[n-Im-cn-I-tf-bpw, ]mWvU-h-]--ambn
Cy P\-X-tbbpw hne-bn-cp-p-Ibpw sNbvX Xne-I BZy-L---fn Xs {]`m-j-W-fn-eqsS [-bp-- n\p t{]cn-n-p-Ib
- m-bn-cp-p. KoXbvp Xpey-samcp Am\w amp
{Kw kwkvIr-X-n-se-, hniz-km-ln-Xy-nepw e`y-a29 Fp hniz-kn Xne-I ktm]-\n-jZ- vkm-ck
- w-{K-la- m-Ib
- m KoX-bpsS ]qW-\maw {ioaZv `K-hZ- vKoXm D]-\n-jv 30BsWv
hni-Zo-Ic- n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Fm D]-\n-jXv m\-n hniz-kn-p-tmt]mepw KoXbnse I-n-\mWv Xne-I {]m[m\yw \Ip--Xv. am{X-a _n. kn. 1400 \p apt `mK-hX-[-ap-s-pw IrjvW-tI-{n-X-amb `mK-h-X-[-amWv I-tbm-K-{]-[m-\-amb ]-Xn-sb-pw,
AXv alm`mc-X-n {]hnXmWv KoX-bpsS Dev-]np Imc-W-sapw hne-bn-cp-p-tXm-sSmw KoX -_p--a-X-n\p apt-bp-s-pw, ss__n-fn KoX-bpsS kzm[o-\-ap-s-pw
{]Jym-]n-m Xne-I aSn-n-. Ncn-{X-bp-nsb ]msS \ncm-I-cn-p-sIm--p Ccw hnebn-cp-e
- n-eqsS KoXbvv {]tXyI-amb Hcp ]Zhn km-Zn-m-\mWv Xne-I {ian-X
- v. am{X-a
cmjv{Sob cwK-t-bvp Xne-Is IS-p-h-c-hp-X-s lnp-a-Xs Dun-bp-d-n-p-sIm--mbn-cp-p. inh-Pn-at- lm-h
- hpw KW-]X
- n-]q-Pbpw \S-n-sm-v adm P\-Xb
- n lnp-t_m[w
krjvSn AtX-bpn D]-tbm-Kn-mWv Xne-I KoXbpw hymJym-\n-X
- v. ]mc-c- y-tm-Sp AanX-amb aaX ImcWw KoX-bnse NmXphWys AtX-]Sn AwKo-Ic- n-p-Ib
- pw sNbvXp Atlw. {_m-WnI kzXzs \ne-\nm\pw AXp-hgn lnp-a-Xs i-am-m-\p-ap {ians `mK-am-bn-cpp Xne-Is KoX D]-tbm-Kn-p hntam-N\ {]h-\w. AXp-sIm--pXs P\-X-bpsS hen-sbmcp `mKw Xne-Is I-n-epw lnp-[-nepw ]q-ambpw
a\-n-p-Ibpw kzmX-{ym-\-cw ]q lnp-Xz-hm-Zn-I-fmbn ]cn-W-an-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
`K-h-ZvKo-Xsb Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-hpw Bh-iy-hp-ambn I- (our demand and need from
Gita) Ac-_ntm, KoXsb kao-]n-t--Xv klm-b-n-\pw shfn--n\pw th-n-bm-sWp
{]kvXm-hn-p. tZio-bX FXv k\m-X\
- [
- -am-sW-pw k\m-X\
- [
- w \in-p-tm cmjv{Sw
\in-p-p-shpw hniz-kn Ac-_n-tm-bpw _nwN-{-bpsS ]nKm-an-I-fpw tNv 1902
11

kmwkvm-cn-I-k-anXn F \ne-bn A\p-io-e kanXn cq-]o-I-cn-p. `K-h-ZvKo-X-bpsS ]mT ]Tn-n-p-Ib

- pw AXp-hgn k\m-X\ [s Imp-kq-n-p-Ib
- p-am-bn-cpp kan-XnbpsS ey-sa-nepw ]no-SXv {_nojv tImf-\n-hX
- vc- W
-
- n-s\-Xn-sc-bp ka-ck
- a- n-Xn-bmbn
Xop. am{X-a AwK-v Bbp[ ]cn-io-e\w \Im\pw Cu kanXn ]cn-{i-an-p. `KhZvKo-Xsb ap\nn-bp Ccw {]h-\-v oWw kw`-hn-Xv 1910 Ac_ntm cmjv{Sob Pohn-X
- n\np hnc-an-t- Xm-sS-bm-Wv. KoXm-kt- -i
- n-eqsS a\p-jy-ka- q-ln\v ]q-X-bpw Bym-n-I-t-ahpw t\Sm Ign-bp-sa-p-hn-iz-kn Ac-_ntm Xs
inn PUvPn-sb-tmepw IrjvWs Awiambn ImWp-Ibpw KoXsb [ym\-ns Dd-hn-Sambn kan-p-Ibpw sNbvXXv KoXm-hn-ipnqe-cq-]
- n {]IS-am-hm klm-bI
- a- mbn;
]noSv Ac-_n-tm-hns {][m\ ]cnKW\-bn \npw KoX AIp-t]m-sb-nepw Atlw
krjvSn-s-Sp KoXm-hn-ip-n-t_m[w P\-X-bpsS lrZ-bs Bg-n kzm[o-\np Ign-ncp-p.
tZio-b-{]-m-\-ns asmcp {][m\ KoXm-hn-h-\-hpw hnh-c-Whpw _nw-N-{Nm-Pn-bp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-p. A]qW-amb Cu hymJym\w _wKmfn tPW-emb {]Nm-c-bn A-Snp-h-cn-Ibpw _n-ans ac-Wm-\-cw 1902 ]pkvX-I-ambn ]pd-n-d-p-I-bp-am-bn-cp-p.31
lnpXzw FXv I-n-e-[n-jvTnXamb aX-am-sWp hniz-kn _nw Hmtcm hyn-pw
Ah-c-\p-jvTn-t-- Xmb I-ap-s-v hnh-cn-p. iq{Z, sshiy, {Xn-b Fo hn`-P-\s, Xs KoXm-hn-h-c-W-n _nw, D]m-Z\w (Production), Bkq-{X-Ww (Organization) kwc-Ww (Protection) Fn-s\ aqp hn`m-K--fn-emn Xncn-p-Ibpw Ahc-h- sN t - C u {]hr-nsb kz[w Fp hne-bn-cp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. {_m-Ws
I-am-Is ]c-a-Xzs Xncn--dn-bm-\p m\w km-Zn--epw.32 C{]-Imcw e`n-n-p
I- Bm-ambpw \njvIm-a-ambpw sNp--Xs{X kz[w. lnp CX-c-P-\-hn-`mK-fnepw Im-\p-jvTm-\-ap-s-p hmZn _nw- tPmen-bpsS ASn-m-\-n Ahsb hnhcn-p-Ibpw, sNcp-p-Ipn iq{Z-\pw, Am-Z-anIv _pn-Pohn {_m-W-\p-am-sWv DZm-l-cnp-Ibpw sNp-p. Hw ap aX-s- f At]-nv lnp-ka- q-l
- nse kz[w ]mccy-amsWpw 33Atlw hmZn-p. PmXn hyh-sb AtX-]Sn \ymbo-I-cn-m-\pw lnp-a-Xs ]mc-cy-bp-n-bpsS ASn-m-\
- n sIn-S- p-m-\p-ap {ia-am-bn-cpp _nw N{-Nm--Pn-bpsS
KoXm-hn-h-\h
- pw hymJym-\h
- pw.
]noSv sImtfm-Wn-be
- n-k
- n-s\-Xn-sc-bp cmjv{Sob {]h-\
- n KoXsb kzoIcn-Xv Kmn-bm-Wv. KoX-sb-p-dnv A]w t]mepw Nnn-m-Xn-cp Kmnsb {]kvXpX
IrXn-bp-am-bS- p-n-p-Xv Hcp hntZ-in-bpsS X-ab
- m-sW-Xpw AXn-ib
- I
- cw Xs. FUzn
Bt\mUns Z tkmv sken-y F IrXn-bm-bn-cpp Kmn-bpsS KoXm-Kr-l-n-tep hgn-Im-n. at-sXmcp hnh-\t- -mfpw anI HmbmWv Bt\mUns tkmv
12

sken-y-ens\ Kmn I- - X v 34. ]noSv At\Iw KoXm ]cn-`m-j-I-fn-eq-sS-bpw IrXn-I-fn-eqsSbpw IS-p-t]mb Kmnsb kw_-nv KoX Pohn-X-ns Awiw Xs-bm-bn-op,
Hw amXm-hpw.35 Fm Hcp Ncn{X{K-ambn KoXsb ]cn-K-Wn-m Kmn Xm-dm-bn-cp-n. alm`mc-Xs- -tmepw Hcp [ imkv{X-ambn ImWm-\m-bn-cpp At-l
- n\p XmXv]c- yw.
\nXy-ssN-X\
- y-bXn Fgp-Xppalm-m-Km-np KoX IrXy-ambn GXp-Im-ev cNn-pshtm
AXns D]-m-Xmhv Ncn-{X-]p-cp-j-\m-bn-cptm AtXm ]pcm-W-nse Hcp IYm]m{X-am-bncptm Fsmpw Xocp-am-\n-p--Xn henb XmXv]-cy-an-m-bn-cp-p36. Fm Xs
Bob \nL--p-hmbn KoXsb I- Kmn h-[s AwKo-I-cn-p-I-bpw I-]-c-Xbmbn AXns\ ImWp-Ibpw sNbvXp FXv AXn-ib
- I
- c- a- m-bn-cp-p. Adntm Adn-bm-sXtbm
aXm--I-amn KoXsb amp-I-bm-bn-cpp Kmn-bpw. Fm Znh-khpw cmhn-se-bp-Wv KoX
]m-cm-bWw sNm hnZymn-Isf Atlw D]-tZ-in-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.37am{X-a; thZ-t- fm
`mKh-Xtam tZho-]p-cm-W-tam lnp-P-\-X-bpsS Bo-b{Kambn AwKo-I-cn-m Atlw
Xm-dm-bn; Fp-sIm-s-m ]Xn\pw ]Xn-\mdpw hj- Ah ]Tn-m\mh-iy-amWv
F-Xp-sIm--p-X-s. 700 tmI-f-nembn \ne-\n-p KoX Fm imkv{X fp-tSbpw
k-bm-sWpw lnp-P\
- X
- bvv kXys Xncn-d- n-bm-\p GI-{K-a- m-sW-pw Kmn hnhcn-p-.38 CXv AwKo-I-cn--s-Sm KoXsb {]]--am-Xm-hmbn ( Universal Mother) Atlw
]cn-K-Wn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. am{X-a k\m-X\ lnp-hmbn kzbw hnti-jn-n-p-hm\pw Kmn
{ian-n-cp-p-.39
atX-Xc k-ev]-sf aptmp shp-tm t]mepw Kmn-b KoXm-Xzw aXt_m-[a- mbn ]cn-Wa- n-p-X
- mbn ImWmw. Xs {]m-\m-tbm-K
- f- n-semw hnip Jpdm-\pw
ss__n-fn-\p-samw Kmn ]mcm-bWw sNbvXXv `K-h-ZvKo-X-bmWv. atX-Xc k]s Dunbp-d-n-m-\mWv CXn-eqsS Dt-in--sX-nepw t\sc hncp--am-bmWv kw`-hn--Xv. apo-an\p
Jpdm\pw, {InkvXy\v ss__n-fp-sa--t]mse lnp-v {]amWw hnip--Ko-X- bm-sWp
m]n-s-Sp-m-\mWv Cu {iaw hgn-sh-Xv. Kmn-bpsS Pohn-Xmw-ia- m-bn-o KoXsb Kmn
injy-cpw lnp-P-\-X-bpsS `qcn-]-hpw kzoI-cn-p-Ibpw X-fpsS hnip--aX{K-ambn
AXns\ kqn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpSv SmtKm, s\lvdp, hnt\m-_`- mth XpSn At\Iw
tZio-bt- \-Xm- X-\p-kr-Xa- mbn KoXsb hymJym-\n-n-p-v-. c_o-{-\m-YS- m-tKm \ntm
amIv \ntm-fns lnp-th-Z-{K-- F IrXnv Fgp-Xnb Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn Bobhpw Xz-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb hnh-c-W-ambn KoXsb I-p. s\lvdp-hm-Is KoX -a-lm-`m-c-Xns Hcwiw Xs-bm-sWp m]n-p-Ibpw kzbw ]qamb IrXn-bmbn AXns\ hnebn-cp-p-I-bp-am-bn-cp-p40. tZiob kzmX-{y-k-a-c-n ]s-Spv h[-in-bvp hn[n-s JpZndmw t_mkpw dmw {]kmZv _nkvanepw sIme-a-c-n-te-p \on-bXv KoX ssIn
apdp-sI-]n-Sn-p-sIm-m- s- W-X
- pw A\-iz-ca- mb Bmhn-s\-p-dn-p KoXm-hn-Nm-c
- JpZndmw
13

t_mkn-t\bpw apw Bthiw sImn-n-cpp-sh-Xpw Ncn-{Xw41. C{]-Imcw Cy tZio-b{- ]m-\

- ns ASn-d aXm-I
- k
- a- o-]\
-
- n \npw cq]-sXpt]mse `K-hZvKo-Xbpw Bcn-I-ambn aX-t_m-[-n-ep-d hnip--[-im-kv{X-ambn kzmX-{y-k-ac L-n cq]-s-Sp-Ibm-bn-cp-p.
Cy kzmX{ykacNcn-{X-n KoX Gsd kzm[o\w sNep-m-\p asmcp {][m\
ImcWw lnp-P-\-Xbvv Dbn-n-Sn-m-\pw FSp-p-]-d-bm\pw {]tXy-I-amb Hcp {K-ap-m-bn-cp-n F-Xm-bn-cp-p. anj-\-dn-am-cpsS hym]-I-amb aX-{]-Nm-c-W--fpw hna-i-\-fpw
\nanw ss__n t]mse s]mXp kzoIm-cy-Xb
- p Hcp aX-{K-
- ns A]-cym-]vXX Kuchamb Hcp hnj-b-ambn Xop. Cu Kuc-h-ns {]Xn-^-e-\-am-bn-cpp lnp-a-X-{K--am-bpw
tZio-b]
- p-kvXI
- a- mbpw KoX ]cn-Wa- n-X
- n-\p- ]n-n. At\Iw ssZh-f- n-epw PmXn-If- n-ep-ambn
hnL-Snp InS-p lnp-P\
- X
- bvv sIp-IY
- I
- f- n-epw sFXn-ly-f- n-epw imkv{X-f- n-ep-ambn
At\Iw {K- \ne-\ns GXp kzoI-cnpw F {]iv\-ap-mbn. am{X-a hyXykvX
Nnm-]
- X
- n-Iv {]am-Wamb thZ- `qcn-]
- w P\-Xbvpw A\y-am-bn-cp-p-Xm\pw. AXpsIm--p-Xs thZ--fp-tS-bpw D]-\n-j-p--fp-tSbpw k--bmbn IW-m--s-Sp KoX
lnp aX {]am-W{- K-a- mbn Dbp-h
- p. I-neqn-sm-p hmb-\b
- n-eq-sSbpw hymJym\-n-eq-sSbpw tZio-b-X-bp-sS `mK-am-Im AXn\p Ign-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
m\ns Bi-b-L-S-\-bn \npw `n-bn-tep ]cm-h\w sN-s KoX
tZio-b-{]-m\ Lsap-tm-tgpw I-{]-[m-\-am-Ip-Xpw {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. Cy P\X-bpsS a\-n \npw ]ngp-sX-dn-bm-\m-hm hn[w Dd--Xpw kwkvm-c-ns `mK-ambn
XoXpamb hnizm-k-{]-am-W-amWv I-kn-m-w. {ipXn-I-fnepw kvarXn-I-fn-ep-samw Isbpw ]p\--sbpw hne-bn-cp-p-p-ap-v. Is bpnbp-ambn {]Xn-]m-Znp {K-am-Is `K-h-ZvKo-X-bpw. bp-`q-an-bn Xfp-In-S Ap-\s\ DWnb
I-c-lkyw sshtZ-inI {]l-c-n- Xfp InS-p P\-Xsb DWp-sav lnp
tZiob hmZn-I hniz-knp; AXp-sIm--p-Xs I-ap-Wp bp-Km-Y-bmbn ]e-cp-w
KoXsb Zinp. Fm kzmX{y ka-c-n-ep--mb KoXm hymJym-\- Xs Gsd `nX
]pep- - X m- W v . Xne- I KoXsb kzmX{y{]h- \ - - m [mc- a mbn I- - t m
Ac_ntm KoXm]T-\
- f- p-ambn _-sv ka-c
- n \nv Hgnp-\np-Ib
- mWv sNbvXXv. ]noSv KoX At-l-ns {][m\ ]cn-K-W-\-bn \np AI-p-am-dp-Ibpw Atlw
C-{Ktbm-Kb
- n-tev {i-tI-{o-Ic- n-X
- mbpw ImWmw. Kmnbpw _nw-N{- -Nm-Pn-bp-samw
Xmm--\p-k-cnv KoX hymJym-\n-p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. hymJym-\--fn sshcp-y--fpw
Bib sshhn[y-fpw \ne-\np-tmgpw aX-t_m-[
- ns sIp-In-Sb
- n Xs-bmWv
Ah-sbmw Fn-t-cp--Xv. AXp-sIm--p-Xs tZio-b-{]-m-\-L--nse KoXm-]-cn-Wm-ahpw
aXm-[n-jvTn-Xa- m-bn-cp-p.
14

KoX--kzm-X-{ym-\-c \ne-]m-Sp-Ifn
kzmX-{ym-\--chpw \nc-h[n hymJym-\-fpw XP-a-Ifpw KoX-bvp--m-bn-p-v; Ctmgpw
cq]-s-p-sIm--n-cn-p-p. temIw ]cn-W-an-p--Xn-\-\p-k-cnv KoX-bpsS Bi-b-tem-Ihpw ]cnW-an-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. km{am-PyXz A[n-\n-th-i-L--n tZio-b-X-bmbpw tZi-]p-kvX-I-hp-ambmWv KoX amdn-bs- X-n, tImf-\n-h-cW
- h
- p-ambn _-s B[p-\n-IoI-cW
- {- ]-{Inb hgn
cq]w-sIm- BtKm-f-h-c-W-Im-ev BtKm-f-hn-]-\--c-m-bmWv KoX cq]m--c-s--Xv.
e- hmn- s m- - p w sNe-h-gn-p-sIm--pw, temI-m-I-am\w \S--s-Sp KoXm-b--fpw ]T-\-m-p-Ifpw aXm-I Nn-sf KoX-bn-eqsS m]n-m-\p {]{In-b-bmWv.
Ata-cn- Khsav 1983 ss__n hj-ambn BN- c n- - X n hnlz- e X ]q- v c- m - b n- c - a m-ns\ KoXm-hj-ambn {]Jym-]n AP--sb tUm. [-cmPv ASmv KoXbpw \htem-I-{IahpwF ]pkvX-I-n hne-bn-cp-p-p--v. \h-tem-I-ns Zi-\-ambn KoX hymJym-\n-s-Sp-tm AsX-s\ ]q lnp-Xzambn amdpp FXpw {Kw N sNp-p.
`mK-hX
- ]
- m-cm-bW
- h
- pw cmam-bW
- ]
- m-cm-bW
- hpw t]mse aXm-[n-jvTn-Xa- mb KoXm-]m-cm-bW-bw
hnZym-k---amb tIc-f-n hsc ]nSn-ap-dp-p--Xns ImgvN B[p-\nI ssl-h-t_m-[s-bmWv {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNp--Xv. ]q-Ln tIc-fob P\-Xbvv KoX A{X-I-v ]cnNn-X-amb ]pkvX-Iam-bn-cp-n-. alm-`m-c-X-hpw cmam-b-W-hpw `mK-h-Xhpw ae-bm-fnv kp]-cn-NnX-am-nb Fgp-- KoXsb hymJym-\n-p-I-tbm XPa \S-p-Itbm sNbvXn-n FXpw
Ncn{Xw; Fgp-
- s\ KoX kzm[o-\n-n-n Fp-thWw Icp-Xm. {_m-Wsc `b-mWv KoXmhym-Jym-\-n\v Atlw aSn-sX-n 16-mw \qm--nepw {_m-W am{Xw hmbn--n-cp-, `qcn]w P\-Xbvpw A]-cn-Nn-X-amb tIh-e-{K--ambn am{Xta KoXsb ]cn-K-Wn-m-\mhpIbpq. tIcf \thm-m-\-n-em-Is KoXsb tI{o-I-cn-p-sIm--p ]ptcm-K-a\ {]h\w
\S-n-t-bn-. AssZzXXzs {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-tm t]mepw \mcm-b-W-Kpcp KoXsb ]cmain-n-p-an-. Fm Kpcp-hns injy-cm-Is KoX-bn hnip-Xzw ImWp-I-bpw hymJym-\np-Ibpw sNbvXp. \S-cmP Kpcp-hns\ kw_-nv Htck-abw DZm-hpw kwn-]vX-hp-amWv
KoX, m\-ns A]m-c-amb kmm-XvIm-cw, \qm--p-I-fn-eqsS Cu ]pXnb Imepw KoXsb
sIm- m - S p- Xv AXp- s Im- - m - W v . hwiw, aXw, ]mc-cyw Fn-h-bv-p-d-amWv KoX-bpsS \ne]mSv Fv hmZn-p-tmgpw B[p-\n-I-Im-epw KoX -sIm--m-tS-- Xns Bh-iy-I-X-sb-n
\S-cm-P-Kpcp hmNm-e-\m-Ip- p- v . XpSv \nXy ssNX-\y-bXn apX ap\n \mcm-b-W-{]-kmZv
hsc-bp Kpcp-in-jyv KoX Zn\w-{]Xn kzmymbw sN- s - t S- - X pw Pohn- X - ] - c yS\am- t - Xp-amb hnip ]pkvXI
- a- m-bn-cp-p. Nn-bm-\
- \
- m-Is Pohn-X
- ns `mK-hpw. Ans\ KoXm
Xzs A{X-Iv- ]cn-Nn-Xa- n-m tIc-fob ico-c
- s- fbpw aXm-I
- K
- o-Xb
- psS hnip-_m[
Iog-S
- p-Ib
- m-bn-cp-p-.
F]-Xp-I-fpsS Ah-km-\-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv KoX Nm\-ep-I-fn iamb m\w
15

]nSn-p-X
- v. alm-`m-cX IYsb Ah-ew-_n-p-h At\Iw sSen-ko-cn-be
- p-If- mWv IrjvWs\
IqSp-X P\-Io-b-am-n-b-Xpw, IrjvW ico-cs shfn-s-Sp-n-b-Xpw Hw cmjv{Sob D]-I-cW-amn KoXsb amn-b-Xpw. Nn{X--fn-epw, IY-I-fnepw am{Xw ]cn-N-bn IrjvW-i-cocw Ne-\m-I-ambXpw kwkm-cn-Xpw Cy ssl-h-t_m-[s Ipd-sm-p-a kzm[o-\n--Xv. (C-tXL-
- n Xs-bmWv `K-hZ- vKo-Xb
- psS Km\-cq-]
- n-ep HmUn-tbm-Im-k- p-I hn-\b
- vsp--Xpw) am{X-a Cy-bnse Hp-an kwm-\--fnepw AXmXp `mj-I-fn samgn-amw
sN-sv sSen-ko-cn-be
- p-I kwt{]-jWw sN-s-n-cpp FXpw {it-ba- mWv. sXmq-dpI-fn C{]-Imcw i-amb coXn-bn KoXm-Xzw P\--fn-te-s-n-m-\p t_m[-]qamb {iaw \S-n-p--v. am{X-a `K-h-ZvKo-Xsb D]-tbm-Kn-p-sIm-v cmjv{Sob {]h\w \Sp-Ib
- pw temI-k`- b
- n-ew-KXzw t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXh
- cpw Npcp-a- m-bn-cp-n-42.ka-Im-enIL-n-em-Is kocn-be
- p-If- n \npw A]w IqSn-bp-bv hnh-cW
- mm--I-amb Ah-X-cW coXn-bn-eqsS hmm-h-Xm-c-I-tc-m {i- t\Sm Nnep km[n-p.
Cu {i-bpsS aq Fn-\np-Xv aX-n-em-sWp am{Xw. ]c-ky-I--\n-I-fn \npw
Nm\-ep-I-fn \npw e- CuSm-n-bmWv Ccw KoXm Nm\b-- \S-p-sXXpw hmkvX-hw. KoX BtKm-f-h-c-W-Im-ev hn]-\-N-c-mbn ]cn-W-an-pp
FXmWv kXyw. \njvIm-Is D]-tZ-in-p--h Xs KoXm-hn-jv-c-W-n\v {]Xn^ew tNmZnp hmp--sX-n\v F tNmZyw _mn-\np-p. \mfn-Xp-h-sc-bn-m KoXmt_m[w Cy P\-X-bn ]Sp-p-bm\pw AXp-hgn aXs in-s-Sp-m\pw KoXm-]cn-Wm-a-p Ign-bpp F-XmWv hmkvX-hw.

\nK-a-\-, \nco--W-
apI-fn hnh-cn `K-hZvKo-X-bpsS Ncn-{X-s-bpw Zi-\-s-bpw {]tbm-Ksbpw
ap\nn ]cn-tim-[n-p-tm sNs-p Nne \nK-a\
-
- f- pw, \nco-W
-
- fpw
`K-h-ZvKo-Xsb GsX-n-ep-samcp Zi-\-n-s-tbm Bi-b-n-stbm `mK-ambn am{Xw
kzoI-cn-m-\m-hn-.; FpsIm-s-m {]mNo\ Cy BkvXnI Zi-\--fmb kmwJy-hpw
tbmKhpw apX ]nme Zi-\
- f- m-b aoamw-kbpw thZm-h
- pw \mkvXn-Ia- mb _u-kn-mhpw `K-h-ZvKo-X-bn {][m\ Xz--fmbn \ne-sIm-p-p. hnhn-[-Zi-\--fn \npw
ISw-sIm- Bi-b--fpsS ka-{K-X-bmWv KoX-bpsS ImX. AXp-sIm--p-Xs GXp Zi\
Ip-I-fn-eq-sS-bpw KoXsb ImWp-I-bpw ]cm-ain-p-I-bpw hymJym-\n-p-Ibpw sNm-hp-Xm-Wv. Hw GXv Bi-b--tfmSpw tbmPn-n-m-hp- Ab-hp (Flexible) m\-a-WvU-eamWv KoX-bp-tS-sX \nco-W
-
- n-tepw AXns D-Sw Fn-t-cp-p.
alm-`m-c-X-n \npw thdnp \ne-sIm--Xp apX `K-h-ZvKoX Bi-b-]-c-amb ]cnWm-a-p hnt[-b-ambnp-v; Ccw ]cn-Wm-a--sfmw sNs-p-Xv aXm-I bpnbn-em-Wv. lnp F ]Zw Hcp aX-ambn cq]-s-Sp--Xn\p app-Xs KoX At\Iw aX-16

fpsS `mK-ambn \ne-sIm-np-ap--v. AssZz-X-aXw apX ANn-ym-t`Z aX-n-\p-hsc kzoI-cnm-hp aXm-i-b--fmbn KoX-bpsS D-Sw ]cn-W-an-n-p-v.
tI{o-Ir-Xa- mb Hcp aX-ns N-q-Sn-\p-n-tev KoX HXpp-X
- pw hnip {Kambn Db-cp-Xpw sImtfm-Wn-b L-n-em-Wv. i-c\
- p-apv KoXm-`m-jy-an-m-X
- n-\m F.Un.
8mw \qm-p- h
- sc `qcn-]w t]pw KoX A]-cn-Nn-Xa- m-bn-cpp Fp A\p-am-\n-mw. AssZzX-s- - sZzX hn-in-jvSm-ssZz-Xa- X
-
- f- m hnL-Sn-p-In-S
- p L-n KoXbvv hnipX ssIhcnI Akm-[y-am-Wv. AXp-sIm--p-Xs tbmtdm-]y \nn-s-Sp ]uckvXy hnm-\-n
\npw kph-`q-X-Ime k-ev]-n \npamWv `K-h-ZvKoX lnp P\-X-bpsS hnip--{K-ambn hf-cp-X
- v.
Cy tZio-b-X-bp-tS-bpw, tZiob {]m-\-n-s-bpw {]mcw`w aX-]-c-amb ASn--dbn \nm-bn-cpp F-Xn-\m tZio-b-kzm-X{yka-c-N-cn-{X-nse KoXm-{]-tbm-Khpw aXm-[njvTn-X-am-bn-cp-p. tZio-b-{]-m-\-L--nse {]N-c-W-n-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn--s KoX {]tbmK--fn-epw Bi-b-hym-Jym-\-nepw Zzzambn \ne- s Im- t mgpw lnp-Xz-ns ]cn-t]m-j-Wsa GIm-I
- k
-
- e
- v]
- n-te-mWv Fn-tXv. k\m-X\
- h
- pw Bo-bh
- p-amb ]cnthjw
KoX-bvp- hptNcm kzmX-{y-k-a-c-nse KoXm-{]-tbmKw Imc-W-am-bn-onp-v.
kzmX-{ym-\--c-ap--mb KoXm-]-cn-Wm-ahpw aX-tI-{n-X-am-bn-cp-p. lnp-Xzs hn]peo-Ic- n-m-\p b-f- pw, ]T-\
- m-p-Ifpw cq]-s-Sp-Xv KoXm-hN
- \
-
- sf tI{o-Ic- n-psIm--m-sWXpw \nkvX-am-Wv. am{X-a- KoXm-]-T-\s ap\nn \nc-h[n kvIq-fp-Ifpw ]T-\-tI-{-fpw \mp-\m \nn--s-Sp-p-ap-v. ka-Im-enI L-nepw hymJym-\, \n-ehpw Ne-\m--I-hp-amb hnh-c-W- Fn-h-bn-eqsS KoXbvv ]cn-Wmaw kw`hnpsIm-n-cn-p-p. KoX-bpsS Hmtcm ]cn-Wma hnIm-k-hpw A\--a-X-km-[y-X-I-fn-tep
Xpd-p hmXn-ep-I-fm-Ipp; AXp-sIm--p-Xs Ah-bpsS ]cn-Wmaw XpSp-sIm--n-cnpw.

Ipdn-p-I
1.

Thanga Swami, Advaita Vendata literature- A Bibliographical survey,

pp.49-64.

2.

Neelakandha, Gitas in Mahabharata and Puranas, pp.24-37.

3.

Sivananda, Sarvagitasara, P.xi

4.

_me-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-I, {ioaZv `K-hZvKo-Xm-c-l-kyw, t]Pv 32.

5.

S.Radhakrishnan, The Bhagavad Gita, p.16

17

6.

Purusharthabodhini Tika, Svadhyayamandala, Introduction, p.4

7.

ktm-]-\n-j-tZm- Kmthm tZmKv[m -tKm-]m-e-\-\:

]mtm h: kp[ot`mm ZpKv[w KoXm-arXw alXv
(D-]-\n-j-p--sfmw ss], tKm]m-e-\- Xs Id-h-m-c, _pn-am-\mb
]m ]mIp-Sn-p InSm-hv, Id-s-Sp ]mev a[p-c-ta-dnb KoXm-ar-Xw)

8.

S.L. Seru, Srimad Bhagavad Gita, p.9

9.

Khair, G.S, The Quest for the Original Gita, p. VII

10.

Fkv.-cm-[m-Ir-jvW, `mc-Xob Zi\w, t]Pv 482

11.

John Brockingston, The Bhagavat Gita, Text and Context, pp. 29-21

12.

Awt_-ZvI, kq-Ir-Xn-I, thmfyw 7, tIcf `mjm Cn-yqv, t]Pv, 279.

13.

D.D.Kosambi, Myth and Reality, p.16

14.

tkma-ti-J-c, `K-hZvKo-X: ]e-Imew ]e-Im-gvN-I, t]Pv 228

15.

KuU]m-Z Xs Imcn-Ib
- n Pm{K-v, kz]v\w, kpjp]vXn Fo aq-h
- I
- t- fbpw
Ah-bpsS anYym-Xz-sbpw hne-bn-cp-p-Ibpw Xpco-bs- a \mem-as Ah-sb
m]n-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNp- p- - v . t{^mbn-Uob a\:imkv{X-hp-ambn _-s-Spn
KuU-]mZ knm-- Gsd N-sN- - s - n- p- - v .

16.

i-c-Ko-Xm-`m-jyw, Bap-Jw, t]Pv 3

17.

bap-\m-Nm-cy, KoXm-km-ck
- w-{Klw

18.

Gita Bhashya of Ramanuja, II. 9

19.

`K-h-ZvKo-X: ]e-Imew ]e-Im-gvN-I, t]Pv 39.

20

sP. cLp, tZi-cm-jv{S-hpw lnp-sIm-tfm-Wn-b-en-k-hpw, t]Pv. 76

21.

`K-h-ZvKo-X: ]e-Imew ]e-Im-gvN-I, t]Pv 39

22.

AtX-]p-kvXIw, t]Pv 39

23.

sshZn-I-[w, k\m-X-\-[w, Bcy-[w Fn-h-bn \npw lnp-[sa

hnizm-k sFIy-n-tev P\X t{ImUo-I-cn--s-Xv Cu L-n-em-Wv. ]c-kv]-c-hn-

cp-hpw inYn-e-hp-amb kwkvIr-X-Ir-Xn-Isf ]mmXy `mjm-imkv{Xam\-ZW

- vU
- -\p-kr-Xambn GIo-IrX ]mT--fmbn hymJym-\n-p-I-bpw Cu GI- ]m-T-]m-c-cyw Hcp GI-aX kbpsS kmlnXy {]Im-i-\-am-sWp hniz-kn-p-Ibpw sNbvX Hmdn-b-en-p-I Cu GI-aXksb lnp-shp \nhNn--p-Ibpw sNbvXp. sP. cLp, tZi-cm-jv{Shpw lnp sImtfmWn-b-en-k-hpw, t]Pv 76.
24.

Satya. p. Agarval, Social role of the Gita, p. 26

25.

Ibid
18

26.

]n. ]c-ta-iz-c, KoX -\-h-tem-I-{I-a-ns Zi-\w

27.

kzman hnth-Im-\ Pohn-Xhpw kt-ih

- pw, t]Pv.123

28.

Wikipedia, Hindu Nationalism

29.

{ioa-Zv`-K-h-ZvKoXm cl-kyw, hnj-b-{]-th-iw, t]Pv.21.

30.

AtX-]p-kvXIw, t]Pv. 21

31.

Robert. N. Minor, Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavad Gita,

p.39

32.

Bankimchandra Chatterji, Srimad Bhagavat Gita, pp. 26-28

33.

Ibid

34.

I have read many Engish translations, but there is nothing to equal

Edwin Arnolds metrical translation which he has beautifully and aptly
called The Song elestical-M.K. Gandhi, Harijan, 16-12-29, p.382

35.

_\m-dkv lnp k-I-em-im-e-bn shv \S-nb {]kw-K-n Kmn Xs KoXm

\ne-]mSv hy-am-n-bXv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv Today the Gita is not only my Bible
or my Kuran, it is more than that - it is my mother.The essence of Hin
duism, p.130

36.-

\nXy-ssN-X-\y-b-Xn, Fs lrZ-b-nse Kmn, t]Pv .103

37.

Harijan, 24-08-34, p.221- I would advise the students to begin their

day with an early morning recitation of the Gita, Harijan, 24-08-34, p.221

38.

M.K.Gandhi, The Essence of Hinduism, p. 131.

39.

I call myself Sanatana Hindu, because I believe in the Vedas, the

Upanishads, the puranas and all that goes by the name of Hindu scriptures and therefore in avataras and rebirth. I believe in Varnasramadharma in a sense which in my opinion is strictly vedic but not in its present
popular and crude sense, M.L.Gujral, Thus spake Bapu or dialogue
between Gandhis spirit and scribe, p. 28.

40.

Ph-lem s\lvdp, Cysb Is- - , t]Pv 120.

41.

kp\n ]n. Cf-bn-Sw, Ncn{Xw ]mT-cq-]-fpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-hpw, t]Pv 158.

42.

_n. B. tNm{]-bpsS \nm-W-n-epw, kwhn-[m-\-nepw ]pd-p-h alm-`m-cX

sSen-ko-cn-b-en IrjvW-thj-a-h-X-cn-n \nXojv `c-ZzmPv _n. sP.-]n. m\mn
bmbn a-cn-p-Ibpw temI-k-`mw-K-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. [-bpw F t]cn
Agn-a-Xn-s-Xnsc \S-nb ka-c-{]-N-c-Whpw {it-b-am-Wv. hyn F-Xn-\-pd
tv IrjvWi
- c- o-cs D]-tbm-Ks- -Sp-m-\mWv _n. sP.]n.{ian-X
- v.
19

{K-kqNn
1.

{ioaZv `K-hZv KoX -i--c-`m-jyw, {iocm-a-IrjvW aTw, a{Zmkv, 1983

2.

{iocm-am-\p-P-Ko-Xm-`m-jyw, {iocm-a-Ir-jvW-a-Tw, a{Zmkv, 1999

3.

[-cmPv ASm-v, `K-hZ- vKo-Xbpw \htemI-{I-ah

- pw, Nn-]
- n-tj-gvkv, Xncp-h\
-
- ]
- pcw
1999.

4.

]c-ta-iz-c. ]n, `K-hZ- vKo-X \h-tem-I{- I-a

- ns Zi-\w, Ipcp-t-{X-{]-Im-i, 1998.

5.

_me-Kw-Km-[c- X
- n-eI
- , {ioa-Zv`K
- h
- Z- vKoXm cl-kyw, amXr-`qan _pIvkv, tImgn-tm-Sv, 2010

6.

kp\n ]n. Cf-bn-Sw, Ncn-{Xw ]m-T-cq-]--fpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-hpw, amXr-`q-an _pIvkv,

tImgn-tmSv, 2004.

7.

tkma-ti-J-c, `K-h-ZvKoX : ]e-Imew ]e-Im-gvN-I, ssk _pIvkv, Xncp-h-\-]pcw

2010.

8.

Annie Basant and Bhagavandas, The Bhagavad Gita, Theosophical

Society, Bombay.

10.

Aurobindo, Essays on the Gita, Aurbindo Ashram trust, Pondichery, 1997

11.

Gandhi, M. K., The Essence of Hinduism, Navajivan Publishers,

Ahmadabad,1987.

12.

Julius. J. Lipher (ed), Bhagavad Gita for ourTimes, Oxford University

Press, 1997.

13.

Khair G.S., The Quest for the original Gita, Somaiya Publications,
Mumbai, 1997.

14.

Manhas M.S, Srimad Bhagavad Gita through the eyes of a Scientist,

BR Publishing house, 1997.

15.

Mahadev Desai, The Gita according to Gandhi, Navajivan Publishing

house, Ahmadabad, 1951

16.

Radhakamal Mukharji, Bhagavad Gita Beyond the Religion, B.R.

Publishing Corporation, Delhi, 1999.

17.

Sitanath Tatvabhushan (Edi), The Bhagavat Gita, Cosmo Publication,

Delhi, 1987.

18.

Swami Sivanda, Sarva Gitasara, A Divine life Society Publication,

Sivananda Nagar, UP, 1999.

19.

Thangaswami, Advaita Vendanta literature- A Bibliographical Survey,

University of Madarss, 1980.
20