THE KUMULIPO MIND: A GLOBAL HERITAGE In The Polynesian Creation Myth

Rubelite Kawena Kinney Johnson

Honolulu, Hawaii 2000 A.D.

Rubellite Kawena Johnson

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form without permission in writing from the author.

The Kumulipo Mind: A Global Heritage First Edition 2000 O 1981, 1999 Copyright Johnson, Rubelite K. All rights reserved Library of Congress Catalog Card Number [applied for]

Fondly dedicated to the memory of my parents: Ernest Kaipoleimanu Kinney Esther Kauikeaulani Kaulili

Contents
Contents Foreword Acknowledgment Background Note on Orthography Ka Wa Akahi Ka Wa Elua Ka Wa Ekolu Ka Wa Eha Ka Wa Elima Ka Wa Eono Ka Wa Ehiku Ka Wa Ewalu Ka Wa Eiwa Ka Wa Umi Interpretation First Age Second Age Third Age Fourth Age Fifth Age Sixth Age Seventh Age Eighth Age Ninth Age Tenth Age Structure Style Theme Levels of Meaning Structure of Time and Space Gender in Space Evolution of the Species Canto 1: Marine Invertebrates Canto 1: Marine Invertebrates, Seaweeds and Land Plants Epilogue Canto 2: Marine Vertebrates List of Paired Species/Plants in the Refrain of Generation Insects and Birds in Chant Three Egg-Bearing Crawlers in Chant four Summary Land and Sea Interaction Biology and Calendar: Adjustment to Seasonal Changes Above the Equator Introduced and Economic Food Plants Endemic (or Indigenous) Plants (inedible) Native Hawaiian Incorporation of Indigenous and Utilitarian Plants Biology and Time: Seasonal Migratory, Breeding and Nesting of Birds and Turtles Biology and Calendar: Coordination of Seasons from Coral Reef and Open Sea to Land and Wet Forest Biology in Religion: The Kinolau Concept of Akua and Aumakua Hawaiian Kinolau and Ancestral Polynesian Affinities Summary Wa Umikumakahi Eleventh Age Canto 11: Ancestors in the Sky by Generations Wa Umikumalua Twelfth Age Wa Umikumakolu Thirteenth Age Wa Umikumaha Fourteenth Age Wa Umikumalima Fifteenth Age Wa Umikumaono Sixteenth Age iii v vi vii viii 1 7 13 17 21 23 24 25 27 28 29 31 32 32 38 39 40 43 45 48 51 53 55 56 59 61 62 64 65 66 68 71 79 84 86 105 129 133 136 145 150

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Comparative Kumulipo Genealogical Lists and Generation Count: The Luanuu Genealogy [David Malo Text] Cantos 12, 13, and 14: Adjusting the Ancestry of Sky Father (Wakea and Earth Mother (Papa) Canto 14: Timing the Rotation of the Sky Summary and Theory Geometric Shapes in the Kumulipo The Cosmic Spider The Celestial Spider in Polynesia The Cord of the Celestial Spider in Hawaii The Cord in the World Theory of the Distribution of the Knotted Cord: A Study of the Process of Tying and Knotting A Global Heritage of Wings, Feet, and Fins; Comparative Philology of Pea, the Bat, Bird, Kite, Sail, and Southern Cross Conclusion The Ritual Division of Time The Annual Makahiki Festival: An Abstract of Ritual Schedule The Ku Ritual Recapitulation: The Moon and Ritual Time The Significance The Ritual Numerology of Sacrifice and Position in Heiau Ceremony (K Ritual) The Tabu Pule Ritual Numbers Summary of Hawaiian Ritual Sacrifice Numbers Comparison of Hawaiian Heiau Ritual Ceremony with Elements of Ritual in the Gilbertese maneaba Epilogue Bibliography Appendix : Sidereal and Synodic Lunar Year Correlations with Tropic Years Synodic Chart and Lunar Notation Sidereal Chart Hawaiian Counting System Comprehending the Metonic Cycle Charts Chart of Tropic Years Sidereal Notation Hawaiian Tabu Nights Hawaiian Tabu Nights and Maximum/Minimum Moon Swing Micronesian and Hawaiian Decans Oriented to Rising and Setting Stars Kai a Kahinalii [Capella in Auriga Cycle]

152 153 160 164 170 182 183 193 194 200 206 221 242 243 244 250 254 256 258 260 266 267 271 272 278 279 288 290 293

Johnson, Rubellite K. and Bryce G. Decker, Implications of the Distribution of Names for Cotton (Gossypium spp.) in the Indo-Pacific; Asian Perspectives, XXIII (2), 1980: 249-307.

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FOREWORD Na wai hoi ka ole o ke akamai, he alanui i maa i ka hele ia e ou mau makua? Who would not be wise on the road long-travelled by my ancestors?
Liholiho

There are times in our lives when we lose precious things. The second volume of Kumulipo Hawaiian Hymn of Creation [1981] was lost in 1984. Between then and now the author has tried to rewrite that volume again, but came the moment when it seemed wiser to relinquish it. So the quote from Liholiho about the road to wisdom of his ancestors. It has comfort to it, perhaps too much. The pathway of our ancestors is a place of danger-over water, thousands of miles of ocean, with no signposts written on the wind. The unmarked highway is charted, rather, through the sky, along tracks of stars at night and by the suns positions, rising and setting, along the otherwise empty horizon. Death is out there, waiting for the fool to challenge what he does not know or is unprepared to face. This book is about the way the kahuna priests ordered the sky in space and time, How did the kahuna bring the cosmos down to earth? He apparently did it in the heiau temple by aligning the structure to certain sky phenomena, but then, which ones? Such minutiae of time take generations to accumulate, and many hundreds of generations died long before survivors came here using that knowledge, such as the rate at which navigation stars shift position every 500 years. Without writing, they had passed this down under the guise of poetry, when it was actually a riddle of time, the answer to which was known, perhaps, only to a select few who were kahuna apprentices. It has eluded their descendants. Where human feet have trod and canoes trampled (keehi) over the equator, the diaphragm of Kne [ka houpo o Kne] or navel of the earth [ka piko o ka honua], is a long train of ancestry, memorization of which is an awesome feat. There are 2000 names in 812 generations to Wakea, who lived about the first century A.D., and 80 more generations after him, about 892 over these (soon to be) 2000 years. The sum of linear time in that history is about 22,300 years, or roughly one precession of the equinoxes, dating back to around 21,000 B.C. when there were yet no Polynesians in Polynesia, and the sun was in the constellation of Capricorn at the vernal equinox. Who needs to know such things, except those whose purview, like the kahunas, is persistence in the pursuit of truth and knowledge. They chose to chant it in lists of names on the family tree. Who, or what, is on the tree? Where do those ancestors come from? Where the original pathway? We need look no farther than a simple map of the world. The path of human migration is a story of all of our ancestors, truly, along many byways of a global heritage.

Acknowledgment The people to whom I owe the most gratitude are no longer alive, but I should still mention them. None of this work which I have done would have happened without Robert B. Goodman, former publisher of Island Heritage Company and Ruth Hanner Knudsen, benefactor. They took no financial reward for all of their help getting the first Kumulipo volume under way in the 1970s. I briefly mention the support of Francis Damon Holt and the late John Dominis Holt for the success of that first volume published in 1981 by Topgallant Publishing Company. To former students and colleagues, Cy Bridges and Malcolm Naea Chun I owe thanks for the copies of the Luanuu genealogy from the Kuluwaimaka and David Malo manuscripts which they gave to me twenty years ago and which have been included in this translation. To Professor Joseph Ciotti at Windward Community College and Douglas Fernandez, I owe constructive scientific opinion and technical advice on astronomy and mathematics. To Fred Kalani Meinecke, Emalia Keohokalole, Emil Wolfgram, Earl Pa Mai Tenn, Henry Iwasa, and Alyce Ikeoka, I owe constancy of friendship, and to Princess Abigail Kekaulike Kawananakoa, who employed me at Kawananakoa Foundation, I owe financial survival, as I also do to Thelma Parish, Lokelani Lindsey, Leo Tetsuo Orii and Tsuyoshi Ikuta for other financial assistance. I thank Ted Gugelyk and Francis Warther for positive material promotion of this translation, and to William Alexander McGehee I owe many years of moral support and encouragement. Finally, I am especially grateful to Peter Kay of Cyber-Hawaii for shepherding this present work into publication.

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Background The Kumulipo is a genealogical creation chant composed in Hawaii for the chief, Ka-I-i-mamao, about the eighteenth century. It attracted attention in nineteenth-century Europe because of its rudimentary concept of evolution as a process in nature multiplying forms of life from simple to more complex types. Darwinian evolution was then an attempt to explain how species develop apart from others, or that nature encourages survival of certain species rather than others, or that species promoting their own survival represent those most fit to survive competition with other species in nature. In the mid-nineteenth century Darwinian evolution was skeptically received following publication of Origin Of Species By Means of Natural Selection in 1859. Adolf Bastians interest in the Kumulipo was perhaps influenced by the debate between science and theology over Charles Darwins theory, which would be largely ignored by the general public until the famous John Scopes trial in Tennessee in 1925. It was at the point of human taxonomy where Darwins theory met the most opposition, not only from the established church but also from the lay public, which was basically opposed to the idea that man had descended from (or was related to) apes. The Kumulipo is not a scientific study of speciation in nature, but it presents the origin of living forms as a continuing chain of births from one living creature into another. The life forms, however, are physical manifestations, or body forms (kinolau), of a single creator god (akua), incarnating from one being into another. This god is identified as masculine (kane) throughout a series of manifest forms which produce, eventually, the prevailing symbol of the male procreative vessel, the kane huawai water gourd. Symbolically, the water gourd holds the principal male element from which human life flows as seminal fluid. In the context of daily life it is the water gourd used to contain and to carry ordinary drinking water, wai, as the element in which the creator god, Kane, god of air and water, manifests in all life as well as human life the most basic need for continuation: O ke kane huawai, akua kena The male gourd of water, that is a god... [Kumulipo, Epilogue, Chant One]. Charles Darwin was not the originator of the theory of evolution. His forbear Erasmus Darwin had already championed similar ideas from Greek philosophers of the 6th century B.C. beginning with Thales. Lucretius, a Roman philosopher, also belonged to this school, which held that all matter, living or non-living, could be reduced to atoms, or that living matter was the accretion of atoms. In our own century this interest led to the splitting of the atom, as from non-living matter, uranium, through which the release of energy produced the atomic bomb. Thales and Lucretius may never be as famous as Albert Einstein, but they philosophically anticipated nuclear fission some 2,500 years before Darwin ever lived. Darwins theory quickly gave ground to the studies of Gregor Mendel in genetics. The results of Mendels research proved by experiment the role of genetic transfer of inherited traits in reproductive cells and resulting offspring, thus limiting differentiation of species to inherited genetic traits and their limiting factors and subsequent mutations.

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It should not go unnoticed, therefore, Biblical account of Genesis:

that genetic limitation is stressed in the

And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed... [Genesis: 1:30]. Where Darwinian evolution treated the descent of related species as taxonomy, the Kumulipo is genealogy, preserving thousands of names in lists identifying the male and female parents of succeeding generations. Hawaiian historian David Malo treated the subject of genealogical tradition in Moolelo Hawaii at Lahainaluna Seminary about 1835. This work was later translated by Dr. Nathaniel B. Emerson in 1898 within a year after Queen Liliuokalani had also translated the Kalkaua text of the Kumulipo into English (1897). Another David Malo manuscript was a separate Kumulipo genealogy containing only lists of names in papa helu recitations identical to the Kalkaua text translated into English by Liliuokalani. The Queens translation was preceded by a translation into the German language by Adolf Bastian [Die Heilige Sage der Polynesier , 1881], but only in part. From the German text Joseph Rock made the first translation into English, whereas Lilius was directly from the Hawaiian into English. It is highly doubtful that the Kumulipo text was always, as in the Queens, and later, Martha Beckwiths translation (1951), a chanted poem. The earlier Malo text from Lahainaluna predating his Moolelo Hawaii lacks the poetry of the w cantos in the Liliuokalani (1897) and Beckwith (1951) translations. Kathleen Dickinson Mellen, historian, pointed out that the poem sections were reeled off by Molokai kahuna to the Hale Naua members who had been sent by King Kalakaua to Molokai to collect ancient traditions. They had used a hipuu knotted cord during the recitations. Perhaps the Kalakaua text was created by putting the two together: the wa cantos from Molokai recitations from the knotted cord and the papa helu records written by David Malo. Even then, the Kalakaua text, which formed the basis of the Queens and Martha Beckwiths translations into English, removed the Luanuu genealogy, the text of which has always been intact in the Malo version. The present work has reincorporated the Luanuu section. Historical details regarding composition of the Kalkaua text and historically recorded performances are found in Queen Liliuokalanis introduction to her work, An Account of the Creation of the World According to Hawaiian Tradition [1897]: This is the very chant which was sung by Puou, the High Priest of our ancient worship to Captain Cook, whom they had surnamed Lono, one of the four chief gods, dwelling high in the heavens, but at times appearing on the earth. This was the cause of the deification of Captain Cook under that name, and of the offerings to him made at the temple or Heiau at Hikiau, Kealakekua, where this song was rendered. The chanters of this great poem were Hewahewa and Ahukai, and by them it was originally dedicated to Alapai, our ancestress, a woman-chief of the highest rank, then at Koko, Oahu. Keeaumoku was lying on his deathbed. The Lonoikamakahiki, of whom this chant sings so eloquently in our native tongue, is none other than Kalaninuiimamao (Ka-I-i-mamao).

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The Kumulipo was called the pule hoolaa alii prayer of dedication or sanctification of a chief (hoolaa alii ) chanted by the kahuna orders of K and Lono for Captain Cook in January, 1779, two hundred years ago. The Keeaumoku mentioned by Liliuokalani was the father of Kaahumanu and district chief of Kona. He died in 1804 at Kapokapo, Koko, Oahu, after an active career as a general in Kamehamehas army from 1782 (Battle of Mokuohai) to 1795 (Battle of Nuuanu). Since 1779 when Captain Cook was deified into an aumakua of the Hawaiian people by their priests, the society has crossed a bridge to the world of European, and later, Asian ideas. Now what has seemed to be an isolated Pacific tradition appears, instead, to trace farther back in time, and around the world, perhaps, into a region beyond Polynesia from which earlier embryonic ideas of the infant cosmos entered into sacred scripture or sacred chanting. We are, apparently, back again where we, through our ancestors, may seem to have been before.

Note on Orthography: The Hawaiian orthography in the chant texts retain the glottal stops () as used in the Martha W. Beckwith translation (1951). Macrons and other glottal stops added in the texts quoted in the interpretive chapters accord with current usage per the most recent edition of the Pukui-Elbert Hawaiian Dictionary [1986]. No macrons are used over vowels in the chant texts with translation. Names in genealogies are sometimes followed by (k) if male (kne) and (w) if female (wahine). Kumulipo lines are referred to as line number prefixed by (K), i.e., K.880. Other standard abbreviations used are: Cf. spp. lit. ibid. cross-reference species literal, literally cited before Cp. intra ed. compare within edited (by)

ix

KUMULIPO KA WA AKAHI 1 O ke au i kahuli wela ka honua O ke au i kahuli lole ka lani O ke au i kukaiaka ka la E hoomalamalama i ka malama FIRST AGE 1 When space turned around the earth heated, When space turned over, the sky reversed, When the sun appeared standing in shadows To cause light to make bright the moon, 5 When the Pleiades are small eyes in the night, From the source in the slime earth formed From the source in the dark, darkness formed From the source in the night, night formed From the depths of darkness, darkness so deep,

O ke au o Makalii ka po O ka walewale hookumu honua ia O ke kumu o ka lipo i lipo ai O ke kumu o ka po i po ai O ka lipolipo o ka lipolipo

10 O ka lipo o ka la O ka lipo o ka po P wale hoi. Hanau ka po Hanau Kumulipo i ka po he kane 15 Hanau Poele i ka po he wahine. Hanau ka Ukukoakoa Hanau kana he Akoakoa, puka Hanau ke Koeenuhe eli hoopuu honua Hanau kana he Koe, puka 20 Hanau ka Pea, Ka Peapea kana keiki, puka Hanau ka Weli, He Weliweli kna keiki, puka Hanau ka Ina ka Ina 25 Hanau kana, he Halula, puka

10 Darkness of day, Darkness of night, Of night alone Did night give birth. Born Kumuliipo In the night, male; 15 Born Pele in the night, female; Born the coral polyp Born of him a coral colony emerged Born the burrowing worm, hilling the soil Born of him a worm emerged 20 Born the starfish The small starfish his child emerged Born the sea cucumber A small sea cucumber his child emerged Born the coral-dwelling sea urchin 25 Born of him a short-spiked sea urchin emerged

26

Hanau ka Hawae O ka Wana-ku kana keiki, puka Hanau ka Haukeuke O ka Uhalula kana keiki, puka

26 Born the smooth-spined sea urchin The sharp-spiked sea urchin his child emerged Born the unspiked sea urchin The thin-spiked sea urchin his child emerged 30 Born the barnacle The reef oyster his child emerged Born the large clam The hinged mollusk his child emerged Born the mussel 35 The hermit crab his child emerged Born the dark-fleshed limpet The limpet his child emerged Born the cowry The small cowry his child emerged 40 Born the naka shell The chama shell his child emerged Born the drupe The bitter drupe his child emerged Born the triton 45 The small triton his child emerged Born the nerita snail The large nerita his child emerged Born the fresh-water snail The brackish-water snail his child emerged 50 Born male for the narrow, Female for broad waters;

30

Hanau ka Pioe O ka Pipi kana keiki, puka Hanau ka Papaua O ka Olepe kana keiki, puka

Hanau ka Nahawele 35 O ka Unauna kana keiki, puka Hanau ka Makaiauli O ka Opihi kana keiki, puka Hanau ka leho O ka puleholeho kana keiki, puka 40 Hanau ka Naka O ke Kupekala kana keiki, puka Hanau ka Makaloa O ka Pupuawa kana keiki, puka Hanau ka Ole 45 O ka Oleole kana keiki, puka Hanau ka Pipipi O ke Kupee kana keiki, puka Hanau ka W O ke Kiki kana keiki, puka 50 Hanau kane iaWaiolol O ka wahine ia Waiolola

Hanau ka Ekaha noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Ekahakaha noho i uka

Born the coralline seaweed living in the sea Kept by the birds nest fern living on land; It is a night gliding through the passage 55 Of an opening; a stream of water is food for plants, It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter; Male for the narrow, Female for broad waters; Born the akiaki seaweed living in the sea 60 Kept by the manienie shore grass living on land; It is a night gliding through the passage Of an opening; a stream of water is food for plants; It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter; Male for the narrow, 65 Female for broad waters; Born the fragrant red seaweed living in the sea Kept by the succulent mint living on land It is a night gliding through the passage Of an opening; a stream of water is food for plants; 70 It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter Male for the narrow, Female for the broad waters; Born the manauea seaweed living in the sea Kept by the manauea taro living on land 75 It is a night gliding through the passage Of an opening; a stream of water is food for plants; It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter;

He po uhee i ka wawa 55 He nuku, he wai ka ai a ka laau O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka O kane ia Wai olol O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hanau ka Akiaki noho i kai 60 Kiai ia e ka Manienie-akiaki noho i uka He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he wai ka ai a ka laau O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka O kane ia Wai olol 65 O ka wahine ia Wai olola Hanau ka Aala-ula noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Alaala-wai-nui noho i uka He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he wai ka ai a ka laau 70 O ke Akua ke komo aoe komo kanaka O kane ia Wai olol O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hanau ka Manauea noho i kai Kiai ia e ke Kalo-manauea noho i uka 75 He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he wai ka ai a ka laau O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka

O kane ia Waiolol O ka wahine ia Waiolola 80 Hanau ke Koeleele noho i kai Kiai ia e ke ko Punapuna, koeleele noho i uka He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he wai ka ai a ka laau O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka 85 O kane ia Waiolol O ka wahine ia Wai olola Hanau ka Puaki noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Lauaki noho i uka

Male for the narrow, Female for broad waters; 80 Born the keleele seaweed living in the sea Kept by the jointed sugar-cane living on land It is a night gliding through the passage Of an opening; a stream of water is food for plants; It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter; 85 Male for the narrow, Female for broad waters; Born the puaki seaweed living in the sea Kept by the lauaki sugar cane living on land 90 It is a night gliding through the passage Of an opening; a stream of water is food for plants; It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter; Male for the narrow, Female for broad waters; Born the kakalamoa seaweed living in the sea 95 Kept by the moamoa plant living on land It is a night gliding through the passage Of an opening; a stream of water is food for plants; It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter; 100 Male for the narrow, Female for broad waters; Born the kele seaweed living in the sea Kept by the ekele taro living on land;

He po uhee i ka wawa 90 He nuku, he wai ka ai a ka laau O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka O kane ia Wai olol O ka wahine ia Wai olola Hanau ke Kakalamoa noho i kai 95 Kiai ia e ka Moamoa noho i uka He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he wai ka ai a ka laau O ke Akua ke komo aoe komo kanaka

100

O kane ia Waiolol O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hanau ka limu Kele noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Ekele noho i uka

He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he wai ka ai a ka laau 105 O ke Akua ke komo aoe komo kanaka O kane ia Wai olol O ka wahine ia Wai olola Hanau ka limu Kala noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Akala noho i uka 105

It is a night gliding through the passage Of an opening; a stream of water is food for plants It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter Male for the narrow Female for broad waters Born the kala seaweed living in the sea Kept by the akala raspberry living on land

110

He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he wai ka ai a ka laau O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka

110

It is a night gliding through the passage Of an opening; a stream of water is food for plants It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter Male for the narrow Female for broad waters

O kane ia Waiolol O ka wahine ia Waiolola 115 Hanau ka Lpuupuu noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Lipuu noho i uka He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he wai ka ai a ka laau O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka 115

Born the Lipuupuu seaweed living in the sea Kept by the Lipuupuu moss living on land It is a night gliding through the passage Of an opening; a stream of water is food for plants It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter

120

O kane ia Waiolol O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hanau ka Loloa, noho i kai Kiai ia e ke Kalamaloloa, noho i uka He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he wai ka ai a ka laau O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka

120

Male for the narrow Female for broad waters Born the long seaweed living in the sea Kept by the tall ebony living on land It is a night gliding through the passage Of an opening; a stream of water is food for plants It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter

125

125

O kane ia Waiolol O ka wahine ia Wai olola Hanau ka Ne, noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Neneleau noho i uka He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he wai ka ai a ka laau O ke Akua ke komo aoe komo kanaka

Male for the narrow Female for broad waters Born the ne seaweed living in the sea Kept by the sumach tree living on land; It is a night gliding through the passage Of an opening; a stream of water is food for plants It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter; 135 Male for the narrow, Female for the broad waters; Born the hairy seaweed living in the sea Kept by the hairy pandanus vine living on land; It is a night gliding through the passage Of an opening; a stream of water is food for plants; It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter; The male gourd of water, that is the god From whose flow the vines are made vigorous; The plant top sprouts from the earth made flourishing To frame the forest bower in the flow of time, The flow of time gliding through the long night; Filling, filling full, Filling, filling out, Filling, filling up Until the earth is a brace holding firm the sky, When space lifts through time in the night of Kumulipo, It is yet night.

130

130

135

O kane ia Waiolol O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hanau ka Huluwaena, noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Huluhulu ieie noho i uka

140

He po uhee i ka ww He nuku, he wai ka ai a ka lau O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka O O O O ke kane huawai, Akua kena kalina a ka wai i hooulu ai ka huli hookawowo honua paia(a) i ke auau ka manawa

140

145

O hee au loloa ka po O piha, o pihapiha O piha-u, o piha-a O piha-e, o piha-o

145

150

O ke koo honua paa ka lani O lewa ke au, ia Kumulipo ka po Po no.

150

KA WA ELUA Hanau kama a ka Powehiwehi Hooleilei ka lana a ka Pouliuli O Mahiuma, o Maapuia 155 O noho i ka aina o Pohomiluamea Kukala mai ka Haipu-aalamea O naha wilu ke au o Uliuli O hoohewahewa a kumalamala O pohouli a pohoeleele 155

SECOND AGE Born the child of Powehiwehi To grace the stature of Puliuli with a wreath Of Mahiuma, of Maapuia, Living in the land of Pohomiluamea, Proclaiming the fragrant stem of Mea, The split elegance of the branch of Uliuli, Unrecognized and splintered In the night that darkens and blackens; Through seven currents he floats, Born child of the gentle wrasse he swims, The hilu whose tail fin marks The renown of Puliuli; Pwehiwehi shrinks away in respect (from the presence of a chief); Puliuli the male, Puliuli the female. Born the fish, born the porpoise swimming there in the sea, Born the shark, born the goatfish swimming there in the sea, Born the mau, the maumau fish swimming there in the sea, Born the spawn of yellowfin tuna, born the small threadfin swimming there in the sea, Born the nake, born the make fish swimming there in the sea, Born the napa, born the nala fish swimming there in the sea, Born the yellow tang, born the surgeonfish swimming there in the sea, Born the paka, born the papa(a) moray eels swimming there in the sea, Born the porcupine fish, born the pufferfish swimming there in the sea, Born the young of the amberjack, born the young barracuda swimming there in the sea,

160

O na wai ehiku e lana wale Hanau kama a hilu, a holo O ka hilu ia pewa lala kau O kau(l)ana a Pouliuli O kuemiemi a Powehiwehi

160

165

O Pouliuli ke kane O Powehiwehi ka wahine Hanau ka ia, hanau ka Naia i ke kai la holo Hanau ka Mano, hanau ka Moano i ke kai la holo Hanau ka Mau, hanau ka Maumau i ke kai la holo Hanau ka Nana, hanau ka Mana i ke kai la holo Hanau ka Nake, hanau ka Make i ke kai la holo Hanau ka Napa, hanau ka Nala i ke kai la holo Hanau ka Pala, hanau ke Kala i ke kai la holo Hanau ka Paka, hanau ka Papa i ke kai la holo

165

170

170

175

Hanau ke Kalakala, hanau ka Huluhulu i ke kai la holo, Hanau ka Halahala, hanau ka Palapala i ke kai la holo,

175

Hanau ka Pea, hanau ka Lupe i ke kai la holo Hanau ke Ao, hanau ke Awa i ke kai la holo Hanau ke Aku, hanau ke Ahi i ke kai la holo, 180 Hanau ka Opelu, hanau ke Akule i ke kai la holo Hanau ka Amaama, hanau ka Anae i ke kai la holo Hanau ka Ehu, hanau ka Nehu i ke kai la holo Hnau ka Iao, hanau ka Aoao i ke kai la holo Hanau ka Ono, hanau ke Omo i ke kai la holo Hanau ka Pahau, hanau ka Lauhau i ke kai la holo Hanau ka Moi, hanau ka Loiloi i ke kai la holo Hanau ka Mao, hanau ka Maomao i ke kai la holo Hanau ke Kaku, hanau ka Auau i ke kai la holo Hanau ke Kupou, hanau ke Kupoupou i ke kai la holo Hanau ka Weke, hanau ka Lele i ke kai la holo Hanau ka Palani, hanau ka Nukumomi i ke kai la holo Hanau ka Ulua, hanau ka Hahalua i ke kai la holo 180

185

185

190

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Hanau ka Aoaonui, hanau ka Pakuikui i ke kai la holo Hanau ka Maiii, hanau ka Alaihi i ke kai la holo Hanau ka Oo, hanau ka Akilolo i ke kai la holo

Born the stingray, born the manta ray swimming there in the sea, Born the dolphinfish, born the milkfish swimming there in the sea, Born the skipjack tuna, born the yellowfin swimming there in the sea, Born the mackerel scad, born the big-eyed scad swimming there in the sea, Born the young mullet, born the mature mullet swimming there in the sea, Born the ehu fish, born the anchovy swimming there in the sea, Born the silverside, born the damselfish swimming there in the sea, Born the wahoo, born the omo swimming there in the sea, Born the pahau, born the butterfly fish swimming there in the sea, Born the threadfin, born the damselfish swimming there in the sea, Born the mao, born the maomao fish swimming there in the sea, Born the barracuda, born the marlin swimming there in the sea, Born the kupou wrasse, born the kupoupou swimming there in the sea, Born the mullet, born the lele swimming there in the sea, Born the surgeonfish, born the jackfish swimming there in the sea, Born the jack crevally, born the young crevally swimming there in the sea, Born the young damselfish (kupipi), born the Achilles tang swimming there in the sea, Born the young of the surgeonfish, born the squirrelfish swimming there in the sea, Born the Oo fish, born the wrasse swimming there in the sea,

195

195

Hanau ka Nenue, noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Lauhue noho i uka He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he kai ka ai a ka ia 200 O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka O kane ia Waiolol O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hanau ka Pahaha noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Puhala noho i uka 200

Born the rudderfish living in the sea Kept by the gourd-leaf living on land A night gliding through the passage Of an opening; seawater is the food of fish; It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter; Male for the narrow, Female for broad waters; Born the young of the mullet living in the sea Kept by the pandanus tree living on land; 205 A night gliding through the passage Of an opening; seawater is the food of fish; It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter; Male for the narrow, Female for the broad waters; Born the pahau fish living in the sea Kept by the hau-leaf living on land; A night gliding through the passage Of an opening; seawater is the food of fish; It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter; Male for the narrow, Female for the broad waters; Born the octopus living in the sea Kept by the canthium shrub living on land;

205

He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he kai ka ai a ka ia O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka O kane ia Waiolol O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hanau ka Pahau noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Lauhau noho i uka He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he kai ka ai a ka ia O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka

210

210

215

O kane ia Waiolol O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hanau ka Hee noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Walahee noho i uka

215

220

He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he kai ka ai a ka ia O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka O kane ia Waiolol O ka wahine ia Waiolola

220

A night gliding through the passage Of an opening; seawater is the food of fish; It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter; Male for the narrow Female for broad waters;

225

Hanau ka Oopukai noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Oopuwai noho i uka He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he kai ka ai a ka ia O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka O kane ia Waiololi O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hanau ka puhi Kauwila noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Uwila noho i uka He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he kai ka ai a ka ia O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka O kane ia Waiolol O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hanau ka Umaumalei noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Ulei noho i uka

225

Born the oopu living in the sea Kept by the fresh-water goby living on land; A night gliding through the passage Of an opening; seawater is the food of fish; It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter; Male for the narrow, Female for the broad waters; Born the kauila eel living in the sea Kept by the buckthorn living on land A night gliding through the passage Of an opening; seawater is the food of fish, It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter; Male for the narrow, Female for the broad waters; Born the umaumalei surgeonfish living in the sea Kept by the ulei shrub living on land;

230

230

235

235

240

He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he kai ka ai a ka ia O ke Akua ke komo aoe komo kanaka O kane ia Waiolol O ka wahine ia Waiolola

240

A night gliding through the passage Of an opening; seawater is the food of fish; It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter; Male for the narrow, Female for the broad waters; Born the pakuikui surgeonfish living in the sea Kept by the kukui candlenut living on land; A night gliding through the passage Of an opening; seawater is the food of fish; It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter; Male for the narrow, Female for the broad waters;

245

Hanau ka Pakuikui noho i kai Kiai ia e ka laau Kukui noho i uka

245

He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he kai ka ai a ka ia O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka 250 O kane ia Waiolol O ka wahine ia Waiolola 250

10

Hanau ka Laumilo noho i kai Kiai ia e ka (laau) Milo noho i uka

Born the laumilo eel living in the sea Kept by the milo hibiscus living on land. 255 A night gliding through the passage Of an opening; seawater is the food of fish; It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter; Male for the narrow, Female for the broad waters; Born the kupoupou wrasse living in the sea Kept by the kou tree livinig on land; A night gliding through the passage Of an opening; seawater is the food of fish; It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter; Male for the narrow, Female for the broad waters; Born the snake mackerel living in the sea Kept by the yam living on land; A night gliding through the passage Of an opening; seawater is the food of fish; It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter; Male for the narrow, Female for the broad waters; Born the weke mullet living in the sea Kept by the paper mulberry living on land; 275 A night gliding through the passage Of an opening; seawater is the food of fish; It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter; Male for the narrow, Female for the broad waters; Born the Aawa wrasse living in the the sea

255

He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he kai ka ai a ka ia O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka O kane ia Waiolol O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hanau ke Kupoupou noho i kai Kiai ia e ke Kou noho i uka He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he kai ka ai a ka ia O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka

260

260

265

O kane ia Waiololi O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hanau ka Hauliuli noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Uhi noho i uka He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he kai ka ai a ka ia O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka O kane ia Waiololi O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hanau ka Weke noho i kai Kiaiia e ka Wauke noho i uka

265

270

270

275

He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he kai ka ai a ka ia O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka O kane ia Waiolol O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hanau ka Aawa noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Awa noho i uka

280

280

11

280

Hanau ka Aawa noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Awa noho i uka O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka, O kane ia Waiololi, O ka wahine ia Waiolola

Kept by the kava plant living on land It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter; Male for the narrow, Female for the broad waters; 285 Born the lizardfish living in the sea Kept by the mokae sedge living on land; A night gliding through the passage Of an opening; seawater is the food of fish; It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter; Male for the narrow, Female for the broad waters; Born the sperm whale living in the sea Kept by the sandalwood living on land; A night gliding through the passage Of an opening; seawater is the food of fish; It is the god who enters; not as a man does he enter; In the lead the whales proceed, Mingling and submerging beneath the sea; The opule advance in the distance; The deep ocean is filled with them; Like kumimi crabs clustered on the reef, They swallow on the way, Along the path of Kolomio, swiftly darting; Pimoe is found at the bosom of the horizon Of Hikawainui, the strong current, Of Hikawaina, the calm current, Where spire myriad corals From the hollows of blunted reef; The youngest are carried by the the current into darkness Black as night the opaque sea, Coral sea in dark cliffs of Paliuli, Land that slid away from them, Dark shore passing into night-It is yet night.

285

Hanau ka Ulae noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Mokae noho i uka He po uhee i ka wawa He kai ka ai a ka ia O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka, O kane ia Waiololi, O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hanau ka Palaoa noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Aoa noho i uka

290

290

295

He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he kai ka ai a ka ia O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka O ke kaina a palaoa e kai nei E kuwili o haahaa i ka moana O ka opule kai loloa

295

300

Manoa wale ke kai ia lakou O kumimi, o ka lohelohe a paa O kaa monimoni i ke ala O ke ala o Kolomio o miomio i hele ai Loaa Pimoe i ke polikua

300

305

O Hikawainui, o Hikawaina O pulehulehu hakoakoa Ka mene aahu waawaa O holi ka pokii i ke au ia Uliuli Poele wale ka moana powehiwehi He kai koakoa no ka uli o Paliuli O kaha uliuli wale i ka po--la Po no.

305

310

310

12

KA WA EKOLU O kane ia, o ka wahine kela O kane hanau i ke auau poeleele O ka wahine hanau i ke auau pohaha, Hoohaha ke kai, hoohaha ka uka Hoohaha ka wai, hoohaha ka mauna Hoohaha ka po-niuauaeaea Ulu ka haha na lau eiwa Ulu nioniolo ka lau pahiwa O hooulu i ka lau palaialii Hnau o Po-eleele ke kane Noho ia e Pohaha he wahine Hanau ka pua a ka Haha Hanau ka Haha 325 Hanau ka Huhu he makua Puka kana keiki he Huhulele, lele Hnau ka Peelua ka makua Puka kana keiki he Pulelehua, lele 330 Hanau ka Naonao ka makua Puka kana keiki he Pinao, lele Hanau ka Unia ka makua Puka kana keiki he Uhini, lele Hanau ka Naio ka makua Puka kana keiki he Nalo, lele 335 Hanau ka Hualua ka makua Puka kana keiki he Manu, lele Hanau ka Ulili ka makua Puka kana keiki he Klea, lele 340 Hanau ke Ao ka makua Puka kana keiki he Au, lele 340 335 330 325

THIRD AGE Male this, female that, Male born in the time of passing darkness, Female born in the night feeling through, The sea reaching on, spreading apart the upland; Streams coursing, mountains rising In a time of groping for the way through darkness, The obscure uncertain; The reaching stalk grew nine leaves, Grew dark leaves straight upward Like regal ferns unfolding. Born black night the male Espoused by dim night, a female; Born the blossom on the unfolding stem, Born the single stem spiral; Born the woodborer parent, Came his child a flying insect, flew; Born the caterpillar parent; Came his child a butterfly, flew; Born the ant parent; Came his child a dragonfly, flew; Born the cricket parent, Came his child a katydid, flew; Born the larva parent, Came his child a fly, and flew; Born the egg parent Came his child a bird and flew; Born the wandering tattler parent Came his child a plover, flew; Born the shearwater parent Came his child an au bird, flew;

315

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320

320

13

Hanau ka Akekeke ka makua Puka kana keiki he Elepaio, lele Hanau ka Alae ka makua Puka kana keiki ka Apapane, lele 345 Hanau ka Alala ka makua Puka kana keiki he Alawi, lele Hanau ka Eea ka makua Puka kana keiki he Alaiaha, lele 350 Hanau ka Mamo ka makua Puka kana keiki Oo, lele Hanau ka Moho ka makua Puka kana keiki he Moli, lele Hanau ke Kikiki ka makua Puka kana keiki he Ukihi, lele 355 Hanau ke Kioea ka makua Puka kana keiki he Kukuluaeo, lele Hanau ka Iwa ka makua Puka kana keiki he Koae, lele 360 Hnau ke Kala ka makua Puka kana keiki he Kaula, lele Hanau ka Unana ka makua Puka kana keiki he Aukuu, lele O ka lele anei auna O kahakai a lalani O hoonohonoho a paa ka pae Paa ka aina o Kanehunamoku Hanau manu ka aina Hanau manu ke kai Hanau kane ia Waiolol O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hnau ka Lupe noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Lupeakeke noho i uka 360 355 350 345

Born the akekeke parent, Came his child an elepaio, flew; Born the mudhen parent, Came his child the apapane, flew; Born the crow parent, Came his child an alawi bird, flew; Born the eea bird parent, Came his child an alaiaha bird, flew Born the mamo honeycreeper parent Came his child an oo honeyeater. flew; Born the rail parent, Came his child an albatross, flew; Born the creeper parent Came his child an ukihi bird, flew Born the curlew parent, Came his child a stilt and flew; Born the frigate bird parent, Came his child a tropic bird, flew; Born the tern parent, Came his child a kaula bird, flew; Born the Unana parent, Came his child a night heron, flew; They have flown here in flocks, Lining the seashore, Crowding in settlement the beaches, Clutching the land of Knehunamoku; The land gives birth to birds, The sea gives birth to birds. 370 Born male for narrow, Female for wide streams. Born the stingray living in the sea Watched by the storm petrel living

365

365

370

14

He po uhee i ka wawa He hua, he io ka ai a ka manu 375 O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka O kane ia Waiololi O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hnau ka Noio noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Io noho i uka 380 He po uhee i ka wawa He hua, he io ka ai a ka manu O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka O kane ia Waiololi O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hanau ke Kolea-a-moku noho i kai Kiai ia e ke Kolea-lele noho i uka He po uhee i ka wawa He hua, he io ka ai a ka manu O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka O kane ia Waiololi O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hanau ka Hehe noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Nene noho i uka He po uhee i ka wawa He hua, he io ka ai a ka manu O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka O kane ia Waiolol O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hanau ka Aukuu noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Ekupuu noho i uka 400 He po uhee i ka wawa He hua, he io ka ai a ka manu O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka 400 380 375

on land, A night gliding through the passage; Fruit and flesh are food for birds; It is the god who enters; not as a person does he enter; Male for the narrow, Female for wide streams. Born the white-capped noddy living at sea Watched by the hawk living on land A night gliding through the passage; Fruit and flesh are food for birds; It is the god who enters, not as a person does he enter; Male for the narrow, Female for wide streams. Born the glaucous gull living at sea Watched by the migratory plover living on land. A night gliding through the passage; Fruit and flesh are food for birds; It is the god who enters, not as a person does he enter; Male for the narrow, Female for wide streams. Born the Hehe living at sea Watched by the nn goose living on land. A night gliding through the passage; Fruit and flesh are food for birds; It is the god who enters; not as a person does he enter; Male for the narrow, Female for wide streams. Born the black-crowned night heron Watched by the ekupuu living on land. A night gliding through the passage; Fruit and flesh are food for birds; It is the god who enters; not as a person does he enter;

385

385

390

390

395

395

15

O kane ia Waiololi O ka wahine ia Waiolola 405 Hanau ka Noio noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Pueo noho i uka He po uhee i ka wawa He hua, he io ka ai a ka manu O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka 410 O ka leina keia a ka manu o Halulu O Kiwaa, o ka manu kani halau O ka manu lele auna a paa ka la Paa ka honua i na keiki manu a ka Pohaha He au pohaha wale i ka mu-ka 415 O ka haha ape manewanewa O ka holili haape lau manamana O ka manamana o ka hanau po O po wale kela O po wale keia 420 O po wale ke au ia Poeleele O poni wale ke au ia Pohaha, ka po Po no. 420 415 410 405

Male for the narrow, Female for wide streams. Born the white-capped noddy living at sea Watched by the owl living on land. A night gliding through the passage; Fruit and flesh are food for birds; It is the god who enters; not as a person does he enter. This the perch of the bird Halulu, Of Kiwaa, bird crying over the canoe house; The flight of birds shuts out the sun, Fledglings who cover the land with growth bursting from night, A time of yielding to those who sip nectar; The ape taro stalk spirals upward, Thrusting forth tender leaves Branching in the night of birth It is that night still It is this night still It is still night in the time of Poeleele, black night, Purple-black Pohaha, night of groping through; Still night.

16

KA WA EHA E kukulu i ke ahia a laa la O ka ape aumoa ka hiwa uli O hookaha ke kai i ka aina O kolo aku, o kolo mai O hoohua ka ohana o kolo O kolo kua, o kolo alo O pane(e) ke alo, o hoohonua ke kua O ke alo o kuu milimili nanea O paniia, o panopano O kane o ka Popanopano i hanau O Polalowehi ka wahine Hnau kanaka hoolua hua

FOURTH AGE Set up the ohia to be sacred there Black sacredness of the ape taro The flowing sea cuts the shoreline Where they crawl away and crawl here, Family of crawlers increasing their kind, Crawling backward or forward, On their front and on their backs, Bosom of those cherished ones with whom they play, Dark ones, distinctly black Male of the night born in Ppanopano jet black, Female of the night below adorned black Born those who deposit eggs in the earth Increasing four-hundred-fold their young by night Released here, Roll about here, On dunes of sand little ones slide, Children born sons of Ppanopano The night gave birth The night gave birth to the playful The night swelled with big-bellied ones The night gave birth to carapaced turtles The night strove to deliver the hawkbill The night gave birth to the dark-red lobster The night expelled the small red lobster The night gave birth to the lizard at rest The night slithered with the lizard of smooth skin The night gave birth to those that cling The night proclaimed those with rough skin

425

425

430

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435

Hoohua a lau i ka po ae nei Ia nei la hookuukuu Ia nei la hookaakaa Kakaa kamalii hee pueone O kama a ka Popanopano i hnau

435

440

Hanau ka po Hanau ka po ia milinanea Kukaa ka po ia kii nanaa Hanau ka po ia kua nanaka Kulia ka po ia kua neneke

440

445

Hanau ka po ia ka ula makue Kulaa ka po ia ula lii Hanau ka po ia moonanea Kukele ka po ia mooni(a)nia Hanau ka po ia pilipili

445

450

Kukala ka po ia kalakala

450

17

Hanau ka po ia kaukau Kuemi ka po ia palaka Hanau ka po ia ka ihu kunini Kueli ka po ia kupelepele 455 Hanau ka po ia kele Kali ka po ia mehe(u)he(u) Hanau kane ia Waiolol O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hanau ka Honua noho i kai Kiai ia e ke Kuhonua noho i uka He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he lai ka ai a kolo O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka O kane ia Waiolol O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hanau ka Wili noho i kai Kiaiia e ka Wiliwili noho i uka He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he lai ka ai a kolo 470 O ke akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka O kane ia Waiolol O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hanau ka Aio noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Naio noho i uka 475 He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he lai ka ai a kolo O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka O kane ia Waiolol O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hanau ka Okea noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Ahakea noho i uka 475 470 455

The night gave birth to the hesitant; The night shrank with those indifferent; The night gave birth to the sharpnosed; The night dug out the indolent; The night gave birth to muddwellers; The night paused for track leavers. Born male for the narrow Female for wide streams Born the turtle living in the sea Kept by the maile vine living on land It is a night passing through; Quiet the feeding of crawlers; It is the god who enters; not as a person does he enter.

460

460

465

465

Male for the narrow, Female for wide streams. Born the teredo worm living in the sea Kept by the wiliwili tree living on land. It is a night passing through; Quiet the feeding of crawlers; it is the god who enters; not as a person does he enter. Male for the narrow, Female for wide streams. Born the sea worm living in the sea Kept by the wiliwili tree living on land It is a night passing through; Quiet the feeding of crawlers; It is the god who enters; not as a person does he enter. Male for the narrow, Female for wide streams. Born the okea living in the sea Kept by the ahakea tree living

480

480

18

He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he lai ka ai a kolo O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka

on land. It is a night passing through; Quiet the feeding of crawlers; It is the god who enters; not as a person does he enter. 485 Male for the narrow, Female for wide streams. Born the sea urchin living in the sea Kept by the wanawana plant living on land 490 It is a night passing through; Quiet the feeding of crawlers; It is the god who enters; not as a person does he enter. Male for the narrow, Female for wide streams. Born the nene living in the sea Kept by the manene living on land It is a night passing through; Quiet the feeding of crawlers; It is the god who enters; not as a person does he enter. Male for the narrow, Female for wide streams. Born the liko living in the sea Kept by the piko taro living on land. It is a night passing through; Quiet the feeding of crawlers; It is the god who enters; not as a person does he enter. Male for the narrow, Female for wide streams. Born the jellyfish living in the sea Kept by the oheohe tree living on land 510 It is a night passing through; Quiet the feeding of crawlers; It is the god who enters; not as a person does he enter. Male for the narrow, Female for wide streams.

485

O kane ia Waiololi O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hanau ka Wana noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Wanawana noho i uka He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he lai ka ai a kolo O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka O kane ia Waiolol O ka wahine ia Waiolol Hnau ka Nn noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Manene noho i uka He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he lai ka ai a kolo O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka O kane ia Waiolol O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hnau Liko noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Piko noho i uka He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he lai ka ai a kolo O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka O kane ia Waiololi O ka wahine ia Waiolola Hnau ka Opeope noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Oheohe noho i uka

490

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510

He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he lai ka ai a kolo O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka O kane ia Waiololi O ka wahine ia Waiolola

19

515

Hanau ka Nananana noho i kai Kiai ia e ka Nonanona noho i uka He po uhee i ka wawa He nuku, he lai ka ai a kolo O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka

515

Born the sea spider living in the sea Kept by the spider living on land. It is a night passing through; Quiet the feeding of crawlers; It is the god who enters, not as a person does he enter.

520

525

O hulahula wale ka nee [a]na a kolo O ka maewa huelo ka loloa O kukonakona o kukonakona Hele lu wale i kio [a]na O ka lepo hune ka ai, ai--a Ai a kau, ai a mu-a Ka a [a]na a kauwa hewahewa A pilihua wale ka ai [a]na O kele a hana ha-na O hana mai ulu kunewanewa Ke newa nei ka hele O hele i ka aina a Kolo Hanau ka ohana o Kolo i ka po Po no.

520

Dancing the movement of crawlers Swinging the length of the tail, Unfriendly and threatening, Shaking as they settle into mud, Dust of earth the food to eat, To eat and settle, eat in silence, Eating like condemned kauw outcasts, To eat in confusion their meals, To bask in warm mud, Reeling, unsteady, Staggering in the land of Kolo, Born the family of Kolo in the night, Still night.

525

530

530

20

KA WA ELIMA O kuhele ke au ia Kapokanokano 535 O hoomau i ke ahu o Polalouli O ka uli iliuli makamaka hou Iliuli a ka hiwahiwa Polalouli Moe a wahine ia Kapokanokano O ke kanokano o ka ihu nuku eli honua Eeku i ka moku e kupu a puu E hoopalipali (a)na ke kua Hoopalipali ke alo O ke kama a puaa i hanau Hoohale uka i ka nahelehele Hoomaha i ka loiloi o Loiloa O umi he au ka moku O umi he au ka aina Ka aina a Kapokanokano i noho ai Oliuliu ke ala i maawe nei 550 O ka maawe hulu hiwa o ka puaa Hanau ka puaa hiwahiwa i ke au Ke au a Kapokanokano i noho ai Moe a poe ia Polalouli Hanau ka po 550 535

FIFTH AGE Time goes on into night extremely dark Continues into density of dark night below Dark surfaces renew acquaintance again Dark skin of sacred black esteems Polalouli To mate with Kapokanokano in the very dark night Dark black the earth-digging snout Uprooting the district into hills Making cliffs in the back Making cliffs in the front Child of a pig born Creates from the bush a dwelling To repose in the fields of Loiloa Tenfold the yield of the district Tenfold the tribute from the land Land where the Kapokanokano descendants lived A while, through which their tracks made a path, Faint tracks of the elders of the pig; Born the sacred black pig in the time When Kapokanokanos descendants lived, When night reposed in Plalouli The night gave birth. Born the head furrowed, his the strong; Born the head broad, his the proud; Born the shiny-black head, he was sacred black above; Born the white head, that was a foreigner; Born the white faced; he was reserved for breeding; Born the receding forehead, he had sharp bristles; Born the flat-head, of dull disposition his; Born the dark-head, his were dark; Born the defective, his were flawed;

540

540

545

545

555

560

Hanau ke Poowaawaa, he waawaa kona Hanau ke Poopahapaha, he pahapaha laha Hanau ke Poohiwahiwa, he hiwahiwa luna Hanau ke Poohaole, he haole kl Hanau ke Poomahakea, he keakea ka ili Hanau ke Pooapahu, he huluhulu kala Hanau ke Poomeumeu, he meumeu kona Hanau ke Pooauli, he uliuli kona Hanau ka Hewahewa,

555

560

21

565

he hewahewa kona Hanau ka lawalawa, he lawalawa kona Hanau ka Hooipo, he hooipoipo kona Hanau ka Hulu, a he aaia kona Hanau ka Hulupii, he piipii kona Hanau ka Meleoli, he melamela kona Hanau ka Haupa, he haupa nuinui Hanau ka Hilahila, he hilahila kona Hanau ke Kenakena, he kenakena ia Hanau ka Luheluhe, he luheluhe kona Hanau ka Piiawaawa, he awaawa kona Hanau ka Liilii, he liilii kona Hanau ka Makuakua, he kuakua kona Hanau ka Halahala, he lei hala kona Hanau ka Eweewe, he eweewe kona Hanau ka Huelo-maewa, he aewe kona Hanau ka Hululiha, he lihelihe kona Hanau ka Pkaua, he kaua hope kona Hanau ka Meheula, he ulaula ia Hanau ka Puuwelu, he weluwelu kona O kana ia welu kia Laha ai kama o Loiloa O ululoa ka ina o Mohala E kuu mai ana i ka ipu makemake O makemake kini peleleu O mele ke amo a Oma kini A pili ka hanauna a Kapokanokano I ka po nei la-P no.

Born the strong, he had the competent; 565 Born the affectionate, he had the more beloved; Born the hairy, his were vivid; Born the stiff-haired, his the ambitious; Born the melodious voice, his the idle; Born the heavy eater, he had big eaters; Born the shy, his the timid; Born the pessimist, his the nervous; Born the sagging, his the heavy; Born the sour, his the bitter; Born the small, his the tiny; Born the provider, his the dependable; Born the juvenile, a pandanus lei for him; Born the lineal descendant, for him the heirs; Born the end of the tail, of junior rank; Born the lice-infested, his the infected; Born the champion, after him comes war; Born the ruddy, of reddish hair, red one(s) Born the straggler, of him the poor. Scarcely clothed is this one, Who as son of Loiloa extends Productive land into cultivated bloom, Letting into the calabash of want Satisfaction of increasing needs; Ripe yellow the carrying pole of Omas descendants, Generations closely related through Kapokanokano In the night now here-Still night.

570

570

575

575

580

580

585

585

590

590

22

KA WA EONO O kupukupu kahili o Kua-ka-mano O kuku ka mahimahi, o ka pihapiha kapu 595 O ka holo (a)na kuwaluwalu ka linalina Holi (a)na, hoomaka, hoomakamaka ka ai Ka ai ana ka piipii wai Ka ai ana ka piipii kai 600 Ka henehene a lualua Noho poopoo ka iole makua Noho pupii ka iole liilii O ka hulu ai malama Uku lii o ka aina Uku lii o ka wai 605 O mehe(u) ka akiaki a nei(a) haula O lihilihi kuku O peepee a uma He iole ko uka, he iole ko kai He iole holo i ka uaua 610 Hanau laua a ka Pohiolo Hanau laua a ka Poneeaku He nenee ka holo a ka iole uku He mahimahi ka lele a ka iole uku 615 He lalama i ka iliili Ka iliili hua ohia, hua ole o ka uka He pepe kama a ka po hiolo i hanau He lele kama a laua o ka po nee aku O kama a uli a kama i ka po nei la Po no. 615 610 605 600 595

SIXTH AGE Countless generations grew up as kinsmen Organized in farming, the quantity of law Running eight eight-fold the assessment, Requesting that taxing of the yield begin; Eating the gain from wetland cultivation, Eating the gain from salt pond aquaculture; On slopes and in hollow places The rat parent lives in furrows Where little mice crowd together; Caretakers of seasons by moonlight; Small levies on land use, Small levies on water use, Bite marks left by brown creatures, Whiskered ones Crouched on their chests; A rat for the upland, a rat for the shore, A determined rat running tough. They two born in night declining; They two born in night moving away; Swift the running of a small rat, Dolphin-like leap the jump of a small rat To thieve at the rind, Mountain apple rind, the tree left bare; The spoil of children born in nights decline, A child of theirs leaping in the night departing, Children of darkness and children of night now here-Still night.

23

KA WA EHIKU 620 O kau ke anoano iau kualono He ano no ka po hanee aku He ano no ka po hanee mai He ano no ka po pihapiha He ano no ka haihai 620

SEVENTH AGE Awe comes over me on the mountaintop Awe of the night moving away from me Awe of the night moving toward me Awe of the night completed Awe of the breaking apart Dread of the oracle tower and sacrifice Dread of the offering and imperfect remains Dread of the night departing Terrified of night returning Dog child revered by night receding Dog child of the night returning A reddish-brown dog, a short-legged dog A hairless dog for the service A dog sacrifice for underground fires, An animal to offer up in prayer; Pity him in the cold, with no body hair, Pity him in the heat, with no covering, Going alone on the moonlit path Among the youth who by night vanished From the tangle to the clearing From the stinging and the rustling Of the piercing wind his companion A younger brother of obedient ones; Descending came down crossing branches Came forth branches covered with down Came forth subdividing branches Came forth spreading branches growing out; Came forth the sleek bat Came forth the fuzzy bat Came forth the winged bat Came forth the bat moving furtively away As the night labored to give birth; Only the night.

625

He He He He He

weliweli ka nuu a hoomoali weliweli ka ai a kee koe koena weliweli a ka po hanee aku iliilihia na ka po hee mai ili(hia) ilio kama a ka po h(an)ee aku

625

630

He ilio kama a ka po hee mai He ilio ii, he ilio aa He ilio olohe na ka lohelohe He ilio alana na ka aalua He manu ke hai o Pulepule

630

635

O mihi i ka anuanu, huluhulu ole O mihi i ka welawela i ke aahu ole Hele wale i ke ala o Malama Kanahai a ka p i na kama

635

640

Mai ka uluulu a ka welewele--a Mai ka nahu (a)na a ka nenehe O Hula ka makani kona hoa O ke kaikaina muli o ka Lohelohe no Puka ka peapea lohelohe Puka ka peapea huluhulu Puka ka peapea manamana Puka ka peapea hanee aku A ka po heenalu mai i hanau Po no.

640

645

645

24

KA WA EWALU A kama auli(i), auli)i) anei 650 O kama i ke au o ka po kinikini O kama i ke au o ka po heenalu mamao Hanau kanaka o mehelau 650

EIGHTH AGE From embryo the infant child has formed until now, A child in the time forty-thousand times forty-thousand fold night(s) ago, The child in the time of night that passed afar, Mankind born by generations; Born men for the narrow, Women for the broad course; 655 Born (in) the gods night, Mankind to stand up Mankind to lie down, Lying down together in the night long ago; Grey-haired the men who led them here, Reddish the forehead of the god, Darkened that of the man, Bearded white the chin; Calm the time of night fortythousand times forty thousand nights ago, Serenely calm the night that passed afar Was Lailai then called; Born Lailai a woman; Born Kii a man; Born Kne a god; Born Kanaloa, the octopus (god), Through the striking heat of Daylight. Born the storms In the season of Moanaliha, When Kawaomaukele came after them, 675 (And) Ku-polo-liili-mua-o-loi-po following him, A man whose long life produced many chiefly descendants, Many generations in the night, Many who were born as native sons who settled and stayed, Born of woman

Hanau kanaka ia Waiolol O ka wahine ia Waiolola 655 Hanau ka po akua O kanaka i kukuku O kanaka i momoe Momoe laua i ka po mamao

660

Ahinahina wale kanaka e kakai nei Haulaula wale ka lae o ke akua Haeleele ko ke kanaka Hakeakea wale ka auwae Hoomalina ke au ia ka po kinikini Hoolailai mehe ka po heenalu mamao I kapaia Lailai ilaila Hanau Lailai he wahine Hanau Kii he kane Hanau Kane he akua Hanau o Kanaloa, O ka hee hau na wela ia Ao Hanau ka pahu O Moanaliha Kawaomaaukele ko laua hope mai

660

665

665

670

670

675

Ku-polo-liili-alii-mua-o-loi-po kona muli O ke kanaka ola loa o lau a lau alii O kupo, o kupo O kupa, o kupa, kupakupa, ku--pa O kupa kupa, kekee ka noho a ka wahine

25

680

O Lailai wahine o ka po hee[nalu] mamao O Lailai wahine [o] ka po kinikini Noho i kanaka o ka po kinikini Hanau o Hahapoele he wahine Hanau o Hapopo he wahine Hanau o Maila i kapa o Lopalapala O Olohe kekahi inoa Noho i ka aina o Lua Kapa ai ia wahi o Olohelohe Lua Olohelohe kane hana i ke ao Olohelohe ka wahine hanau i ke au Noho mai la ia kane Hanau Laiolo ia kane Hanau Kapopo he wahine Hanau Poele-i, hanau Po-ele-a Ko laua hope mai o Wehiloa Na lakou nei i hanau mai Ka kikiki, ka makakaka Ku nuu muiona ka muimui ana O kanaka lele wale, o kanaka nei la Ua a--o--.

680

685

685

690

690

Lailai, woman of the distant night in ages past, Lailai, woman who lived many nights ages ago, Lived with men in the nights past, When Hapoele was born, female, Hapopo was born, female, Maila, called Lopalapala, was born, Olohe (was) another name for her When she lived in the land of Lua, That place called Olohelohe Lua, When men were naked as they worked in daylight, Unclothed the women who bore their children in that time When [Lailai] lived with Kane, (And) Laiolo was born to Kane; Born Kapopo, female, Born Poele-i, born Poele-a, (And) after them, Wehiloa, By whom (more) were born, Little squeaking ones, And more weaned to silence, Who became mature men, Adults, human beings, people here now. It was day.

695

695

700

700

26

KA WA EIWA O Lailai, o Olai-k-honua O Wela, o Owe; o owa ka lani Oia wahine piilani a piilani no Piiaoa lani i ka nahelehele

NINTH AGE Lailai serene, Olaikhonua, earth calm, placental bond between man and earth, In searing pain, moaning, the chiefess cries out, This woman of highest rank ascending to heaven, In the forest her agony sounds to the sky, Sounds of chiefly birth issue from the placenta, The child of Kii appears at the center, Comes out uplifted into chiefly rank, Tinged red the foetal codlor signs are set, Set on the forehead short infant hair, Set on the chin a hairy down, The generation of this mysterious woman, The woman of Iliponi, skin purpleblack, in Iipakalani, The nether firestick that fires human passion, This woman who lived in Nuumealani, Land where the chiefly power existed, She stripped the dark leaves of koa, This woman of awesome being, With Kii, then with Kne, With Kne through the immense night, When these generations slept together, That multiplied in the night descendants compatible with each other, That became the senior line Of titled chiefs who lived in Nuumealani, Who were conceived there, born alive on the earth Born Hhpele, female, Born Hapopo, Born Olohelohe after them, On the maternal line of that generation, It was day.

705

Onehenehe lele kulani ka honua O kama hoi a Kii i oili ma ka lolo Puka lele, lele pu i ka lani Kau ka omea ke aka ula haihailona Kau i ka lae, he hua ulu ii Kau i ka auwae, he huluhulu a Ka hanauna a ia wahine hoopahaohao Ka wahine no Iliponi, no loko o Iipakalani No ka aunaki kuku wela ahi kanaka Oia wahine noho i Nuumealani Aina a ka aoa i noho ai I hohole pahiwa ka lau koa He wahine kino pahaohao wale keia Me ia ia Kii, me ia ia Kane Me ia i Kane a ka po kinikini

705

710

710

715

715

720

Moe wale ke au o ia kini He kini ka mamo ka po inaina-u Oia no ke hoi iluna O ka laalaau aoa o Nuumealani noho mai Hookauhua ilaila, hoowa i ka honua Hanau Hahapoele ka wahine Hanau Hapopo ilaila Hanau Olohelohe i muli nei O ka apana hanauna ia wahine la Ua ao--

720

725

725

27

KA WA UMI 730 O Maila, o Lailai ka paia O Kane a Kapokinikini ka pou, o Kii ka mahu Hanau Laioloolo i noho ia Kapapa Hanau Kamahaina he kane Hanau Kamamule he kane O Kamakalua he wahine O Poele e-holo, kama O Poele-a-hole, kama O Wehi-wela-wehi-loa; Hoi hou Lailai noho ia Kane Hanau o Hai he wahine Hanau o Halia he wahine Hanau Hakea he kane Hanau ka muki, muka, mukekeke Muka, kukuku, kunenewa Moku, monu, mumule ana Mumule wale ana Kane i ka mule I mule, i keeo, i ka maua I ka wahine weweli wale Pee e Kane ia e hoohanau kama E hoohanau kama i kana keiki Hoole ka lani ia ia muli wale Haawi i ka ape kapu ia Kii E Kii no ke moe ia ia Haili Kane i ka mua, heleu wale 730

TENTH AGE O Maila, called Lailai, the calm side (of the house), O Kane, pillar of Kapokinikini, Kii the one undisturbed, Born Laioloolo who lived in Kapapa Born Kamahaina, male, Born Kamamule, male, Kamakalua, female, PoeleI, miscarried, child, Poelea, miscarried, child, Wehi-wela-wehi-loa; Lailai went back to live with Kane, Born Hai, female, Born Halia, female, Born Hakea, male, Born those fed at the breast, Smacking, sputtering, unsteady ones Held up, sulking, speechless ones, Kane speechless kept silence, Quiet about defeat of his succession, Because his were only female issue, No males having been born to him, That descendants born to his children Would be denied seniority after him; (She) had given the sacred ape to Kii, It was Kii who had slept with her; Kane cursed that the first of his loins, Cursed that Kiis by Lailai had cast them behind, They had flung this injury like stones at Kane, When drumbeats had announced the message That gave signal his was the junior succession, Kane was angry that his were later On the lineage of those to succeed him As chiefs of the first-born son, The first-born son of Lailai was first by Kii, The son of theirs born chief then, Came forth.

735

735

740

740

745

745

750

750

755

Haili o Kii o Lailai i ka muli lae punia Pehi i ka pohaku hailuku ia Kane O kani ka pahu ke wawa nei ka leo O kau hoailona ia, ka ka muli Huhu lili Kane moe muli ia mai la

755

760

O ka ewe o kana muli i muli ai Haku ai kama hanau mua Imua ia Lailai, imua ia Kii Ka laua kama hanau lani la Puka--

760

28

Interpretation 1. Structure 2. Style 3. Theme (Levels of meaning) (a) Birth of the Cosmos (b) Birth of the Chief 1. Structure

Each of the w separate into categories the living beings in the world as though attempting to classify them into groups of related forms. The emergence is through birth (hnau), one identified creature or being giving birth to another which is nearly but not exactly like it. In this context emergence (hnau, puka) is an evolving of what may be classified into phyla, genera and species, as in our present system of taxonomy, by selecting characteristics based upon likeness of structure, shape, and needs. As each new form of life appears, it seems to be more complex than its predecessor. The effort to classify and to relate emerging forms into recognized groupings through some common aspect, whether of shape, color, or other unique quality that is an advantage, such as flying (rather than walking), respiring in water rather than in air, is a kind of taxonomy. The structure of the w of the P through the first four w, when the night is giving birth, is in four parts: (1) An introduction (prologue) to the w, in which the cosmic parents, male and female, are named; (2) A series of births, relating genera and species; (3) A refrain (puana) in which more births occur but in which there is also a linking of life in the sea (kai) with another form of life on land (uka) which guards (kiai) it. The land form, in a sense, watches over the other in the sea, suggesting a relationship perhaps due to seasons, periods of gestation (as in fish) and flowering of plants, that when one is in bloom the other may be spawning. (4) A closing statement (epilogue) that interrupts time and the progression of births and by summarizing the narrative in preparation for the next w.

The Kumulipo has sixteen cantos, seven for the night (P), which is a time for beginnings of parts of the larger world: (a) space (b) time (c) earth (d) sky au au honua lani

and nine for the day (Ao), the world of light. or of the history of mankind. Each canto (w) is a length or span of time, a limited segment of the larger abstract of time (manawa). Each w is also a sounding, as from an open mouth, in shouting (w, uw) when one takes his first breath of life. To cry, uw, is probably derived from uw, as is uw, and uw, emphasis changing due to the prevailing vowel sound, (back) and fronting of that sound forward, to , , . The sounds of an infant are uw when taking its first breath, uw when crying for attention, uw when in pain, and uw when calling ones name and expecting a response throughout life. These vowels are open, unobstructed, unconstricted by consonants, as of the open throat and voice, as of life. At death the mouth closes. The sixteen cantos separate night (p) from day (ao). Ao (daylight) means world, as of daily life in the sunlit world , the natural and social environment.

29

The refrain repeats lines which pertain to the feeding and respiring requirements of the prevailing categories of life forms separated by the w. For that reason the puana of the first four w cantos differentiates those elements which are fundamentally necessary to sustain life as changes of form or environment evolve, for example, which must respire in salt and fresh water (Cantos 1 and 2), air (Canto 3) or in air and water (Canto 4). The puana refrain is repeated except for one line that makes the differentiation by singling out the medium in which food is ingested or shifting the habitat required for respiration and food intake and characterizes the limiting factors that separate one category from another in the time frame in which those limitations occur: Canto 1: He nuku, he wai ka a i a ka l a a u , water is the food of plants; Canto 2: He nuku, he k a i ka a i a ka i a , sea (salt) water is the food of fish; Canto 3: He h u a , h e i o ka ai a ka m a n u , fruit(s)/seed(s), flesh are the food of bird(s); Canto 4: He nuku, h e l a i ka ai a k o l o , (green) leaves are the food of crawlers (insects, lizards, etc.). The puana is otherwise consistently repetitive as it states the basic theme of generation: O kne i Waiolol O ka wahine i Waiolol Male for the narrow waters Female for the broad waters He p uhee i ka ww He nuku, he wai ka ai a ka lau [or substitution per canto]

O ke Akua ke komo, aoe komo kanaka It is a night gliding through the passage Of an opening; a stream ofwater is food for plants; It is the god who enters, not as a man does he enter. The word god, akua, becomes important in the puana in that god (akua) enters, comes into (komo) the world which is forming. The akua comes into the forms as the element in which they respire and also in the body form into which they are born and emerge, with one limitation, that the akua is not entering into elemental living form as a human being. That will not happen until the eighth w when man is born with the gods in the period of light (Ao). A pairing of certain opposites is consistent with the idea that the universe is dichotomous, a duality of maleness (kne) and femaleness (wahine). The dichotomy should not be thought of as that which pits man (kne) against woman (wahine). Mankind has not yet entered (aoe komo kanaka). Gender differentiation is not limited to sexuality, to procreation, but to those elements that as yet have no body but operate in nature by creating a balance of extremes in color, temperature, texture, position, shape, manner and sex. While such extremes may exist in the natural order, they are also limited, as in the nature of the objective world itself, and also as a result of perception, presupposing the presence of a silent observer. It is your own infant being that once was not awake. You are the watcher, and you are seeing yourself emerge as the deity (akua) emerges. Consciousness reaches back through time as you reach back to the time when your memory was elsewhere, in your parents and theirs, as it has been

30

developing from the beginning of time. You have entered into the world as all others before you entered, but in another sense you have always been there, at one time yet unborn. Perception is inherent in how we react with our senses, and their inherent limitations, i.e., what is hot is not cold, what is liquid is not solid, what is wet is not dry, what is living not dead, what is male not female, etc. We know what is by what something is not, by antithesis, by seeing differences in sets of opposites: Male sky sun light air right up east north odd life seaward upright male narrow hot fire etc. Female earth moon dark solid left down west south even death landward lying down female broad cold water

ahupuaa [Canto 6]; (3) dog = companion, as of a man going into the next world; a spiritual companion; bat = forest-dwelling, represents the god of birth, affording security [Chant 7]. [Note: the bat (pea, peapea) appears in this chant as an observer]; (4) man = intelligent being [Chant 8, daylight (Ao), having naau ao (daylightintestines, an inner light), with several gods (akua).

2.

Style:

Parallelism and repetition.

O k e a u i k a h u l i , wela ka honua O k e a u i k a h u l i , lole ka lani (a) Antithesis (vertical), pairing of opposites: O ke au i kahulli, wela ka h o n u a O ke au i kahuli, lole ka l a n i O ka lipo o ka l O ka lipo o ka p honua - earth lani - sky l = day p = night (b) Assonance (repetition of vowels): O ka lipolipo, o ka lipolipo O ka lipo o ka l O ka lipo o ka p O piha, o pihapiha O piha-u, o piha-a O piha-e, o piha-o

The fifth, sixth, and seventh cantos do not have this puana. They are a single narrative throughout. with emphasis on one animal per canto: i.e. pig (Canto 5); rat (Canto 6); dog (Canto 7). (1) pig = night digger, i.e., farmer, the first tiller of the soil, introducing cultivation of raw land, irrigation in the loi taro fields, animal husbandry [Canto 5]; (2) rat = nibbler, as of fruits on trees, without eating the whole of a single fruit, but small bites out of many on a tree; i.e., the konohiki land managers who levied taxes on the provender of the

31

3.

Theme (Levels of Meaning): Structure of Time and Space.

This matter, theme, focuses on the subject of the beginning of the universe. There are key words in the prologue for this level of meaning which specifically pertain to how the creation begins in spontaneous generation. There is a given, a combined existence of both space and time (au). On another level of meaning this is the stem (au) of a lineage, as in genealogy, when the element of human birth is considered, and linear time creates the history of ancestors [Cantos 8 through 16]. On the cosmic level, au is a current or flow, an eddy; a passing of, or movement, a stirring of an otherwise motionless state. The direction of motion is over and under, k + h u l i (causative + verb), On another level of meaning it is to turn over the soil and to plant, as the taro top (huli). Motion in space and time effects the heating up of earth (wela ka honua). How is such motion visible? It is seen in the night sky as a reversal or inside-out change (lole). But what is changing, what is reversing, turning inside out (lole)? The sun, moon, and stars move, and the combined movement appears as though the whole sky moves over and under. Light brightens (hoomalamalama) the moon (malama), and it is coming from the sun (l): O ke au i kukaiaka ka l E hoomalamalama i ka malama At the time when the sun (l) stood shadowed (kkaiaka), from k, stand, kai to lead (as in a procession,

following), aka shadow, to actively cause (hoo-) light (-malamalama) to brighten (hoo-malamalama) the moon is a statement in whichmoon is the direct object of the verb hoomalamalama, and the verb is prefixed by a causative (hoo-), i.e., the sun caused light on the moon. To sun and moon is added the season of Makalii (ke au o Makalii), introducing the concept of a cycle (au) of time associated with a specific cluster of stars, the Pleiades (Makalii): O ke au o Makalii ka p The season (au) of Makalii is when the cluster of the Pleiades is visible on the eastern horizon in the evening (after sunset) in early November until they reach maximum height at midnight, about November 17th-18th and transit the zenith . Afterwards they decline until visible on the western horizon before morning sunrise, then go out of sight until seen again on the eastern horizon before sunrise, about AprilMay. A table worked out for the cycle of the Pleiades has been done for Latitude 21 degrees north (about the latitude of Molokai and Oahu, between 21 and 22 degrees north) by Johanna Broda l1981: 98]. (The dates at the top are for 1500 A.D. and in parentheses for 1980. The dates have an approximate validity). 26 April-29 May (3 May- 4 June) Period of Invisibility The Pleiades are not visible. During this period, the first passage of the sun through the zenith occurs at Tenochtitlan [21 degrees north, Molokai] (17 May).

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29 May (4 June) Heliacal rising (dawn) (The Pleiades rise in the east at dawn, before sunrise, in parallel with the sun) This is the first day on which the Pleiades rise in the east before dawn. From this date on they rise earlier than the sun each day until November. During this period they are, at first, seen only at dawn; progressively, they can be seen during a longer span of night until dawn. 1 November (7 November) Heliacal setting (dawn) (The Pleiades set in the west before dawn and rise after sunset in the east, contrary to the sun) The Pleiades appear after sunset in the east. Between 1 and 18 November they can be seen from sunset (rising in the east) to sunrise (setting in the west), i.e., during this period they are visible throughout the night.. (22 November) Zenith at midnight The Pleiades pass the zenith at midnight. This date coincides with the nadir of the sun at Tenochtitlan (six months after 17 May) 18 November (25 November) Heliacal rising (dusk) (The Pleiades rise in the east after sunset and set in the west before dawn, contrary to the sun) The Pleiades begin to set in the west before dawn. From November to January, they are visible from sunset (rising in the east) until sometime before dawn (setting in the west).

26 April (3 May) Heliacal setting (dusk) (The Pleiades set after sunset in the west, in parallel with the sun.) From 18 November until 26 April the Pleiades set earlier each day until, on 26 April, they set in the west before sunset. This means that they disappear from sight for a period of approximately one month, until, on 29 May, they begin to rise again in the east in dawn. The above suggests the approximate situation also for Hawaii at Latitude 21 degrees north, as for Molokai, where the calendar collected by missionaries in the 19th century noted the month of Makalii (Pleiades) was April-May. If on Molokai the Pleiades had set the calendar for the year (makahiki) to begin in April-May (Makalii), then the officiating kahuna of that island had been following a practice of beginning the year by the heliacal risings of the Pleiades on the east before sunrise. The calendar has apparently on Molokai been appropriately adjusted for the Pleiades a month later, (April-May) after the vernal equinox (March 20-22). It may not mean that the kahuna knew the precession of the equinoxes, but it does suggest that he, or his ancestors had at one time known the rate of change and when necessary to apply correction. If the calendar was also set when the sun had entered the vernal equinox when the season of Makalii was March 20th - April, rather than April 20th to May, it means that several generations of kahunas must have preserved knowledge of the rate of change over a period of 2,160 years while advancing the months later and later in order to keep pace with the precession. Allowing 25 years to a generation, it would have required about 86

33

generations to maintain the record. If on Molokai the kahuna knew that the Pleiades had been (at one time) on the eastern horizon in March-April at the vernal equinox, the active period when the sun moved into Aries at the vernal equinox began about 1800 B.C. and lasted until about 1 A.D. Because the Pleiades, however, were close to the hind part of the constellation of the Ram, the April-May Pleiades month continued through to about the fourth century A.D. after which it was probably moved to May-June. We know from the history of astronomy and astrology recorded in the annals of India, Babylonia, and Egypt that constellations in the tropics through which the sun moves during the ecliptic, annually, precess, move in a regressing circle of time. The zodiac, as it is called, developed beyond the Pacific, in the region of the Indian Ocean and continental expanse between India, the Persian Gulf and Euphrates River into Africa and Egypt before spreading into Greece and Rome. Another zodiac developed in the north, Tibet and China, and still another in Central America. There is no zodiac in Polynesia, but there are other traditions that indicate a knowledge of the ecliptic and, probably, the shape of the suns analemma as a track of the cosmic spider coursing north and south called ke ala a ke kuukuu, an analogy for the suns motion between the solstices and equinoxes. It spins a web as a grid across the sky in which the stars also course. Strangely enough, a much older and identical parallel to that analog existed in India with a date for the tradition set in the verses of the Rig Veda to 3517 B.C. [Sengupta, P.C in Johnson, R. K, Kumulipo, 1981: 41]. Ordaining the days and nights, Like a cunning spider,

For six months south constantly, For six north the sun goeth [Kausitaki Brahmana, xix, 3; Rg Veda Brahmanas] The analog is not only present in the formal Rig Veda but also in the folktales of various tribes in India indicating a very old tradition in wide circulation: Long ago, when the earth was covered with water, Rumrok hung a boar in a spiders web up in the sky [Orissa tale]. Where were Polynesian priests in 3517 B.C.? Polynesian occupation of nuclear West Polynesia is dated by La Pita pottery to about 1100 B.C. in Tonga although occupation dates there may be earlier. A carbon date for the occupation of Samoa is about 1500 B.C. The Malayo-Polynesian tanged adz appeared about 3000 B.C. on the coast of South China as far north as the Yellow River. The genetic DNA of Indonesian races in Madagascar has been traced to South Borneo. Petroglyphs of a peculiar back-to-back squatting figure have been dated at a stratigraphic level of 6000 B.C. in Indonesia and Melanesia that do not appear in Polynesia until Hawaii in the fourth century and Easter Island in the seventh century A.D. How persistent is human memory that something so minute as a petroglyph is executed in the same detail over a time period of nearly 7,000 years and over an area of nearly 5,000 miles of the Pacific Ocean? As recently as a week ago it was announced that bone material excavated in Brazil has been dated to about 11,500 years ago [ca. 9,500 B.C.] and assigned to origins in the South Pacific. Brazil is on the Atlantic Ocean, indicating that the route of migration was around the Cape of Good Hope to South America. [See Honolulu

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Advertiser, May 22, 1998, Page A3, Fossil Rewrites American Archaeology]: The discovery in southeastern Brazil of an 11,500-year-old skull--the oldest in the new world--may help to rewrite the theory of how the Americas came to be settled. A scientist studying Luzia, as the fossil is called, says his findings dont fit the old idea that the first Americans crossed the Bering land bridge in a single massive migration between 11,000 and 10,000 years ago. Researchers on separate projects have been coming to similar conclusions. Luzia apparently came from the South Pacific...This is the first known American, [Walter Neves]. In 1995 Neves began to compare Luzia with modern humans. He found that Luzias skull and teeth had characteristics similar to people of the South Pacific...That strengthened his belief that Pacific tribes reached the Americas before the Mongoloids, who arrive 8,000 to 9,000 years ago...Neves theories jibe with the findings of U.S. anthropologists Joseph Powell and Erik Ozolins, who tested samples from North and South America. To that we add our observation that there is no land bridge between the South Pacific and Brazil for any South Pacific people moving around Africa and Antarctica 11,500 years ago, and what navigational strategies would have been needed to make landfall between the South Pacific and the east coast of Brazil is not difficult when the mass on which to beach the canoe is a continent all the way from north to south. Let us return, however, to the conservative view that Polynesians invented everything all by themselves in the middle of the Pacific from about 1500 B.C. and that their ancestors developed their navigation and calendrical systems in situ entirely there.

Then there is sufficient time between 1500 B.C. and 1500 A.D. to observe the rate at which stars along the horizon shift their azimuths over 3,000 years, and that the month in which the sun had been rising when a constellation or star was just going out of sight before dawn light at the vernal equinox was at another azimuth consistent with a shift in the precession time of a month away. If that was done, then, the span of that distance of movement along the horizon would have been measureable. If this is how the precession was discovered or known to Polynesians, then no contact with any other people and no system of keeping a record over 2,000 years would have been necessary to make accurate adjustments at certain times. It takes about 500 years for the shift to be noticeable. While doing archaeoastronomic guesswork on Kahoolawe and asking astronomers to bring up the data on more precise instruments in Kilolani Planetarium, it was accurately determined from the computerized Voyager program that the following would have been true for a 500year rate of shifting in azimuth of zenith stars, as noted for the latitude of Kahoolawe [20 degrees 34 minutes north latitude]: Zenith Stars for Hawaii (1) 2000 years ago [ 8 A.D. ] Regulus Alpha Leonis - Magnitude [Mag.] 1.45; Tejat Posterior - Mu Geminorum - Mag. 2.89. (2) 1500 years ago [ 492 A.D.] Scheat, Beta Pegasi - Magnitude 2.42; Alpheratz, Alpha Andromeda, Mag 2.06. (3) 1000 years ago [ 992 A.D.] Denebola, Beta Leonis - Mag. 2 13 P l e i a d e s .

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(4) 500 years ago [ 1492 A.D.] Arcturus, Alpha Bootes - Mag -.04; Hamal, Alpha Arietis - Mag. 2.01. (5) Now [ 1992 A.D. ] Zosma, Delta Leonis Mag. 2.56; Sharatan, Beta Arietis Mag. 2.63. [Peter Michaud, December 29, 1992 in Johnson, Rubellite K., 1992 (Kahoolawe)]. The apparent fixing of the calendar year to April as Makalii on Molokai when missionaries began noting various island calendars in the early 19th century represents a vestige of Polynesian tradition carried out locally of noting horizon positions of rising stars, sun, and moon, the movement of the sun between the solstices and its position at the equinoxes, and the rate at which these changed over long periods of time. It could have been done after the Hawaiians arrived here about the fourth century A.D., but given the fact that their navigational system came from the experienced and practiced wayfinding art that began at least by 3000 B.C. by which West Polynesia was settled by 1500 B.C. would mean their methods of observation were not without precedent elsewhere. Anthropologists found that Polynesians of Futuna in West Polynesia named the month of May-June for Matariki (Pleiades). This is evidence for the antiquity of a tradition that must have existed in West Polynesia for noting heliacal risings of the Pleiades, presupposing that at one time it had been April-May and March-April between 3000 B.C. (March) and 1800 B.C. But we must deal with realities about the formation of Polynesian culture in Polynesia. The Polynesian people were not in West Polynesia in 3000 B.C. They may have settled there by 1800 B.C., but dates established by archaeological findings place them there in 1500 B.C. If Polynesians brought the Pleiades agricultural calendar with them, then their ancestors had had it, but not as Polynesians. They came from

another place, perhaps several places, along the Indo-Pacific migration routes where their ancestors were quite likely a mixture of South Asians, Southeast Asians, and Malays. The calendrical computations which were made by Polynesians had antecedent practices in India, Babylonia, and Egypt: (1) the precession of equinoxes; (2) setting the beginning of the year to the vernal equinox (March-April); (3) setting the beginning of the agricultural year to the autumn equinox (September- October); (4) locating the azimuths of the suns rising and setting points along the eastern and western horizon; (5) fixing the solstitial azimuths of the suns risings and settings at the extremes of the suns northerly and southerly stops, so as to mark the tropics; (6) determining the nadir of the sun and zenith passage of the Pleiades per latitude in the tropics, and (7) determining the zenith passage of the sun contrary to the Pleiades at nadir. It may be inferred that the ecliptic and precession of equinoxes were thus known to the Polynesians before European contact. The longevity and greater age of these traditions and observations in the Indo-Meditteranean since 3517 B.C. allow greater likelihood that the ancestors of Polynesians brought the system in use into the Pacific with them. The zenith passage of the Pleiades was an observation aligned to the position of Thuban (alpha Draconis) encoded into the alignment of the Great Pyramid of

36

Cheops four thousand years ago for the exact latitude of Giza in 2170 B.C.: ...Astronomer royal of Scotland C. Piazzi Smyth was able to estimate, for example, that the then pole star, alpha Draconis [Thuban] was in alignment with the Descending Passage of the Great Pyramid at the meridian below the pole in 2170 B.C. when another very important group of stars would have been crossing the meridian above the pole: the Pleiades. In other words, when alpha Draconis was visible down the Descending Passage, the Pleiades would have been crossing the meridian in the vertical plane of the Grand Gallery at midnight in the season of the autumn equinox... ...The heliacal orientation of the Pleiades to the first Babylonian decan and lunar station in the ecliptic, beginning the year at the vernal equinox about March 2021st, means that the Pleiades would have occupied the first position in the calendar between 2000 and 1800 B.C. About 1800 B.C. the vernal equinoctial position was vacated by the Pleiades and assumed by lamba Arietes, whereupon that point, although now actually in Pisces and soon to be in Aquarius, has since been referred to as the First Point in Aries. At the same time the Pleiades were moved to the second month after the vernal equinox, corresponding to April, or the fourth decan position (April 20th) in the Babylonian calendar... [Johnson, Kumulipo, 1981: 23; Tompkins, 1971: 86-89] There is, however, an indigenous feature in calendrical computation that is uniquely Hawaiian. In pre-contact times the Hawaiian calendar (dedicated to Lono-i-kamakahiki, god of time), was set, not to the Pleiades, but rather, to the first new m o o n after the first evening rise of the Pleiades on the eastern horizon, presupposing the zenith passage of the Pleiades about November 17th-18th at the

latitude of Hawaii. That would mean that several cycles of time may be involved: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) solar time, daily solar time, annual lunar time lunar time sidereal time [rotation] [revolution] [synodic] [sidereal]

The adjustment to several cycles of time may be considered necessary to an understanding of the time frame in which the prologue of the Kumulipo sets the framework for all time (ke auau ka manawa) into the first five lines of the prologue. Insofar as the Pleiades is situated in the prologue, its appearance on the eastern horizon was used generally to fix the beginning of Hawaiian calendars operating on each island between autumn equinox and winter solstice. They are not uniformly identical, although most probably on every island the makahiki festival took place about the same time in November. But why is the festival of first fruits set in November? There is no frozen winter, and harvest time is variable. Even harvesting of a taro crop is not seasonally determined. A crop may be harvested earlier or later than the full term of maturity. The season of harvest being thus variable, why is it necessary to declare November as traditional harvest time? Were the ancestors of Polynesians at one time living in a place where it was necessary to harvest before winter began? Did some of them once live farther north where winters are cold, and the crop had to be stored before the frost? The season of Makalii, when the Pleiades are on the eastern horizon, is also

37

the beginning of the agricultural year set aside to Lono-i-ka-makahiki, god of annual time. It is also significant that Lono is the star Sirius, and Sirius is the zenith star for Tahiti at a parallel of latitude between19 and 20 degrees south. Sirius is also zenith star for Fiji [Viti Levu]. The zenith passage of Sirius was as significant to those ancestors of the Hawaiian people as the zenith passage of the Pleiades would have been at 20 degrees north latitude, in 992 A.D. Gender in Space Hnau Kumulipo i ka p he kne Hnau Pele i ka p he wahine The first two creatures of cosmic birth have no bodies, shape, or concrete form. They are maleness and femaleness, abstractions of darkness developing from light-darkness (Kumulipo) and darkdarkness (Pele). They anticipate Sky-Father (Wakea) and Earth-Mother (Papa), the primal pair of world cosmogonies in which sky mates with earth. Sexual differentiation is a process observed in biology rather than in space or time. We may notice forms in nature that are trying to become something else from what normally has been, trying to metamorphose or bifurcate. Some seaweeds are plants becoming animals, like coralline algae, or vice versa. Ferns go through a metamorphosis, too, between gametophyte and sporophyte generations. We may see animals that during their lifetime change from male to female, as wrasse fishes do. When they are young they are male and fertilize female wrasses, then when they are older they become female and in turn produce eggs to be fertilized by younger males. They are not true hermaphrodites, like worms, having both male and female sexual parts. Flowering plants are also bisexual, with

male and female parts in one flower. Then there are lauhala trees that are unisexual, one male (hinano) with flowers and another, female, with fruits. We may ask a question. When and where does the potential for sexual differentiation exist? Certain forms of life do not require sexual reproduction. They are of neither sex and reproduce themselves by fissure, by cell division. The new creature is exactly like its predecessor. The process becomes multiplication of one into many like individuals. They remain very simple, and they replicate asexually. . Being and becoming with unending repetition does not appear, however, to have fostered the development of separate individuals as knowing beings. Had the creation stabilized with life forms never advancing beyond the level of the amoeba, human or animal intelligence would have been non-existent. It may seem ridiculous to posit that intelligence in the universe has elemental form, unseen form existing as a kind of silent awareness somewhere. When did the one become more than one and at what stage of the cosmic process? It divided the darkness between darkness in relation to sight and darkness in relation to time: Hnau Kumulipo i ka p he kne Hnau Pele i ka p he wahine The source (kumu) of darkness is identified as male. The darkness of night as a period of passing time is female. God (akua) does not enter until this stage has been reached and reechoed in the theme lines of the refrain: O kne i Waiolol O ka wahine i Waiolol.

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The rudiments of perception, as it were, precede the entering (komo) of god (akua). Where does perception begin in the Kumulipo? In the opening line: O ke au i khuli w e l a k a h o n u a . The effects of motion (kahuli) are felt before they are seen. Not only heat (wela) is felt, but also pain (wela). How is it felt? By the honua, which is a placenta, as of the earths placenta and the human placenta. When the placenta pains (wela) then the chief (sky) reverses its position to be born. The spasm of pain (wela) when the human infant is near birth reverses the head so that its position is downward in order to be born. What are foetal perceptions of the infant environment in the womb like? They are not part of memory. Of what is the infants memory of time spent in the time of forming? When does his night become daylight? Of himself he is only dimly aware. Is he entirely without the powers of perception? His eyes are unseeing even when he is born into the light, yet all around him is an activity in darkness. Amniotic fluid is moving, warm blood. He comes out of a fluid night into the air to breathe. What knowledge has he of father or mother? Where did his life truly begin? Was it at the moment of human conception, or at the moment when the cosmos set into motion all of the requisite elements that created him? How do we come to know all of this? Where do we begin to know?

Evolution of the species A rudimentary effort to taxonomize genera and species, or at least to show an evolutionary progression from simple to more complex forms of life, seems to be an important consideration in the Kumulipo. It dominates the first four cantos, in which may be seen an attempt to lay a foundation for taxonomy, or classification of species in relation to genera. The Hawaiian poets of the Kumulipo seemed to observe that life had begun near that point where waters of stream and ocean mix, around reefs and mouths of streams flowing into the sea. O ka walewale hookumu honua ia From the source in the slime was the earth formed... Walewale is the slime that comes out of living coral to create the skeletal limestone body in which the polyps live: Hnau ka Ukukoakoa Hnau kna he Akoakoa, puka... Born the coral polyp Born of him a coral colony emerged Walewale is also amniotic fluid, as of the human placenta (honua). The order of births (hnau, puka) produces a general category of classification per canto (w) or period of time: (1) Canto 1 - Marine Invertebrates Seaweeds, Land Plants (2) Canto 2 - Marine Vertebrates (3) Canto 3 - Winged insects, birds [Egg-bearing, flying]

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(4) Canto 4 - Reptiles and Animals with carapace, [Egg-bearing, crawlers] (5) (6) (7) (8) Canto Canto Canto Canto 5 - Pig (mammal) 6 - Rat 7 - Dog (with bat) 8 - Man

The sequence in Cantos 1 and 2 are more developed than those of succeeding cantos 3 to 8. Cantos 5 to 8 have single animals with some names, especially for the pig, that are attempts to classify them by breed and genetic traits. On another level of interpretation these traits are symbolic of human behavior or position and occupation or status in ancient society. The information categorized in following indicates how the evolutionary sequence is organized.

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Canto 1:

Marine Invertebrates Phylum Coelenterata Phylum Annelida Phylum Nematoda Phylum Echinodermata Class Asteroidea coral polyp [Class Anthozoa] coral colony [Genus Corallium] caterpillar worm worm of any kind starfish small starfish (unidentified cephalopod) sea cucumber small sea cucumber (centipede, hairy worm; general Polynesian) Echinometra spp. young of the sea urchin class of sea urchin sea urchin with longer spikes than wana (unidentified spp.) Tripneustes gratilla short-spiked sea urchin long-spined/thorny-spined sea urchin Podophora atrata a sea urchin (unidentified spp.) barnacle

uku-koakoa koakoa koe-enuhe koe pea peapea peapea weli weliweli

Class Holothuroidea

ina

Class Echinoidea

hlula

Class Echinoidea

hwae

Class Echinoidea

wana-k

Class Echinoidea

hukeuke uhalula poe

Class Echinoidea Class Echinoidea Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Order Cirripedia Phylum Mollusca Class Pelycypoda (bivalves) Class Pelycypoda Isognomon spp.

pipi

pearl oyster Pinctada radiata hinged mussel

ppaua

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lepeppaua nahawele

Class Pelycypoda Class Pelycypoda Isogmonidae spp. Pteriidae spp. Pinnidae spp. Perna costellata Atrina saccata Class Gastropoda (univalves) Class Acmacidae Class Patellidae Family Cypraeidae

Acar hawaiensis clam mussel

makaiauli opihi

dark-fleshed limpet limpet

leho pleholeho

cowry small cowry shell large Nerita polita drupe bitter drupe conch small conch

nakaPleurobranchus (nionio) kpee-kala Chama spp. Nerita polita makaloa ppawa ol olol Thais intermedia Drupa horrida Drupa ricinus Charonia tritonis

pipipi kpee w kk

Nerita Nerita neglecta Nerita polita Neritina Nerita vespertina fresh water snail fresh water snail

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Canto 1: Marine Invertebrates, Seaweeds and Land Plants. ekaha Gelidium spp., limu loloa Gymnogongrus spp., limuuaua-loli Ehnfeltia concinna (red seaweed Codium edule (green seaweed), yields red liquid; also called wwae iole ekahakaha liverwort, called limu ekaha (green) Asplenium nida, birds-nest fern

akiaki

manienie akiaki Sporobolus virginicus (rush grass) alaala-wai-nui Peperomia spp., small native succulents, related to awa (Piper methysticum). Also, Plectranthus australis, mint family

aala-ula

manauea

Gracilaria coronopifolia (stiff cylindrical stem)

kalo manauea variety of wild taro, dusky red stem with yellowish shading, long narrow leaf [Handy and Handy, 1972: 87]; [*Note: This variety is planted and allowed to revert to the wild; grown in dryland terraces]. k-punapuna jointed sugar cane

keleele

Gymnogongrus spp., small red seaweeds (also called awikiwiki, ekahakaha, and kauila) Liagora decussata, red seaweeds (probably) limu kala, Sargassum spp.; Cp. huluhulu-moa, a seaweed, called hulu manu, green seaweeds, Caulerpa spp.; also called limoa

puaki kakalamoa

lauaki moamoa

a rush (grass) Psilotum nudum, P. companulatum; also Hawaiian mistletoes, Korthasella.

kele

(probably) limu kele, or limu eleele, Enteromorpha spp.

ekele

(probably) limu kele, moss growing on trees in rain forests (no data).

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kala

Sargassum spp; also Turbinaraia ornata (brown seaweed); limu kala wai, Spirogyra spp. Valonia utricularis (seaweed)

akala

Rubus hawaiiensis R. macraei

lpuupuu

lpuu

(no data, but probably a species of land moss) [*The term puu means knotty, lumpy; is applied to a stage in the growth of taro; potato; the puukaa, a native sedge, Cyperus auriculatus, growing in marshes; puukoa, a sedge; puukolea, sweet potato tubers; taro. puukonane, a variety of a white variety of sweet

loloa ne

Gelidium spp., red seaweeds; also Pterocladia capillacea a seaweed (probably) the nehe, same as limu-kalawai, pond scum; Spirogyra spp.

kalamaloloa Diospyros Maba spp., the lama tree neneleau Rhus chinensis var. sandwichensis, native sumach

huluwaena

Grateloupia filicina, red seaweed, also called pakela-awaa

huluhulu ieie Freycinetia arborea, pandanus vine.

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Epilogue. The epilogue of W Akahi, the first epoch of time, serves to identify the god (Akua) which has been developing, entering (komo) into the world: O ke kne huawai, akua kn The male gourd of water, that is the god. There are three referents for this male gourd. One is water itself, which is a body form (kinolau) in nature of the creator god, Kne. Water of itself has no shape, so the huewai gourd used to hold water is a form of the god Lono in the gourd vine (kalina) and vessel (huewai) that holds drinking water. It does not hold food. The calabash gourd (umeke) with a cover (poi) is female. It may hold food. The male gourd of water becomes the gourd image of Lono, Ipu o Lono, called a shrine, unu, Unu o Lono, the place of worship in the mens eating house, hale mua, which may not in ancient times ever be entered by women. Into it the men of the hale mua placed food offerings for consecration to the god Lono. Then they ate the ritual offering themselves, assuming that Lono, also, was eating with them. This joint ritual consumption, like the Christian Eucharist, was called an alana. Offerings made to the gods only were mohai. The kne huawai male gourd as the akua in hua- is the male testicle containing seminal fluid, wai ola, of the god Kne which is a power in males for procreation. The female power is in wai olol, broad waters, as in giving birth (h, to breathe out, + nau, to bite down on pain, to gnash). Water as a kinolau came under two major gods, Kane and Lono. Lonos wai is the wai of agriculture and irrigation when rain comes down to water the fields. In

this form Lono is called Lono-nui-noho -ika-wai, Great Lono living in water. The wai a Kane, wai ola, in water for drinking, wai inu, or wai ola (Kne-ika-wai-ola), as it is taken into the body, is a basic need. Without it we cannot live. Organisms proceed out of air and water, not out of fire. Land as soil, rock, reef, and stratum rock is female, mother, the mineral element which returns to earth at death. Air and water are constantly being taken in and let out during life. They are not subject to decomposition, as is the flesh or mineral part of the body. Air and water return to atmosphere; flesh to the earth. In the darkness (Kumulipo) of air and water, in the coral slime (walewale), in amniotic fluid (walewale), is the male source (kumu) of life from which night gave birth (hnau), and which was understood in the prologue. It becomes the kane huawai in the epilogue. All body fluids are kinolau of akua Kne: blood, saliva, perspiration, amniotic fluid (as in the placenta), digestive juices, seminal fluid, urine, tears. Body processes that require breathing, flowing of digestive juices, elimination of waste, sexual reproduction are governed by Kne. More basic than water is air, what is breathed in (hanu) and breathed out (h), existing in the atmosphere as ea, living breath of god(s). Without success from the beginning at this exchange, you may not have an independent existence. The infant must breathe on his own, then drink. Ea, breath of the gods, transcends the natural world of atmosphere into the social and political life of mankind as ea, sovereignty, life, as of the whole living world, nationhood, government, people. Vitality, as of the individual and the society, proceeds out of the atmosphere and environment in which

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all things live. Nothing respires on land except through atmosphere or water, whether plant or animal. Nothing is more fundamental to existence of living organisms. The container of drinking water is the hue wai, or male gourd container water made so that it could be slung from the shoulder, carried somewhere to be filled, a portable gourd flask with a narrow neck, the shape of which is implied in the refrain: O kne i wai olol Male for the narrow waters The word olol is a compound, from olo, meaning to gurgle, the sound of water when it is filling up or being poured out, and l, meaning of a high tone, which, as olol, is the sound of water gurgling in and out of the flask. This brings another god into the same water gourd (huewai), Lono, god of sound, in the sound emitted and sound heard as well as the power of hearing. The two akua are in the one vessel, the huewai. The male gourd of water as seminal fluid, or rather, the power of male procreation, is succinctly introduced in the epilogue as the kinolau akua materializing out of the darkness as or in Kumulipo, a maleness to be found in air and water through which generations will ensue as hua, offspring and progeny. Hua, in huawai, is a generic term for all fruits, seeds, products issuing from reproductive organs as male (huahua) testicles, and female ova, eggs (hua) that issue offspring (hua). Far off in the sky is another body of water, the seminal fluid of the akua, Kne in Wai Ola a Kne [Milky Way] a sacred pool of water through which the spirit (mauli) of the waning moon (mahina) passes each month at Muku, or cut-off

phase, to revive again at Hilo. It is a pool of healing water for resuscitation of souls of the dead in the sky where they go to regain youth and to have everlasting life in Kne-huna-moku, the afterworld of Kne above the clouds in the atmosphere (lewa) beyond earth. The analogy is not yet complete without growth of a vine (kalina) which, as the kinolau body of Lono in the gourd plant, begins to fill up the earth by branching out.: O kalina a ka wai i hooulu ai This vine (hue) in Samoa and Micronesia (bue) was a plant in the Milky Way which could be seen with branches to the north pole and roots to the south, called Yggdrasil in Norse mythology and related mythologies as the world tree at the cosmic axis of earth and sky. The cosmic tree, or vine, grows through earth to the poles. In or as the Milky Way, the plant moves back and forth across the sky through the year, going off the edge of the horizon, or lying across the sky. The Hawaiians saw it as Niu-loa-i-hiki, a coconut tree that one could climb into the sky world from the earth. It was also a fish (ia) that turned (huli) away from the zenith when it passed the meridian, its turning called ua huli ka ia, the fish has turned when it declined. The fish was either a cannibal shark (Kai-tangata) living in Wai Ola a Kne, or a lizard whose twisting and writhing motion around the pole or on either sides of the horizon, slanting across the sky at opposite ends, the way lizards crawl and stop, was called hoowilimoo, the twisting of the lizard (or reptile). The metaphor at the human level of growth is the the stalk of the taro plant (huli) ready for planting after the earth has been turned over (khuli) in the loi

46

(wetland taro field). It represents the first individual stalk from which the lineage of the chief will sprout. The plant growth begins to invigorate and spread until it becomes a wall (paia) and a brace (koo) for the earth (honua) against the sky. O ka huli hookawowo honua O paia (a) i ke auau ka manawa O ke koo honua paa ka lani The analogy extends to the human placenta (honua) in which the foetus floats (lewa), as the atmosphere (lewa) above also floats (lewa): O lewa ke au i Kumulipo ka p The compound formed by the words p night and no indeed effect pono when the chant is intoned, emphasizing that the whole is right, proper, fitting, suitable, according to natures laws, an idea which is also to be found in the motto: Ua mau ke ea o ka ina i ka pono. The life of the land is continued inrighteousness. If the beginning of the cosmic world came out of a motionless state into a moving world of time and space, to a warming of temperatures on the earth suitable for the life of plants and animals, the wall of the placenta is the growth upward and on the earth into the sky. It also finds the heart or center (manawa) of time (manawa) in relation to the individuals place on earth. O paia i ke auau ka manawa The stem (au, auau) of lineage (auau ka manawa) as of the chief (lani) is at the center, core, heart, fontanel

(manawa), or soft spot of the head of the infant (auau ka manawa). This stem is placed also into another center, that of time and space (au, manawa). When the infant stands up and the spine below the manawa is upright, the zenith above his head marks the center (piko) of his position on the earth in relation to the sky. He is on meridian, or standing on his own center (manawa) of time and space, his navel (piko). This point as the vertical piko drawn through the body in line with the genital piko below is his zenith and nadir. When the body is supine, horizontal, the center is at p, p, on the abdomen as it faces the zenith above. When the body posture is vertical, all of the piko and manawa are in line with the center of the earth (piko o ka honua) and the beginning of time (manawa) at midnight and at noon (ka piko o Wkea). The clock is set to daily time between midnight and noon when the manawa (fontanel) assumes vertical position at the zenith center. At some expected future time either the Pleiades at midnight [November 17th- 18th] at Latitude 21 degrees North (for Molokai) or the sun at noon will transit the zenith between May and July between the latitude of Hawaii and Nihoa. Until dawn the night will be long. O hee au loloa ka p.

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Canto 2 - Marine Vertebrates. hilu (hinalea)Labridae Coris flavovittata L. Coris paracirrhites L. Jullius eydouxii ia naia man moano (general term for all edible fish/ sea creatures) Cetaceae Isuridae spp. (general term for all sharks) Mullidae Parupeneus multifasciatus (no data) goatfish porpoise wrasse spp.

mau/maumau

nana

(no data); probably spawn of the ahi yellowfin

mana (no data); young of the moi threadfin nake/make napa/nala pala kala paka (no data) (no data)

(no data); probably the lai-pala, yellow tang Acanthuridae Naso unicornis (no data); probably the paka, Muraenidae gymnothroax flavimarginatus surgeonfish moray eel

papa

moray eel

huluhulu

same as oopu-hue, pufferfish; balloonfish

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kalakala

(no data); probably the ku-kala, Diodontidae, porcupine fish

halahala (no data); probably the young of the kahala, Carangidae Seriola dumerlii, amberjack; also C. Seriola aureovittata; or the young of the akule, kawele (Sphraena helleri) barracuda; and young of the ahi; all are called hala. palapala Another name for the pualu, Acanthurus fulginosus A. xanthopterus A. mata or ku-pala, stage of the barracuda (yellowish-black) pea lupe ao awa aku ahi Hhlua, Hihimanu; Mobulidae, Myliobatidae; Manta birostris Dasyatidae; Aetobatus narinari Coryphaenidae Coryphaena hippurus mahimahi Chanidae Chanos chanos Scombridae Katsuwonus pelamis Scombridae Neothunnus orientalis manta ray spotted eagle ray dolphinfish milkfish skipjack tuna yellowfin tuna mackerel scad big-eyed scad mullet

pelu Carangidae Decapterus pinnulatus akule Carangidae Trachurops crumenophthalus amaama anae Mugilidae Mugil cephalus mature amaama

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ehu

(no data; reddish fish)

nehu Engraulidae Stolephorus purpureus iao aoao ono omo pahau lauhau Atherinidae Pranesus purpureus (no data) Scombridae Acanthocybium solandri (no data) (no data) Chaetodontidae Chaetodon fremblii C. setifer Polynemidae Polydactylus sexfilis Pomacentridae (no data) Pomacentridae Abudefduf abdominalis Sphraenidae Sphraena A, Istiophoridae Labridae Cheilio inermis striped flatfish butterfly fish

moi

threadfin damselfish damselfish barracuda marlin wrasse mongoose fish mullet flying fish surgeonfish jackfish jackfish

loiloi mao maomao kk aa kpou kpoupou

weke Mullidae Mullodichthys ssmoensis M. Upeneus arge lele palani (no data) probably lele-p, spp. of night-flying malolo, Exocoetidae Acanthuridae Acanthurus dussumieri

nukumomi Carangidae Caranx malampygus Cuvier, an ulua ulua Carangidae Carangoides Ferdau

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Hhlua

(probably haha-ulua, young of the ulua, or manta ray) damselfish

aoao-nui (probably young of the kpipi, Pomacentridae Abudefduf sordidus) pkuikui miii Acanthuridae Acanthurus achilles

achilles tang surgeonfish

young of the pualu, Acanthurus xanthopterus, A. mata Holocentridae Holocentrus spinifer (no data) Labridae: hinlea iiwi, hinlea akilol

alaihi akilolo

squirrelfish

wrasse

List of Paired Species/Plants in the Refrain of Generation. nenue lauhue pahaha phala phau hau Kyphosus fuscus Lagenaria vulgaris young of the mullet (Mullidae) Pandanaceae Pandanus odoratissimus (no data) Malvaceae Hibiscus tiliaceus rudderfish gourd mullet pandanus striped flatfish hibiscus (tree) octopus (shrub) poopaa goby (freshwater)

hee Mollusca Cephalopoda walahee Canthium adoratum, synonym Plectronia odorata oopu kai oopu wai Cirrhitidae Cirrhitus marmoratus Gobiidae, Eleotridae

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puhi kauila kauila umaumalei ulei kukui laumilo milo kpoupou kou huliuli uhi weke wauke aawa awa ulae mokae palaoa aoa

Muraenidae Muraenophis pardalis Alphitonia ponderosa Acanthuridae Acanthurus achilles Osteomeles anthyllidifolia Aleurites moluccana Muraenidae Gymnothorax undulatus Malvaceae Thespesia populnea Labridae Cheilio inermis Cordia subcordata Gempylidae Gempylus serpens Dioscorea alata Mullidae Mullodichthys samoensis Broussonetia papyrifera Labridae Bodianus bilunulatus Piper methysticus Synodontidae spp. (no data), a plant resembling the kilioopu, a sedge Cetaceae Santalum spp.

eel buckthorn surgeonfish (shrub) candlenut eel hibiscus wrasse (tree) snake mackerel yam mullet paper mulberry wrasse kava lizardfish

whale sandalwood

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Canto 3: hh

Insects and Birds. Same as hh-ai-a-ka-manu, or lobelia; Clermontia gaudichaudii (hh, food of the birds) a fern; palai Micrelepia setosa akekeke elepaio alae Arenaria interpres interpres ruddy turnstone Chasiempis sandwichensis, flycatcher alae ula, Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis, mudhen alae keokeo, Fulica americana alai, mudhen apapane alal Hinatione sanguinea, honeycreeper Corvus tropicus, Hawaiian crow Loxops parva, honeycreeper grey bird (unidentified spp.) grey bird (unidentified spp.) Drepanis pacifica, black honeycreeper Acrulocercus nobilis, honeyeater Pennula millsi, rail Diomedia immutabilis, Laysan albatross a bird resembling the plover Chlorodrepanis, Loxops virens, amakihi; also called alaw on Kauai Numenius tahitiensis, bristlethighed curlew Himantopus himantopus, stilt Fregata minor palmerston, frigate-bird

palaialii huhu

wood-borer (grub), probably a larval stage of a wood-borning beetle beetle burrowing caterpillar butterfly, Vanessa tameamea wingless wasp, ant damselfly adult katydid katydid maggot fly egg bird; any winged creature Heteroscelus incanus, wandering tattler Pluvialis dominica fulvus, golden plover Puffinus Newelli, Newells puffin (shearwater) Istiophoridae, sailfish [*Note: out of context; more likely a term for a bird, perhaps related to the aukuu night heron; however, some fishes are thought to possess wings such as hihi-manu, rayfish] moho moli kikiki ukihi alaw eea alaiaha mamo

huhu-lele peelua pulelehua naonao pinao unia uhini naio nalo hualua manu ulili kolea ao au

kioea kukuluaeo iwa

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koae kala

Phaethon lepturus dorothese, tropic bird pkalakala, tern, Sterna lunata

Halulu

brown booby, Suila leucogaster plotus (mythical white man-eating bird, the white bird of Kne, Knes booby bird, Aa; companion of Kiai-waa, bird that flies over the canoe-house), Kiwaa (mythical , same as Kiaiwaa)

kala (kaula) (unidentified, probably same as koae ula) Phaethon rubricauda rothschildi unana aukuu lupe lupeakeke a nesting bird Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli, black-crowned night heron kite; sting-ray Oceanodroma castro cryptoleucura, Hawaiian storm petrel Anousminutus tenuirostris melanogenys, black noddy Buteo solitarius, hawk

hahuape Alocasia macrorrhiza, or Xanthosoma roseum; ape taro seedling.

noio io

klea-a-moku plover (land), by the sea; Pluvialis dominica klea-lele hehe nn aukuu ekupuu noio pueo plover, (flying plover) bird (unidentified) Branta sandwichensis, goose black-crowned night heron (second appearance) probably the nuku-puu, Hemignathus lucidus tern (second appearance) Asio flammeus sandwichensis, owl red-footed booby, Sula sula rubripes; masked booby bird, Sujla dactylatra personata

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Canto 4: Egg-bearing Crawlers: Lizards and Turtles ahia probably ohia, Eugenia spp. and/or ohia (lehua) taro nn manene ape aumoa Alocasia macrorrhiza, or Xanthosoma roseum (dark-leafed ape taro plant) honua kua nanaka (green turtle?) back-marked-in-sections honu ea kua neneke hawkbill turtle, Chelonia ula makua purplish-red turtle ula lii lobster (fascinating, relaxed) smooth lizard clinging lizard rough-skin lizard slow lizard inactive lizard sharp-nosed lizard pot-bellied lizard mud-dwelling lizard track-leaving lizard nanana moo nanea lizard niania pilipili kalakala kaukau palaka ihu kunini kpelepele kele meheuheu honua khonua wili wiliwili aio naio okea ahakea wana wanawana sea-spider (probably shrimp) an arachnid, Araneida spp. liko piko opeope (probably nn-aukai, sea gull) Plantago pachyphylla, a plantain (Kauai)

leaf bud (piko spp. of taro) common taro half-leaf, said of a taro plant remaining on the stalk after the top has been cut

oheohe Tetraplasandra oahuensis, a tree; more likely a variety of taro, or sugar cane, maoheohe

nonanona variant of nananana, spider; probably ant-like, gnat-like species or spider-like creature

turtle Alyxia olivaeformis, maile bird (?) wood-borer(?) Erythrina sandwicensis (probably a booby chick) Myporum sandwicensis, false sandalwood (probably a variant of a-kea, white booby) Bobea spp., or white taro Echinometra spp. thorny plants

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Summary. The four cantos during which the night advances maintain the same structure of the w: theme; (2) Enumeration of births, which is an evolutionary sequence of organisms; (3) A puana, refrain of generation in which sea (kai) forms and land (uka) forms established an association, perhaps a a relationship of blooming and spawning times, and an (4) Epilogue, in which the theme statement is a juncture between one era and the following era. The evolutionary sequence brings organic life out of the sea and from the reef and ocean up through the tide flats and littoral into freshwater streams onto land. Fauna respire in salt water, then in fresh water, then in air, and water and air as flora grow from rhizoid/rhizome seaweeds (Bryophytes) to spore-bearing ferns (Pteridophyceae) to flower/seedbearing,rooted shrubbery, emphasizing grasses, herbaceous-stemmed plants, and monocotyledons. The hh spiralling stem of the monocotyledon dominates the growth pattern, evolving from the vine of W Akahi (Chant One, First Age) to the taro stalk (Chant Four, Fourth Age) as the Cyrtosperma species (ape) which is the staple taro of Polynesians in Tonga, Samoa, and Fiji. (West Polynesia). The prologue of the w cantos devotes sensitivity to sight so as to focus upon degrees of developing darkness in the air and water and to liquid tones of water as sounds to which hearing is tuned. (1) Prologue, which states the The generating pairs of darkness as male and female forces from which growth evolves into organic forms advance through changing densities of darkness and light, light as the passive light of the moon and stars in the night sky: (1) W Akahi Kumulipo (male) Darkness-Source Pele (female) Black-night (2) W Elua Puliuli (male) Pwehiwehi (female) (3) W Ekolu Peleele (male) Phh (4) W Eh Ppanopano (male) Black-night Plalowehi (female) Dark-belownight English definitions are, in this respect, limited in translation because dark and black are poor equivalents to terms expressed in Hawaiian as: (1) lipo, darkness in atmosphere and water, but through which light is detected (as by sight); (2) ele, black, as of hue; embryo, embryonic, as of egg, foetus; (3) uliuli, darkness, as of a range of dark colors, black, blue, purple, brown, green; darkness and dark color, as of sky, foliage, night, ocean, clouds, skin; (4) wehi, darkness, as an adornment, decorative blackness, as of a suntan on skin due to sun exposure; Black-night Groping-night Dark-night Dark-night

56

(5) pano, jet-black, a darkness through which sight does not detect objects or outlines; darkness of deep water, as in bays of water through which the bottom cannot be seen. They will continue to evolve in the next series of stages: (5) W Elima Pkanokano (male) Very dark night Plalouli (female) Dark-below night (6) W Eono Phiolo (male) Phaneeaku (female) (7) Wa Ehiku Phaneeaku Pohaneemai Ppihapiha Pheenalu (8) Wa Ewalu Pkinikini* Night without count Immensity of night Night-movingaway Night-movinghere Night-full Night slipping Falling-night Night-movingaway

(9) piha

full, filled, completed, to come to term

(10) heenalu to slide/ roll forward, as a wave (nalu), to surge, as water, darkness, pain; i.e., to lift and subside. Qualities of cognitive awareness are realized gradually in the unfolding night as darkness moves toward light. As space itself is motionless, time is perceived as sight evolves from blind darkness to dim perception, or as darkness diminishes moving through the course of time, or time perceived as a growth of life through evolution of forms in linear time, as mutations metamorphose into variations that are but god (akua) entering (komo). Cosmic time is cyclical (khuli), caused (k-) to revolve (huli), as plant life is set or put (kau) into place, planted (khuli). Birth (hnau) is the means or process by which life forms emerge (puka). When growth has filled (piha) space, the night bursts (poh). Life is therefore contained, encased within certain limits, and it finds the aperture (puka) or ruptures through. Within the egg (hua) this limitation exists, a confinement, a temporary place (honua, placenta) in which to abide a phase of its passive existence. Movement in space (au), cosmic motion, is confined within time but in life forms is varied as creatures run (holo), fly (lele), swing (lewa), sidle (nee) or stay, sit (noho). Darkness is a current (au) and falls, collapses (hiolo) like rain or dewfall or ocean waves (nalu). These states and actions are also limitations that are conditions defined by the form in which things are born, or as their position and form shape the growth in which those activities and types of motion conform. It is how the god enters or comes into (komo) being.

Pheenalu- Night sliding forward (mamao) distant (5) kano dense darkness, extreme dark (through which nothing can be seen) (6) hiolo to fall, collapse (night declining, moving toward dawn) (7) hanee aku to move from one side to another (8) hanee mai to move toward as to come toward someone

57

Plant growth is a groping or feeling through (hh), as of a monocot stem (hh) unwinding from within as it spirals upward seeking light and air. thus h stem, stalk and h breathe out exhale is an important expression, as breathing out is part of the process of giving birth (hnau), or as life respires it also develops and gives life, breath, to something else. As plants vine (klina) outward and the ape (ahia) taro stem uncoils, unwinding upward like a fern regal (plaialii), twisting (pniu), analogous to how night spirals, analogous to the upward spiralling of the coconut tree (niu), they represent the primordial stem of chiefly lineage, as well as the kinolau of the god (akua) entering (komo) in the hh, taro (Kne), banana (Kanaloa), and coconut (K). These advancements in the plant stalk as the gods entering (komo) have come past the vining (klina) of the gourd (hue), or sweet potato (Lono). This slow upward growth of plants yet tied to the honua (earth/placenta) contrasts with the freedom of animals that run (holo), swim (holo), fly (lele), crawl (kolo), or twist (kwili), breaching and descending (haahaa) like whales who lead afar (kai loloa), swallowing (monimoni) along the way from Paliuli before they alight upon Knehunamoku as migrant birds, each group perhaps representing certain clans, as of the aumakua ancestry which was signified by these animals as hailona, emblematic symbols or signatures of clan and family aumakua identifications. Darkness of Kumulipo is not a pattern in the order of time in the same sense as darkness of the night (p) is a cycle of rotation. It is entirely a factor of cognition, perception, as of sight which admits a power into animal life, the power to discern, to see, to know.

The spectrum of evolving darkness from opaque to extreme blackness (pano/kano) is not a power existing outside consciousness. Embryonic night (pele), from ele, embryo) implies gestation, incubation as female adornment (pwehi), or on the female side of direction below (plalouli, plalowehi), meaning on the opposite side of midnight, or perhaps, on the opposite side of the morning sun in the west, or the sun at zenith midday, and the dark of the moon. The universe travails (wela) heat/pain as night glides/slides (uhee) through intervals of time (w) and open space (ww) like sounding (waw) as through channel deeps, as the first cry of life (uw), the Alpha beginning of all existence as the child takes his first breath. That moment is when the human child comes into being through pkinikini before dawn light of the Eighth Age (W Awalu), upon the surging of the great wave (nalu), meaning pain, as labor pangs. The god then enters into form, and the daylight dawns into time of light, into intelligence awareness of the world consciousness and cognition. human Ao, the of and through

Before this event, during the night moving toward dawn in the fifth, sixth, and seventh ages, the higher mammals are born: the pig (W Elima), rat (W Eono), and dog (W Ehiku). A bat (opeapea), representing, perhaps, the god of childbirth (Opea), comes into the picture just before the human child is born in W Ewalu.

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Land and Sea Interaction, I Kai and I Uka: Balance Between Ecology and Economy. There are seasons in which plants sprout, animals give birth, fish spawn, and eggs hatch. Knowledge of these seasons, and how each species of flora and fauna develop and mature at their maximum potential in nature is in the best interest of hunters, fishermen, and farmers. Is there any indication from the patterns of classification and association between species growing i kai, on the coast, and i uka, upland, in the four preceding w cantos of the P genesis that this dualistic pattern is an economic approach to the ecology of land and sea? Fishermen and farmers are interested in optimum catches and optimum yield for effort expended. The questions they would ask are probably these: (1) Which of the species is in a category of food for human consumption, and which are not? (2) Which are in the food chain from the the outer reef to the mountains, eventually affecting humans? (3) If not in the food chain, then which are useful in other areas of economic (physical) human survival, such as medicine? [Pharmacology is an extremely specialized topic all its own and will not be attempted here]. (4) Finally, which are kinolau body manifestations (akua, aumakua ancestral gods) required in the ceremonials of larger heiau hooulu ai or mapele agricultural temples dedicated to Lono, or in rituals on the heiau K? A picture is drawn of the environment from the coral reef habitat in three directions, one of which leads from the reef zone of intense wave action (surge zone) over the reef edge to the bottom or from the surface of the sea near land to the deep sea. Where the reef surrounds a protected area of water, such as a bay, the reef fauna and flora move from the coral reef zone into estuaries and coastal wetlands. The other moves upshore and inland to lower and upper regions of the dry forest into the wet forest area. The zone beyond the reef out into the open ocean is the deep sea habitat of offshore pelagic fishes, like flying fish, yellow fin and skipjack tuna, mahimahi dolphinfish, which are surface feeders. Beneath and at greater depths are marlin bigeye tuna, and albacore. In the First Age (W Akahi) principal area of attention is the coral habitat on which marine invertebrates seaweeds constitute the beginnings of food chain i kai (seaward). the reef and the

...Hawaii has three basic types of coral reef environments. The first is dominated by the cauliflower coral, Pocillopora meandrina. This coral thrives in strong light and high wave energy...the dominant coral in shallow areas exposed to heavy wave action... ...The second type of coral reef environment is characterized by the lobe coral, Porites lobata. This species is found in calmer water [emphasis mine]..Many species of fishes and invertebrates find food and shelter here... surgeonfishes...parrotfishes...

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...The third coral reef habitat is dominated by the branching finger coral, Porites compressa...in the most protected waters...coral-feeding butterfly-fishes... surgeonfishes, damself-fishes....[Fielding, Ann and Ed Robinson, 1987: 21]. The W Akahi environment enlarges into that in W Elua where the reef fishery extends outward from the reef zone into the deep sea. The W Akahi and W Elua describe the range of interaction between kai (coastal) and uka (inland) economic natural resources of the ahupuaa ecosystem. However, by study of the common staple plants named in W Akahi it appears that staple cultivars from the store of Polynesian food plants introduced by Hawaiians into the kula, plain, i kai and uka, are not strategically involved. The sweet potato, for example, is not included, nor is the banana (maia), breadfruit, or coconut. The edible marine invertebrates of the surge zone and coral reef habitat are also few, namely, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, limpets, nerita (pipipi), and freshwater snails which live, eventually, in estuaries and streams i uka, having departed the i kai (salt water, coastal) environment for a life inland (uka). Edible seaweeds are the green, aala ula, and brown seaweeds (Sargassum spp.), with some red (manauea ), but they are also very few. Lacking is any perspective of a thriving agriculture in the settled community of the ahupuaa, which is yet to be. The impression gained from analysis of the poetry is that of a more pristine natural environment with a vulnerable potential for human life survival, or basic subsistence, potentially,

upon the coral reef fauna and ocean fishery, in the absence of a developed agriculture. The functioning ecosystem, especially that of W Akahi, is as would be found if one had arrived in the islands during the settllement period as one of the initial settlers before substantial human settlement. While everything for survival of animals and plants is, however, basically in place, true survivors adjusted to the prevailing ecology are endemic fauna and flora of the raw environment, rather than human beings.

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Biology and Calendar: Adjustment to Seasonal Changes Above the Equator Once ancient Hawaiian inmigrants had successfully transported the earliest groups of new settlers, the initial colony then faced the related problem of learning about the environment in which they now lived. Although the Hawaiian islands were still in the tropics, the long days of summer and short days of winter north of the equator were reversed from the pattern of seasons familiar in the south below the equator. So were wind and rain patterns, as well as times for fishing and planting. In time they rearranged the agricultural calendar to suit the situation with respect to seasons, winter and summer, in accordance with the movement of the sun in the tropics between the north and south through twelve (or thirteen) months of the sidereal (Pleiades) year. Months in the Hawaiian Year 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Makalii Nov.-Dec. Kaelo Dec.-Jan. Kaulua Jan.-Feb. Nana Feb.-Mar. Welo Mar.-Apr. Ikiiki Apr.-May Kaaona May-June Hinaiaeleele June-July Mahoe-mua Aug.-Sept, Mahoe-hope Sept.-Oct. Ikuwa Oct. -Nov. Welehu Nov.-Dec. Pleiades Gemini/Sirius Gemini Regulus Castor Pollux Antares had its own and none were the same, even though names of months were similar. The year in the general Hawaiian calendar, however, was divided between two seasons, the dry (kau), summer, and wet (hooilo), winter season. Hawaiian historian David Malo, a native of Kona, Hawaii, described these, as follows: Kau was the season when the sun was directly overhead, when daylight was prolonged, when the tradewind, makani moae, prevailed, when days and nights alike were warm, and the vegetation put forth fresh leaves. Hooilo was the season when the sun declined towards the south, when the nights lengthened, when days and nights were cool, when herbage (literally, vines) died away... [Malo, 1951: 30]. That description is both ordinary and profound because Malo was aware that in the summer the sun was nearer the zenith of the latitude of Hawaii, and the Kona winds of the winter were not blowing. He also knew that in the winter the sun was moving back to the south from the north. But what vegetation puts forth fresh leaves in the summer? He doesnt say. Nor does he identify what vines died in the winter. What did he mean? He continues: The six months in Kau were Ikiiki, answering to May, at which time the constellation of the Pleiades, huhui hoku, set at sunrise. That is also profound, because Malo knew that in May the Pleiades were visible in the sky s e t t i n g on the western horizon in the morning as the sun

This is one recitation of star months in the year, commencing with the Pleiades on the eastern horizon in November, which is the time fixed in the Kumulipo as the time beginning the w epochs. It fits a general Hawaiian calendar, but each island

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rose in the east. Who watches stars rising and setting on the horizon throughout the year? Evidently, Malo did. [Malo,continuing] ...Kaaona, answering to June...in ancient times this was the month in which fishermen got their a-ei nets in readiness for catching the opelu, procuring in advance the sticks to used in keeping its mouth open... ...Hina-ia-eleele, answering to July, the month in which the ohia fruit began to ripen...; ...Mahoe-mua, answering August--this was the season when ohia fruit ripened abundantly... to the

...Kaulua, answering to February, the time when the mullet, anae, spawned; ...Nana, corresponding to March, the season when the flying fish, the malolo, swarmed in the ocean; ...Welo, answering to April, which was the last of the months belonging to Hooilo [Malo, 1951: 30-31]. Malos seasonal calendar began the Hooilo winter season in late November, [about November 20th] when Makalii [Pleiades] per W Akahi [Kumulipo] is on the eastern horizon at sunset, and the order of edible cultivars commenced with the manauea wild taro and kpunapuna jointed stalk of sugar cane in the fall, during November, the month of Welehu, actually mid-October to mid-November: Introduced Plants. [W Akahi]: and Economic Food

...Mahoe-hope, answering to September, the time when the plume of the sugar-cane began to unsheath itself; ...Ikuwa, corresponding to October, which was the sixth and last month of the season of Kau [Malo: 30]. ...The months Welehu, answering to was the season when darted arrows made of the sugar cane... in Hooilo were November, which people, for sport, the flower stalk of

(1) wild red taro (kalo manauea); staple root (2) sugar cane (kpunapuna)

[*Note: The tassels were made from dried stalks, which, according to Malo were from the cane that had bloomed, beginning in September]. Makalii, corresponding to December, at which time the trailing plants died down and the south wind, the Kona, prevailed; ...Kaelo, corresponding to January, the time when appeared the enuhe, when also the vines began to put forth fresh leaves; [* Note: Malo does it again. What vines are putting forth fresh leaves in January, during Hooilo?]

...[A]s an element in the systematic horticulture of the old natives, it [sugar cane] had a fixed place in relation to taro and sweet potatoes... [Handy, E. S. Craighill and Mary K. Pukui, 1972:186]. ...In lowland planting in Kau November and December are considered the proper months to plant cane because it will grow quickly with the winter rains, will flourish during the hot summer, and will bloom about a year later... ...[T]he moon phases named Kaloa [24th to 26th moon nights] are favored for planting...

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...In general we are told that the native canes mature in from 12 to 15 months in the lowlands, and from 18 to 24 months in the uplands [Ibid.: 186-187]. That would indicate that an arriving canoe of initial settlers, knowing the required growing period of plants would be aware that sugar cane planted in the winter (hooilo) or summer (kau) would be ready in one or two years, but sooner harvested near the coast i kai than i uka. They would have planted cane as soon as possible to have a yield within a year. [W Elua]: (3) gourd (4) hibiscus (lauhue) [containers] (hau) bast fiber for fire-making, and soft wood for canoe outrigger float (ama) (milo), hard wood for building material, timber

...When the stem of the fruit withered (the sign of full maturity) the gourd was ready for picking. If picked before this stage the skin would crack when exposed to the sun [Ibid.: 216]. Perhaps the yam (uhi), a vining plant like the gourd (hue), would also be one of the withering vines Malo talks about as the dying herbage of winter (in January): ..Yams are more definitely seasonal than that of either the taro or the sweet potato...Toward the end of the rainy season in February or March, buried tubers begin to sprout; and in the late spring and summer, strengthened by hot sunlight, the vines festoon the branches of trees, stones, or whatever they can twine around... ...The foliage matures in October and withers in December... ...W h e n t h e f o l i a g e w i t h e r s , t h e plant is mature, but the tuber continues to fill out. The tubers should therefore be left in the ground during the dormant period of the foliage and dug after rains again set in and the new shoot appears from the top of the tuber [Handy, E.S.C. and Mary K. Pukui, 176] ...As planting nights for yams, Mahealani (sixteenth night) and Hua (thirteenth night) are best [Ibid.: 179]. It would then appear that the sugar cane [W Akahi], preceding the yam [W Elua], or planting of sugar cane nodes in early winter in order to mature at the flowering period in the following year, and the yam, planted later in winter [February] into spring [March] would mature (wither) with fruit in December, whereas the gourd would wither, or be ready for picking in the summer, if planted in the winter. Then what about the taro species in the third and fourth w?

(5) mallow

(6) heliotrope (kou), hard wood for building material, timber (7) yam (uhi), staple tuber

The type of gourd favored for introduction was probably the bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria], a container for drawing and keeping drinking water. There were multiple uses of gourds as containers for food, bait and fishing gear, storing tapa, and music-making. ...The proper night for planting gourds (and melons and pumpkins) in Kau, Hawaii is Hua, because if planted then, there will be good fruit (hua)... ...The beginning season is the proper maturing in six months, have the hot dry summer full size [Ibid.: 216]. of the rainy time to plant; the gourds will to bring them to

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[W Ekolu] (8) paper mulberry (wauke), tapa cloth (9) giant taro (ape), staple stem [W Eh] (101) taro (ohia, lehua variety); loi kalo wetland cultivation

live in toxic folds of some marine invertebrates, or in the epiphytic symbiosis of mosses living on trees.

Endemic (or inedible or not used:

indigenous) plants eaten, nor otherwise

(11) mountain apple (ohia ai, Eugenia spp.) (12) taro (143 taro wild white spp. (ahakea); dryland cultivation (piko), loi kalo wetland cultivation

[W Akahi to W Eh: (1) Coral reef habitat: seamoss: ekaha, akiaki, kele, lipuupuu, loloa, huluwaena (2) Wet forest habitat: landmoss: ekahakaha alaalawainui ekele moamoa (3) Marsh and bogs aquatic: ne (pond scum) grass: akiaki (rush) lauaki (rush) lipuu (sedge) mokae (sedge) lobelia: hh -ai-a-ka-manu (epiphyte) (epiphyte) (epiphyte) (epiphyte)

Handy lists the piko, lehua, and hakea taros as species allowed to remain in the loi after harvest time. The piko taro matured in nine months but could be left in the loi another nine; the lehua matured in eight months, or was left for another four, and the hakea, maturing in eight months, could be left another ten. The presence of these taros, which, although cultivated, were also left to run wild, suggests that ancient Hawaiians were able to augment the ecosystem with species that could assume the wild space of other endemic flora, thereby altering the ecology to enlarge the gathering strategy in the space beyond controlled agriculture, changing the economy without drastic alteration of the indigenous or endemic forest. A fragile unity then exists in the ecosystem linking species and all life forms from the ocean and reef habitat to the land and wet native forest. This exhibits a parallel in the form of epiphytic growth of plants living on plants in the forest, just as corals live in the reef assembly with other kinds of growth. Nowhere, perhaps, is the symbiotic interdependence of species more evident than the coral reef where wrasses

Silently, perhaps, the cultivator or husbandman, who is also a fisherman and a birdhunter, enjoys life lived by living creatures, plant or animal, as they are in the wild, so that not every disagreeable thing or form of life otherwise useless to human economy is removed or cut down, that what birds live on, such as the seeds of the lobelia, must then be allowed to flourish in the same way that marine invertebrates or fish toxic or unpalatable to man are allowed to remain for other life forms to subsist. Otherwise, natural beauty dies as they become extinct in the wild.

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Native Hawaiian Incorporation of Indigeous Food and Utilitarian Plants Into the Subsistence Economy. [W Akahi to W Eh]: akala lama neneleau raspberry wood red fruits wood ieie pandanus vine wood wood sandalwood (edible) implements (edible) hoops (traps) cordage baskets weapons timber wood

(21) candlenut (kukui) (22) yam (uhi) (23) kava (awa) (24) fern (palai) (25) caterpillar (peelua) (26) butterfly, moth (27) pueo (28) booby bird (29) ohia (tree) (29) turtle (30) maile (31) taro (wild spp.)

Lono Kane Kane, Kanaloa Kane K K Kne, Lono, K Lono K Papa (Earth Mother) Kne Kne

alahee kauila aoa

A development as such honors the adaptability of newcomers to the existing environment. by adopting the endemic (or indigeous) species into religious veneration with the kinolau of existing akua and aumakua ancestral gods [italicized names are indigenous]: [W Akahi to W Eh]: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) coral polyp and coral worms (koe) caterpillar (enuhe) sea cucumber triton shell conch shell grasses taro sugar cane lipuupuu lama (ebony) pandanus vine (ieie) porpoise rayfish (pea) gourd (hue) pandanus (hala) mallow (kou) eel (puhi) octopus (hee) porcupinefish Kanaloa K K K Lono Lono Kne Kne Kne Kamapuaa Lono K Kkaieie Kanaloa Kanaloa Lono Lono Lono K Kanaloa Lono

The ritual importance of this incorporation gives a sacred character or identity to these plants: the ieie pandanus vine, the lama (ebony), ohia (Eugenia and Metrosideros spp.) trees, and the maile (kuhonua) vine, respectively, Lono, Ku, and Kne. All of these are plants which function in the rituals of the heiau temples of K and Lono. ...The ieie (Freycinetia arborea) is a common vining epiphyte in the wet forest...flowers of the ieie are surrounded by short leaves bright orange in color. T h e s e flowers probably attract bats, which are known to pollinate such f l o w e r s ... ...The trees [lama, Diospyros Maba spp.] fruit prolifically during the late winter months, especially in the m o n t h o f F e b r u a r y , [Kaulua] w h e n t h e trees are loaded with the bright colored fruits...

...The wood is very hard, close

grained, and of a rich reddish brown color when old; it was employed in building houses for the gods...[Rock, Joseph, 1974: 336, 395].

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Biology and Time: Migratory, Breeding, and Birds and Turtles. [W Ekolu to W Eh]: (1) Aquatic Waterbirds:

Seasonal Nesting of (3) Tropic Seabirds: Birds in this category fly away from the islands to feed on fish over the open ocean. They nest in the islands. ao (Newell shearwater); breeding season April-November; breeds on forest slopes on Kauai, Hawaii, Molokai; arrives from sea after dark, leaves before dawn. (Hawaiian petrel); breeding season, March-October; lays one white egg; breeds at high elevation slopes, main islands (formerly), squid-feeding; arrives after dark. (albatross); breeding season, November; birds leave nest by September; nests in exposed sandy areas, northwest leeward islands, Niihau, Moku Manu (Oahu), Kilauea and Man (Kauai). (frigate bird); nests in March or April (single egg) on trees, shrubs; northwest leeward islands, Moku Manu (Oahu), Kilauea (Kauai), Pauwalu (Maui).

Birds in this category are wading birds, frequenting freshwater ponds, marshes, reservoirs, taro patches, lagoons, and tidepools, also building nests on folded reeds (alae), shallow depressions (kukuluaeo), and in trees (black-crested night heron). These include: alae aei aukuu mudhen (feeds on mollusks) stilt (feeds on fish, crabs, worms, and water insects) blackcrowned night heron (feeds on fish, frogs, mice, insects, and chicks of other birds); nests May-June.

uau

moli

Included in the waterbird category are Arctic migratory birds, the bristlethighed curlew (kioea), plover (kolea),ruddy turnstone (akekeke), and the wandering tattler (ulili). (2) Arctic Migrants: Birds in this category fly south in the winter, alight in Hawaii and remain for a period of time before flying north in the summer, creating no nesting places as tropic seabirds do. They arrive in the islands in August-September and return to the Artic in April-May to nest, navigating by homing in on the pole star. ulili kolea akekeke kioea (wandering tattler) (golden plover) (ruddy turnstone) (bristle-thighed curlew)

iwa

pakalakala (gray-backed tern); nests between February-April (single egg) on sand or rock; chicks leave nest soon after hatching; nests on northwest leeward islands, Moku Manu (Oahu); feed on small fish and squid. kaula [koae ula] (red-tailed tropic bird); nesting in early spring, return from sea in late February; in northwest leeward islands, under shrubs or rocky ledges; on main islands, in cliffs; fish- and squid- feeding.

Arctic migrants arrive in the islands in August-September and return to the Arctic in April-May to nest.

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lupeakeke (storm petrel); sooty storm petrels breed during winter; peak egg-laying DecemberJanuary, on northwest leeward islands, burrow under beach morning glory, grass; sooties fledge by mid-May Harcourts storm petrels breed inthe summer; fledge by October, taking 58 to 72 days to mature. noio (black noddy); breeding season winter-spring, nests December-March; egg-laying peaks December-January, fledge by mid-May; on main islands, in caves, cliff ledges; in northwest leeward islands, on shrubs, trees; feeds in brackish ponds (Kaneohe, Oahu); (red-footed booby); peak egg-laying season, April-June, single egg; nests in shrubs, northwest leeward islands; Moku Manu (Oahu), Kilauea (Kauai); (masked booby); nests northwest leeward islands, Moku Manu (Oahu), on Kaula Rock, Niihau; (brown booby); nests on ground, northwest leeward islands, Moku Manu (Oahu), on Kaula Rock, Niihau; feeds on flying fish, squid. (4) Forest Birds: elepaio (flycatcher); breeding season, January to June (except Kauai spp.,March to June); feeds on insects. apapane (honeycreeper); breeding season, January to July; feeds on ohia lehua nectar

alala

(crow); breeds in the spring, hatching April-June; feeds on fruit, nectar, seeds, insects

alawi (honeycreeper); feeds on insects mamo (honeycreeper); feeds on nectar of the ohia lehua (honeyeater); feeds on nectar, insects

ukihi (honeycreeper, Kauai); [same as alawi] io (hawk); habitat, Hawaii only; feeds on mice, insects, small birds; frequents op[en grasslands, cane fields. (owl); habitat on all islands, from sea level to 8,000 feet or more; frequents dry and rain forests, lava flows, grassy areas; hunts by day and night; feeds on mice. (flightless goose); forest habitat on Hawaii; begins nesting in November; feeds on plants.

pueo

nn

(5) Turtles, Lizards honu (green sea turtle); migrates May-August to northwest leeward islands; females lay 100-200 eggs, 50-60-day incubation (hawkbill turtle); main islands; females lay 125-175 eggs, hatch 52-74 (average 59) days. gecko, lizard; habitats vary from bark of trees, under stones; some lay eggs under rocks; geckos feed on insects

honu

moo

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Biology and Calendar: Coordination of Seasons from Coral Reef and Open Sea to Land and Wet Forest, The following seasonal calendar has been prepared, based on the information presented in the Kumulipo [Cantos 1-4]. W e l e h u [November-December] (Hawaii General Calendar) Hooilo (winter, rainy season, begins); sidereal calendar set to Pleiades about November 20th, on eastern horizon. A six-month tabu was placed on eating the opelu (mackerel scad) in the winter months, (1) kpunapuna (sugar cane), lowland planting in Kau, Hawaii, November and December; mature in one year; moon nights of Kaloa (24th to 26th( favored for planting. (2) lauhue (gourd); proper time to plant gourds, which will mature in six months, fruit ripening over the summer. (3) uhi (yam); October-November. foliage matures (13) elepaio (flycatcher), breeding season January-June. (14) apapane (honeycreeper), breeding season January-July (15) enuhe (caterpillar) appears (16) amaama, anae mullet spawning in February [Kona, Hawaii, acc. Malo]. [*In Kaelo tabu was removed from eating aku and laid on eating opelu] K a u l u a [February-March] Hooilo (winter), Makalii [December-January] Hooilo (winter), season of Kona winds blowing from the southwest, beginning. (10) moi (threadfin), last month of fishing season, December. (11) amaama (mullet), spawning December to January; fishponds, bays. (12) noio (black noddy), December-March; egg-laying December-January nesting peaks (8) moli (albatross), lays eggs in November (9) lupeakeke (stormpetrel), departing nests, October-November

K a e l o [January-February] Hooilo (winter), Kona winds continuing. In February the mullet is still spawning; black noddy nesting.

(4) threadfin (moi), still spawning, November to December; fishing season, August to December (5) auau (swordfish), end of fishing season in the late fall (6) ahi (yellowfin tuna); last month of the five-month fishing season in November. (7) ao (shearwater), end of breeding season in November

Kona

winds

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prevailing. End of mullet season (spawning) and nesting of noddy (noio); elepaio and apapane forest birds, breeding season continuing. (17) uau (petrel), returns to nest between February-April, breeds MarchOctober. (18) pakalakala (tern), lays (single egg), between February-April (19) lupeakekeke (storm petrel), returns to nest between February-April. (20) koae-ula (red-tailed tropic bird), returns from the sea in late February. N a n a [March-April] Hooilo (winter), strongest Kona storms in March subsiding by April; noddy (noio), storm petrel (lupeakeke), greybacked tern (pakalakala), uau (petrel), nesting; honeycreeper (apapane), breeding season. (21) elepaio (Kauai flycatcher), breeding season, March-June. (22) iwa (frigate-bird), nests (single egg), between March-April (23) ao (shearwater), beginning of nesting season. (24) akekeke (ruddy turnstone), returns to Arctic to nest. (25) koae-ula (red-tailed tropic bird, nests in the spring. W e l o [April-May] Hooilo, last month of winter; end of Kona season and return of normal tradewinds. (26) A (red-footed booby bird), lays eggs April-June; nesting season.

Ikiiki [May-June] season commences.

Kau,

summer

During the Kau, a tabu was placed on eating the aku (bonito, albacore), and a six-month season on opelu fishing was opened. However, the season on taking the aku was still open in the month of June, tabu on the eating of aku during Kau commencing the next month (Hinaiaeleele). The seabirds shearwater (ao), petrel (uau) continue to nest; the Arctic migrant bird, ruddy turnstone (akekeke) returns northward; the elepaio ends its breeding season in June; the albatross () ends egg-laying, nesting period in June; apapane (honeycreeper), breeding season continues. (1) aukuu (black-crowned night heron, nesting season, May-June (sometimes in spring). (2) honu (green turtle), migrate May-August to leeward islands to lay their eggs. K a a o n a [June-July] Kau, summer. (3) opelu (mackerel scad); fishermen start to make basket traps in June in preparation for opelu fishing season in July-November. (4) koa (coral polyp); Some coral species spawn after full moon, 5-8 p.m., mid-June to October [e.g. Fungia scutaria, mushroom coral]; other species spawn after new moon, 8-10 p.m. July-August (intense in July) [*personal communica-tion, David Krupp, Windward Community College, Kaneohe, Oahu]. (5) moi (threadfin), spawning season June-December; not the season for fishing.

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(6) elepaio (flycatcher), end of breeding season in June (7) alala (crow), end of hatching of eggs (in June) (8) aukuu (night nesting period (in June) heron), end

(17) honu (green turtle), migratory period to leeward islands ends in August. (18) ohia ai (mountain, Eugenia spp. ); ...this was the season when the ohia fruit ripened abundantly [Malo: 30]. M a h o e - h o p e [September-October] Kau, summer. [The fishing season for ahi, opelu, auau and moi continuing; Arctic migrants (akekeke) still arriving. The annual makahiki tax-collecting festival of first fruits began on the 28th night (Lono) of Mahoe-hope. (19) kpunapuna (sugar cane); ...September, the time when the plume of the sugar-cane began to unsheath itself, [Malo:30] i.e, end of the blooming season in the summer. I k u w [October-November] Last month in the season of Kau. Fishing season for the ahi and opelu open through November; season ending for moi and marlin fishing in November]. (20) moli (albatross), lays eggs in November. (21) lupeakeke (storm departs nest October-November. petrel),

(9) (red-footed booby bird), end egg-laying period (in June). H i n a i a e l e e l e [July-August] Kau, summer. The apapane (honeycreeper) breeding season ends in July; (10) wana (black sea urchin); period of taking the wana is in July, when the urchin is momona (fat), full of eggs. (11) ahi (yellow-fin tuna), fishing season opens July-November M a h o e - m u a . [August-September] Kau, summer. The fishing season for ahi (yellowfin tuna and opelu (mackerel scad) is still open. (12) moi (threadfin); the fishing season for moi opens in August-December. (13) auau (marlin); fishing season for marlin is open later summer to early fall. (14) hh-ai-a-ka-manu (lobelia, Clermontia ); blooms in August; plant dies after fruiting. (15) akekeke (ruddy turnstone), arrives in Hawaii August-September from the north. (16) kioea (bristle-thighed curlew), arrives in Hawaii late August, early September.

[*Note: In the Tuamotus, as in Tonga, the classification manu includes animals, birds, and insects. It is also a period in the year, manu, ranging from December to February. [Cp. manu (Kapinga) Sirius; Rigel (Tikopia)]. In Tikopia, manu means bird, as a constellation, the complete bird is formed by Ti Pakau i ngake (The wing in the east), Procyon, and Ti Pakau i ngeiho (The wing in the south), C a n o p u s . The bird is complete with Sirius, or otherwise it has a broken wing; another combination is Sirius, Antares, Betelgeuse, spoken of as a bird with a broken wing].

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Biology in Religion: The Kinolau Concept of Akua and Aumakua The concept of kinolau is that the akua (god) manifests what it or he or she is in a perceptible concrete form. Usually, the kinolau is a living thing in which the akua appears, and as a form it also represents him (or her), but kinolau are not restricted to organic life. They may be abstract, such as color, position, or geometric shape. The aumakua is an ancestral guardian, functioning as protector of a family or person in his charge. Akua are aumakua in that they are ancestral protectors of their descendants. The kinolau concept, therefore, works in such a way as to personify the akua and aumakua in nature and to establish an avenue of visible or audible contact with them in the whole of nature. The akua manifests in living forms, plant or animal, by which and in which his form, incarnate, is recognized. When such forms, particularly those which move in nature, rather than those that are fixed in place, suddenly appear, although but kinolau manifestations, they are hoailona, a portent with some meaning for you. The kinolau, however, are not random forms in nature. They have a select character although several akua can be manifest in a chosen thing. The ti plant for example, is several. The stalk, being upright, is K, because K is vertical and upright structure. The leaves are Lono, because they are used in healing as well as in wrapping food. The coral is Kanaloa but addressed in prayers as Kne-koa, whereas all reef life, marine invertebrates, subject to tides rising and falling are the children of Hina, moon goddess. Since Kanaloa is not the creatorgod, however, of ancient Hawaiians, coral rock (koakoa) was placed outside temple walls of district heiau dedicated to K and Lono, whereas in Tahiti, inside marae walls, as Taaroa [Tangaroa, Kanaloa] is the Tahitian creator-god. In such kinolau the akua lives in the material with which you build canoes, houses, utensils, beat cloth, and also eat, even the atmosphere which you breathe, the air, is both body of the akua as such and the process of breathing. The akua becomes you. This was how the creation was depicted as evolving out of the night by the gradual accumulation of life forms, from the power of the cosmos to move from inertia to motion and heat, into air and water, to rock and soil, into organisms breathing in and out of air or water, plants and animals, respiring and ingesting from nature in order to have being and, later, conscious intelligence to know it. In the Kumulipo this is recognized as one source of all in the cosmos continuing from inorganic into organic being, as living creatures. This was arranged in the religious context of ancient times into a time-space continuum divided into a four-fold male akua space, one-fourth of the power existing in nature, as it were, to each of the male akua, K, Lono, Kne, and Kanaloa. In following is a list identifying the main kinolau of major male akua of the organized K and Lono priesthoods.

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1, S y m b o l i z a t i o n o f g o d K : a) As god of forest and rain, patronized by canoe-makers and builders of the luakini (pookanaka type) human sacrifice temples: K-moku-hlii: land K-spreading over K-kulia K-ke-olowalu K-of-dry-farming K-of-wet-farming b) K as god of husbandry; patronized by farmers [at koa uka shrines (unu)]. K-ka- K-of-the-diggingstick

K-pulupulu: K-of-the-undergrowth (pulupulu), fern down, used in tinder, fire-making; equated sometimes with Laka, ancestor of the menehune people; hence, with K-ka-ohia-laka, -in-the-lehuatree, god of the hula dance, and god in the haku-ohia image on the K heiau. K-o-lono-wao K-of-the-deepforest (wao, uninhabited by human beings) K-a-lana-wao, K-aela-na-wao: (Variant of K-o-lono-wao, one of the gods of the canoe). K-ka-ohia-laka K-of-the-ohia-laka tree (the lehua tree; see Kpulupulu, above). K-ka-ieie K-of-the-wild-pandanusvine {Freycinetia scandens, etc.) K-mauna K-of-the-mountain K-holoholo-pali K-sliding-downsteeps (God of canoe-hauling over cliffs) K-pepeiao-loa/K-pepeiao-poko K-of-long-ears/K-of-short-ears; gods of the ears of the canoe interior, used as handles for hauling and later for seat supports. Kpaaikee K-adzing-outcorners-(of-canoe) (K-in-thereversible-swivel adze)

K-ula-uka K-of-theabundance-of-the-uplands c) K as god of fishing; patronized by fishermen [at koa kai shrines (unu)]. K-ula-kai K-of-the-abundance -of-the-sea; red things in the sea symbolized abundance of the sea; sacred to K d) K as god of war and sorcery; patronized by warriors/chiefs [heiau K, luakini pookanaka, waikaua temples] K-nui-akea K-the-supreme-god

K-kaili-moku K-snatcher-of-land; war-god of Hawaii, cared for by Liloa, handed down to Umi as a red feather image carried into war, and inherited by Kamehameha from Ka-lani-opuu; war god of the UmiKamehameha line of kings, of the Mahi clan of Kohala-Hmakua and Kona districts K-ke-oloewa K-the-supporter, war god of Maui kings; captured by Kamehameha the Great K-hooneenuu K-pulling-togetherthe-earth; god of Pakaka temple of Oahu chiefs and their war god; captured by Kamehameha

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K-waha-ilo K-maggot-mouth; god who received human sacrifices, as to gods only (mhai); symbolized as the tongue (lelo) carrying with it the kapu , invoked by chiefs as power to speak with authority; kinolau bodies in whirlwind (puahiohio), earthquake (nei ke olai), caterpillar (enuhe), worm (koe), worm (of decay in winter) ilo; coconut sprout (ilo); blood (of sacrifice), koko; lizard, gecko, or reptile with flashing eyes and thrusting tongue. [reminiscent of larger size such as salt water crocodiles and komodo dragons, in Micronesia, Melanesia, Indonesa, not Hawaii]. e) K as god of healing; invoked with the goddess Hina in K and Hina worship. K symbolizes the east point of the compass, a cardinal direction as a pillar (kkulu) east (kkulu hikina) in the middle of the house, fixed (preferably) at the vernal equinox (March 20-22) in the sacred house (hale man) on the K heiau. Hina, as the moon, symbolizes the west (kkulu komohana) where all celestial bodies set). f) K as god of sorcery. K-koae K-red-tailed-tropicbird; the K-koae shrine (unu) was built by a chief for his deification (kkai) into an aumakua after death, and also for circumcision rites for young chiefs. g) K of bird-catching; patronized by bird-snarers (kpili manu, k manu, kia manu). K-huluhulu-manu K-birdfeathers; god of bird-snarers, birdlimers, and all who did featherwork.

h) K gods as chiefs god: K K-maka-iki K-maka-nui K-makela K-mkaakaa K-holoholo-kaua K-koa K-standing-upright K-small-eyes Ku-big-eyes Ku-in-the-clearing K-run-wars K-warrior-of-courage

K-nui-akea K-of-wide-expanse (the highest form and rank of K as a war god) K-kili-moku K-snatcher-of-land K-waha-ilo-o-ka-puni K-maggotmouth of overcoming i) Animal form K-ilio-loa dog K-ilio-loa cloud form, when clouds rest directly upon mountaintops, especially in dry weather j) K symbolization summary: 1, Fibrous pulupulu of fern, used in firemaking (tinder) and for stuffing mummified corpses; pulupulu as of coconut sennit, for rope and cordage to wind adz blade to handle (a form of K), and for lashing canoe parts and house timbers. 2. Ieie pandanus vine, used as rope for tying the tops of the felled trees and for girdling the ohia lehua tree before cutting it down to make the K-ka-ohia-laka image central to the semi-circle (or rows) of makaiwa images in the heiau (luakini pookanaka); red spathe and brackets of the flower is a phallic symbol of K as a male god. 3. The adz (koi, paai-kee) as used in sacred ceremonies (malu koi) on the K temple and for cutting wood and adzing out canoes; the primary tool form of K as used by carpenters (kahuna klai waa).

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4. The coconut tree (pniu) as proceeding out of the head of the eel (kuna, puhi), a form of K, related to the caterpillar (Kumuhea, son of K), worm (ilo, as worm of corruption in winter, and as the ilo, sprouting shoot of the coconut) and sea cucumber; coconut tree provides the materials for making sennit, and also provides the drinking nut, the source of sennit fiber having many uses for survival on the ocean and on land. 5. Breadfruit tree (ulu), wood and flower (as the husband of Haumea, earth mother goddes in the breadfruit tree. 6. Upright stem of the t plant (Cordyline terminalis ); or uprightness (k) of solid plant stems and hardwood trees or shrubs, particularly as used in making canoes and building houses. 2. S y m b o l i z a t i o n o f L o n o (partial): a) As god of rain: Lono-nui-akea Lono-of-wide-expanse Great-Lono-

tax-collecting, season;

sports,

in

the

makahiki

a) Major forms: Ipu o Lono (gourd, hue, ipu); vine (sweet potato, uala); b) Ipu o Lono image (Unu o Lono shrine) in the mens eating house, hale mua 2. God of the ahupuaa image: a) The boar incarnation of Lono as Kamapuaa, the hog demigod, symbol of turning the earth and planting (khuli); represented as a pigs head carved in kukui wood, a kinolau of Lono as god of agriculture. b) As the medicine god, Lono-puha, Lono-of-abscess, i.e., curing of infections c) Plant forms of Lono as Kamapuaa in medicine plants: amaumau fern, Sadleria spp.

Lono-nui-noho-i-ka-wai dwelling-in-water

hala, Pandanus odoratissimus uhaloa, Waltheria americana kkae-puaa grass, Digitaria pruriens olomea, Perottetia sandwicensis

1. Visible in cloud and storm phenomena: thunder, rain-clouds; bloodred rainfall (ua koko) as flood after storm; rainbow (ua koko); lightning (makaalohilohi, flashing eyes). 2. Heard as sound of thunder (Lono), thus the verb, hoolono, to listen (cause-sound-hearing, hoolohe ). b) As god of the agricultural year (makahiki): Lono-i-ka-makahiki Lono-in-theyear; Lono-in-the-first-fruitsseason 1. God of first fruits,

hapuu fern, Cibotium spp. lau leaf, Colocasia esculenta hinu puaa banana (black-skinned), Musaceae spp. k, t (leaf), Cordyline terminalis

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3. Images of Lono-i-ka-makahiki (other than Ipu o Lono gourd image) Lono-makua makahiki image, in the form of standard; Lono-father a) akua loa - (long god, carried around the island, clockwise; b) akua poko - (short-log,carried inland and i uka,i kai, counterclockwise in the ahupuaa c) As god of fire-making: Lono-pele, Lono-in-the-lava-flow, and Lono-makua (Lono-father): 1. In firesticks, the aunaki (grooved, light wood, as hau, a kinolau of Lono); the aulima, held in the hand, a hardwood, such as iliahi (sandalwood) in the Polynesian fire-plow technique of fire-making. 4. Other kinolau of the god Lono. a) Pig-fish forms of Kamapuaa (Lono): 1. humuhumu-nukunuku-apuaa (triggerfish), Rhinecanthus aculeatus; all other triggerfishes, humuhumu 2. km (goatfish), Upeneus prophyreus 3. ohua palemo; young of the uhu (parrotfishes) 4. paulu (surgeonfish) 5. pawalu (oilfish), Ruvettus pretiosus b) Sacred black color: hiwa, hiwahiwa (as of sacrificial black pig) Shiny black color: hinu, hinuhinu (as of sacrifical banana, hinupuaa)

c) Lono-muku, Lono-cut-off, the muku phase of the new moon, dark night of the moon, the 29th night of the waning moon; another name for Hina-hnai-a-ka-malama, goddess of the moon (Hina-muku). 3. Symbolization creator-god): of the god Kne (the

a) Atmospheric and geophycial phenomena: Kne-nui-akea Kne-of-greatexpanse; sky god Kne-ka-onohi-o-ka-l Kne-in-theeyeball-of-the-sun Kne-i-ka-hk-lani stars-of-the-sky Kne-hekili Kne-in-the-

Kne-of-the-thunder

a) Kne-i-ka-leo-lono-nui, Kne-inheavy (loud)-thunder b) Kne-i-ka-leo-lono-iki, Kne-ofsmall(er)-voice c) Kne-i-ka-leo-ula-nui, Kne-ofgreat-sacred-voice d) Kne-i-ka-poo-hn-i-ka-lewa, Kne-head-hidden-in-the-air, (thunderhead) e) Ke-ao-popolo-hua-mea--Kane, purple thunderhead (winter storm) Kne-wwahi-lani, Kne-splitting (rending)-the sky), i.e., Kne-in-the lightning-bolt a) Kne-uila-makeh-i-ka-lani, Knein-flashing-lightning-of-the sky (emphasis on the crackling of lightning)

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Kne-i-ka-ph(ku)-kaa, Kne-inhailstones Kne-i-ka-punohu-ula, Kne-in-the-redrainbow Kne-i-ke-anuenue, Kne-in-the-rainbow Kne-i-ke-pili Kne-in-the-cloudburst, atmosphere; sudden rain that comes down to earth and shuts out sight (pili, close-to- earth) Kne-i-ka-ua Kne-in-the-rain

Kne-i-ke-kiu Kne-in-the-wind (sharp pointed, i.e., heading into the wind) Kne-i-ke-ahi Kne-i-ka-ohu mist Kne-i-ka-noe Kne-i-ka-uahi (-nui, -iki) Kne-i-ke-aka Kne-in-the-fire Kne-in-the-lightKne-in-the-mist Kne-in-the-smoke (great, small) Kne-in-the-shadow

Kne-i-ke-ao-lani, Kne-in-(cumulous)clouds (i.e., float in the sky, not banked on the horizon) Kne-i-ke-ao-luna, Kne-in-the-upperclouds (probably cirrus clouds, high altiude) Kne-i-ke-ao-lewa-lalo, Kne-in-thelower-clouds (i.e., affected by the surface wind) Kne-i-ka-maka-o-ka-opua, Kne-in-the tips-of-the-horizon-clouds (i.e., showing the direction in which the wind is blowing at that altitude) Kne-i-ka-pua-lena, Kne-in-the-yellowcloud (as colored by sunlight, or by volcanic eruption) Kne-i-ka-p-kolonahe, Kne-in-thegentle-breeze Kne-i-ke-aheahe-mlie, Kne-in-thecalm breeze (light wind, as in sailing, etc.) Kne-i-ka-makani-iki, Kne-in-theslight-wind Kne-i-ka-makani-nui, Kne-in-thegreat-wind (i.e., pushing sails) Kne-i-ka-puahiohio, Kne-in-thewhirlwind

Kne-i-ke-aka-o-Kapolei, Kne-in-theshadow-of-Kapolei [*Note, Puu-oKapolei, a small crater in Ewa, Oahu was the stopping place of the winter solstice sun as observed by kahuna at Puu Kaki in Moanalua, standing in a circle about two feet in diameter and also aligned to Keaiwa Heiau in Aiea, a few degrees east of north]. Kne-hulihia- (i-Kahiki) Kne-in-theoverturning-of-Kahiki (earthquake) b) Water Kne-i-ka-pah-a-nui Kne-in-thegreat-thrust-of-water (i.e., upwelling of springs, dyke water, artesian water welling up below the ocean surface Kne-i-ka-pah-wai (-nui, -iki) [same as above]

Kne-i-ka-wai-ola, Kne-in-the-water-oflife, i.e., the healing waters of Kne, fresh water, drinking water

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c) Agriculture Kne-puaa Kne-pig

d) Reef, Coral Kne-kokala Kne-thorny-coral Kne-i-ke-kkala-loa, Kne-in-the-reef Kne-i-ke-kkala-l-honua, Kne-inthe-shaking-coral (spawning ?) Kne-i-ke-kkala-k-honua, Kne-insteadfast-coral Kne-i-ke-kkala-ku, Kne-in-sharppointed-coral Kne-i-ke kkala-ahe, Kne-in-waftedcoral (spawning ?) e) Directions (movment, or stationary position) Kne-i-ka-holoholo-uka, -to-run-upland Kne-i-ka-holoholo-kai -to run-seaward (sailing) Kne-i-ka-holo-nui -great-travel (long-distance) Kne-noho-uka Kne-noho-kai (coastal) -living upland -living onshore

Kne-i-ka-maile, Alyxia olivaeformis Kne-i-ka-palai Microlepi setosa (native wild fern, uncultivated) -i-ka-pala Sphenomeris chinensis (lace fern) Kne-i-ka-pua-ieie -in the flower of the pandanus vine, Freycinetia arborea Kne-i-ka-pua-lehua -in-the-lehua flower, Metrosideros macropus (yellow spp., lehua kea) Kne-i-ka-pua-lena -in-the-yellow flower Kne-i-ka-olapa -in-the-olapa, Chirodendron spp. Kne-i-ka halapp, -in-thedracaena plant, Dracaena (Pleomele) aurea Kne-i-ke-kalo -in-the-taro Colocasia esculenta Kne-i-ke-k -in-sugar-cane, Saccharum officinarum [i.e., in jointed stems, as of grasses, awa] Kne-ohe -in-bamboo, Graminae bambusa Kne-i-ka-awa -in-kava, Piper methysticum [in plants used in hui kala, cleansing and forgiving ceremonies, or medicine]: (pua-kala), spiny poppy, Argemone glauca (limu kala), Sargassum spp. h) Birds

Kne-hl-luna -look upward Kne-hl-lalo -look downward Kne-hl-lewa-lalo -to-look-inthe-lower-space-of-the-sky (altitude, height, distance above the horizon, but not at the zenith) f) Land formations Kne-noho-pali-luna the-cliff-above Kne-noho-pali-lalo the-cliff-below g) Plants Kne-i-ka-hoopuakea Kne-i-ka-pua-lalahua scattering flower -pale flower -seed-dwelling-in-dwelling-in-

Ka-pueo-kahi lone owl Ka-pueo-makalulu owl of peace (still eyes) i) Procreation, fertility Phaku-o-Kne stone-of-Kne shrine

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4. S y m b o l i z a t i o n o f t h e g o d K a n a l o a a) God of the sea In the octopus, as symbol of the eight-eyed, or eight-legged wind compass; in radial creatures, or kite-shaped, as rayfishes, coral (with Kne). In ivory (palaoa) and ivory-tusked cetaceans, sperm whales and animals that breathe or sneese (kihe, kiha) in the sea, bearing live young, porpoises (naia, nuao). b) Plants aweawe maia banana fiber, roots, as used in cordage-making (plantains, jute banana) uhaloa Walteria americana, with Kamapuaa/Lono/Kne (medicinal uses of the root) awa hiwa black awa, with Kne

c) Other sunlight and white color (with Kne) cross-shapes, as in sails, kites (lupe), pea, and branching out of plants, peapea, or starfish, octopus Southern Cross, Kapea, Napea d) Animal peapea native Hawaiian hoary bat (insect-eating), Lasiurus cinereus semotus. [*Note: one of the two alia poles which accompanied the Lono-i-kamakahiki image was called the alia opea].

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Hawaiian Kinolau and Polynesian Affinities.

Ancestral

The base -puna in k-punapuna means the section between joints, or nodes, of the cane stalk from which the maka , or eye(s) put forth new shoots, and it is a pun on the word for grandparent, ancestor, kpuna, just as the base -hulu, in huluhulu balloonfish puns on -hulu hair, down, fuzz on plants, feathers on birds, and hair on animals, then again on -hulu as an esteemed older relative, as of parents or grandparents generations. The theme of ancestry which becomes the stalk, or stem (au) or bone, femur (auhau) of the mookauhau genealogy of ancestors in recitations beginning with lists (helu papa) in the Eleventh Age [W Umikmkahi] follows along throughout the enumeration of species, just below the surface theme of akua manifestation (kinolau) and biological taxonomy. The same theme links with the kinolau of deified ancestors as ancestral akua and aumkua of generations past.. In particular, the Lauhue [W Alua] gourd-leaf emblem reasserts the image of the Lono/Kne huawai (=huewai) male bottle gourd as the identified creator-god Kne in the epilogue [W Akahi]: O k e k n e h u a w a i , A k u a k n The male gourd of water, that is the God Lauhue recalls the importance of the Ipu-o-Lono [unu o Lono shrine of the gourd in the mens eating house], and the Ipu-makani-a-Laamaomao, navigation wind gourd of Laamaomao, and the broken-vine Fuemotu traditions of West Polynesia (Samoa, Tonga, Uvea). The fly whisk fue is the insignia of the tulafale orator chiefs of Samoa [Kramer,

1902:I:8:969]. The Samoan epic of the fue is a Tagaloa tradition: Tagaloa sent down the creeping plant fue To people Tutuila thereby And Upolu, Atua, and Aana Together with the Tuamasaga But the bodies moved about soulless They could not sit and had no heart Tagaloa above heard That mankind had been engendered from the fue-s That they moved in the sun But footless and handless Without a head, without a face And without a heart; Tagaloa came down there in the west That he might bring them speech and give them form The fruits (fua ) of the creeper were maggots (ilo ), He formed the limbs and showed the added pieces, And he brought down your soul, That your bodies might be illuminated And that you might expect Tagaloa when he descends, to walk about [Kramer, 1902:I:6:770-772] The hee squid, octopus of the hee/walahee pair [W Elua] was the principal form of the god Kanaloa (Tagaloa), later referred to as ka hee hauna wela , the octopus god (as inflicting pain, wela heat, pain, probably a toxic species) [W Ewalu, Eighth Age]. Kanaloa was of less importance, ranking last among the akua. The octopus god Fee (= Feke) does not inspire the respect from Hawaiians that is more typical of Samoans and Tongans. Their east Polynesian cousins inTahiti regard Taaroa (= Kanaloa, Tangaroa, Tagaloa) as the original creator god, symbolized in the egg huoro of the revolving universe:

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Taaroa...was the ancestor of all the gods; he made everything. From time immemorial was the great Taaroa, Tahitumu [= Kumukahi first foundation, Hawaii] (The Origin)...Taaroa developed himself in solitude; he was his own parent, having no father or mother...Taaroas natures were myriads...he was Taaroa above, Taaroa below, Taaroa in stone (ofai) ... [Stimson, 1964:395]. ...Taaroa was a gods house; his backbone was the ridgepole, his ribs were the supporters... Taaroa sat in his shell in darkness for millions of ages...The shell was like an egg revolving in endless space, with no sky, no land, no sea, no moon, no sun, no stars...All was darkness, it was continuous, thick darkness. Rumia..was the name of that shell of Taaroa...Taaroa was quite alone in his shell [Henry, 1971:336]. How developed is the concept of embodiments or transformations of a god such as Feke, in several of the Polynesian island groups thus mentioned, both in east (Tahiti, Tubuai) and west (Samoa, Tonga, Tikopia)? ...Association of the clans with certain animals or plants, which may be termed totemism, is a very minor feature of Tikopia religion, and has its basis in the belief that the various atua of the clan, for their own purposes,s o m e t i m e s take shape in these birds, fish, crustacea, etc., or enter into them. . . . Normally these creatures are regarded as being purely natural objects; it is only when they behave abnormally, as when a bird runs towards a person in the path instead of away from him, that the presence of an atua is deduced, and the thing regarded as r e a l l y t a p u . . . [Firth, 1967: 26] This is probably as close as anyone may likely connect with an antecedent Polynesian form of plant and animal

affinity with clan recognition of akua forms in nature resembling the Hawaiian concept of kinolau. Judging by clan organization and prohibitions on eating of the eel, for example, in Tikopia, it is specifically evident that the freshwater eel Tuna is allied with the symbolic ancestral coconut tree of the Tafua clan, indicating the typical dual association of Tuna as the eels head and coconut tree. The combination reflects the K and Hina association representative of Puna aumkua worship. The following lau khea medicine chant calling on ancestral gods K and Hina to heal the sick is of Puna origin: O K, o Hina, o Kanaka-o-kai, O Kani-ka-w, o Kani-ka-w, O Ka-onohi-o-ka-l, hoi nui mai E hana i ka mai a kkou ia Ke eha ke poo, a me ke kumu Ua haule i ka lio a ua eha Eha no a eha loa, no laila E lawe i ka eha, ka hui, ka malele Ke koni, lawe no i na eha a pau loa H mai ua ola Nini aku la, a ola aku la Nini aku la, a ola aku la Nini aku la, a ola aku la Nini aku la, a ola aku la Nini aku la, a ola aku la Ua pau ka hana, a me oukou no ke kapu Hookuu ia ka mai a oukou Me ia ka lanakila a me ka oluolu, amene. O K, O Hina, O Kanaka-o-kai O Kani-ka-w, O Kani-ka-w O Ka-nohi-o-ka-l, (you) must return To cure our sick one, (name of person) (Insert all of the reasons:) Headache and cough/ He fell from the horse and was hurt/ Pain, severe pain, sharp aching Spread here and there Throbbing; take away every pain Pour (balm) and let him be cured

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Pour and cure (east) Pour and cure (west) Pour and cure (north) Pour and cure (south) Thy will be done, with you is the law Let illness be removed by you Let (him) have victory over sickness Let comfort be with him, amen. [Kaulili, 1923: 298]. Tikopians have strong aversion to eating the eel. Eel varieties revered by various families represent pertinent clan (Tafua, Kafika, Taumako, etc.) deities: (1) Tuna (lake eel), Atua i te Vai, (Tafua) (2) Tuna, Atua i te Sao, Tafua (Sao) (3) Atua fai (lake eel), Atua i te Vai (Tafua) (4) ngatinia, Atua i te ava (Fangarere) (5) safuti, Atua i te ava (Fangarere) (6) rafua (grey eel), Atua Fiti (Taumako) (7) kiau (banded eel), Atua Fiti (Nga Fiti) (8) sakusaku, Atua Fafine (Kafika [Firth, 1967: 255-256] These data indicate that the eel was a common symbolic ancestor of all of the major Tikopian clans: Tafua Fangarere Taumako Kafika coconut clan breadfruit clan taro clan yam clan

The ancestral background of chiefs and their families, however, would strongly favor the Tafua for the following kinolau aumkua: niu (coconut), K; Atua i Tafua (Tafua)

peka (bat), Kanaloa; Atua it te Tai (Tafua and Kafika) feke (octopus), Kanaloa; Atua i Faea (Tafua and Kafika) toki (clam, adze), Kpaaikee; Atua i Faea (Tafua and Kafika) tuna (lake eel), K; Atua i te Vai (Tafua) farafara (sea eel), K; Atua i Tafua (Tafua) unga (hermit crab) (none); Atua i Faea (Tafua and Kafika) [Firth, 1967: 255-256] This simulated comparison between Hawaiian and Tikopian symbolism is not intended to imply any direct relationship of Tikopian deities to major east Polynesian gods, T, Tne, Tangaroa, and Rongo [= K, Kne, Kanaloa, and Lono]. It simply yields significant associations deduced by analytical and associative artifice. The Tafua set which overlaps with the Kafika [= ohia (Hawaii)] evinces a complete absence of Kne worship. The Kafika yam (uhi) clan claims four of the Tafua set: bat, octopus, clam/adz, hermit crab. With the exception of the octopus, an aspect of Kanaloa, all Tafua sea-life symbols match K forms. If the system were set up in Hawaii, Tafua symbolization would easily fit into the K aumakua worship. Reversing the arrangement so that the dominant group is the Kafika adds the Kne worship through the stingray (fai ). K, Kne, and Kanaloa are all represented:

Were the ancient Hawaiian people, as a whole, made to fit into the Tikopian pattern of clan organizaiton, the Taumako would be the most appropriate grouping because of its taro identification, i.e., the governing staple and its ancestral akua kinolau.

81

ufi (yam), Kne; Atua i Kafika (Kafika) unga (hermit crab), none; Atua i Kafika (Kafika and Tafua) fai (stingray), Kanaloa; Atua Fafine (Kafika) Kne L-lupe feke (octopus), Kanaloa; Atua i Faea (Kafika and Tafua) toki (clam), K; Atua i Faea (Kafika and Tafua) Implementing Tikopian clan organization into the Hawaiian aumakua worship would require that the coconut (Tafua) and breadfruit clan be combined. The Fangarere breadfruit belonging in an isolated set (Fangarere) that forbids the inclusion of the coconut yields only K worship: mei (breadfruit), K/Hina; Atua i Fangarere (Fangarere) ngatinia (eel), K; Atua i te ava (Fangarere) safuti (eel), K, Atua i te ava (Fangarere) [Ibid.: 255-256]. The distinction between the coconut (Tafua) and breadfruit (Fangarere) clan plant symbolism does not exist in Hawaiian K worship but rather in that of his female companion, H i n a , who planted the eels head that became the coconut palm, and H a u m e a in the breadfruit tree. The Tikopian symbolic set of the coconut (Tafua), breadfruit (Fangarere), clam/adz (Tafua/Kafika), and eel comprise the essential equivalent of K symbolization. Kne worship would involve the taro (Taumako) and Kanaloa, the stingray (Kafika). Through the pea set (bat, stingray, kite), the Tafua (peka), Kafika

(fai), and Taumako (taro) syimbols are united in Hawaiian Kne (taro) and Kanaloa (octopus, stingray, bat, kite) worship patterns. The octopus (feke), jointly claimed by Tafua and Kafika, is Kanaloa. There is scant evidence of any sacred symbol in the Tikopia clan system that suggests any ancestral link indicative of Lono as the gourd (hue) or sweet potato (uala). Since it is unlikely that religious symbols as sacred elements, once ingrained in a culture, would completely disintegrate, it is possible that Tikopian religion and social organization branched off from a center of formation before the sweet potato gained economic status over the yam. Would this imply that the total absence of the sweet potato among ancestral plants of the Kumulipo is mute testimony to that effect? Or, does it mean that no social unit representative of Lono ancestry or worship migrated successfully to Polynesian outliers in Melanesia? This is an interesting historical question, considering the significance of the sweet potato in Lono worship. On Tikopia the yam (ufi) clan Kafika holds primary rank among the chiefs. Yam ancestry, in a symbolic sense, is traditional, as well, on Futuna. The origin of mankind is due to two yams which were laid upon the ground. The next morning one had been transformed into a man and on the following day, a woman was there beside him [Ibid: 255256]. In Samoa the ancestors of AtiogieAlali, father of Malietoa Savea I, were generally called Le Gafa o le Ufi ( gafa lineage; ufi yam) [Kramer, 1902: I:3: 422]. The Samoan term gafa lineage, genealogy provides the deeper, meaning, perhaps, of the word naha in the prologue to W Elua:

82

O naha wilu ke au o Uliuli The split elegance of the stem of Uliuli An elegant lineage is the stem of Uliuli The combination of huliuli (snake mackerel) with uhi (yam) in the kai and uka linkage in which the yam is the kiai or guardian i uka relates the stem (h) of Uliuli to the yam (uhi). Uliuli is named on the Kapapaikea genealogy as father of Kahiko and grandfather of Wkea (Sky-Father). K and Hina appear with some strength with Kafika (yam) and Tafua (coconut) clans in connection with birds and lizards: tavake (bosun bird); K (koae); Tafaki and Karisi, Kafika clan; karae (swamp-hen); Hina (alae mudhen, ka alae nui a Hina, the bird of Hina used as bait by Maui to fish up islands); Tafaki and Karisi, Kafika clan; keo (heron); Nau Flora, Tafua clan; [Cp. io (hawk), symbol of the chief; and aukuu, the night heron]; moko (black lizard); [cp. moo lizard; K]; Atua i Raropuka (family), Kafika. With respect, then, to ancestral ties between Hawaiians and Polynesians, the foregoing information is convincing evidence that kinolau clan associations are quite strong between Hawaiians, who are East Polynesians, and West Polynesians, a relationship which was not expected, in the region between Tonga, Uvea, Samoa, and Polynesian outliers in the Solomon Islands, such as Tikopia.

83

Summary. The fifth to eighth cantos (w) depart from the structural framework of the previous four in that each is a single thematic statement focusing on one animal at a time and in this order: Canto 5 Pig; Canto 6 Rat; Canto 7 Dog (with Bat), and Canto 8 Man. Taken together they target warmblooded animals that give live birth to their young. The factor of taxonomy is of less importance than behavioral traits resembling human ones. They are due in some degree to domestication, to selective breeding. They are kinolau bodies, as well, of the akua god still entering (komo) into the whole of creation through multiple variation. The target akua are Lono (pig), K (dog), Opea (bat god of childbirth), and Kne (mankind). There is a greater realization of being from a more elemental source (kumu), elemental being that began in space, time, darkness, light, sky, earth, air, water, heat, motion, color and sound coming into greater visibility and audibility from an abstract, immaterial, perhaps, initially spiritual point. Transition of type is the result of selective breeding and heredity, having an emphasis on character traits produced as much by training as by genetic heritage. This is particularly true of the pig, the behavior of which is thematically the obvious metaphor of the makaainana farmer. Moral attitudes, values, and behavior are effects due to breeding, family traits (welo), and acquired training. Offspring are recognized by their conduct as demeanor accessed from parents and the social order. To the extent that animal behavior is learned and not entirely instinctive, it is analogous to human behavior. Human behavior reflects animal nature reinforced by habit refined by society. an or

Cultural and social refinement, added to natural intelligence and physical ability, are the product resulting from the will or need to create from the wild an ordered dwelling place for secure and harmonious living. When the bird (manu) migrants and moo mud-dwellers of the coast and estuaries have inhabited the coast (kai) and uplands (uka), living as recent arrivals on what nature provides hunters and gatherers under rude conditions in a wild state, survival requires that the inmigrants do without civility of manners and below subsistence requirements for elegant living: (Canto 4, Fourth Age, Line 523): Shaking as they settle into mud Dust of earth the food to eat, To eat and settle, eat in silence, Eating like condemned kauw outcasts, To eat in confusion their meals The economic development of the life of mankind, therefore, is achieved at the apex of the ancient night (Kapkanokano) in the Fifth Age before night begins to decline (hiolo) toward dawn. It is characterized by the enterprise of the pig farmer. The pigs head carved in kukui wood marked the stone ahu of the land sections (ahupuaa) within the districts (moku). The strength and perseverance with which the pig, as a manifestation of Lono, god of agriculture, uproots (eku) the earth and walls (hoopalipali) terraces to create an abundant yield tenfold what raw nature would otherwise yield from uncultivated land is a creative contribution to a lifestyle from which laborers may rest (hoomaha) in security of harvest.

84

The pig is the symbol of domestic civilization in himself and in his progeny, no matter what their peculiar defects. The taro loi is the basis of this cornerstone of civilized economic effort, the byproduct of which is an available surplus wealth through animal husbandry. Into this environment of productivity, however, in the sixth era runs (holo) the rat, another obvious metaphor of a class of land managers (konohiki) who eat (ai), i.e., tax the surplus wealth of the plantation. The rat is described as having an erratic disposition in that he takes small bites out of the abundant mountain apple tree in the uncultivated wild. The mountain apple (ohia ai) is not a staple but wild fruit in season, the enjoyment of which is spoiled by the rat who eats from each fruit on the tree, never satisfying himself with a whole fruit. Nor is it in his nature to change, it has become habitual to take the best at every advantage and opportunity. The seventh canto wrestles with the problem of the tabu system and temple (heiau) sacrifices, the demands of law enforced by religion. It is one in which the poet enters with his audience, the person to whom he is speaking, into active meditation on the experience of fear of the law, becoming the object and subject of potential human sacrifice. The dog is important here because dog sacrifices were ritual food for women in the society, pork being confined as mens food to the hale mua, while human sacrifices were ritual food only for gods. Dog sacrifice of the olohe hairless ones, however, is a metaphor of human sacrifice, as the olohe were wrestling combatants in the chiefs armies in ancient times. The dog is a companion of the dead who conducts them into the afterlife.

The position of the observer is now at the top of the mountain ridge (kualono), from which point the entire canopy of criss-crossed (peapea) branching (manamana) growth of the forest covers the ground below. It symbolizes a place of camouflage where nature affords a refuge for the hunted or the vulnerable. The theme of plant growth and animal growth as branching out (peapea, manamana), drooping down, hanging (lohelohe) as with fruit or as rootlets, dense fibrous cover (huluhulu), like human body hair, forking (peapea) and branching as with limbs, appendages, whether of branches, or wings, hands, feet (manamana), the vigorous sweep of the forest conceals the peapea native bat, a kinolau manifestation of the god of childbirth (Opea), whose flight through the forest goes undetected by those whose eyes are not adjusted to the forest. The bat presages foetal position of the human infant in its cocoon-like nocturnal sleeping position, attached and folded, dangling (lohelohe), hanging by its feet, digits (manamana), and wings folded. In flight the bat binds its infant young to its bosom, holding it there with its feet, upper arms free to fly, symbolic of independence and strength of parental protection. The observer feels a kinship with this primitive place of verdure, knowing that under concealment of the forest canopy where few intruders venture, as the jungle has its own dangers, there is respite, however tentative, from the incursion of predatory human laws. This is the wao akua where gods are said to dwell and where wild creatures retreat.

85

KA WA UMIKUMAKAHI 765 Oia wahine noho lani a pio lani no Oia wahine haulani a noho lani no Noho no iluna a iho pio ia Kii Weli ai ka honua i na keiki 765

ELEVENTH AGE This woman lived as chiefss of pio rank, This chiefess seated at the rank of ruling chiefs, She lived above, her pio rank arching over Kii, The children who were the issue from her womb: Born Kamahaina, male, Born Kamamule, who followed him, Born Kamamainau, between, Born Kamakulua, youngest, female Kamahaina, a male, lived with Halia Born Loaa, male

770

Hanau o Kamahaina, he kane Hanau o Kamamule, kona muli Hanau o Kamamainau, o kona waena Hanau o Kamakulua kona pokii, he wahine Noho Kamahaina he kane ia Halia Hanau o Loaa he kne Loaa ke kane Le Kalawe Kulou Nau Aa Pulepule Nahu Pono Kalau Kulewa Pou Poulua [Aa - Sirius] [Ole moon]

770

775

775

780

[Aa - Sirius]

780

785

[ zenith star] [Kaulua Gemini?]

785

790

795

800

Pae [Paeloahiki = Milky Way] Paeheunui Hewa [w - time] Maku Wala Piha Mu Nawai Wawa Kuai Luu Mai Maia

790

795

800

Nakelea ka wahine Kanu Kamau Haliau Kale Hehe Mai Luke Ponoi Ma-ina Kune Kalai Kukulukulu [Turu Altair,Antares] [Makulukulu Saturn] Haaa [Aa - Sirius] Kiekie Kulu [Kulu - moon - 17th] Niau Kunewa Pihapiha Kuku Hele Hanehane Aanai Luulea [Lea - Arcturus (?)] Maia Paua [clam]

86

805

Lana Lanalana Pulu Puluka Pulukene Pulumakau Pulukea Nekue Nakai Kuleha Ike Mala Malama Eho Ehoaka Ehoku [hk Keoma Kinohi Ponia Meua Meualua Hoolana Hoomeha Pula Kuamu Kou Meia Kawala Huli Loaa

[horizon level] [1st level, anuu] 805 [kea - Venus] [kea SouthernCross] 810 [see, know] [malama- moon] [hoaka - 2nd moon] - 15th moon] [Aldebaran,old name] 815

Kilo [observe] Paepae [heiau platform] Lepea [pea, Southern Cross] Lelepe Lelekau Lelemau Umala Mahili Napoo Ma-ka Aoao Hui Puiki Pulama Pulanaia Malaia Hahooili Muala Luka Mamau Maukele Hoohuli Memeha Kua Kuawa Koukou Pekau Mahuli Imi Olioli

810

[hui - zenith]

815

820

820

825

825

830

[Aa - Sirius]

830

[*Note: 55 generations elapse between Loaa (775) and Loaa (830)] 831 Huhu Makuma Manomano Kini Leha Pua Puaena Wela Maiko Maikokahi Maikolua Hilahila Kelau Paio Paia Keala Leawale Manoa Lauahi Mau Maua Ena Enaena Ahi Kulewa Kuakahi Pahila Hoohila Lukau Haluku Kalaku Kealaula [Lea - Arcturus]

835

835

840

840

845

845

[alaula - dawn]

87

850

855

860

865

Piao Niau Launie Mono Hekau Hoopaa Kalama Helu Paila Halale Malie Maoki Kaiwi Kulea Makou Iau Iaka Makili Heamo

850

855

860

[Amo -Orion (Tonga)

865

Naia [porpoise] Kekumu Huluhe Paa Kaili Ha Kapala Namu Opuopu Malu Kalino Hulahe Iwia Kulia Koulu Mahea Meia Lulu Lou Makea Apomai Liilii Heleihea Naalo Naele Heleua Komo Keaho Kauhi Peleiomo Omoomo Nanailuna [observe upward] Haipule Kalahuiwale Hk [star; 15th moon] Meu Wene [Southern Cross] Halima [five] Halilalo Halelo Muakau Nenee Leleio Olol Wiwini

870

875

880

885

890

Heamokau [Amo- Orion] Puili Puiliili Puiliaku Mokukapewa[Milky Way] Mokukaia [Milky Way] Piala Kiamo[Amo - Southern Cross (Tonga)] Koikua Koiele [koi - solstice (Gilbert Is.)] [hidden number] Paele Keomo Hulimakani [wind shift] Nanaikala [observe sun] Kalawela [hot sun] Kealakau [sun, zenith passage?] Kamau Opala Hali Haliluna Halimau Halipau Nunua Nananaka Oamio Omiomio

870

875

880

885

890

88

895

Aila Ailamua Ailakau Ailapau Manu

900

905

910

915

920

925

930

Lilio Leheluhe Kelemau Kaumau Kaukahi Mauka Ohi Ikamu Kalu Kalukalu Lipo Lipowao Pili Pilimau Kahale Kahaleai Lawaia Mauaka Wana Wanawana Wanakaulani Wanamelu Kaulua [Gemini] Walaau Hanehane Hawane Heleau Hulimea Hulimua Ewa Omali Huelo Niolo Pilimai Keanu Kaio Haluaka Kapuhi Ehio Kakai Amo [Southern Cross, Tonga] Amoaku Helemai Onaho

[Procyon, Canopus] [Rigel, Altair]

895

Kukala Heia Hele Kaiwi Heleupa Makini Aina Hinapu Puoho Maele Kai Laulau Namu Moena Hilipo Nao Naele Aiku Maumaua Mua Nuu Kaio Lehu Kala Wanakau Melu Hulili Kaohi Eiaau Hahane Kuamu Maaku Aiko Newa Ewaewa Malimali Kakai Eiaku Kona

900

905

910

[zenith]

915

920

925

[Southern Cross]

930

935

935

940

940

Peleau Pueo Kaolo [retrograde motion] Mula Emio Alakai Koikoi Kuwala Heleaku Keanalii

[Lehuakona, Canopus] [Mahukona, Magellan [Clouds]

89

945

950

955

960

964 965 966

970

975

980

985

990

Pilikoa Mahinahina [moon] Poopoo Omana Omanaio Manainai Huluemau Kaluli Nakino Nakinolua [two] Ukiki Uli Mele Lanai Hao Pakaikai Moana Hulu [ten = 1 decan week] He Makilo Naua Ua Peleu Mahina [moon] Mahinale Mahinalea [189-191 generations from Loaa] Pipika Mahele Kaohi Kona [Canopus, Magellan Clouds] Iho Kulaa Kuamauu Pahili Keia Makioi Helehele Aukai Moekau [midnight] Huluau Melemele [Orions Belt] Kumuniu Amoi Kunewa Pahilo Napoi Kulana Kakau Holeha Paani

945

950

955

960

964 965 966

970

975

980

985

990

Ukulii Halepoi Nawai Manamana Huluheu Malanai [east wind] Kaalo Pau Kinohi Ewalu [eight] Eau Uliuli Melemele [Orions Belt] Poi Au Puehu Hilo [1st moon] Makali Hoeue M Upa Hama Hamahuna Hina Ulukua Palemo [Ke Kai o Kahinalii] [Kahinalii = Auriga (Tahiti)] Kuhinu Puunaue [to count, move sums] Kaohiohi Konakona Pelu Mailu Holehole Halulu Luluka Meihiolo Pineha Milo Helemau Pulama Milokua Pilia Akua [14th moon] Hulema Piliaiku Kaale Nawa Poipoi Hulupehu Malanaopi

90

995

1000

1005

1010

1015

1020

1025

1030

1035

Lewa Pihaulu Kelewaa [navigate, steer canoe] [Hokukelewaa = Sirius] Kakio [Kiopaa = Polaris] Hulipena Mokiweo Kapalama Kapalamalama Wikani Kapehi Hiwa Pano Opelau Mahilu Hoolewa Kumau Papalele Haole Makua Leho Opikana Helemaka Kukuhale Pohakukau Helua Komokomo Peleele Nukueleele Mama Hamama Kuemi Opiliwale Ahulimai Maikomo Hununu Hoolohe Kumaua Koikoi Mauawa Kelelua Mukana Mahili Kukona Kanawai Lohilohi Apikili Hoomaku Olepe

Kukelemio Hoiha Kinohili 995 Hiliha Miko Pakala Kepooha Kepoolimaha Kamakolu Kalukuu Kahiwahiwa Kekaliholiho Maha Kaene Waiau Kahaka Kukala Kuwahine Kaluakekne Holomau Nahenahe Liko Hinaulu Hinamai Kalani Malie Hoolua Papakele Papakapa Malele Kulua Kapoulena [Sirius] Mahinuele Pelemau Kamanu Nawaikaua Kulukaua Hau Kolokolo Aa [Sirius 253 (982-729 gen.] Mahiopu Wili Naka Hapele Hapeleau Nohilo Nohalau Makau [Scorpius]

1000

1005

1010

1015

1020

1025

1030

1035

91

1040

1045

1050

1055

1060

1065

1070

1075

1080

1085

Kala Hulipau Makohi Oopuola Niuhuli Ohao Nuu Lena Ahiahi Ahiahihia Ahiakane [Kne night, 27th] Ahiakapoloa [long-night] Ahiakapokau [midnight] Ahiakulumau Ahiakamake Ahiakaolu Pohinakau Moulikaina Hooku Manaweulani Hoomailu Mailu Polehua [Antares (?)] Puulele Hamohulu Iamama Kuinewa Holopulau Makanewanewa Melia Humuhumu [So. Cross; Altair] Ukianu Ukinala Ukikamau Ukilelewa Ukinahina Hoopulu Nahiole Mukiki Kiola Mulemulea Kukawa Kamio Hoomu Hailau Hoomaukea Pulune Kuaua Moeiho Manuala Kolealea

1040

1045

1050

1055

1060

1065

1070

1075

1080

1085

Heleana Hulimakeau Hulimakele Nahalau Nakulii Nakumau Helemai Palemo [moon in daylight] Opihi [limpet] Ounauna [hermit crab] Wanaku [sea urching] Kikala Hapuu Makani [wind] Kilau Honika Hilahea Hoomaka Nanana Laukunu Puluea Lehuane Keahu Noelo Noeula Noenoe Pilimauu Hinakona [Canopus,Magellan Cls.] Helepuau Melemele [Orions Belt] Palamau Nenue Ilimaka Keohoko Laumeki Nilea Oloolohu Kealapii Makino Iaia Helelu Maikaiwa [frigate-bird] Molemole Unauna Pamakani Muli Kahe Wailuhi Imihia Kawele Kauwewe

92

1090

1095

1100

1105

1110

1115

1120

1125

1130

1135

1140

Hilohilo Maluipo Awaia Hoohinu Eapu Ialo Heiau Heiaumana Pulemo Kaukeoa Helemua Kalele Paepae Keoa Kapouhina Kapouhinah Hoopiopio Hoopioaka Hoolahalaha Hoomahilu Nanewa Nanawaa Hookilo Kumeheu Leleiluna Halekumu Halepaio Halemoeanu Haleluakini Halekuamu Haiola Kalelemauliaka Koiniho Pooku Haleimiloea Panionio Kealakikee Oiaku Huini Pa Pana Panakahi Paikekalua Puukolukolu Napuueh Palimakahana Waiakea Kaeamauli Kakoiele Kaholookaiwa Kalelenohinalea

1090

1095

1100

1105

1110

1115

1120

1125

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1130

1135

1140

Hokelona Hokii Milo Ohouma Uluoha Makalewa Piioha Hoohiwa Maluolua Hiileiia Kuainea Wamakona Limaauki Puameli Kuamaulu Hokuaala Pionuu Pioanuenue Pulau Makua Peleuwao Oma Pilikamau Leleawa Mainahu Kimonaue Holio Keokeo Malii Noio Lauhala Miloha Naku Paleamakau Hilohilo Liho Maiau Kaniho Naihu Aiano Koliau Aliaoe Piliwale Heleiamai Hookonokono Helemaia Hepahuno Eleiku Maumau Heoioi Aluaku

93

1145

1150

1155

1160

1165

1170

Panaakahiahinalea Panaikaluakahinalea Puukoluakukahinalea Napuuikahkahinalea Palimawaleahinalea Akahiakaeaakilolo Paluaakaeaakilolo Puukolukaeaakilolo Puuhkahaaakilolo Puulimakaeaaakilolo Akahikeewe Paluakeewe Paukolu Puuhkeewe Pulimakeewe Waiakaeakaewe Kamauliakaewe Koieleakaewe Kuaiwaakaewe Henahuno Panakahikenahu Panaluakenahu Panakolukenahu Panahkenahu Lewelimakenahu Paakaeaakenahu Omaulikenahu Koielehakenahu KuaiwaKelekenahu Hekaunano

11 12 13 14 15 16 = 1 17 (2) 18 (3) 19 (4) 20 (5) 21 (1) 22 (2) 23 (3) 24 (4) 25 (5) 26 (6) 27 (7) 28 (8) 29 (9) 30 (10) 31 (1) 32 (2) 33 (3) 34 (4) 35 (5) 36 (6) 37 (7) 38 (8) 39 (9) 40 (four)

1145

1150

1155

1160

1165

1170

Helule Painaina Noakawalu Piliamoa Manu [Procyon] Lelekeamo [Southern Cross] Kelekeleao Umikaua Mailo Nihohoe Paliiuka Paliikai Makaimoimo [star] Lauohokena Piu Nahinahi Kamehai Ulupo Newaiku [Southern Cross] Puhemo Lahilahi Kaukeahu Ulalena [Sirius] Eiawale Konukonu Uli Nainai Pilomoku Nahae Welawela [1171-966 = 205 generations Kahinalii] Loiloi Kealo Kukamaka Auhee Haihae Milio Hamunu Naia Pakau Hemolua Naio Kelekele Hapulu Napulu Kuamoo Muumuu Moonawe Helua [Ka lua o ke kai o Kahinalii]

1171

1175

1180

1185

Papio Manuakele Kaunuka Makii Kupololiili Kupoka Kupokanaha Kuponee Kupohaha Kupoko Kupo-e Kupou Kupolele Kupololo Kupolili Kuponakanaka Kupohilili Kupohalalu

1171

1175

1180

[Procyon, Canopus]

1185

94

1190

1195

1200

1205

1210

1215

1220

1225

Kupohelemai Kupokalalau Kupolahauma Kupoliilii Kupolonaanaa Kupolomaikau Kupolohelele Kupolopaiuma Kupolohaihai Kupolokeleau Kupolonaunau Kupoloahilo Kupolomakanui Kupolomaiana Kupolokahuli Kupololili Kupololililili Kupololalala Kupolohalala Kupololuana Kupololailai Kupololaiolo Kupololaimai Kupololaiaku Kupolohilihili Kupolomalimali Kupoloale Kupoloimo Kupolokalili Kupolomene Kupolohulu Kupolohulilau Kupolohulimai Kupolokamanao Kupolokeweka Kupolokulu Kupolonehea Kupolohaliu Kupolonakunaku Kupoloololo Kupoloolol

1190

1195 [Milky Way] 1200

1205

1210

1215

1220

1225

Poiwa Nana Nakulu [Saturn; Altair, Eiamae [Antares] Lelehewa Kimopu Holi Kupolupauma Luli Makeamo [Southern Cross,Tonga] Imo Lua Hulili Manu [Procyon] Hulu Namaka Pulupuli Naku Ahi Hoaka [2nd moon] Lelea Hanau Ilimai Hooilo[winter] Makanalau Hulipumai Leleiluna Holookoa Uliuli [stars, unidentified] Hiwauli Kinopu Makiao Makiaoea Ewa Lukona Eapaipai Hulihele Maliu [Spica (Tahiti)] Uliau Kioio [Polaris] Holeaku [Kupololiili 1175 - Kupoloololi 1229 = 54 generations]

95

1230

1235

1240

1245

1250

1255

1260

1265

1270

1275

1280

O Polo Polohili Polokau Polouli Polopolo Polohamu Polonihi Polohaihai [Milky Way] Poloheihei Polohanuai Polomahimahi Poloaku Polomai Eliakapolo Ekukukapolo Halimakapolo Hoopoloiho Poloku Polokane Polohiwa Polomua Popolomea Popolohuamea Popolokaia Polonananana Polomakiawa Poloanewa Polohauhau Polohehewa Polomehewa Poloulaa Poloahiwa Poloula Polowena Poloimu Polokakahia Poloi Poloii Polohi-pa Polohi-pakeke Polohi-pakaka Polohi-helehele-lahiki Polopaukahiki Polohilele Poloahaumea Poloahiluna Polokaumai Polokaulani Poloikamakani Poloikai Polokamehani

1230

1235

1240

1245

1250

1255

1260

1265

1270

1275

1280

Nolu Kau [midnight, noon] Uli Polo Hamu Nini Haihai [Milky Way] Hei Hanuai Ewa Kolo Maluape Pelepele Puaa Puaakame Uluea Hiamanu Paka Leleamia Halu Menea Miomio Omo Lanaki Manahulu Laohe Peleaku Nanale Huamua Hewa Makolu Hiwa Ula We-na Mohalu [Shaula; 12th moon] Kanakau Ii Hipa Pe-pa Meao Lahiki Kahiki Kaahiki Haumea [Aldebaran, Austral Is.] Ahiluna Kaumai Kaulani Kamakani Ikai Kamehani Maumau

96

1285

1290

1295

1300

Poloimaumau Poloimauna Poloilaau Poloikanahele Poloikukulu Poloihoomoe Poloihanahana Poloikahiau Poloikalua Poloahiko Poloikaha Poloihilima Poloioaiku Polomauli Polokokoiele Polokuaiwa Polohemo Polokinau Polokii Pololii Polowaikaua

1285 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

1290

1295

1300

Mauna Laau Kanahele Kukulu Hoomoe Hanahana Ka-haiau Luahiko Hiko Kaha Lima Waiku Mauli Koiele Iiwa Hemo Nahunahu Oliiloa Mano Halula Pomea

(4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

[Polo 1230 - Polowaikaua 1301 = 71 generations Liili Liiliauau Liilikamau Liililiili Liilihalula Liilimama Liilimanua Liilihakahaka Liiliha Liilihemoaku Liilikaumai Liiliaolo Liilipihapiha Liilinuunuu [zenith] Liilihelelima Liiliau Liilimiha Liilinania Liilipelua Liilimahimahi Liilikaliaka Liilimeleau Liilileoleo Liililimanu [Procyon,Altair] Liilikapili Auau Kamau Holiholi Nanaahu Hole Holehole Pilimau Hoohene Iwiaku Lanikama Iliuli Oloolo Nuunuu Helelima Auli Nolunolu Haleakeaka Puluka Maluli Makauma Nahili Poloa Popoko Poimoimo Poiauwale

1305

1305

1310

1310

1315

1315

1320

1320

1325

1325

97

1330

1335

1340

1345

1350

1355

1360

1365

1370

1374

Liiliholowaa [sail canoe] Liiliholomau Liilikalele Liilikalili Liilipoipo Liiliwalewale Liilihanahana Liilihuliana Liiliwahipali Liilinohopali Liilinohoana Liilikauhale Liilipulepule Liili-la Liili-hou Liili-kakii Liili-kahuli Liili-homole Liili-pukaua Liilililolilo Liililanalana Liililanakila Liililana-au Liilimalana Liiliahula Liilipukiu Liilipaluku Liilimaemae Liiokioki [Pleiades] Liialiilii Liilikauliilii Liiakamama Liiamama Liipaepae Liiumu Liiluakii Liiluakini Liimolohi Liikauunahele Liiaupa Liimuliawa Liinewaku Liihomali Liipulama Liipalama Liiohinu Liiomaka Liipau [Liili 1302 - Liilimaemae 1302 = 52 generations]

1330

1335

1340

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1360

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1370

1374

Poilumai Poinanaia Nanana Nanaue Nahuila Meia Kulaimoku Pihi Pililau Maeleele Kauhale Palia Pule Halawai Leleipaoa Miliamau Kulana Iwaiwa Luna Kaua Lilo Kila Kilaua Mana Lana Piko Hulikau Pakapaka Liilii Lilioma Manukele Mama Paepae Umu Kii Kini Lohi Nahele Upa Liawa Newaku Mali Pulama Palama Ohinu Omaka Olua Kaneiwa

[zenith]

[Aldebaran] [Procyon, Altair]

[Southern Cross]

[Ke kolu o ke kai]

[Liili 1302 - Liipau 1374 = 72 generations]

98

1375

1380

1385

1389 1389 1390

1395

1400

1405

1410

1415

1420

O A [Sirius] Alii [Pleiades,Milky Way] Aliilaa [Raaka Pegasus] Aliiaka Aliimau Aliialii Aliipoi Aliikono Aliipahu Aliiume Aliihala Aliiponi Aliilanahu Aliikaea [Cp. Kehooea, Lyra] Aliihonupuu [brother] Opuupuu [brother] Aliilehelehe Aliimakolu Aliinohouka Aliihimuhani Aliileleiona Aliiwalaau Aliikuwala Aliikomokomo Aliiaku Aliinewa [Southern Cross] Aliikuhikuhi Aliikilo [observe] Aliikiloloa [observe (long,distant)] Aliikilopoko [observe (short)] Aliiemi [observe (shrinking)] Aliikolo Aliihelu [observe (count)] Aliiheluone Aliipuuone Aliikamanomano Aliihukeakea Aliipauku Aliinana Aliikilokilo [observe] Aliikiloluna [observe (up)] Aliikilolono [observe Sirius] Aliikiloau [observe current] Aliikilohonua [observe earth] Aliikilouli [observe darkness] Aliikilokai [observe sea] Aliikilonalu [observe wave(s)] Aliikilohulu Aliikiloahu Aliikilomakani [observe wind] Aliikiloola [observe (life)]

1375

1380

1385

1390

1395

1400

1405

1410

1415

1420

O Lii [Pleiades, Milky Way] Laa [Raaka, Pegasus] Aka Mau Alii Pohea Mii Pahu Ume Hala Poniponi Kelenanahu Kaekaea Hohonupuu Kaeahonu [Laaniha ka wahine, see Wa 12] Lehelehe Hinakolu Mauka Haui Lopiana Kukeleau Manaaala Lupuhi Ikuw [Sept-Oct.,Hawaii] Mania Lahulahu Loa [Hokuloa Venus] Pokopoko Anana Amiami Lepau Lepeake Malamu Nahakea Hoouli Pololani Kalakala Huli Kelea Halululu Kalahai Kanamu Heanaipu Hoowili Ume Ohi Pelapela Oheohe Malumalu Lipoa

99

1425

1430

1435

Aliikilohk [observe star(s)] Aliikilomalama [observe moon] Aliikilomakalii [observePleiades] Aliikilokau [observe midnight, noon, zenith passage, meridian; summer] Aliikilohooilo [observe winter] Aliikaanaau [memorize] Aliikaanamalama [moons] Aliikaanaua [star in Milky Way, unidentified] Aliikilomoo [Milky Way] Aliikilokua [observe back(ward)] Aliikiloalo [observe front(ward)] Aliikilohope [observe behind] Aliikilomua [observe front] [Alii 1375 - Aliikilomua 1437 = 62 generations] [Kupolo - 1175 - 1229 = [Polo - 1230 - 1301 = [Liili - 1302 - 1374 = [Alii - 1375 - 1437 = 54 ] 71 ] 72 ] 62 ]

1425

Kanulau Nahele Hoopulu Kakelii Hulu Lono Kea Papahuli Moolio Kilohi Anapu A-aa Pehe

[Pleiades]

1430

[Sirius]

1435

[Milky Way] [gaze] [Sirius] [chant (Tahiti)]

[*Note: From Kupolo 1175 - Aliikilomua = 262 generations ] Mua Muapo Muahaka Mualele Muakaukeha Muahale Muahalekapu Muaanoano Muakekele Muahaipu Muakahiko Muawaa Muapoipoi Muakamalulu Muahelei Muakohukohu Muakahukahu Muaoma Muanalu Muanaluhaki Muanalupopoi Wanaku Haina Kulamau Hilipo Keanukapu Laapilo Hoohali Nauia Ipu Kahiko Waawaa Poi Helenaku Kaukahi Lulu Moolelo Kapili Kahu Anoano Nalu Pokii

1440

1440

1445

1445

1450

1450

1455

1455

100

1460

1465

1470

1475

1480

1485

1490

1495

1500

1505

Muanalukalohe Muanaluhaikakala Mualala Muahaipu Muapule Muahanuala Muaikekele Muaipoipo Muakalaikii Muakawaa Muaiopele Mualopola Muapali Muahoopo Muaunu Muahai Mualupe Muakala Muawekea Muahilo Muakahu Muakahukahu Muaamaama Muaahilo Muaanoa Muaalealea Muainakalo Muaohupu Muaikauka Muaikumuka Muaikaunukukanaka Muaokalele Muaokahaiku [Milky Way (?) Muaokahanuu [zenith] Muaokalani [sky] Muamamao Muanuunuu [zenith] Muaokam [central image, heiau] Muaokahai [MilkyWay (?)] Muaokeoma [Aldebaran (?)] Muaokekahai [Milky Way (?)] Muaokaoliko Muaokapahu Muaokahana [Gemini (?)] Muaoakahanai Muaokaipu Muaumeumeke

1460

1465

1470

1475

1480

1485

1490

1495

1500

1505

Nanaku Moku Hoonahu Apiapi Mahoa Ahia Mulemule Akia Lena [Sirius] Auhuhu Laaumele Laalaau Wahine Kikana Ui-a Kahuli Elieli Moomoo Kapu Lau Eiwa [nine] Hiliahu Kaomi Auwe Olopule Kaimai Kinika Niniha Niniahu Moemole Mokukaha Opilopilo Meheia [Milky Way] Kamanuhaahaa [Procyon, etc.] Leleamio Aumalani Kahakaua Holi Haehae [east] Mano Opelele Ehu Kapilipili Hapoe Hunu Ohekele Pukapu

101

Muapoi Muaahuliau Muaipapio Muailoiloi [Mua 1438 - Mualoiloi 1509 = 71 generations]

Ponouli Lehiwa Keleauma Pohopoho [ Le 776 - Lelepe 803/804 = 27/28 generations; Le 776 - Lelea 1209 = 433 generations; Lelea 1209 - Lepau 1405 Lepeake 1406 = 196/197 generations; Le 776 - Lehiwa 1507 = 731 generations] 1510 Nanio Pae [Milky Way] Pililauhea Manukoha Kanaia Naio Puhimaka Kalino Kalaniahu Poepoe Hiloauama Uhuau Moku Leleiona Haikala Nakulu Kukala Hiipoi Olo Papaa Hano Mahoe Kaloa Pokipoki Kinikahi Holiolio Alohi Aheaka Niao Wali Walehooke Nohopali Nohinohi Mahealani Palimu Kahiona Lukama Kahikahi

1510

1515

1520

1525

1530

1535

1540

1545

Loimua Loikahi Loialua Loiloi Loikalakala Loiloloi Loilolohi Loinuiloi Loiloikaka Loiakama Loiiopoe Loiloinui Loipouli Loimia Loiapele Loiahemahema Loiakio Loialuluka Loiahamahamau Loioloolo Loikolohonua Loiipulau Loianomeha Loikinikini Loimanomano Loiloimai Loiloikapu Loiloikala Loiloinahu Loiloipili Loiahuahu Loikulukulu Loipilipa Loipilipili Loihalalu Loihalululu Loiloilele Loiloipa

1515

1520

1525

1530

1535

1540

1545

102

1550

1555

1560

1565

1570

1575

1580

1585

Loiloipakeke Loiloipo Loiloipololo Loiipololo Loikamakele Loihialoa Loimanuwa Loikalokalo Loiihiihi Loihilimau Loimoemoe Loipilopilo Loikoikoi Loikoiii Loiloloilo [zenith] Loiloloilo (?) Loiloloikapu [zenith] Loillolo [zenith, sun] Loiloinaka Loiloila [sun] Loiloikopea [Southern Cross] Loiimauamaua Loiikkii Loiimanini Loipukapuka Loiomilu [underworld] Loiomiliapo Loiomakana Loiokanaloa [compass god, Tropic of Cancer] Loiokiikii Loiihiikua Loiihiialo Loiokanaha Loiikeluea [Kehooea, Lyra (?)] Loiopilihala Loiomalelewaa Loiieleele Loipo P o l a a -- [Oraaka, Pegagus (?)] [Loimua 1510 - Loipo 1585 = 75 generations, to Polaa 1586 = 76 generations]

1550

1555

1560

1565

1570

1575

Waikeha Manini Hinalo Oamaamaku Lahi Keleakaku Lahipoko Pauha Kaheka Piopio [zenith, transit] Hookaukau Hooiloli Puapua Mahiapo Kulukau Kupee Kealanuu [zenith path] Kinana Pulelehu [Magellanic Clouds] Milimili Apoapoahi Pola Houpo [equator] Kakiwi Polinahe Ipulau Nahawiliea Hoolaumiki Palahalaha Hulikahikeoma Kahiliapoapo Kaheihei Hilipalahalaha Apuwaiolika Ohiohikahanu Palakeaka Mimika Kilika, hnau o Polaa-[Aldebaran]

1580

1585

[Loaa 775 - Polaa 1586 = 811 generations; + 2 (Lailai) = 813 generations].

103

1586

Hanau o Polaa Hanau ka ino, hanau ke au Hanau ka pahupahu, ka pohaha Hanau ka haluku, ka haloke, ka nakulu, ka honua naueue Hoiloli ke kai, pii kua a hale

1586

Born the Polaa, sacred night, Born the storm, born the current, Born the thundering wave, the shattering night, Born devastation, destruction, rumbling, the earthquake; The sea churned inside out, climbing the ridges, The sea silenced everything, backing over houses, Resonating, vibrating, climbing the posts of Kanikaw, The spears of Kauikaho flew Ravaged Kanaloa, Kanikahoe, rattling canoe paddles, Born the second night on the front of Wakea, Born night of misfortune Born night of good fortune Born the titled moa lineage on the back of Wakea, Dead Kupolo-liili-alii-mua-o-loip, Dead in the current at the navel of the earth, Prolific line of chiefs of the day past, that vanished into night just before dawn--

1590

Pii konikonihia, pii na pou o Kanikawa Lele na ihe a Kauikaho Apuepue ia Kanaloa, Kanikahoe;

1590

Hanau o Poelua i ke alo o Wakea Hanau ka poino 1595 Hanau ka pomaikai Hanau ka moa i ke kua o Wakea Make Kupolo-liili-alii-mua-o-loipo Make ke au kaha o piko-ka-honua, oia pukaua Hua na lau la nalo, nalo i ka po liolio--

1599

104

Canto 11: Ancestors in the Sky by Generations. The daylit world (Ao) dawns in the Eighth Age (Ka W Ewalu). The last births of the night (P) occur at dawn light as human and godly (akua) ancestry: Lailai, first woman Kii, first man Kne, god Kanaloa, octopus god; wind compass From her first marriage to Kne, Lailai gives birth to three daughters: Hahapoele (w) Hapopo (w) Olohelohe (Maila) (w) From her second marriage to Kii (k) Lailai (w) has five sons and three daughters: Laiolo (k) Kamahaina (k) Kamamule (k) Kamamainau (k) Kamakulua (w) Poele-i (w) Poele-a (w) Wehi-wela-wehi-loa (k) Two of Lailais daughters, Poele-i (w) and Poelea (w), were miscarried, so of the eight children, six survive, five sons and one daughter. From these sets. Kne, Halia (w), and Kamahaina, become Hawaiian chiefs. a daughter of a son of Kii, progenitors of hold titles to the paramount sovereignty.A recitation of the line from Kamahaina (k) and Halia (w) commences with Loaa (k) in the third generation: (1) Lailai = Kii Lailai = Kne Kamahaina Halia (w)

(2) Kamahaina (k) = Halia (w) Loaa (k) (3) Loaa (k) The recitations are continuous from Loaa (Canto 11, line 775) to Plaa (Canto 11 line 1585-86). The total number of generations between Loaa (775) and Plaa (1586) are 811 and including the prior generations, are 813 [from Lailai (w) to Plaa]. Let us pace these 1,585-1586 lines as names in generations into more easily arranged numerical sets to get a sense of critical alignments, if any exist, to possible celestial phenomena in time and space. These would be only tentative because they are only extrapolations deduced from approximate translations of the names. For the moment, however, we may trust this effort to translate names, or parts of names, for this possible level of interpretation, although other intended meanings to each name are also possible. We are looking for celestial meanings to some of the names, if any may exist., in short, stacking the deck in favor of the celestial suit. Let is consider, for example, the name Loaa. Loaa means to receive, to obtain. On the surface that would be the right translation. However, it can also be Loa-, meaning a long burning, a distant

Nothing more is said of the other siblings whose names are merely recorded, but not their generations. The reaction of Kne to discovery that his issue would become the junior line is cause for dissatisfaction. They will not

105

fire. It may be L- A, meaning to prop up (L) the star Sirius (A). All of these meanings for Loaa are possible. Evidence exists in other Polynesian languages, such as Tuamotuan, for the identity of the sky-propper, L (Cp. R ). R - an object when first discerned across the sea; as land, a sail; an emerging shape, form. R - a strand of rolled, twirled, cord, rope. The form Loaa otherwise means hard, severe, as of tabu, and his companion, Nakelea, based on the root kelea refers to a process by which a priest cleansed himself from impurities (kele) due to contact with the dead. These are surface definitions, and the interpretation may be left there. In mythology the name L- in La alludes to one of the heroes in Polynesia who prop up the sky and whose name is a title of the high-ranking chiefs from Ewa district, Oahu. Another was R whose name is given to Kau-no-L on Lanai for the stance-of-L. Kaunol has a clear view of the ocean horizon from west to southeast. L is the full name of Oahu as Oahu-a-L-a-Nuu. O-Ahu-son-of-Lson-of-Nuu (nuu, zenith) on the latitude of Kualoa in Koolaupoko district facing due east [latitude 21 degrees 19 minutes north]. Is the celestial or calendrical consideration tenable? If not, then let us consider how the name Loaa behaves, purely in terms of generation count (helu papa), or how many generations elapse between one Loaa and the next Loaa. Generations are usually counted from 20 to 25 years per generation. Is there a formula within that allowance embedded in the Kumulipo?

From Loaa (775) to Loaa (830) are 55 generations, or from Le (776) to Loaa (830) are 54 generations; From Loaa (830) to Mahinalea (966) called Palemo at the first Kai o Kahinalii tsunami (966) are 135 generations; From Loaa (775) to Mahinalea and Palemo at the first Kai o Kahinalii (966) are 191 generations, and from Le (776) to Mahinalea (966) are 190 generations. From Loaa (775) to Mahina (964) are 189 generations, as from Le (776) to Mahinale (965 are 189 generations. The variation from 54 to 55 generations between Loaa (775) to the next Loaa (83), and the variations from 189 to 190 generations, between Loaa (775) and Le (776) and the sequence beginning with Mahina (964) to Mahinalea (966), where the first tsunami (deluge) Kai-a-Kahinalii (Auriga in Capella) takes place, are probably the result of accommodating, or juggling, as it were, the small one-third day per month fractions of sidereal lunations that accumulate over time. We may consider for the moment what these numbers sugggest. The numbers, 54 and 189, are in the basic sidereal lunation count based on 27 and 1/3 days per sidereal lunation, allowing for the one-third of a day remainder to accumulate to approximately a day after three months (sidereal). A lunation is one lunar month, but the sidereal lunation is different from the synodic revolution of the moon in one month. The sidereal month, or lunation, is a month of shorter duration than a synodic month, even though the periodic cycle of the moon is involved. The difference between a sidereal

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and a synodic lunation is that: (1) When you watch the moon when you first see it above the western horizon after sunset and again at that point, the lunation is synodic; (2) When you watch a star transit the meridian during the month and transit again, the lunation is sidereal. You are actually observing a star at a period of time during the moons period of revolution, rather than the moons periodic cycle by itself. The numerical difference is that the synodic lunation is about 29.5 days per month, and the sidereal lunation about 27 and 1/3rd days per month. If we assign the number 27 to the 27th night of the moon as Kne, as ancient Hawaiians did at one time, the 27 nights per month (plus one-third fractional day) will increase from 27 to 189 days in the seventh sidereal lunation. 7 x 27.3 = 189 [+ 2/3rd day]. The perception of the fraction of time beyond 189 days causes, perhaps, the fluctuation in the generations between 189 and 190-191 generations, indicating that the fraction required an extra day or two to synchronize the generations as well as the moon nights with faster moving stars. By 81 to 82 sidereal lunations plus the fractional 1/3 day remainder a whole 27-day sidereal lunation will accumulate: 81 x 27.3 = 2187 + 27 = 2214 82 x 27.3 = 2214 It takes six years and lunar months for 81 sidereal equal 2,214 days. Then become 82 lunations, adding remainder, four sidereal lunations to the 81 will the 27-day

Was the intent to correlate sidereal with synodic lunations (29.5 days per month) and both to the tropic year of 365.25 days? In that case, six tropical years of 2,190.5 days will be behind the 2,214-day accumulation by 24 days. A deliberate arithmetic notation occurs between lines 1129 and 1170 in a series from Pa (line 1129) to Hekaunano (line 1170) in the generation just before the second tsunami Ka lua o ke kai o Kahinalii (line 1171), so that 41 generations seem to have been interpolated in the place of true ancestral names, constituting a form of correction. For convenience let us call this section the Hekaunano formula, the sequence of which adds up to the number 40, but there are two places before Panakahi (1), allowing the zero place to Pana, so that there are 41 places in the decimal notation (or 42 from Pa as zero). The number of days and generations have been accumulating from Loaa to Poulua in 12 generations, eventually to 354 generations at Pa (line 1129). The number 354, not as a generation number, but as a calendrical number, is the number of days in a lunar year, reckoning not from sidereal, but rather, from synodic lunations. The implication, from the standpoint of calendrical analysis of the basis of this alignment, as between generation counts and sidereal (or synodic) lunations, is that the two kinds of calendrical notation have been collapsed into the genealogical formulae so that one (calendrical) is contained within the other (genealogical), The Hekaunano recitation from Pana (at zero) to Hekaunano (40) is probably a parallel to the 40 sidereal lunations of 1080 (less 15.75 days) in three

107

tropic years (1095.75 days), which is also greater than three lunar years (1062 days) by about 18 days. The total number of days in 80 such sidereal lunations is 2,160, a number equal to one-twelfth the precession of equinoxes in 25,920 days. Is this a feasible deduction? The Pana, Hinalea, Akilolo, and Ewe sets in the Hekaunano formula generate the 80th-81st doubling of the enumeration that started with Loaa at the beginning, suggesting, perhaps, a possible correction required in six tropical years (2191.5 days) to 81 sidereal months, thusly: (38) (39) (40) (41) (78) (79) (80) (81) (82) (83) (84) 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 and and and and and and and and and and and 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 = = = = = = = = = = = 1026 days 1053 + 13 days 1080 days 1107 days 2106 2133 2160 2187 2214 2241 2261 + 26 days days days + 27 days days days + 1 day

The words used in this series imply division (pana) and counting by sets, pkahi, by ones, plua, by twos, etc. Into this comes puu, which means to hill, as by stacking, or to knot as in a koko, netting, or along a knotted string (hipuu ): 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 Pa Pana Panakahi Paikekalua Puukolukolu Napuueh Palimakahana Waiakea Kaeamauli Kakoiele Kaholookaiwa 0 1 2 3 4 5 (6) (7) (8) (9)

[Iwa is a frigate bird said to holo, meaning to sail, as well as the number nine (iwa). Iwa names the Belt of Orion at the equator and the makaiwa images in the heiau representing Lono. Iwa is a name for Jupiter (Iao, Hua). 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 Kalelenohinalea Panaakahiahinalea Panaikaluakahinalea Puukolukukahinalea NapuuikahiakahinaPalimawaleahinalea 10 11 12 13 14 15 (0) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

The synodic lunations (29.5 days) will reach 2,204 days in 75 such months, at which time they will be behind sidereal lunar time ( 2,214 days = 6 lunar years) by 10 days. If this period is cut in half, to three lunar years (1,062 days), then 38 synodic lunations (1,128 days), less 1,107 days in 41 sidereal lunations will self-correct., provided those who start the synodic count allow the sidereal lunations a headstart of a given number of days. The number 2,214 days in six sidereal years and four months occurs by doubling the Hekaunano formula, i.e, 41 (1107 days) to 82 sidereal months (2,214 days), which begins at Pa [1129].

[Hinalea is the wrasse fish, probably involving the moon (mahina) or fall (hina)] 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 Akahiakaeaakilolo Paluaakaeaakilolo Puukolukaeaakilolo Puuhkahakilolo Puulimakaeaakilolo 16 17 18 19 20 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

[The akilolo is another wrasse species, but aki-lolo means to bite-brain or zenith (lolo), implying the zenith sun].

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1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170

Akahikeewe Paluakeewe Paukolu Puuhkeewe Pulimakeewe Waiakaeakaewe Koieleakaewe Kamauliakaewe Kuaiwaakaewe Henahuno Panakahikenahu Panaluakenahu Panakolukenahu Panahkenahu Lewelimakenahu Paakaeaakenahu Omaulikenahu Koielehakenahu Kuaiwakelekenahu Hekaunano

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

Le Le Le Le

(776) to Loaa (830) (776) to Mahina (964) (776) to Mahinale (965) (776) to Mahinalea (966)

= = = =

54 188 189 190 54

Kupololiili (1175) to Kupolo- = ololi (1229)

So far the pattern evolving with the generation name Le escapes definition of Le and Lea . It remains on a more esoteric level of the recitation, appearing at strategic places in connection with the moon, Mahina-le, Mahina-lea (864-966) and the deluge, a Kai o Kahinalii event, or first fall (hina) of the sea (kai), implying an antediluvian epoch somewhat equivalent to Noahs flood which, in this context, is a tsunami caused by the earthquake, Polaa. On another level of interpretation, the root kele- in kele- (rather than kelea) means to navigate (kele) by Sirius, A, if this is a hidden meaning in the opening recitation of La and Nakele. Or, it maya be a cycle involving the star Hklea, Arcturus. For the most part all of this is speculation. Until more of the chant becomes tangible through analysis, the present effort proceeds only on theory that the sequence encodes sidereal time, allowing for any other pertinent and demonstrable truth to surface. If Lailai was born in the daylight (Chant Eight, 621) after the first evening rise (or zenith passage) of the Pleiades (November 20th), of what significance is Sirius (A) at another dawn, or evening appearance, as (perhaps) a sky-propping star, La? Or a long-periof (loa) cycle of Sirius (Loa)? Navigators ascertain the azimuth, or rising and setting position, of any star by its position on the horizon nearest the time of sunrise and sunset, before the sun rises (east) and after the sun sets (west).

[Ewe is a string, in particular, the navel string, i.e., of lineages]. The pattern of sidereal numbers is evident in the enumeration, i.e: 27.3 27.3 27.3 27.3 27.3 27.3 27.3 x x x x x x x (etc.) 2 4 5 40 7 8 80 = = = = = = = 54 108 135 1080 189 216 2160

The sidereal pattern appears in the recitations of generations from Le and Loaa to Mahina, Mahinale, and Mahinalea [964-966] at Kai-o-Kahinalii [966]: Le (776) to Loaa (830 ) Loaa (775) to Loaa (830) = = 54 55 134 135 136 189

Loaa (830) to Mahina (964) = Loaa (830) to Mahinale (965) = Loaa (830) to Mahinalea (966)= Loaa (775) to Mahina (964) =

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As they rise in the evening, stars are seen eventually higher than that point each day at the same time and are too far above the horizon to find true azimuth (lua). The bearing of any landfall or heading (ihu) of a vessel going to a destination whose zenith star is, say, in the direction of Sirius over the latitude of Tahiti, will better focus on the target if the position of Sirius is determined by its rising point on the horizon observed just before sunrise southeast of the latitude of Hawaii. These were instructions given in the migration legend of Moikeha when he decided his son Kila should fetch his other Tahitian son, Laa, so that Moikeha could see him before his own death. Kila, however, had never been to Tahiti before and didnt know the way there or back to Hawaii. The navigator who had come north with Moikeha and who knew the way back to Tahiti rose before morning sunrise to observe Sirius on the horizon in the direction of Tahiti and to take that bearing from the azimuth (lua) to which the canoe would return. When he was satisfied that they had the necessary information required to make landfall, they left in the morning, using Sirius as guiding star (Hk hookelewaa star navigatingcanoe). When the men who were to accompany Kila were ready, Moikeha took the priests who were versed in the study of the heavens and ordered them to see if the chiefs journey would be undertaken in safety. After studying the sky the priests announced that the chief could take the journey in safety. But not wishing to take any risk, Wanahili, one of the priests, was selected to accompany him, thus making eleven in the company all told... ...In the dawn of the day advised by the priests as the proper time to undertake

the voyage, just as the star Sirius, (ka hk hookele-waa), Kila set sail for Oahu [Fornander, 1974:IV: 122-123]. The word lua , meaning pit, is the Hawaiian equivalent to azimuth. If, near the latitude of Tahiti, they had then found Sirius rising to the northeast and out of their zenith, they would then know they had gone too far south of their destination. They succeeded, however, in finding and bringing Laamaikahiki to see Moikeha on Kauaibefore Moikeha died. Sirius, perhaps, was the star they observed as Moikeha had done himself when his canoe first came north to Hawaii: One early morning at dawn, just at the rise of the star Sirius (ka hk hookelewaa) Moikeha boarded his double canoe, taking with him all his attendants and followers, and set out from Tahiti. From that morn until sunrise (mai ia wanaao a puka ka l), when they first beheld Hilo all wwent well, whereupon Kamahualele stood up and prayed by way of a mele their voyage hither. [Ibid.: 126]. After a brief visit Laamaikahiki returned to Tahiti to live until word reached him that Moikeha had died, so another canoe must have gone back to tell him. On the second trip back to Hawaii, Laa sailed his own canoe in order to retrieve his fathers bones, returning them to the family burial vault in Moa-ula-nui-akea in Tahiti. These events took place in the late 12th centuryu A.D. Let us, however, consider the frequency with which these celestial referents occur as genealogy, as ancestors, rather than star compass instructions. The stars listed below are actual star names (not parts of other generation names, such as Loaa ~ Lo-Aa) occurring in the recitation of Canto 11 as genealogy, in the order in which they appear. [*Numbers on the margin are for chant lines].

110

780

Sirius (1) Aa [below equator, 18 degrees south lat.] [zenith star, latitude of Tahiti, Fiji; burning bright] Milky Way (1) Paeloahiki [reaching from north to south, east to west; in a long-row (pae-loa)] Aldebaran (1) Keoma-(aik) [above equator; the oven (oma) of adze (oma) of Aik] Milky Way (2) Mokukapewa [tail of the fish (ia), a shark (man) or lizard (moo), broken (moku), i.e., not lying from north to south or east to west, from one end of the horizon to the other; lying around the edge of the horizon]. Milky Way (3) Mokukaia [the fish (shark), broken, lying around the edge of the horizon] Southern Cross (1) Wene [south, polar; spiders web (wenewene)] Procyon Manu (1) 1020 919

788

d) Ursa Minor/Major Manu [North, polar, Polaris) and Ursa Major, Great (and Little) Bears, Cp. Marquesas: Manu-kaki-oa, birdlong-neck]. Canopus Manu [south, polar; 50 degrees south latitude; lies in the same hour circle with Procyon and Sirius, but rising rising later than Rigel (Orion) and Aldebaran]. Gemini (1) Kaulua [Castor, Pollux; above Procyon (north) and Sirius (south), the twins (Hanakaulua, Mahanakaulua, Kaulua, Na Mahoe, Mahoe-mua (Castor), Mahoe-hope (Pollux), Mahana, Na Mahana, marking the month, Kaulua, variously: February (Hawaiian), June (Molokai)]. Orions Belt (1) Melemele [Equatorial, yellow(ish)] Capella (Auriga) Kahinalii (1) [First fall of the sea of Kahinalii; fall (hina)] Altar (Aquila) Humuhumu [or Southern Cross] Humuhumu [triggerfish (humuhumu)] Sirius (2) Sirius (3) [yellow-orange (lena)] Orions Belt (2) [Equatorial] Procyon [See 896 above] Aa Lena

817

870

871

953 966

883

896

a) Above equator; forms a hexagon with Capella (Auriga),Gemini, Aldebaran (Hyades in Taurus); b) Below the equator, in which configuration continues (Manu) in a set called bird with a broken wing: Procyon + Rigel (Orion), Sirius, and Canopus in the pole (south); c) Altair (Aquila) Manu (forms a triangle with apex facing south above the equator with Deneb (Cygnus) + Vega (Lyra); the Micronesian (Carolinian) bird pillar marking east in that compass, otherwise called Kautoki AdzHandle. 1145 1171 1202 1226 1030 1046 1068

Melemele Manu (2)

Capella in Auriga Kahinalii (w) [Second fall of the sea of Kahinalii] Procyon [See 896 above] Spica (Virgo) Manu Maliu(a)

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[maliu pay attention to, regard] 1236 1264 Milky Way (4) [broken (haihai)] Haihai

hour (or two-hour) segment (hour-circle). Manu was Maan bird in Micronesia marking the cardinal direction due east as the rising place of Altair the bird pillar in Aquila. As in Polynesia, Maan (Manu) was variously applied to Canopus (Maan), Sirius (Maan-ifono), and Ursa Minor (Maan-apen). The positions of Manu ~ Maan reflect shifts in polar alignments and polar orientation between the solstices and equinoxes: a) to south when the bird [Procyon, Sirius, Rigel, and Canopus] is on meridian [June solstice, midnight; December solstice, midnight]; b) to north when the bird to the south [Procyon et. al.] is setting on the western horizon when Kopea bird or bat (Southern Cross) is on meridian at the pole (south) with the Dipper (Alioth and Megrez) at the pole (north) [March equinox, midnight]. The relevance of these sets of stars on meridian at midnight when they are visible at night, or on meridian at noon when they are invisible during the day is also pertinent to the subject of the zenith (nuu) and zenith stars (pou, Pou o Manu). The subject of the zenith (halawai, huina, nuu, lolo) is also, perhaps, part of this picture, and it is amply represented: (1) (2) (3) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) Hui Nuu Pionuu Nuunuu Liilinuunuu Halawai Aliikilokau Muaokahanuu Muanuunuu Loiloipololo Loiloloilo Kulukau ( 812) (1045) (1106) (1314) (1315) (1340) (1428) (1492) (1495) (1550) (1561) (1561)

Shaula (Scorpius) (1) Mohalu [38 degrees south latitude; 12th night of the moon] Aldebaran (2) Pleiades (1) [Hyades in Taurus] Haumea Makalii

1273 1368 1374

Capella (Auriga) Kahinalii (3) [Third fall of the sea Kahinalii] A [A + Lii] Lii Aaa Lena

1374 Sirius (4) 1375-1437 Sirius + Pleiades 1375-1437 Pleiades 1436 Sirius (5) 1468 Sirius (6) 1531

Gemini Mahoe (2) [Kaulua (953); twin(s) Mahoe; Castor (Mahoe-mua), first; of the twins to rise; Pollux (Mahoehope), second of the twins, marking the months: June to July (Oahu), August to September (Hawaii), and September to October (Kauai). Southern Cross [pole, south]. Kopea

1569

The placement is so mixed that the order suggests a relationship based on horizon positions of stars in recognizable groupings complementing those on the opposite horizon: a) rising or setting, i.e., which are on the east (rising), or on the west (setting) when the sun rises or sets; b) on the opposite sides of the equator, above (north) or below (south) in separate hemispheres; c) aligned on the same meridian (longitude, right ascension) or in the same

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(12) (13) (14)

Loilolokap Kealanuu Loillolo

(1564) (1564) (1565)

The concept of the pillar star is twofold in that it: a) marks the local meridian (longitude) and local zenith (lolo, nuu), and: b) connects (p) the piko (navel), or center of the individual person at his locus to the piko of the two world parents (Wkea, Papa), the piko above at noon (kau, awakea) when the sun, is in the zenith (kau ka l i ka lolo) above the brain (lolo) when the sun casts no shadow at noon (kau ka l i ka lolo). This will happen only twice during the year between the months of May and July throughout the Hawaiian archipelago from latitude 19 degrees north (Kalae, Ka, Hawaii) to 23.5 degrees north (Nihoa). The postion of the brain (lolo) of an individual is his center (manawa) of time (manawa) where two sides of the human skull meet in the middle. This creates the piko aligned vertically (k) upright to the zenith above and horizon due east (or west). The vertical piko at the manawa, or soft spot of the newborn infant, is on the horizontal plane when lying down (moe) when the body piko (navel) faces upward to Sky Father (awake) or downward to the piko where the center is to Earth Mother (Papa), i.e., to Ka piko o ka Honua. At the equator, however, the diagonal drawn through the earth is Ka Piko o ka Honua, the center of the earth, and the extension beyond earth is Ke Ala i ka Piko o Wakea (i.e., path to the celestial equator). The ridge (manawa) of the human skull that parts it on the longitudinal axis is on line with the kaupoku o ka hale ridgepole meridian at the vertical piko, as the p at the center of the body on the horizontal plane (moe), joined (p) to the sky piko above. This p and p is the first connection of the human person to his own placenta (honua) within the womb

It is apparent from these generation names for the zenith that reference to time may differentiate times when the sun is on the meridian (longitude) of Hawaii and in the zenith (nuu) at local noon (lolo). In Hawaii a pou or pillar (zenith) star) was considered the central post, or Pou o Manu, the bird (manu) pillar of the ordinary house (hale) which position was also assigned to the image (Pou o Manu) in the center of the semi-circle of makaiwa post images (representing the god Lono) stationed in front of the oracle tower (anuu) in the luakini temple (heiau K). The pillar image central to the ritual sacrificial area in the heiau K went through several name changes during the ritual period of twenty-one to twenty-six days set aside for K in the quarter of the year between vernal equinox and summer solstice (March-June): 1. K-ka-ohia-laka, Ku-in-the-ohia laka (lehua) tree; 2. Pou-o-Manu, Bird-Pillar, name of the central post of the ordinary house, or the house of god (hale o ke akua, heiau) and name of the central image when posted over a human sacrifice in the heiau temple; 3. Mo, paramount sovereign or high chief, given to the Pou-o-Manu after its navel (piko) was cut (oki ka piko) and girded with a loincloth (malo) in the kaioloa service [Malo, 1951: 169-175]. The change in names may reflect the shifting position and identity of pillar (pou) stars, or zenith stars, marking the middle (piko) of the horizon circle where local latitude and the meridian meet beneath local zenith (nuu, lolo).

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(pao, p) of his mother. When he dies he goes back to Earth Mother. On the vertical axis, on either side of the ridgepole, is the center (manawa) of time (manawa) that we connect with the clock as hours, minutes, and seconds by todays clock, but which in ancient times was quartered by corners (kihi) at evening and morning or cut into halves at the midpoint (kau) of night and day, the mean day beginning at midnight (kau, aumoe), and quartered again by the pili close to midnight (pili aumoe) or morning (pili puka). These hour circles of time, as navigators call them correspond to longitude, There are 24 hour circles in 360 degrees of earth time, each hour circle corresponding to 15 degrees of the compass. When we face either due east (kukulu hikina) or due west (kukulu komohana), finding the sun rising due east and moon setting due west opposite each other, the time of year is the equinox, one day in spring (March) and another in the fall (September). It matters, then, if you are on the earths equator and the sun is on your latitude due east or due west. At that time the sun is also in the zenith casting no shadow at noon, kau ka l i ka lolo at ka piko o ka honua. The zenith and the path to the celestial equator is at Ka piko o Wakea and on Ke Ala i ka Piko o Wakea. The symbol of this geographic center and geometric mean of measurement is the cross (pea) of the mariners compass in quadrature, the segments of which are halved and quartered through the earth and further divided into eight primary wind directions, the shape of the octopus compass that is the god Kanaloas kinolau form. These may increase to 16 to 32 wind directions.

If one travels by canoe going across the equator, then the saying is that he has trampled (keehi) the diaphragm of Kane (ka houpo o Kane), whose eyeball (ka onohi o ka l) is the sun disk. The star that rises due east on local latitude will eventually transit the meridian at local zenith. All other stars that course through the same track to the ridgepole of the house of god (kaupoku o ka hale o ke akua) will be in line with the poles, north and south, on local meridian. They do this all hours of the night as soon as the sun sets. This provides another gauge to time in that the sun transits local zenith a quarter of the meridional compass in the daytime at the piko, or on the meridian, and the invisible star that was in the zenith with the sun will set just after sunset in the evening. The pou star that rises in the east after sunset will transit the zenith at midnight, when the sun is in the zenith on the opposite side of the earth. If there is no pou star at the piko then stars on meridian from north to south nearest the zenith become important. The zenith stars for Hawaii named in the genealogical list above may then indicate, by the absence of Arcturus (Hklea) in the recitation, that the canto may refer to a time before Arcturus became the zenith star in the Hawaiian star compass. It has been replaced [latitude 20 degrees north] by Zosma (Leo) and Sharatan (Aries). Nevertheless, star names as ancestral generations in Canto 11 that mark the present star months of the Hawaiian calendar, as those passing through or near the zenith of Hawaii (latitude 20 - 23.5 degrees north) are:

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1. January 2. February 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Pleiades Makalii Aldebaran Kaomaaiku; [Ka-ule-o-Nanahoa] [Cp. Haumea (Rarotonga)] March Gemini Kaulua, Mahoe May Regulus, Denebola (Leo), Ikiiki July Alphecca Corona Borealis October Delphinus November Scheat, Markab (Pegasus)

(1401) Aliikilo (1401) Loa

The cano environment in which the zenith is noted presents a cluster of celestial phenomena phenomena: (812) (813) (815) (816) (817) Hui zenith Malama moon Ehoaka 2nd moon, crescent Ehk 15th moon, full Keoma Aldebaran (?) [Ka-oma-aiku = Aldebaran]

(1104) Kapouhina

moon-post (?), or fallen (zenith star) (1105) Kapouhinah (post) four (1106) Pionuu arch-zenith (transit?) (1111) Nnwaa observe-canoe (1111) Oma Aldebaran [Ka-oma-aik] (1314) Nuunuu zenith (1314) Liilinuunuu zenith (1325) Liililimanu [-Manu] (1339) Pule tabu period [1 and 1/2 to 2 days per period, of seven days per month] (1340) LIili-l (1340 Halawai (1375) O (1375) O Lii (1376) Alii (1376) Laa (1377) Aliilaa (1398) Ikuw [-l sun] zenith Sirius Pleiades Pleiades [Oraaka, Pegasus (?)] [Pleiades, Pegasus] (?)]

October-November (Hawaii); January(1398) Ikuw February (Molokai); April-May (Kauai); August-September (Oahu);

Pleiades (observe) Venus (?) or long period (1402) Aliikiloloa Observe Venus (?) Loa, or long period (1402) Pokopoko Poko - short period (1403) Aliikilopoko Observe short period (1425) Aliikilohk Observe stars (1426) Aliikilomalama Observe moon (1427) Aliikilomakalii Observe Pleiades (1428) Aliikilokau Observe midnight (1428) Aliikilokau Observe summer (1429) Aliikilohooilo Observe winter (1433) Aliikilomoo Observe Milky Way (1433) Moolio Milky Way (1437) Aliikilohope Observe behind (1437) Aa Sirius (1491) Muaokahaiku Milky Way (1491) Meheia Milky Way (1491) Loiipololo zenith (1492) Muaokahanuu zenith (1492) Kamanuhaahaa Manu (Procyon, etc.) (1495) Muanuunuuzenith (1496) Muaokam central image (1497) Muaokahai Milky Way (1497) Haehae East [Eastern gate of the sun at the equinoxes; Kumukahi, Puna] (1498) Muaokeoma Aldebaran (?) [Keomaaiku = Aldebaran] (1499) Muaokekahai Milky Way (1550) Loiloipololo zenith (1557) Piopio zenith (arch) (1562) Loiloloilo zenith (1562) Kulukau midnight (1564) Loiloloikap zenith (1564 Kealanuu zenith path (1567) Loiloil sun (1568)) Loiloikopea Southern Cross (1570) Houpo Equator (1576) Loiokanaloa Tropic of Capricorn (1577) Hulikahikeoma Aldebaran (?) [Ka-oma-aik] (1586) Polaa [Oraaka, Pegasus (Kapingamarangi); cp. Olaa sacred (Hawaiian)].

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Perhaps most of the stars recited as names of ancestral generations were observed at zenith and meridian transit, if the objective was to cycle sidereal and synodic lunations so that they would coincide with the lunar (354 days) and tropic years (365.25 days). Are references to the moon in the genealogical list any indication of such observation? (775) Loaa (776) Le (780) Aa (782) Nahu (790) Kulu prop (l) Sirius (A) Ole quarter moon (?) Sirius [bright] 7th generation from Loaa; 10th generatioan from Lailai 17th night of the moon 15th generation from Loaa 17th generation from Lailai horizon level observe, observer first level of oracle in the heiau heiau platform see, know side zenith moon, moonlight 2nd night of the moon 15th night of the moon (full moon) prop (l) Sirius (A)

positioned in relation to one another and other constellations within or outside the gyration (hoowili) of the Milky Way (moo) or its north to south swing that levels upward and across the northern hemisphere from east to west. If the observation of that swing began with Sirius, then the time of observation about the latitude of Hawaii is mid-July, when Sirius rises in the east before the sun and vanishes into daylight. about July 13th. Afterwards, for the rest of July, August, September, October, November. Sirius will be observed again setting after the evening sun at summer solstice (June 20-22). This is true for our present time, but the recitation in Canto 11 was probably with regard to Sirius rising in June (500 B.C.-500 A.D.) [Aveni, 1980: 116]. In the evening sky of our own time, rather than that of our ancestors of two thousand years ago, Sirius is in the same hour circle with Procyon, Castor, and Pollux (Gemini), all of which lie on the edge, but not within, the Milky Way. They are on opposite sides, Sirius (Aa, Kaulua) rising before Procyon and Gemini (Mahoe, Kaulua). In the hours circles ahead of them are stars in Orion, above and below the equator, all lying outside the Milky Way. Betelgeuse in the shoulder of Orion lies closest to the Milky Way. All of Aurigas bright stars encompass a section of the Milky Way about equal to its width of twn degrees (east-west) under the pole (betrween 30 and 50 degrees north latitude). The path of the Milky Way stretches westward through Perseus, Cassiopeia into Cygnus (Deneb) and through Altair (Aquila) on the opposite horizon. After Sirius transits the meridian, the path of the Milky Way arches from the western horizon southward below the

(801) Lana Kilo (802) Lanalana towar Paepae (811) Ike Aoao (812) Hui Malama (815) Ehoaka (816) Ehk (830) Loaa

This sequence suggests a cycle involving Sirius and the first-quater Ole moon, with observations at the horizon level (lanalana) of the oracle tower (anuu). In terms of the generation count, 55 generations elapse between Loaa (775) and Loaa (830), or 54 generations between Le (776) and Loaa (830). Upon examination the curious alignment of these stars to others in adjacent hour circles is that they are

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equator, as Canopus, farther South, sets, The Milky Way then stretches around the southern horizon. As Sirius sets, the Milky Way is swinging (lewa) around the southern horizon eastward into the stars of Scorpius (Antares) rising to the southeast. The Milky Way appears to ring the horizon all around the visible compass circle from Auriga (northwest) arching through the south pole clear around to the northeastern horizon into stars rising from the northeast: Vega (Lyra), Altair (Aquila), and Deneb (Cygnus). The sky then appears to have reversed (khuli) itself, and on either side of the north pole is a noticeable opposition. The first takes place when Sirius in the south and Capella in the north are about to vacate the sky. The time is the evening of the June solstice. June solstice is better than summer solstice because June is not summer in the south. June is winter south of the equator. From the latitude of Hawaii (North 20-23.5 degrees) Capella (west, setting) and Vega (east, rising) are opposte each other in the shoulders of the north pole aligned on the meridian opposite each other. The same alignment takes place again, not in the evening at sunset, but in the morning before sunrise, December solstice, at which time, the Dipper is filling up its cup on the meridian. At the pole south is the Southern Cross (Kopea, Oili)., For the moment, however, on the western horizon, Gemini (Mahoe-mua, Mahoe-hope, Kaulua) in the northern hemisphere is about to set behind Capella in the north and Sirius in the south. Below the equator, in the southern sky (Kumulipo), Procyon is moving with the Twins (Gemini) in the same hour circle toward setting in the west. When these stars (Castor, Pollux,

and Procyon) are about to set in the evening, a prominent triangle on the opposite horizon has risen: Vega (Lyra), Altair (Aquila), and Deneb (Cygnus). Altar marks the sharp point or apex of the triangle, pointing southward. After Procyon has set, the Twins are still visible in the north where Capella had once been some hours ago. Mahoe-mua and Mahoe-hope (Kaulua, Mahoe) are on the same side of the meridian in the evening: Gemini setting, Cygnus (Deneb) rising. The time is about a month after the June solstice. The same alignment will happen again before sunrise in the morning, about January 21-23 a month after December solstice. Greater emphasis seems, therefore, to be on the zenith and the Milky Way, as to the point overhead and the direction, or axis, around which the sky seems to be moving. This is suggested in one of the names of the Milky Way, Pae-loa-hiki, which means to reach (hiki) in a long (loa) row (pae) from one side to the other. It also turns as it twists (hoowili), like a lizard (moo), or it breaks up (haihai, kahai) toward and around the edge of the horizon circle so that only parts of the path are visible. It is not conclusive, however, that ancient Hawaiians may have discerned that the motion (hoowilimoo) around the fixed star (Hkpaa) and the reversal (khuli) of the sky was a rotation (khuli) around the axis of the earth? To signify this motion in the K heiau ritual, tapa was wound around the anuu oracle tower in the rite called (hoowilimoo). For the breaking phase there are many names: Kahai, the breaking, Kahaihai, Haihai, or Moku, cut, as in Mokukapewa sever-the-tail as a fish

117

(ia), Moku-ka-ia, the sever the fish. The tail (pewa) breaks (moku) by dawn, and the fish (ia) which lies from north to south turns over (huli) or declines after midnight, so that midnight is called the fish has turned (ua huli ka ia). (1) (2) (3) (4) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (10) (11) (12) Pae Mokukapewa Mokukaia Haihai Polohaihai Aliikilomoo Moolio Muaokahaiku Meheia Muaokahai Man Muaokekahai Pae Moku (789) (870) (871) (1236) (1237) (1433) (1434) (1491) (1491) (1497) (1498) (1499) (1511) (1522)

If they belong strictly within generation counts, then the periods roughly these:

the are

(1) Between Loaa (775) and Mahinalea (966), at Palemo [Ke Kai o Kahinalii] were 191 generations, or 5,157 days. (2) In the set Mahina (964), Mahinale (965), and Mahinalea-Palemo [Ke Kai o Kahinalii] (965), the behavior of the full moon is significant: ...The next night, the fifteenth, had two names applied to it. If the moon set before daylight ke ao ana--it was called Hoku palemo, sinking star, but if when daylight came it was still above the horizon it was called Hoku ili, stranded star [Malo, 1951: 32; italics mine]. (3) Between Pipika (967), after Mahinalea (966) and Papio at Loiloi [Ka Lua o ke kai o Kahinalii] (1171), the second tsunami, are 204 generations, or 5,519 days. The tropic year is behind by 41 days. (4) Between Manuakele (1172) and Liipau at Kaneiwa [Ke Kolu o Ke Kai o Kahinalii] (1374) are 202 generations, or 5,454 days. This number is shy of 15 tropic years by 21 days. (5_ Between [and Lii] (1375) after Ke Kolu o Ke Kai o Kahinalii to the tsunami generation at Plaa (1585-86) are 210-211 generations, or in sidereal lunations: 210 = 5,670 + 13 = 5,683 days 211 = 5,697 days. These are greater than 16 lunar years of 5,664 days by 19 and 33 days, respectively. The 5,664 days in 16 lunar years are`180 days short of the 5,884 days in 16 tropical years, requiring a correction in the

The genealogical recitations continue into the Canto 12 (Wa Umikumalua) on the line of Opuupuu, brother of Aliihonupuu [See line 1389]. The line from Aliihonupuu dies out at the time of the great tsunami, Plaa [1586]. A puzzling element in the genealogical recitation between Loaa and Polaa are the K a i o K a h i n a l i i tidal wave (tsunami) events or generations: (966) Mahinalea Palemo [Ke Kai o Kahinalii] (1)

(1171) Papio Loiloi [Ka lua o ke Kai o Kahinalii] (2) (1374) Liipau Kaneiwa [Ke kolu o ke Kai o Kahinalii] (3) (1585) Loip Kilika (1586) [Hnau o Plaa] (4) What are these four tsunami called the Kai o Kahinalii and Polaa deluge or flood events?.

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synodic lunations of 180 days, about six months. They are in the short period (poko) of 180 days of the suns motion from north to south, between the solstice stops at the tropics, Cancer [Ke Ala Polohiwa a Kne] and Capricorn [Ke Ala Pohohiwa a Kanaloa]. The long (loa) period of 185 days and the short (poko) period of 180 days in the two halves of the tropic year are probably what the chant refers to in lines 1401 to 1402, Alii-kilo-loa (observe long period) and Alii-kilo-poko [observe short period). Nevertheless, 5,844 days of 16 tropic years are equal to the 5,840 [+ 4 days] of ten synodic cycles of Venus [Hoku Loa, Hoku Ao] one cycle of which is 584 days inclusive of its disappearing period [Manalonalo]. The meaning of Kai o Kahinalii begs attention to definition, and the only thing we have at this point to go on is the Tahitian (Tahiarii) identification of Kahinalii as the constellation Auriga in the north whose bright star is Capella. The constellation has other names: Matariki, Mata-tau-inoa, Faanui, and Taranga. The last name, Taranga (Kapingamarangi), is found as the name of Mauis father [Maui-tikitiki-a-Taranga], meaning that Maui was in the topknot (tikitiki). When was Maui in his fathers topknot? It is the hair left after the tonsure ceremony is performed whereby the hair of males, when first cut, is still left on the head, leaving one section of original hair uncut. This is then allowed to grow for the individuals entire life. It was braided and twisted into a topknot skewered through to hold it in place. The braid was nine-ply braid in Hawaii and was threaded through a whaletooth, forming the lei niho palaoa passed down through the line of noble chieftains and worn around the neck as a

symbol of rank and authority. The meaning of Kai a Kahinalii is probably connected to the story of the fall of Rigi, the worm or eel ancestor who propped up the sky, like L, L, and Mauitikitiki-a-Taranga, except that Rigi (Lii) was the Milky Way. It later became the Pleiades (Matariki ~ Makalii) in Polynesia. Rigi was a Micronesian sky-propping culture hero. Evidently, the fall (hina) of Lii (Kahinalii) is connected to the fall of the Pleiades (Makalii) as the eyes (maka) of the Milky Way, except that the Pleiades lie outside the Milky Way spiral. The kai sea into which Lii feel is into the sea of the Milky Way which names the constellation of Auriga. The history of this constellation bears this out. It is a large constellation stretching northward across the Milky Way from its star (gamma), which also marks one of the Bulls [Taurus] horns, to the feet of Camelopardalis... The early Arabs called it Al Rkib, the Driver; for, lying far to the north, it was prominent in the evening sky before other stars became visible...and synonymous with Al Hadi of the Pleiades, as, on the parallel of Arabia, it rose with that cluster,.. ...Capellas place on the Denderah zodiac is...always an important star in the temple worship of the great Eygptian god Ptah, the Opener...and probably was observed at its setting 1700 B.C. from his temple, the noted edifice at Karnak near Thebes...Another...sanctuary...at Memphis also was oriented to it about 5200 B.C... ...In India it also was sacred as Brahma Ridaya, the Heart of Brahma... ...The Akkadian Dil-gan-Iku, the Messenger of Light, or Dil-gan-Babili, the Patron Star of Babylon, is thought to have been known in Assyria as I-ku, the Leader,

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i.e. of the year, in Akkadian times the commencement of the year was determined by the position of this star in relation to the moon at vernal equinox... ...This was previous to 1730 B.C, when during the preceding 2150 years, spring began when the sun entered the constellation Taurus...and others whose positions as to that intial point had changed by reason of precession... [Allen, Richard H., Star Names, 1963: 83-89]. When Auriga fell (hina) at sunset in 1700 B.C. [Denderah (Egypt) 1700 B.C.) zodiac, temple of Ptah; Memphis, 5200 B.C.] after a period of 3,500 years, the Austronesian-speaking ancestors of the Polynesians were living west of the culture area (Samoa, Tonga) which they inhabited about 1500 B.C. It is significant that the year in the Fertile Crescent (Babylonia) and North African (Egypt) culture areas was determined by the position of Auriga in relation to the moon at vernal equinox. Zodiacal precession is usually related to the position of the sun with respect to the constellations in the tropics, but Auriga is not in the tropics. It is nearer the pole, outside the zodiacal (tropical) zone. When the moon is in the east, at Hk [15th night], it is full moon. Between the 15th and 17th phase (Kulu), the moon may become a sinking (palemo) or stranded (ili) star. The waning moon in this phase may be visible in daylight. The first Kai o Kahinalii was perhaps timed to the full moon at Palemo, when the sun rises in the east, perhaps at the equinox, when the sun is on the equator, or when it is in the latitude of Hawaii between May and July, the period of the zenith sun. To these days of the equinox and zenith sun are those periods when Capella is invisible in daylight, i.e., not visible at night, fallen (hina) as from view.

For Hawaii (latitude 21 degrees north) Capella (Auriga) is setting in the northwest just after the sun about July 5th, at which time Antares (Scorpius) is rising above the horizon to the southeast in the evening [Bryan, E. J.: 1977]. The schedule of Aurigas rising and setting horizon positions between 500 B.C. and 1500 A.D. were made available in Anthony Avenis studies of Mexican temple alighnments in which he tabulated the significant dates to mark the appearance and disappearance of bright stars. The following events are for the period 500 B.C. to 1500 A.D. of Capellas cycle [Aveni, 1980: 115-116, Table 10, from the latitude, 21 degrees north]: 1. The first day on which a star is visible rising in the east before sunrise: 500 B.C. (Zero) 500 A.D. 1000 A.D. 1500 A.D. April 27 May 5 May 13 May 22 May 30

2. The last day on which a star is visible setting in the west after sunset: 500 B.C. (Zero) 500 A.D. 1000 A.D. 1500 A.D. May 1 May 9 May 18 May 26 June 4

3. The first day on which a star is visible rising in the east after sunset: 500 B.C. (Zero) 500 A.D. 1000 A.D. 1500 A.D. October 7 October 15 October 24 November 2 November 11

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4. The first day on which a star is visible setting in the west before sunrise: 500 B.C. (Zero) 500 A.D. 1000 A.D. 1500 A.D. November November December December December 14 23 1 10 19 the

(a) Kai o Kahinalii (1) [MahinaleaPalemo (966)]; Heliacal rising of Capella. N. Latitude 21 degrees, about the latitude of Kukaniloko Heiau, Central Oahu, and Kualoa Puuhonua. May 30, 1600 A.D. 4:29 a.m. Capella is observed rising in the east before sunrise on May 19th, vanishing into daylight about June 1st. (b) Kai o Kahinalii (2) [PapioLoiloi (1171)]. June 1 - July 3rd. (Invisible about 58 days). Capella rises after the sun, is invisible through the day until it is seen setting above the western horizon at sunset, July 3rd. c) Kai o Kahinalii (3) [LiipauKaneiwa (1374) July 3 - October 31. Capella is in a long period of invisibility for about 119 days, returning to the evening sky about November 1st. d) Kai o Kahinalii (4) [Loip-Polaa (1585-1586). [Capella is invisible about 51 days; Auriga for about 52 days]. Capella is now in its night-long cycle from evening to morning, rising in the east at sunset behind the Pleiades. Auriga transits the meridian about midnight on the December solstice. The constellation of Auriga is above the horizon, setting after the sun about the June solstice. The first star in the constellation to set is invisible about June 23rd; El Nath about June 27th, while Capella and the two stars trailing behind remain as Capella exits the night sky.

From the foregoing data following deductions may be made:

(a-b) Period 1: Capella was absent from the sky for an average of 157-158 days. 1. 2. 3. 4. 500 B.C. - 1 A.D. April 27 - October 7 (157 days) 1 A.D. - 500 A.D. May 9 - October15 (157 days) 500 - 1000 A.D. May18 - October 24 (157 days) 1000-1500 A.D. May 26 - November 2 (158 days).

(c-d) Period 2: Capella was absent from the sky for an average of 162-164 days. 1. 500 B.C. November 15 - April 26 (163 days) 2. (Zero) November 24 - May 4 (162 days) 3. 500 A.D. November 30 - May 12 (164 days) 4. 1000 A.D December 9 - May 21 (164 days) 5. 1500 A.D. December 19 - May 30 We may then adjust those findings to the Kai o Kahinalii (Capella in Auriga) sequence in the cycle above computed by a reliable and computent scholar in the whole sphere of present-day archaeoastronomy studies:

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Capella goes out of sight about July 9th; by July 19 the whole constellation has fallen into the sea (kai ). The Kai-o-Kahinalii cycle was probably tallied into Canto 11 as part of the sidereal notation to target days when the sun was: a) Firstly, on meridian through all of the islands in the archipelago from south (Hawaii, latitude 19 degrees north) to north (Nihoa, latitude 23.5 degrees north); b) Secondly, in the zenith at noon on the latitude of all of the major islands in the archipelago, especially those inhabited, from Hawaii to Kauai. The focus of the generation count at Mahina, Mahinale, Mahinalea, and Palemo for Kai-a-Kahinalii (1), about full moon due east is a supportive factor for that conclusion. The corresponding date, also, is another factor: May 19th. The sun has begun to enter into Hawaiis latitude (Kalae, South Point) about May 15th from the south. About May 20th the sun is at the latitude of Kawaihae (latitude north 20 degrees). About May 21st it is at the latitude of central Oahu (Kualoa, Kkaniloko), and from May 31st to June 2nd at the latitude of Niihau and Kauai until the solstice day at the latitude of Nihoa (23.5 degrees north). At any of these times the sun is at noon, kau ka l i ka lolo, in the zenith. Perhaps, when the moon was full and visible setting opposite the solstice sun on the day that Capella was about to transit the meridian at winter solstice (December 20-22), as it does now, the moon may then have been at its highest standstill at the latitude of Nihoa.

There may be other interpretations. The ones just mentioned are only the most obvious. This brings the matter back to the theory at hand, that the cycles of stars to moon, sun, and earth are the basis of the generation count in the Kumulipo. 1. Kai o Kahinalii I: Loaa [775] to Palemo [966] 189-191 generations; 2. Kai o Kahinalii 2: Pipika [967] to Loiloi [1171] 204-205 generations; 3. Kai o Kahinalii 3: Manuakele [1172] to Kaneiwa [1374] 203-204 generations; 4. Polaa 4: Alii [1376] to Polaa [1585-86] 211-212 generations. (Zero) (Zero) [775-964] [965] [966] [966] Lailai-Palemo Kamahaina-Palemo Loaa-Mahina Loaa-Mahinale Loaa-Mahinalea Loaa-Palemo 191 190 187 188 189 189

Each Kai o Kahinalii sequence is no more than 189 to 204 generations, followed by 212 generations to Polaa. These average about six to seven sidereal lunations. The largest number is the kai of Polaa, 212, or seven sidereal lunations, plus 22-23 days, suggesting that Capellas transits of the meridian were probably observed at third-quarter moon (21 days). The time table of the precession would give to Beta and Gamma Aurigae rising before Capella a position in the vernal equinox in the approximate hour circle with Orion between 4,500 and 4000 B.C. Capella would have been in the hour circle with El Nath and Aldebaran in Taurus at the vernal equinox between 3,000 and 2200 B.C. When the Pleiades came into the vernal equinox about 1800 B.C., Kahinalii fell (hina) in another sea (kai) and again between the first and fourth centuries A.D

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At the third Ke Kolu o ke Kai o Kahinalii, the ancestral generation is Liipau and Kaneiwa. A name for the Belt of Orion is Iwa, which constellation is another Bird Pillar on the equator. Between the suns toki at the summer and winter solstices, the suns course was checked against the eastern horizon [i.e., heliacal risings], and after the winter solstice (December 20th) it was plotted out northward by observing the horizon westward (heliacal settings). Since Capella and Auriga transit the meridian at winter solstice (December 2022) in the zenith of Nihoa, that is a possibility. Between May and July, the zenith sun was at other local latitudes, All this comes back to the sacred space of the brain, skull, spine, and body of man in relation to cosmic and earth parents on meridian and latitude, the ones whose bodies are no longer perishable parts of human anatomy like the piko of descendants marking physical time through real life. Where are the ancestors? Up there, down here, above, below, always with us, in sight, as Shakespeare once said, to the last syllable of recorded time in the greater reach of sky beyond earth. They left their lights behind, those star-crossed souls named above who, like giants of old, still go the distance at night and by day visit the relatives living on the other side of the world. Not yet, however, are we prepared to omfortably leave Canto 11 without speaking about other aspects of encoding that persist into the next genealogical age, lest they continue to nag conscience. Critical words in the Hekaunano formula have to do with water (wai) in which to see, perhaps, reflections (aka) of sunlight, moonlight, and starlight, or water over which not only canoes sail (holo) but

also birds in constellations, planets, and other flying (lele) objects: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) hinaakilolo ea to fall, or moon to bite brain to emerge, to come into sight wai-akea - wide water(s) holo - to run, sail lele - to fly, or altar

Why is water (wai) and ea, meaning to emerge, appear, rise used in a number sequence of 40 in two parts of tradition, one in the Hekaunano formula of Canto 11 in the Kumulipo, and another in the legend of the rope-stretching god, Kana? Only the legend of the ropestretching god, Kana, gives a formula in which length equals time connected with the daily movements of the sun. Kana was born as a piece of rope from his mother, Hina, and his grandmother Uli saved him by putting him into a calabash of water. Then Kana grew a fathom (anana) a day for no less than 40 days and no more than 400 fathoms. When Kana stretched his rope body from one island to another, he left his footprint (kapuai) behind. Kanas name is a number prefix kanawhen counting by tens, as in kanakolu (30), kanah (40), kanalima (50), until 90, kanaiwa. Ancient Hawaiians had no word for hundred(s) until 400 (lau). What does a calabash of water have to do with a rope the length of a newborn infant that grew to be a month and onethird old in 40 days and more than a year old in 400? Hawaiian fishermen are known to check their zenith star by gazing (kilo) into the bilge (liu) of the canoe at night,

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because water always finds a level to the plane of the horizon. The ancients chant about watching the moon come into the pond of Palemo in Kau, farther south than Puna (Hawaii) where the moon temple Mahinaakaka Clear-Moon was built near a pond. The high priest (kahuna nui) and king went into the heiau during a service of twenty-one to twenty-six days where the two men together, with no other people in the temple with them, performed the stretching of the cord (aha) ceremony. The full name of the cord was aha hele honua, cord that goes the earth, from two roots of the verb hele, one meaning to go and the other to tie, bind, lash, as of the cord (aha). No details exist about how this was measuring was done, or how long the cord may have been stretched except that the dimensions of the house, hale waiea, where the cord was stretched, are of record [Ii: 1983: 34-35]: ...[T]he Hale Waiea, was a small one... twice the length of the distance from fingertip to elbow in length, its height and breadth being half that measure. Two images stood before it on either side of the opening, and the king and kahuna conducted their aha services at the right side of the opening, in the dark of night. The service described was performed at midnight of Klua, fourth moon phase, when the moon had moved after new moon to 48 degrees west of south. It was probably done at the equinoxes, when the sun was at the equator, or on days when the sun was in the zenith at local latitude, between Kau (Hawaii) and Wailua (Kauai) [latitudes 1922 degrees north). The stretching the cord ceremony was scheduled after the spring equinox and before summer solstice [March 21 - June 21].

March was the month in which the temple was to be dedicated . It might perhaps be consecrated in the month of April, or perhaps in the month of May. These were the three months designated from ancient time; the service could not be performed in any other month [Fornander, 1974: Vol 6: 8]. In all three months important events are happening: sky

a) March (vernal equinox): Kaulua (Gemini) transits the zenith in late March, about the 21st; b) April-May: the Pleiades after the sun through April until May 1st, when they are last seen above the horizon after sunset; c) May 31st, Capella is last seen at sunset in the evening sky. before it is invisible on June 1st.; Leo transits the zenith in late May. The hale waiea faced the central image (Pou o Manu). Its longer side was either east-west or north-south, depending on the direction of the heiaus orientation. If to east, the long side of the house was north-south, emphasizing the times of transit over the meridian. If to north, then the longer side was east-west, emphasing the points (lua) from which celestial bodies rise. How long was the aha cord if it was proportioned or equal to the length and width of the hale waiea? Kana stretched over a 40-fathom length for 40 days, which means he spent time growing along the meridian for 40 decan weeks, a period ten days longer than the synodic month (29.5-30 days). The length of the cord of 40 fathoms and 400 fathoms is longer than the ecliptic between the tropics (47 degrees). Let us posit, only as an analog to the toki principle of the decan week (anahulu)

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and the aha cord stretched to the dimensions of the hale waiea as a method of timing the length of the horizon to the hale waiea and time to the toki adz, that the fathom-a-day to the length of the month and year, to the iwilei of the length of the suns travel from the horizon to the zenith, that after Kana was born, he was at zero length before he was put into the calabash of water (waiea). He was already, if not a foot (kapuai), at least a hailima cubit of 18 inches, about the normal length of a newborn infant. So that we may make sense of the riddle, let us superimpose the Kana cord on the southern toki and say that Kana was born at the winter solstice, and he started growing north after December 21st. Each decan week he was ten fathoms longer. (zero) 180 S. 1. (10) 2. (20) 3. (30) 4. (40) 5. (50) 6, (60) 7. (70) 8. (80) 9. (90) (zero) 090 E 10. (100) [1] 11. (110) 12. (120) 13. (130) 14. (140) 15. (150) 16. (160) 17. (170) 18. (180) (zero) 360 N. Tropic of Capricorn (solstice) December 31 January 10 January 20 = 1 month January 30 February 9 February 19 = 2 months March 1 March 11 March 21 = 3 months Equator (Vernal Equinox) March 31 April 10 April 20 = 4 months April 30 May 10 (latitude 19 N) May 20 = 5 months May 30 June 9 June 19 = 6 months Tropic of Cancer (solstice) June 20-24 standstill

19. (190) 20. (200) 21, (210) 22. (220) 23. (230) 24. (240) 25. (250) 26. (260) 27. (270) 27.1-4 (zero) 090 E 28. (280) 29. (290) 30. (300) 31. (310) 32. (320) 33. (330) 34. (340) 35. (350) 36. (360)

June 29 July 9 July 19 = 7 months July 29 August 8 August 18 = 8 months. August 28 September 7 September 17 = 9 months September 21 (equinox) Equator September 27 October 7 October 17 = 10 months October 27 November 6 November 26 = 11 months December 6 December 16 December 21 = 12 months solstice (zero) 180 S Tropic of Capricorn 37. (370) December 31 38. (380) January 10 39. (390) January 20 40. (400) February 9 = 13 months It took Kana 360 days (plus five) to go the length of the ecliptic of no more than 47 degrees distance between the tropic limits of the sun, so there are two parts to the riddle. How is the length of the cord collapsed to represent 47 degrees in 360 fathoms, and why extend it to 400 fathoms? The basic cord is no more than one fathom (equals one day) of six feet. Let us say that Kana is a tropic-year old, but we may have the wrong date and position for Kanas birth. We have to intercalate another month, the 13th month needed if he was born during leap year. After three years, the lunar year which was being used to time his birth would be behind by about 34 days. Beyond this basic interpretation we are yet unsure. We may find other answers by considering word compounds left undefined in the Hekaunano recitation.

Kana is still growing, but he has gone half the distance of the suns ecliptic, waiting for the sun to turn around and go home.

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One such set was: (1) koiadz

(2) elepriests word for north (ele-k), west (ele-honua ), east (ele-lani ), south (ele-moe ) (3) mauli 29th moon

kahuna who guarded the sacred adz (malu koi) to cut down the sacred ohia-laka lehua tree in the forest to make the canoe and the Pou o Manu image in the heiau? The Gilbertese decan system may unravel this adz toki (Gilbertese; koi (Hawaii) with east-west (ele-k, elehonua), and the 29th (synodic) moon (mauli) in the Hekaunano recitation. In this decan system (Micronesian) of tracking the suns north and south swing to its toki (adze) or limit at the solstices, an analogy to the adze pointing in two directions, back to back, forms a diamond shape (lozenge) to the ecliptic from two triangles, one pointing north, and the other pointing south Along this toki, the suns azimuth of rising was marked at the end of each decan week of ten days, or decan week, in Hawaii (anahulu) by placing a pebble (iliili) to represent the suns position. That would also mean that every ten marks latitude and azimuth (lua) of the suns position every ten days, not only the number of days in the track between pebbles. The points of the blade are the limit of the solstices, north and south, and the course of the sun in a year so that you would know the month and time certain events take place within the circumference of time and space. Between the suns toki standstills (solstices), the suns course (ecliptic) was checked against the eastern horizon (heliacal risings) from June to December, and after the winter solstice plotted out from south to north by observing the horizon westward (heliacal settings). This seems to be consistent with the word koi-ele in the Hekaunano series, koi meaning adze and -ele, a term used only by kahuna to refer to cardinal directions determined from the piko and manawa center (latitude + meridian, + zenith).

The sequence suggest observations tied (Hekaunano) to the longitudinal (meridional) factor on the axis, probably, between north-south (ele-k, ele-moe ) and east-west (ele-lani, ele-honua). We may invoke the toki (koi) shape of the decan year and the last before new moon as dark ele, and this would allow observation of eclipses? adze phase ask if lunar

The kahuna pookoi was the adzheaded kahuna in ancient Hawaii. It is not certain whether he was the same as the Kahuna Nui, or high priest, but no priest would hold the highest rank in the order of K unless he knew every chant by heart and could teach the recitations to initiates until they graduated (uniki, ailolo) from training. The Kahuna Nui was the kings canoe-carver, kahuna klaiwaa, a rather ordinary man in the daily round of work at the canoe house (hlau waa) of the alii. Adz-headed (pookoi) kahuna have down-sloped foreheads from the crown to a pointed-brow, which in petroglyphs tend to resemble the so-called bird-man petroglyph. As wood-carved images (kii akua) their foreheads slope forward into the face. The forceful image abstractly creates awe and mystery with either respect or fear in the beholder. From what tradition does this adzheaded bird-man kahuna come? Is he the one who used the terms koi and ele and knew what they meant? Was he the

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The Gilbertese toki system, however, is not oriented only to the ecliptic, i.e., the suns track, but also to heliacal risings and settings of stars, like Kai o Kahinalii (Capella, Auriga). What is koi doing here with hinalea and mauli which are moon words, moon at the fall of -lea, whatever that may be, and moon in its 29th phase (mauli) before new moon (muku), the dark (ele ) of the moon? When do you see the moon when the sky as black (pele) at new moon? You see the last waning moon on the 29th, mauli, when Hina is a spirit (mauli) going through the Milky Way to revive at Hoaka, first phase of waxing moon. Muku is the dark phase. It suggests the synodic lunation (29.5 days) ending at midnight (kau). It is not the sun with which the adze limit is sighted that gives the time of the year, except that the decan counter knew the time beforehand. He could only know the sun had reached its northern limit by the fact that it remained there for about four days before it moved back again. So why was the adze chosen as a concrete shape or metaphor of the suns motion on the ground? It was probably the closest analogy the cultures, Micronesian (Caroline and Gilbert Islands) and Polynesian (Hawaiian) could come to perceiving by short versus long tracks of stars beyond local latitudes that the shape of the earth was not square. It bulges or thickens toward the middle (equator). They came close to imagining that the middle of the earth was a larger space between meridians without being greater in length of time. This was not due to guesswork. They lived and voyaged on both sides of the equator and were aware how much longer stars are in the sky on the equator and outside that latitude, or how much less the sun stays up in the sky at latitudes above or below the equator.

However, there is an adze or triangle in the sky that stretches across a significant distance and length of sky between Vega (Lyra), rising first, then Altar (Aquila), rising next, and Deneb (Cygnus) rising last of the three points in the isosceles, the apex of the blade of the adze pointing southward. This great triangle rises in January at sunrise as Gemini sets. The triangle also sets in January in the evening as Gemini rises. It is another pivot point that quarters the year between January-July (morningevening) and April-October (noonmidnight). The month of April is in the set of months (March, April, May) that the kahuna would dedicate the heiau K. The use of water in the bilge (liu) of the canoe to see the sky by night and zenith sun by day was a practice of ancient Hawaiian fishermen who looked for their zenith star by gazing into the bilge, analogous to looking at your face in a calabash of water with a basalt stone at the bottom to create a clear reflection. This was the old Hawaiian mirror (aniani), and is probably, also, the principle by which grandmother Uli put a piece of rope into a calabash of water so that he lived and grew from a fathom in a day to be no less than a 40-fathom rope in 40 days. How far does the sun travel in 40 days, 400 days? Ten days longer than a synodic month and 34.75 days more than a tropic year, and in sidereal time? It suggests the intercalation of a 13th month required after three tropic years, which a correction of 33.75 days was necessary to intercalate in order to synchronize the lunar with the tropic year The riddle of Kana is a formula for the intercalation, but it doesnt tell us how the fathom measurement of the line per day was derived. What was the kahuna watching by day to give a length commensurate with watching the sky at

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night? We have no insight except that it is apparently based on one 180-degree rotation of the sun at the equinox when the day and night are equal, and the shadow length at noon would then equal the shadow length at the equator when the sun was in the zenith at noon at Ke Ala i ka Piko o Wakea. The koiele, waiakea, and akilolo bite-brain sequence in Hekaunano may be concerned with the zenith sun (MayJuly) in Hawaii over latitudes 19 (Hawaii) to 23.5 degrees north (Nihoa). The Polaa tsunami is a different event following the third Kai a Kahinalii in that it affects only the descendants of Aliihonupuu [1389], who are erased from the genealogies after Polaa [1585-1586] but not those of his brother Opuupuu [1389], whose descendants continue after Polaa. In the fourteenth generation from A and Lii after Ke Kolu o ke Kai o Kahinalii, the Opuupuu lineage branches off from the main Kupolo- stem. The line of Opuupuu ancestry reverts (to line 1389) to reposition the survivors in the following Twelfth Age. The generation count will then revert to the Eleventh Age [Line 1389].

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KA WA UMIKUMALUA 1389 1389 1389 1390 Aliihonupuu Opuupuu Opuupuu ke kane Opuupe Opuumauna Opuuhaha Opuukalaua Opuuhanahana Opuuhamahamau Opuukalauli Opuukalakea Opuukalahiwa Opuukalalele Maunanui Maunanee Maunapapapa Maunahaahaa Maunahiolo Puukahonua Haakuku Haapipili Kanioi *Puanue Kepoo A-aa [Sirius] Piowai [arch] Nananuu [watch zenith] Haulanuiiakea Mahikoha Oopukoha Hawaii Kekihe-i Makuaikawaokapu Makaukau Kalolomauna [mountain-zenith] Kalolopiko [navel-center] Aa [Sirius] Kauwila Palipali Punalauka Piheeluna Malanaopiopi Malanaopiha-e Hnau Kihalaaupoe he Wauke Hnau o Ulu, he Ulu Hnau ko laua muli o Kepoo Oliua 1389 1389 1389 1390

THE TWELFTH AGE Kaeahonu Laamiha ka wahine Laamiha ka wahine Pepe Kapuu Leleiao [fly-Jupiter, morning star] Maukao Kilokau [sight-midnight] Halalai Makele Opuuele Opuumakaua Lelepau Makelewaa [canoe-navigate] Hulipu Kanaua Haalepo Haneenee Lalohana Waawaa Haamomoe Haakauwila Lalomai Kau-a-wana Hooanu Aamoa [Sirius-meridian] Makohilani Huku Hinahookaea [moon-Vega (?)] Kumananaiea Ulunui Kekilaau Ikawaoelilo Hahalua Kaloloamoana [ocean-zenith] Kaloloaa [zenith-Sirius] Wakaau Uhiuhi Palimoe Punalakai Piheelalo Haikaulunui Pihaehae

1395

1395

1400

1400

1405

1405

1410

1410

1415

1415

1420

1420

1425

1425

1430 1430 1431

1430 1431

Halulu Kauikau

129

1432 1433 1434 1435

1440

1445

1450

1455

1460

1465

1470

1475

1480

Kikona Hoopulupulu Hoolehu Kaulunokalani Hoouka Kanalu Poi Paepaemalama [moon] Kaulana Palaau Nukuono Pouhana Kaiwiloko Leua Hookahua Kuiau Kapawaolani Manamanaokalea Aukuu Kakahiaka Kapoli Kimana Polohilani Kahilinaokalani Kapaia Kakai Oili Kapaeniho Kaupeku Kaopeope Nakia Koele Huakalani Nuukoiula Kaioia Kalalomaiao [Jupiter,east] Hakalaoa Kekoha Pipili [Stars in Scorpius or Gemini] Kaulamaokoke Kaulakelemoana [sea-navigate] Hiikalaulau Hainuawa Laukohakohai Opaiakalani Opaikumulani Liahu Kanikumuhele Hoopililani Ohemokukalani Pilihona

1432 1433 1434 1435

Kaimai Auna Lapai Kahele Aluka Hakihua Lenawale [Sirius] Kaumai 1440 Kaulalo Paweo Hopulani Hanaku Kamaka 1445 Kaoiwi Hoomalae Kuiaeonaka Kainio Kaukaha 1450 Koha Kuua Hoopumehana Kalimalimalimalau [125 x 400 = 50,000] Kalanimakuakaapu 1455 Hemua Hoolawakua Manawahua[Jupiter (?) Antares (?)] Mohala Okea [Southern Cross (?)] 1460 Kapua Kukaailani Hoomaua Lohelau [cord-400] Kaunuuula 1465 Meheaka Meheau Hooliu Kulukau [17th moon] Mahikona [-Canopus (?)] 1470 Ulukauu Kapiko [navel-center] Hoomau Hamaku Ulahuanu 1475 Hoolilihia Kumukanikekaa Kauikaiakea Kapohele-i Hoomauolani 1480 Nawihioililani Kauhoaka [2nd moon] Mahinakea [moon (?)]

130

1485

1490

1495

1500

1505

1510

1515

1520

1525

1530

Hoomahinukala Laiohopawa Kuliaimua Laaumenea Hoopilihai Kiamanu Hoopailimua Nakukalani Naholokauihiku [Big Dipper] Pepepekaua Hoomaopulani Kukulani Kukauhalelaa Kukaimukanaka Kukamokia Kukahauli Kukamoi [stand-moi-image] Kukaluakini Hoopilimoena Hoopailani Lohalohai Kelekauikaui Kanikaniaula Keleikanuupia Keleikapouli Kelemalamahiku Hoohiolokalani Hoopihapiha Hoopalipali Mihikulani Maunaku Hooholihae Piipiiwaa Kakelekaipu Nakiauaawa Nanue Napolohi Hoohewahewa Milimilipo Kuekuemakaokalani Poopoolani Kailiokalani Hooipomalama Kunikunihia Paniokaukea Polomailani Polohiua Kukukalani Hoolepau [Olepau moon] Nuualani [zenith] Hoomukulani

1485

1490

1495

1500

1505

1510

1515

1520

1525

1530

Palihoomoe Kuaiwalono [iwa images] Hoopialu Mahiliaka Holiliakea Puunaueakea Hoopiimoana Kaukealani Apoapoakea Puhiliakea Ahuahuakea Awekeau Wakaaumai Hiliapale Hauli Leleimoimo Hooahu Puepue Kahiolo Mahikona Lauhohola Mokumokalani Meimeikalani Pihana Opiopuaka Kuukuu Hoopalaha Hoonuanua Kukaalani Poupehiwa Kalelewaa Hinapahilani Naukelemoana [sea-navigate] Laulaulani Poiao [Jupiter-night] Kuhimakani [direct-wind] Lonoaakaikai [Sirius-lead] Hoopalepale Milihoopo Ohuku Heanalani Kiloahipea[watch-Southern Cross] Kaikainakea Maliiluna Pokaukahi Nakao [Belt of Orion] Helehiao Panionio Holoalani Pahiolo Newaa

131

1535

1540

1545

1550 1551

1552 1553 1554 1555

1560

1565

1570 1571 1572

Hoonewa Lanukuaaala Hoopilimeha-e Maninikalani Hoonakuku Lanipuke Ahukele Pioalani Miahulu Minialani Kumakumalani Hoopilipilikane Nuakeapaka Palelaa Palimoe Palihoolapa Palipalihia Hnau P a l i k u Hnau Ololo [meridian] Hnau Ololohonua Hnau Kumuhonua O Kne (k) he mau mahoe O Kanaloa O Ahukai (ka muli loa) Kapili Kawakupua Kawakahiko Kahikolupa Kahikoleikau Kahikoleiulu Kahikoleihonua Haakoakoalauleia Kupo Nahaeikekaua Keakenui Kahinakiiakaea 1 Kolunahinakiiakea 3 Limaanahinakiiakea 5 Hikuanahinakiiakea 7 Iwanahinakiiakea 9 Welaahilaninui Kahikoluamea Wakea i noho ia Haumea, ia Papa, ia Hoohokukalani, Hnauo Hloa O Hloa n

1535

1540

1545

1550 1551

Kuaaala Pilimeha-e Niniaulani Kalaniku Nahunahupuakea Kalolo [zenith, meridian] Oilialolo [appear-meridian] Pioalewa [arch-sky-space] Pahulu Kiihalani Hoouna Pilikana Holiakea Palikomokomo Palialiku Palimauua Paliomahilo [Cp. Palihai ka wahine] Ololonuu [zenith, meridian] Olalohana Haloiho Holehana Kealonainai Heleaeiluna Kahaulaia Lukaua Kupomakaikaeleue Kanemakaikaeleue Haakoakoaikeaukahonua Kaneiakoakahonua Lanikupo Haneeiluna Laheamanu Luanahinakiipapa 2 Haanahinakiipapa 4 Onoanahinakiipapa 6 Waluanahinakiipapa 8 Lohanahanahinakiipapa 10 Owe Kupulanakehau Wakea lived with Haumea, with Papa with Hoohokukalani, Born Hloa It was Hloa...

1552 1553 1554 1555

1560

1565

1570 1571 1572

132

KA WA UMIKUMAMAKOLU [1551] P a l i k ke kne 1552 Palikaa Lakanihau Nalaunuu [zenith] 1555 Kapapanuinuiauakea noon] Kapapaku Kapapaluna Olekailuna [Ole moon] Kapapanuialeka 1560 Kapapanuikahulipali Kapapanuiakalaula Kapapakiilaula Kapaiaoa Kapapauli 1565 Hnau o Kapapapahu ka mua Kapoheenalu mai kona hope noho Kapoheenalu ke kane Kahookokohipapa Papaiao [Jupiter] Papaheenalu Hnau a iloko o Puukahonualani o Liaikuhonua, o kona muli mai, o Ohomaila Ohomaila ke kane [the husband] Kehaukea Mohala Kahakuiaweaukeleke [Canopus?] Kahokukelemoana [Hatutahi] (?) [star-navigate-ocean] Mulinaha

THE THIRTEENTH AGE [1551] Palihai ka wahine Palihiolo Keaona Puukahalelo 1555 Kainainakea Kapapamoe Kapapailalo Kapapapaa Kapapahanauua 1560 Kapapaianapa Kapapaholahola Kapapaiakea [celestial equator (?)] 1565 Kapapapoukahi Kapapapoha Kamaulikainaina ka wahine [29 moon] Mehakuakoko [Antares (?)] Mauluikonanui [Canopus (?) Hanauna [generations] Born in: Puukahonualani Liaikuhonua and behind him, Ohomaila Honuakau ka wahine [the wife] Kualeikahu Luukaualani Hinawainonolo Hinawaioki Ipoi

1570 1571 1571 1571 1571 1572 1575 1576

1570 1571 1571 1571 1571 1572 1575 1576

[Note: In the Ololo genealogy, Wakea is born in generation 1586; marries Papa, who is Haumea. Papa belongs also in generation 1586]

[Note: In the generations after Mulinaha, the numbering reverts to line number count, rather than generation count, from lines 1596 to the conclusion].

133

1577

1580

1585

1590

Hnau o Laumiha he wahine, i noho ia Kekahakualani Hnau o Kahaula he wahine, i noho ia Kuhulihonua Hnau o Kahakauakoko he wahine, i noho i Kulaniehu Hnau o Haumea he wahine, i noho ia Kanaloa-akua Hnau o Kukauakahi he kane i noho ia Kuaimehani he wahine Hnau o Kauahulihonua Hnau o Hinamanouluae he wahine Hnau o Huhune he wahine Hnau o Haunuu he wahine Hnau o Haulani he wahine Hnau o Hikapuanaiea he wahine, ike ia Haumea, O Haumea no ia-O Haumea kino pahaohao, O Haumea kino papawalu O Haumea kino papalehu, o Haumea kino papamano

1577

1580

1585

1590

1592 1593 1595

I manomano i ka lehulehu o na kino Ia Hikapuananaiea pa umauma ka lani Pa ili o ia wahine o Nuumea O Nuumea ka aina, O Nuupapakini ka honua Laha Haumea i na moopuna Io Kio pale ka mai, kaa ka lolo O ia wahine hnau manawa i na keiki Hnau keiki puka ma ka lolo O ia wahine no o Iilipo o Nuumea I noho io Mulinaha

1592 1593 1595

Born Laumiha, woman who lived with Kekahakualani Born Kahaula, woman who lived with Kuhulihonua, Born Kahakauakoko, woman who lived with Kulaniehu, Born Haumea, a woman who lived with Kanaloa, god, Born Kukauakahi a man who lived with Kuaimehani, wife, Born Kauahulihonua, Born Hinamanouluae, female Born Huhune, female Born Haunuu, female Born Haulani female Born Hikapuanaiea female, Haumea was seen, was known, (That) she was Haumea, Haumea of mysterious body, Haumea of eight-fold body, Haumea of four-hundred-thousandfold body, Haumea of four-thousand-fold body, Four-thousand-times-fourthousand, Until four-hundred-thousand-timesfour-hundred-thousand-fold body, Until Hikapuanaiea the chiefess was struck upon the chest; Tattooed this woman of Nuumea, Nuumea the land, Nuu-papa-kini the placenta (From which) spread the grandchildren of Haumea, Until with Kio the womb was delivered, the top of the brain turned; This woman whose children were born from the brain, Gave birth to children at the brain, This woman of Iilipo of Nuumea, Who lived with Mulinaha

1600

1600

134

Hnau Laumiha hanau ma ka lolo O Kahakauakoko hanau ma ka lolo O Haumea o ua wahine la no ia Noho ia Kanaloa-akua

Born Laumiha, born at the brain Kahaula, female, born at the brain, Kahakauakoko born in the caul; Haumea was that woman mentioned before, (Who) lived with Kanaloa-akua, 1605 (It was) Kauakahi-akua at the brain; The generations from this woman born from the brain, Covered with birth fluid the descendants born at the brain, Papa-huli-honua Papa-nui-hnau-moku Papa-earth-placenta-turning, Great-Papa-giving-birth-to-lands, Papa who lived with Wakea, Born Haalolo female; Born fault-finding vexation, Papa deceptively flattered by Wakea Ordering days of the month to be The night to Kne behind, The night to Hilo before; Tabu the pavement (before) the oracle tower, The house where Wakea lived, Tabu the food sacred to the elders; Tabu the uncooked ape taro Tabu the bitter akia plant Tabu the anesthetic auhuhu plant Tabu the uhaloa medicine plant for long life, Tabu the leaves spiralling to the side of the taro stalk, Tabu the long stalk rising from the inner branching, Hloa the long-breathing stem of the lauloa taro planted, The leaf of Hloa in the sunlight of day there, Came forth--

1605

O Kauakahi-akua no a ka lolo Hoololo ka hanauna a ia wahine Haae wale ka hanauna lolo

O Papa-huli-honua O Papa-nui-hnau-moku

1610

1615

O Papa i noho ia Wakea Hnau Haalolo ka wahine Hnau inaina ke keu Hoopunini ia Papa e Wakea Kauoho i ka l i ka malama O ka po io Kane no muli nei O ka po io Hilo no mua ia; Kapu kipaepae ka hanuu Ka hale io Wakea i noho ai Kapu ka ai lani makua Kapu ka ape ka maneoneo Kapu ka akia ka awaawa Kapu ka auhuhu ka mulemulea Kapu ka uhaloa no ke ola loa Kapu ka laalo ka manewanewa Kapu ka haloa ku ma ka pea Kanu ia Haloa ulu hahaloa O ka lau o Haloa i ke ao la Pu--ka.

1610

1615

1620

1620

1625

1625

[*Note: The numbering reverts to the generation count, with a discrepancy of about 15-20 generations between the 11th and 12th-14th cantos].

135

KA WA UMIKUMAMAHA 1571 Liaikuhonua Laka Kamooalewa Maluapo Kinilauemano Halo Kamanookalani Kamakaokalani Keohookalani Kaleiokalani Kalalii Malakupua Haule Namea Nananuu Lalokona Honuapoiluna Pokinikini Pomanomano Kupukupuanuu Kamoleokahonua Paiaalani Hemoku Makulu Milipomea Hookumukapo Lukahakona Hnau o Kupulanakehau he wahine Hanau o Kulaniehu he kne Hanau o Koiaakalani O Kupulanakehau wahine I noho i Kahiko, o Kahikoluamea Hnau o Paupaniakea-1571

THE FOURTEENTH AGE Keakahulihonua ka wahine Kapapaialaka Lepuukahonua Laweakeao Upalu Kinilauewalu Kalanianoho Kahuaokalani Kamaookalani Kapuohiki Keaomele Keaoaoalani Loaa Walea Lalohana Lalohooaniani Honuailalo Polelehu Pohakoikoi Kupukupualani Keaaokahonua Kanikekoa Panainai Hiona Hanahanaiau Hoao Niaulani Born Kupulanakehau female Born Kulaniehu male Born Koiaakalani Kupulanakehau female (Who) lived with Kahiko, Kahikoluamea 1603 Born Paupaniakea

1575

1575

1580

1580

1585

1585

1590

1590

1595

1595

1600 1601 1603

The Liaikuhonua lineage is that of the brother of Ohomaila [line 1571], in the same generation. That from Ohomaila, the line of Opuupuu, came down to Papa (Haumea), who married Wakea. The Liaikuhonua lineage comes down to Wakea from the same stem [Opuupuu, brother of Aliihonupuu (1389)]

136

The Liaikuhonua lineage is that of the brother of Ohomaila [line 1571], in the same generation. That from Ohomaila, the line of Opuupuu, came down to Papa (Haumea), who married Wakea. The Liaikuhonua lineage comes down to Wakea from the same stem [Opuupuu, brother of Aliihonupuu (1389) 1571 1571 1572 1572 Liaikuhonua Ke-aka-hulihonua (wahine) Laka Kapapaialaka

[*Note: The recitation then moves into the heiau (temple) where the overhead sky becomes the space where movement in space and time becomes specified as to compass, i.e., the principle of azimuth (horizon positions), however limited as to latitude of observation [i.e., Latitude of Hawaii].

1571 1572

Liakuhonua Laka [Cp. Oraaka (Kapingamarangi), Pegasus; on meridian, latitude of Hawaii, March 21, midnight, vernal equinox] Moo - Milky Way lying across the north from eastern to western horizon: from Betelgeuse (shoulder Orion, Auriga, Perseus, Cassiopeia (Schedar), Cygnus (Deneb), Lyra (Vega lying outside), Aquila (Altair), Sagittarius (Nunki) Maluap - evening shadow(s) lua - pit under the anuu oracle tower kinilau = lau = mano = 40,000 400 4,000

1573 1573

Kamooalewa [Milky Way-swing] L-puu-ka-honua [probably Ole nights of the moon (?)]

1573

1574 1574 1575 1575 1576 1576 1577 1577 1578 1578

Maluap Lawekeao - [carried-daylight] Kinilauemano Upalu Halo Kinilauewalu [kini = 40,000] [lau = 400] [mano- 4,000] [peer] [8 x etc]

1574

1575

Kamanookalani four-thousands Kalanianoho Kamakaokalani Kahuaokalani [temple foundation] [Jupiter, Antares] 1579` Keohookalani 1579 Kamaookalani 1580 Kaleiokalani 1580 Kapuohiki 1581 Kallii[small-sun] 1581 Keaomele [Orion -equator]

The formula calls for multiplying these numbers: 40,000 x 400 = 4,000,000 4,000,000 x 4,000 = 16,000,000

137

1582 1583 1583 1584 1584 1585 1585

Malakupua Haule Loaa Namea Walea

[Sirius (setting?) [-Lea Arcturus, evening rise east (?)] 1585

1582 1583

Keaoaoalani Fall, probably refer to setting(s)? and rising(s) of stars east and west horizon at evening sunset Observe-zenith (oracle-tower, anuu)

Nananuu Lalohana [below] [Hana Gemini, past meridian, i.e., westward] Lalokona Honuapoiluna

1586 1586

1586

Lalo - below, south and west kona - Canopus (Lehuakona) kona- Tonga (West Polynesia) Lalokona-Rarotonga (Cook Islands) night-40,000 x 40,000 (stars) night-4,000 x 4,000 (stars) Pleiades (zenith) [at the oracle tower] Mole- northwest, solstice limit

1588 1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1594

Pokinikini Pomanomano Kupukuanuu Kamoleokahonua [zenith] [solstice point]

1588 1589 1590 1591

Paiaalani [sky-wall] Hemoku [Milky Way breaking?] Makulu Hiona [(Hawaii) : Saturn] 1594 Ma-kulu, from Kulu, which may mean the 17th night of the moon; or the kulu (turu) pillar (zenith) stars. [Makulukulu is also the planet Saturn]. The Kulu (Turu) stars are, variously: [East Polynesia, south] Altair (Pukapuka) Altair and Antares (Maori) [West Polynesia] Alpha, Beta, Kappa, Gamma in Orion (Turuturu-ti-harau), i.e., pillar(s) holding-up-house (Kapingamarangi); equatorial stars. 1596 1597 Hoao [Jupiter, or Venus] L - sky-propper kaha- span kona - Canopus (Lehuakona) kona - southwest (wind) kona - Tonga

1595 1595

Milipomea Hanahanaiau

1596 Hookumukapo 1597 Lukahakona 1597 Niaulani [Note: The sequence returns to Kupulanakehau]

138

1598 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607

Hanau o Kupulanakehau he wahine Hanau o Kulaniehu ke kane Hanau o Koiaakalani O Kupulanakehau wahine I noho ia Kahiko, o Kahikoluamea Hanau o Paupaniakea O Wakea no ia, o Lehuula, O Makulukulukalani [Antares (?), Saturn] O ko laua hope, o kanaka opeope nui Huihui a kau io Makalii, paa [Pleiades] Paa na hoku kau i ka lewa [fixed stars] ------

1598 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607

Born Kupulanakehau female Born Kulaniehu male Born Koiaakalani Kupulanakehau female Who lived with Kahiko, Kahikoluamea Born Paupaniakea It was Wakea, Lehu(a)ula, Makulukulu the sky, [Celestial equator, Saturn, Antares] Their successor a man of many bundles on a carrying pole, In the Pleiades cluster (in Taurus), Fixed (the courses of) stars that hang (swing) in space, ------

1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615

Lewa Kawela, lewa Kupoilaniua Lewa Hai aku, lewa Hai mai Lewa Kahai, lewa Kahaihai Lewa Kaua, ka puuhoku Wahilani-nui Lewa ka pua o ka lani, Kaulu-i-hai-mohai Lewa Puanene, ka hoku hai haku Lewa Nuu, lewa Kahailono Lewa Wainaku, lewa kapaa

1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615

planet, variously Venus, Jupiter, Mercury [Milky Way, breaking] [Milky Way] [unidentified stars] [Gemini, (?) setting] [unidentified stars] [zenith; Milky Way; -lono, Sirius] [patron star of Hilo] [unidentified] [unidentified] [Vega, in Lyra (rising in the evening behind Antares)] [unidentified; tutelary star of Ka]

1616 1617

Lewa Kikiula, lewa Kehooea Lewa Pouhnuu, lewa Kailiula

1616 1617

139

1618 1619

Lewa Kapakapaka, lewa Mnanalo], Lewa Kona, lewa Wailea

1618 1619

[unidentified; disappearing phase of Venus] [Canopus; Waileia (?), variously the morning star, Venus, Jupiter] trade winds] [Note: Cp. Fatu-kura, rising November (Tuamotu), one of two stars (?)] 1[unidentified; Vega in Lyra] [Cp. Koro-takataka (Maori), Altair in Aquila; said to be on the border of the Milky Way; Cp. Kaalolo, tutelary star of Niihau] [Poloula, unidentified; Polo-stars are 3 in a triangle, one of which was called Mulehu, (probably) stars in Cygnus (Deneb) +Lyra (Vega) + Altair (Aquila)] [unidentified; possibly Corona Borealis (?)] [unidentified; cp. Ka-lalania-Makalii; unidentified] [Note: a star transits the meridian; another is on the northwestern horizon, in the direction of summer solstice sunset (kaulana-ka-l, i ka mole mai o Lehua). The star transiting the meridian is probably Denebola (Leo); those on the northwest horizon, setting after the sun may be either Betelgeuse (Orion, shoulder), or gamma Aurigae (one of the Kids) at the June solstice. [Hua, probably Antares (Scorpio) rising as Betelgeuse (Aua) sets about the June solstice.

1620

Lewa Keauhaku, lewa Ka-makaunulau

1620

1621 1622

Lewa Hinalani, lewa Keoea Lewa Kaakaa, lewa Poloula

1621 1622

1623 1624

Lewa Kanikaniaula, lewa Kauamea Lewa Kalalani, lewa Kekepue

1623 1624

1625

Lewa Kaalolo, lewa Kaulanaa-ka-l,

1625

1626

Lewa Hua, lewa Aua

1626

140

1627

Lewa Lena, lewa Lanikuhana

1627

[Lena, Sirius, setting, southwest, about June solstice; Lanikuhana, Lanikuhana, unidentified. [Ole moon (?); Southern Cross on meridian about 6:00 p.m., June solstice [unidentified] [Sirius, Aa; unidentified] [unidentified; Ka-ulu-a-Lena, or Kaulua-lena; Kaulua- (Gemini), Sirius (?); Gemini, north; Sirius, south, same hour circle. [unidentified; ihu, nose, also means bow of a canoe, heading] [unidentified] [no data] [Spica (Virgo); Regulus (Leo); each is on the other side of the meridian by about 2 hours. [moon-floating, i.e., rising or setting above the ocean horizon at night; Naua, unidentified] Vero, or Viro, brightest star in the Belt of Orion, suggesting that this possible pairing is perhaps related to their setting, Orion about an hour after sunset, when Regulus is about an hour past meridian]. [These (unidentified) stars mark the months: [Kaaona, in September (Molokai), March (Hawaii), April (Oahu), matching (on Molokai) the month of September (Takaonga) in the Tokelauan calendar. Onga (Tonga) the Magellanic Clouds, visible from latitudes below the equator, not from the latitude of Hawaii].

1628

Lewa Hooleia, lewa Makeaupea

1628

1629 1630 1631

Lewa Kanihaalilo, lewa Uu Lewa Aa, lewa Ololu Lewa Kamaio, lewa Kaulualena

1629 1630 1631

1632 1633 1634 1635

Lewa o Ihu-ku, lewa o Ihumoa Lewa Pipa, lewa Hoeu Lewa Malana, lewa Kakae Lewa Maliu, lewa Ikiiki

1632 1633 1634 1635

1636

Lewa Lanakamalama, lewa Naua

1636

1637

Lewa Welo, lewa Ikiiki

1637

1638

Lewa Kaaona, lewa Hinaia-eleele

1638

141

[Hinaiaeleele, May (Oahu), June-July (Hawaii), August (Kauai), February (Molokai); June-August agrees with Uvea and June-July with Tonga.] 1639 Lewa Puanakau, lewa Lealea 1639 [Rigel, in the knee of Orion, zenith star for Marquesas, eight degrees below the equator; setting about 6:00 p.m., about May 31st. [Lealea, Arcturus (Hoku-lea), on the opposite side of the sky, between 6:00-8:00 pm., June solstice] 1640 Lewa Hikikauelia, lewa Kaelo 1640 [Sirius, setting after Rigel; Kaelo, probably Betelgeuse (or another bright star in the hour circle with Sirius, i.e., Murzim (in Canis Major), remains unidentified]. [Hikikaulono-meha, probably Sirius in the zenith of Tahiti (Hiki) about the18th parallel below the equator; western orientation in the sky] [Probably Antares, rising on the eastern horizon as the Belt of Orion sets; Poloahilani probably refers to this combination of stars (Sirius, Belt of Orion setting, as Antares is rising (?). [Venus or Jupiter; unidentified]

1641

Lewa Kapawa, lewa Hikikaulonomeha

1641

1642

Lewa Hkula, lewa Poloahilani

1642

1643

Lewa Kawela, lewa Hanakalanai Lewa Uliuli, lewa Melemele

1643

1644

1644

[unidentified; Melemele, stars in Orion, Belt of Orion, but variously in Polynesia and Micronesia, the mele- stars are: Southern Cross (Ponape), Antares (Pukapuka), Vega (Kapingamarangi), Orions Belt (Tahiti, Sirius (Rarotonga), Venus (Maori), with stars in Lyra (Maori)].

142

1645

Lewa Makalii, lewa Na-huihui

1645

[Pleiades are also setting in the northwest about the June solstice, but they set before the Belt of Orion sets and before Antares rises on the eastern horizon] . [unidentified; Humu is Altair in Aquila or Southern Cross; probably the latter because it has declined as Altair rises on the eastern horizon after Antares; on the west, Pleiades, Belt of Orion, Sirius, Betelgeuse have all set, except Gemini to the northwest] [Milky Way; the-tree (ulu) of Sirius [Te Kokota (Maori)] unidentified; in the Pleiades (?)] unidentified [no data] [unidentified; probably the fall of Sirius, or period when it is not in the sky] [Star in the Dipper; probably the first to appear, Dubhe; about the June solstice, when Sirius is setting, the bowl is declining]. [Probably Merak, then Phecda] [Stars in the handle closest to the bowl; Megrez, Alioth. [Mirak, Alkaid] [About the June solstice, the bowl is past the meridian, the handle is about to transit; i.e., the bowl is in the hour circle ahead of the handle] [Probably Gemini + Pleiades; the Pleiades set before the Twins] [Belt and sword in Orion, setting].

1646

Lewa Kokoiki, lewa Humu

1646

1647 1648 1649 1650 1651

Lewa Mohai, lewa Kauluokaoka Lewa Kukui, lewa Konamaukuku Lewa Kamalie, lewa Kamalie-mua Lewa Kamalie-hope Lewa Hina-o-na-lailena

1647 1648 1649 1650 1651

1652

Lewa na Hiku, lewa Hiku-kahi

1652

1653 1654 1655

Lewa Hiku-alua, lewa Hiku-kolu Lewa Hiku-ah, lewa Hiku-lima Lewa Hiku-ono, lewa Hiku-pau

1653 1654 1655

1656 1657

Lewa Mahapili, lewa ka Huihui Lewa Na Kao

1656 1657

143

1658

Lu ka anoano Makalii, anoano ka lani Lu ka anoano akua, he akua ka l Lu ka anoano a Hina, he walewale o Lonomuku, Ka ai a Hina-ia-ka-malama, o Waka; I kii (i)a e Wakea a Kaiuli A kai koakoa, kai ehuehu Lana Hina-ia-ka-malama he k

1658

1660

1660

Scattered the seeds of Makalii, the Pleiades, seeding the sky, Scattered seeds of the god, the sun is a god, Scattered the seeds of Hina, afterbirth of L o n o m u k u , [Dark night of the moon, Muku] The food of Hina-in-the-moon, of Ho-(w)aka; Gotten by Wakea-(from)-the-deepsea, A coral sea, foaming sea, Hina-in-the-moon floated in the bailing gourd calabash Hung up in canoes, called Hinathe-bailing-gourd there, Taken upshore, left swinging, [finds level] Born the coral, born the eel Born sea urchin(s) in the coral, large sea urchin(s), Born the elek rock, the basalt rock, Called Hina-passing-coral there, Hina craved food, Wakea got it (for her); Set up images on the stone platform in rows, Set up rules of the chiefs, Wakea took Hina as wife, Born the moa chief, hung (over) the back of Wakea [moa - center, meridian; Wakea, noon] Wakea was jealous of the kahili waving over him, Angry and vexed, Warded off the moa that flew to the ridgepole, The moa was on the ridgepole [Southern Cross on meridian] The moa was lord; The seeds had grown strong, Had perched up high in space, The space in the heavens, Above the earth, At the very zenith--

1665

Kaulia ae i na waa, kapa ia Hina-ke-k ilaila, Lawe (i)a uka, puholuholu ia Hanau koakoa, hanau ka puhi Hanau ka inaina, hanau ka wana Hanau ka eleku, hanau ke a

1665

1670

Kapa ia Hina-halakoa i laila Ono Hina i ka ai, kii o Wakea Kukulu i kii a paepae Kukulu kalaihi a lalani Kii Wakea moe ia Hina-kaweoa Hanau ka moa, kau i ke kua o Wakea

1670

1675

Lili Wakea, kahilihili Lili Wakea, inaina uluhua Papale i ka moa lele i kaupaku O ka moa i kaupaku 1680 O ka moa i ka haku O ka anoano ia a Kaeoeo E halakau nei i ka lewa Ua lewa ka lani Ua lewa ka honua I ka Nuu no-1680

1685

1685

144

KA WA UMIKUMAMALIMA 1686 O Haumea wahine o Nuumea i Kukuihaa O Mehani, nuu manoanoa o Kuaihelani i Paliuli Liholiho, eleele, panopano lani ele 1686

THE FIFTEENTH AGE Haumea, woman of Nuumea in Kukuihaa, Of Mehani, the high peaks of Kuaihelani in Paliuli, Choice sacred back (her) chiefly rank, deep sacred black the dark heaven of chiefs, The one alone in the sky, the single authority, Ka-meha-no-lani, one in battle, Ka-meha-i-kaua; god of Kauakahi; Where the zenith (is) cut, where the dark sky breaks apart, (Her) rage toward her husbands other wife she left at the equator, (And) settled on the island of Lua (Oahu), lived in Wawau Goddess wife of Makea, Haumea, woman of Kalihi (of) Koolau (Who) lived in Kalihi on the border called Laumiha, (She) went into the breadruit tree, became a breadfruit tree, Body of breadfruit, trunk and leaves, Of many bodies this woman, Haumea, Haumea of awesome mystery; (With) marvelous transforming powers while she lived, Living on in (her) descendants, Into marriages of children and grandchildren, Slept with son Kau-akahi as Kua-imehani, wife; With grandson Kau-a-hulihonua, Hulihonua the wife, Slept with grandson Haloa (As) Hina-mano-ulu-ae, wife; With great-grandson Waia, as Huhune, wife; With great-great grandson Hinanalo, (as) Haunuu, wife;

Kamehanolani, o Kamehaikana 1690 Kamehaikana, akua o Kauakahi I ke oki nuu i ke oki lani o Haiuli Haalele i ka houpo hh punalua, Kau i ka moku o Lua, o Ahu a Lua, noho i Wawau Wahine akua wahine o Makea O Haumea wahine o Kalihi o Koolau; Noho no i Kalihi i kapa i ka lihilihi o Laumiha Komo i ka ulu, he ulu ia O kino ulu, o pahu ulu, o lau ulu ia nei, He lau kino o ia wahine o Haumea 1700 O Haumea nui aiwaiwa; I iwaiwa no Haumea i ka noho Nonoho i na moopuna I ka moemoe i na keiki Moe keiki ia Kau(a)kahi, o Kuaimehani ka wahine, 1705 Moe moopuna ia Kauahulihonua O Hulihonua ka wahine, Moe moopuna ia Haloa O Hinamanouluae ka wahine, Moe moopuna ia Waia, o Huhune ka wahine, Moe moopuna ia Hinanalo, o Haunuu ka wahine, 1705 1700 1690

1695

1695

1710

1710

145

1711

Moe moopuna ia Nanakehili, o Haulani ka wahine, Moe moopuna ia Wailoa, o Hikopuaneiea ka wahine Hanau o Kio, ike (i)a Haumea Ike ia o Haumea he pialualu

1711

1715

He konahau, he konakona He awaawa ina ka wahine Awaawahia a mulemulea I haina, eu, aia, he wahine piike-akea-e Ua pialu ke kua, pialu ke alo Keehina ka umauma, p hiolo Nuumea Nauau papa p umauma ilio ka wahine Ia Kio laha na lii Moe ia Kamoe i ka wahine o ka nahelehele

1715

With great-great-great-grandson Nanakehili, (as) Haulani,wife; With great-great-great-great-grandson, Wailoa, as Hiko-puaneiea, wife Until Kio was born, [Polaris, the pole star] Then was Haumea seen (as) one shriveled with age, As damp and cold as the south wind, Unsavory, a woman become Soured, embittered. Aloof and cunning, pallid, Sagging behind, wrinkled in front, Chest trampled, bosom of Nuumea fallen, Breast that had suckled litters like a dog, this woman; Increasing the chiefs until Kio, (Kio) married Kamole, a woman of the jungle,

1720

1720

1724

Hanau o Ole ke kane, o Hai ka wahine Pupue ke kane [Pupue the husband] Manaku Kahiko Lukahakona Luanuu Kii Hanau o Ulu, hanau o Nanaulu Ulu ke kne [Ulu the husband] Nana Nanaie Nanaielani Waikalani Kuheleimoana Konohiki Waolena Akalana

1724

Born Ole the husband, [quarter moon] Hai the wife [Milky Way] Kamahele ka wahine the wife] Hikohoale Kaea Koulamaikalani Kawaomaaukele Hinakoula [Kamahele

1725

1725

1730

1730

1735

1735

1740

Born Ulu, born Nanaulu Kapunuu ka wahine [Kapunuu the wife] Kapulani Kahaumokuleia Hinakinau Kekauilani Mapuu[-puna]iaaala [Chant 2: 156] Hakaululena Mahuie Hina-a-ke-ahi

146

1741

Hanau Maui mua, hanau Maui waena Hanau Maui-kikii, Maui-a-ka-malo O ka malo o Akalana i humea Hookauhua Hina-a-ke-ahi, hanau he moa He hua moa ke keiki a Hina i hookauhua Aohe hoi he moa o ka moe ana He moa ka ka hanau ana Alala ke keiki, ninau Hina: Aohe hoi he kanaka o ka moe ana he keiki ka, He keiki aiwaiwa na Hina-a-ke-ahi Ukiuki Kia(i)-loa ma lua o Kia(i)-a-ka-poko O na kaikunane ia o Hina; O na kia(i) elua iloko o ke ana ha Paio haka Maui, hina ua kia

1741

1745

1745

1750

1750

1755

Kahe ka wai ula i ka lae o Maui O ka ua mua ia a Maui Kii i ka puawahia a Kne ma lua o Kanaloa O ka alua ia a Maui O ka ua akolu ke kuekue o ka ahuawa

1755

1760

O ka ua aha o ka ohe a Kne ma laua o Kanaloa O ka ua alima o ka paehumu O ka ua aono o ka anuu Nu(n)u Maui, ninau i ka makuakne; Hoole Hina, Aole au makua,

1760

1765

O ka malo o Kalana o ka makua ia Ono i ka ia na Hina-a-ke-ahi

Born first Maui, born Maui in the middle, Born Maui-in-the-topknot, Maui-of-the-loincloth [Stars in the Belt of Orion] The loincloth that Akalana had put on, Hina-a-ke-ahi conceived, born a warrior bird, a moa, The egg of a moa the son Hina conceived, Not ever had she slept with a moa, A moa indeed she had borne; When) the child crowed, Hina asked, How is this child born from sleeping with a man? A child of awesome power the son of Hina-a-ke-ahi Guardians of the long and short posts of the house were peeved, They (who) were the brothers of Hina, Two pillars of the four sides measured; Maui wrestled (them) in combat, (and) those posts fell, Blood then flowed on the forehead of Maui, (In) the first of Mauis struggles; (He) got the black awa root of Kne and Kanaloa, (That) was the second contest of Mauis; The third was pulling up the tuft of sedge [to follow Hina to the underworld]; The fourth was the bamboo of Kne and Kanaloa; The fifth was the fenced platform of the temple ground; The sixth that of the oracle tower; Maui scolded (Hina) when he asked about his father, Hina refused, (saying), You have no father, The loincloth of Kalana is your father, Hina-a-ke-ahi (then) wanted to eat fish,

147

Ao i ka lawaia, kena Hina-a-keahi E kii oe i ko makuakane Aia ilaila ke aho, ka makau O Manaia-ka-lani o ka makau ia O ka lou (a)na o na moku e hui ka moana kahiko, Kii (a)na ka alae nui a Hina Ke kaikuahine manu; O ka ua ahiku (o) na ua a Maui O ke kupua eu nana i hoolou 1775 Ke a, ka waha, ka opina o Pimoe O ka ia Aimoku e halulu ai ka moana Lilo Pimoe moe i kaina a Maui Ulu aloha o Mahanauluehu O kama a Pimoe Lawena uka ai Maui i na ia koe ka pewa I hoohalulu ae Kane ma laua o Kanaloa, O ka ua a hikilele iwa a Maui Ola Pimoe ma ka pewa Ola Mahanauluehu ma ka hiu; Lilo Hina-ke-ka ia Peapea, 1785 O ke akua peapea o Peapea O ka ua hoolawa ia a Maui I waluhia ka maka o Peapeamaka-walu; Kkeke ka ua ia Moemoe Kilika ke kaua a Maui i ka l 1790 I kipuka ahele a Maui Lilo Makalii ka la Lilo ke kau ia Maui; Inu i ka wailena ma ke kuna O Kane ma laua o Kanaloa 1790 1785 1775

1770

1770

1780

1780

Teaching him to fish, Hina-a-keahi (then) commanded him: (Go) get your father, Over there is the line and hook, Manaia-ka-lani, that fishhook [Scorpius] For hooking up islands in ancient seas, (Then) get the Great-mudhen-ofHina, (My) bird sister That was the seventh competition of Maui, The trickster demigod caught by hook The jaw, mouth, and gills of Pimoe, The island fish that tethered shook the seas Pimoe caught fast on the line of Maui, (As) Mahanauluehus pity (for him) grew, Son of Pimoe, When the fish was carried ashore, except the tail; Then (were) Kne and Kanaloa shaken, (By) the ninth shocking feat of Maui; Pimoe lived again by the caudal fin, Mahanauluehu by the tail, Hina-the-bailing-gourd lost to Peapea [Southern Cross] The bat god was Peapea That was when Maui proved sufficient to the test, When the eyes of the Eight-Eyed Bat, Peapea-maka-walu, were gouged out; Moemoe knocked out in that bout, Then Maui battled the swift passing of the sun, With a lasso Maui (made), The winter seas of the Pleiades became the suns, The summer became Mauis; He drank the river water muddied by the fresh-water eel Of Kne and Kanaloa;

148

1795

1800

O kaua i ka houpaupa Puni Hawaii, puni Maui Puni Kauai, puni Oahu I Kahaluu ka ewe, i Waikane ka piko Haule i Hakipuu i Kualoa O Maui-a-ka-malo O ka hookala kupua o ka moku He moku no.

1795

1800

He fought to exhaustion Around Hawaii, around Maui, Around Kauai, around Oahu; At Kahaluu the placenta, at Waikne the navel cord, (He) died at Hakipuu in Kualoa, Maui-of-the-loincloth, Amazing ancestor of the district, Of the island.

149

KA WA UMIKUMAMAONO 1803 Maui ke kane [stars in Hercules, Sagittarius, Ophiucus] Nanamaoa Kulai Nanakuae Kapawa Heleipawa Hulumalailena [Sirius] Aikanaka [Milky Way] Hanau Puna i mua, o Hema, o Puna i muli, Ahai Hema i ke apeula o Luamahaheau Hanau Kahai-nui-a-Hema [Milky Way breaking up] 1815 [Kahai-nui-a-Hema] Wahieloa ke kne [the husband] Laka [Oraaka (Kapingamarangi), Pegasus] Luanuu [zenith] Kamea Pohukaina Hua [Jupiter] Paunuikaikeanaina Huanuiekallailaikai [Jupiter, as morning star] Paunuikakaolokea Haho Palena [border] Hanau Hanalaanui, hanau Hanalaaiki [Castor, Pollux] Hanalaaiki ke kane Mauiloa [Hercules, Sagittarius, Ophiucus] Alau Kanunokokuhelii Lonomai [Sirius] Wakalana Alo Kaheka Mapuleo Paukei 1815 1803

THE SIXTEENTH AGE Hinakealohaila ka wahine Hinakapaikua Hinahoopaia Keaukuhonua Kukuluhiokalani Kookookumaikalani Hinamaikalani Hinaaiakamalama [moon] Born Puna (the elder), Hema, Puna the youngest, Hema went after the apeula red taro of Luamahaheau Born Great Kahai, son of Hema [Milky Way; south] Hina-ulu-ohia Hoolaukahili ka wahine [the wife] Hikawaolena [Sirius] Kapokuleiula Popomalie Huahuakapolei Hikiiluna Manokalililani Kapoea Kapuhookia Kauwilaianapu Hikawainui [re: Chant 2: line 12] Born Hanalaa the older, born Hanalaa the younger (of the twins, i.e., Gemini] Kapukapu ka wahine Kauhua [Jupiter] 1830 Moeikeana Keikauhale Kolu Kawai Puia Mailou Kamaeokalani Painalea

1805

1805

1810

1810

1820

1820

1825

1825

1830

1835

1835

150

1840

Luakoa ke kne Kuhimau Koe Kahokuohua Kakae Kaulahea Kahekili

[the husband] [Antares (?), or Jupiter] 1840

Hinaapoapo ka wahine Kaumana Waohaakuna Hikakauwila Kapohnaupuni Kapohauolal Hauanuihoniala

[wife]

1845

Hanau o Kawaukaohele Noho Kelea i Kalamakua Hnau Laielohelohe, noho i Piilani,hanau Piikea, O Piikea noho ia Umi, hanau o Kumalae-nui-Umi Nona ka Pali haili kauw;

1845

Born Kawaukaohele, Kelea lived with Kalamakua [Keleanohoanaapiapi] Born Lielohelohe, lived with Piilani, born Piikea, Piikea lived with Umi, born Kumalae-nui-a-Umi, His the cliff cursing kauw outcasts;

1850

Kumalae-nui-a-Umi ke kane, o Kumunuipuawale ka wahine Makua ke kane, ka wohi kukahi o ka moku, Kapohelemai ka wahine, he wohi alii kapu, ka hoano, O I, ia I ka moku, ka haina kanaka, Ke kaulana aina i Pakini

1850

Kumalae-nui-a-Umi, husband, Kumunuipuawale, wife; Makua, husband, the wohi kapu chief of the district, Kapohelemai, the wife, a wohi kapu chiefess, revered; , to the district, the human sacrifice(s), The famous land of Pakini ,heiau (in Ka), The ohia k rite of the temple, center of the island of Hawaii; To Ahu, to Ahu-a-I, to Lono, To Lono-i-ka-makahiki, indeed.

1855

Ka ohia ko, ku kuina o ka moku o Hawaii; Ia Ahu, ia Ahu-a-I, ia Lono Ia Lono-i-ka-makahiki hoi.

1855

151

Comparative Kumulipo Genealogical Lists and Generation Count: The Luanuu Version Twelfth-Fourteenth Eras in the The Kuluwaimaka/Kalanianaole version retained the Malo text of the genealogy sections of the Ao period, and the Kalkaua text removed the Luanuu segment of the Puanue (Opuupuu genealogy) before the Polaa tsunami (line 1586). The recitation list (helu papa) in this study will reincorporate the Luanuu data from the Malo text and where necessary, or radically altered, the corresponding Kuluwaimaka-Kalanianaole list. as well. Another generation count will then be made reordering the generation count so that the difference determines any great shift in time correspondence between the Kumulipo with (or without) the Luanuu segment. [*Note: There are 41 generations missing in the Kumulipo text between Kaioia (k) and Kalalomaiao (k), Canto 12, lines 1466-1477]. Also, at the point at which the Kalkaua Kumulipo text ended, with Lonoikamakahiki, son of Keawe-nui-aUmi, in the 16th century, Malo continued, as may be expected, to recount the generations of alii postLonoikamakahiki to the time of his own generation (post-Kalaniopuu, 18th - 19th centuries). These may be found in the Appendix [intra] as Malo continued them.

The Kalkaua text was first translated in part by Adolf Bastian in 1881 into German, followed by Joseph Rocks translation of Bastians work into English, then in full by Liliuokalani (1897), into English. Martha Warren Beckwith (1950) completed another translation into translation. Johnson (1981) and Charlot (1982) are interpretive translations with alternative emphases. These present the basis of all deductive commentary during the recent twentieth century After Kalkauas Hale Nau group, called the Ball and Twine Society, copied the Molokai poetic version unreeled from the knotted cord (hipuu) by chanters there in the late 19th century, and the full text of the Kalkaua version became the standard translated text, the earlier David Malo Kumulipo text, specifically restricted to genealogy lists and without poetry was archived and forgotten. In the Malo text and later Kuluwaimaka/Kalanianaole version, which seems to recover the Malo and Kalakaua versions into one text, an entire sequence of the Puanue segment known as the Luanuu genealogy is intact since the 1850s when it was written down at Lahainaluna Seminary. The Luanuu genealogy is not found in the Kalkaua version [Liliuokalani and Beckwith translations, 1897-1950]. The date on the Malo Luanuu [Kumulipo] text is 1827, which means it was written down a year after the orthography of the Hawaiian language had been decided (1826) and four years before the Lahainaluna Seminary college formally opened (1831).

152

The Luanuu Genealogy (Puanue) Line 1466 Kaioia 1467 Kalalomaiao [below Jupiter] 1466 Kaioia 1467 Kahakukelemoana [cp. Hatutahi, Canopus] 1468 1469 1470 Hookaa Moae [tradewind] Kapaau Kaiwikoko Manakamoo [Milky Way?] Kapuu Kaiwa Nuupele Kaholomoku [sail canoe] Kaluanuuokoa [zenith] Manaku Wahukanaka Kaanuunuiikumamao Kopili Kaehoihaikala Kaumihau Kaolokea Aukuu [heron] Keopulani Kapoukiaokalani [pillar of the sky] Kookookalani [prop the sky] Keki Ooohaiakulani Kaahinakumauna Lopali Kanoe [mist] Kalulumakanui Kahiwailalokona [Rarotonga] Kahiwakaapu Kalolenanuialohai Puuaekahakumoana Kikimakaihao Keaupeakukoae Kaulakiaioelani Kakukuinanahua [Nanahua post] Amihakalani Weloka [Vero, in belt, Orion] Mihikipua Lonokahokuemihaikalani [star] Kahokumakaweloweloula [comet] Kalolomaiao [Jupiter] Kalalomaiao [Jupiter] 1466 1467 1466 1467 1468 1469 1470 Meheau Hooliu Meheau Kaaluna [Kumulipo text] [David Malo text]

1475

1475

1480

1480

1485

1485

1490

1490

1495

1495

1500

1500

1505

1505

Nakaka Nahae Lana Kamaka Kaneilokahale Kalaumaumau Hakianapala Kauakia Haili Kamakamaka Hooleia Kamoka Kaa Nonolo Kulia Anianikalani [mirror-the-sky] Laalaau Maihope Kamapele Koolani Mumu Kuhela Paai Lopali Lohana Kanae Keaka Kamoeaulani Kapaukulani Kaopuulani Ilikahonua Kaponihaikala Malualani Ulapunuakele Kaakakailani Hooleianoa Kapeakau [Southern Cross] Kamakanewe [Southern Cross] Kaukeaweula Kaumeheii Kupuaiekea Hooliu [End David Malo Text]

153

[1510] Kalolomaiao [revert to 1467] Hakalaoa Kekohaokalani Pipili Kaulamaokoko 1515 Kaulakelemoana Hiikalaulau Hainuawa Laukohakohai 1519 Paialani [Malo text diverts to another branch from Paialani (k): 1476 1477 [Kumulipo text]: Paiakalani Kumukumukekaa Paikumulani Kauikaiakea [David Malo text, continued]: 1478 1479 1480 Kumuhonualaua Kamoleikama Onipua Kaukiukikaulani Maiko Kelekaunuiakoha Kahauli Koiewe Kapaakelono Kolokoloula Kalohialii Mauikoi Kekoaenuihulumaemae Kekaiakeakoaehulumaemae Kaikikiapaananea Kauamuku Kahiwahewahelekohana Kamakanuanu Kekanulau Kaneneluoiawahi Kaulupeakamanu Hawiniwini Kakaileiohoaka Kekahaouluokalani Kahoukapuamehelani Kaulaihoae Hihikiaekalaniiluna Kakaiokukalaniiluna Kuokuhulikuwa Hikileleiakau Kamualionuhi

1510

1515

1519

Kupuaiekea (another wife) Kukulualani Kamapukea Kahainakua Humehananapea Kaninika Hiipoipoiia Keanaialani Ihupeaala Kumukumukekaa

1485

1490

1495

1500

1505

[David Malo text parallels KuluwaimakaKalanianaole] 1478 Opuukahonua 1479 Hapuukama 1480 Ninio Kekahoakaulaokalani Kohalanikapu Kohalanikapu (?) Kahapoele 1485 Kalanikapu Kaihalakau Kololei Kapoleiula Hoakamapu 1490 Kaumanalani Kaihokuhoku Kanakaikaekealonokamaka Kauna Halalaikaiamahia 1495 Malona Mapuu Kanaeleolaawaia Kaulaia Kaleomalahea 1500 Kaoiliokamalama [moon appears] Kahaokamakelele Kahakupapalani Kaulaihoani Luanuukahiko [old zenith] 1505 Kuokuma Kalanihaliua Kealaiakai Maimaikoloahaha

154

1510

1515

1520

1525

1530

1535

Pupuepapaokauowali Kalaniiluna Kaluanuuikapohuikaekeeke [zenith, oracle tower]; Luanuukahunailokoihalepahuikeekanapule [priest-drumhouse] Luanuukahunailokoimanakamoo [zenith-priest-in-mana] Luanuuilokoiwaieaikahoaliiaulamaana [zenith-priest-in-hale-waieaKahoalii (rite)] Luanuuiwahoinapahuikapea [oracle tower, drums outside] Luanuuikekainaoloaikealinapapa [oracle tower, oloa rite] Kaluanuukuulalawaiaikaaoa Luanuuheikuikamaloholau Luanuukuamukuawaawaekuilokanananuu [zenith, oracle tower] Kaluanuuhookaahikiilaloiwaiea [oracle tower-below-waiea] Kaluanuukapailuenohoanaikeaanua Kaluanuuhilinaikaleleikaniopuka Kaluanuulapauilaikahoaka Kaluanuuowaikukaienohoanaikapoualo Kaluanuunohokuonoikahuina Kaluanuuheikuikapouomanu [oracle tower-Pou-o-Manu-post] Luanuuikukapahuluanianikaalanakuo Kaluanuukumakaiwaikailiilikipapaunu [makaiwa images] Luanuuimuakeahukanailokoikalananuumamao [oracle tower] Luanuukuaupalahoomoepuleikeahiahi [prayer-evening] Luanuuhoalapuleikawaanakakahiakaikaponiponi [morning prayer] Kaluanuukieeienohoanaiakahalehau Kaluanuuikaneikahalau Kaluanuuikekaulanapawaikealaula Luanuukanekanaloalolohonue Kaluanuualaohanaikealomaliukalani [Maliu, Spica in Virgo] Luanuumakiiloheloheenohoanaikalohaku [makiilohelohe rite] Luanuuenakilolaniekiloanailalowaia

Ailimanoano 1510 Kahonuailalo, hanau Kaluanuu Kanikuhekuhele Haliilauhau Kahakuili Kainaaha

1515

Alaihoihoiaku Kapukuokaio Kuhulukai Hoalaiaku Kumakalehua

1520

Papaikahonua Papailaninei Komohanahale Hooneeuwai Hiiakapoukua

1525

Hiiakapoualo Kapoulanahua Waipunaea Kaokoikealookahakualaea Holanapala

1530

Alaauaku Alaaumai Hauhaumaliemai Hikuamakoi Akakailani [clear-sky] Haikimailelii Kakealamaueleka Kaukalohalo Kaukaomea

1535

155

1539 1540

1545

Luanuukapalakuhialaeaenohoanaikeahupuaa Kaluanuukupinaienohoanaikealopali Kaluanuuahaolinaikawalena Kaluanuumouoleleaenohoanaimoanaliha Luanuukanehulikoahulihiakoaluahaku Kaluanuukanehoalani Kaluanuukuieoloonakekeilunakalaninei Kaluanuuponiolonoenohoikeahihiwa

1539 1540

Kuikaipuai Lellekohanamai Kapauhinu Kaukaalei Maeakekoaihaua

1545

Hinaolomele Neheoweowe Haumakaeele

Na laua i hanau mai kukulu o honua Kukuluohonua [cardinal directions] Mawaenuu [zenith divide] Punanana [spiders web, nest] Ae Ao Keawe Laaukuku Kalewa Hopupalali Iaiala Iaiala

[From them born the cardinal directions] Kukuluokalani [cardinal directions] Mawaelani Punanailania [spiders web, sky] Aeae Aoao Keaweawe Laaukaoko Kalewalewalani Kalewahoomaku

1550

1550

1555 1557 1557

[space]

1555 1557 1557

[space]

Hakuhai, na laua mai o Hui Kahonuanei, na laua mai

[Note: The line [1557] from Iaiala (k) and Hakuhai (w) [KuluwaimakaKalanianaole text, to which the Malo text will return, but generations continuing in Malos text at this point are from Kahonuanei (w) [1557]. 1558 1600 Auwaei Auwaeleo Auwaeku Aku Pipilipili Aiai Hookukapakapakaua Kumuhonua [earth foundation] Auwaeleo Auwaepane Auwaenoho Anoho Momoemomoe Kikoikikoi Kokohopuu Kamaiele

1600

1605

1605

156

1606

1610

Kamoleokahonua Keaaokahonua Kaweluokahonua Kahihiokahonua Kailiokahonua Kalalaokahonua Kalauokahonua Kamuokahonua Liaiokahonua Kekumuokahonua Kumuhonua Alealeapokii Nauelepokii Pupuliiliiana Uihele Kaneluhonua Kahaumaoia Kahaumaalamea Kanuuneeneeaku Kanuuneeneemai Papahimaioeokekumu Neeneeakuauokalau Luanuukahunaimanakamoo

1606

1610

Panee Kokolo Keapo Kapea Nakaka Kalanimalu Maulukia Keoka

[Southern Cross]

1615

1615

Waialiimaomao Kuikaukala Laloohilukekimoku Puea Aala Kapumaola Makuawale Keokalele Kulolo Nohonoho Poele Pokano Kahihikaunoa Wawaehaaipo Mahai (w)

1620

1620

1625

1625

1629

1629

[*Note: Malo text differs from Kuluwaimaka-Kalanianaole text at this point by one generation; 817 generations; Malo text, 817 generations to Mahai (w)]. 1630 Kaluanuukealahoaimuakeahukana Luanuuhookalakupuailalowaia Kaluanuukuhialaeimuahonualaikalanakuikawaihonaokawaa Kaluanuuhookuahikiilunailaloilokaiwahoimanakamoo Kahianuumokoikualaaukawaomehawaii Kaluanuuohoehaoimuahonuaula Kaluanuukuamukuawaawaekuilokokalananuu Kaluanuunohonionioikapoukuaokapouomanu Kaluanuumokuhaliikaneikalau 1630 Kawaohoomakua Hauekepue kana wahine Kaupaohookaa kana wahine Mahikakana Ahakakai 1635 Kuhananui, kana wahine Kualanakila kana wahine Lamalamakaio kana wahine 1638 Hikimalino, kana wahine

1635

1638

157

1640

Na laua mai o Kukuihaa ke kahuna lapaau Hanau mai Kekukuialii i kanu ia i ke alo o Papa Hanau mai ka Ia o Kapakukui lilo i kai, kiai kukui i uka Hanau hou mai Ka Ia o kanaka huakukui lilo i kai, kiai kukui i ka uka, Hanau hou mai Keki, hanau hou mai ka lama Hanau Haapuaianea,

From them Kukuihaa the priest of healing 1640 Born Kekukualii planted on the front of Papa, Born the sun of Kapakukui into the sea, the kukui tree guards upland, Born the day of mankind the kukui seed into the sea, the kukui guards upland, Born the Keki, born the lama tree... Born Haapuaianea, 1645 Born Ahulikaaala, she was a the wife ofKne, Hinamailelii the wife of Kanaloa; Born Wekewekewaleaku Born Wekewekewalemai Born Unahikawaleaku 1650 Born Unahikawalemai Born Holoholo Born Hooholiaponalo, Women (at) portals of the night, Born Kaleleoi, the temptress, 1655 Born Mahikianaloa Okukeopu kana wahine Kamakuloa Welehainaka Hooikala 1660 Born Kahoouaha, the wife Kumalaloa the husband, Born the suns brightness into the sea, The sedge grass guards upland, Born the day on the border of the sea,

1645

Hanau Ahulikaaala, he wahine oia ka i moe aku ia Kane O Hinamaileli(i) moe ia Kanaloa Hanau Wekewekewaleaku Hanau Wekewekewalemai Hanau Unahikawaleaku Hanau Unahikawalemai Hanau Holoholo Hanau Hooholiaponalo, Na wahine nuku o ka Po Hanau Kaleleoi ka wahine weawea Hanau Mahikianaloa Mahikianaloa noho ia Keopumauu Kamauumakolukolu Weleapukapuka

1650

1655

1660 Hanau Kahoouaha, he wahine ia O Kumalaloa ke kane Hanau ka Ia kaolali lilo i kai Kiai ka mauu kuolohia i uka Hanau ka Ia o kapakii i kai 1665 Kiai ka mauu maniania i uka Hanau ka Ia o Kalipepeiao i kai Kiai ka pu o keaalii iuka Hanau mai ko lakou hope he wahine, o Hai kona inoa, O ia ka i moe aku ia Ole, na laua mai o Pupue O ia ke kanaka o kaili mai o Haloa, ke kana o kuamoo o Haloa.

1665

The smooth-stemmed grass guards upland, Born the day of seaweed by the sea, The stem of the aalii plant guards upland, Born their last child, her name was Hai. She slept with Ole, their child was Pupue,

1670

1670 The person taken as Haloas personal attendant [iwi kuamoo].

158

1557 1560

Iaiala noho ia Hui Kamehaikea Kamehaikupua Haikupua Kualoiau Kaalaakekaa Lalowaiaala Poelua Huluhulumania Kamakouaala Kekupaliiaala Iliaalaikawaakele Hai ka moku puka hanau o Ulunui ka wahine Kiipua Lohia Nakahunaokapo Nakahunaokeao

1557 1560

Hakuhai ka wahine Hoomalolo Laumekiaula Hinalekai Alanamoana Loiaka Kupioia Nuukahili Naenaeala Waikuaaala Kalauawaaala Aiwohikaala Nilehihiikaaiwalau The section recounts the birth of Ulunui, the wife Kiihaapoia Lonae Kapoeleele Keaomailani

1565

1565

1570

1575

Kahakui Kahakumaanuu Lailaikanalu Mauukaakanalu Pokaakaakanalu Kekiiahiahi Ikuaiakaukaanei Waluwaluhiaikuamohole O Nikuakuilunakalani, O Hemanonikukaaalaneielono

1575

Kahakulei Uauanuu Lailaikahonua Mauukaahonua Kaakaailani Kahuaimaalea Pukaaala Kaaalakekaaaniekamakani He kanewahineihoniakaukaa Nalononakaukaniikahooipo

1580

1580

1585

O Iakaniakeuiakanimai O Halamau O Halaaha O Lauhalapuawa

1585Opuhekanakaoleloloalohaiakalakinaula O Halapia O Halaoki ka wahine O Lauhalaliilii 1590 Born Mapunaiaala the wife Kuheleimoana the husband, By them were Konohiki [Kailikana (k)

1590 1592 1592

Hanau Mapunaiaala he wahine O Kuheleimoana ke kane, Na laua mai O Konohiki [End Malo Text] [O Kailikana (k) Cp. KuluwaimakaKalanianaole text].

159

Cantos 12, 13, and 14: T h e Ancestry of Sky Father and Earth Mother (Papa). 1. Canto 12: Wakea.

Adjusting (Wakea)

The Opuupuu Lineage to

3. Canto 14: The Liaikuhonua Lineage to Wakea. The Liaikuhonua lineage to Wakea [1599] is the maternal side of Wakeas descent to Wakeas mother Kupulanakehau [1598]. [*Note: In the recitation of the Twelfth Age, the author has adjusted the generations to reflect the lineal descent by generation equivalents to the preceding two ages, as though continued from the Opuupuu line]. A discrepancy appears between the Liaikuhonua and the Opuupuu in that the parentage of Wakea shifts from Kumuhonua [1553 Canto 12] to Liaikuhonua [1571 Canto 13]. The discrepancy between the paternal [Opuupuu] line to Kahikoluamea, [1572], father of Wakea, and maternal [Liaikuhonua] line to Kupulanakehau [1598] is sixteen generations. It appears to be a matter of identity in the Paliku generations which lead down, on the one hand, to Haumea (Papa), and on the other to Wakea. a) [Canto 12 Opuupuu]

The Polaa tsunami destroyed the line from Aliihonupuu [1389], or those who descended from Kupolo-liili-aliimua-o-loi-po. However, 197 generations of Aliihonupuus descendants survived Aliihonupuu until the Polaa tsunami inundation, when it appears they also succumbed to defeat in a battle apparently raging when the wave came in. The descendants of Lailai continued, however, after the end of the titled Kupolo-liili-alii-mua-o-loipo chiefs on the line down from the brother of Aliihonupuu, Opuupuu [1389] Based on the lineal descent of generations between Opuupuu in the Eleventh Age and the recitation from Opuupuu in the Twelfth to Wakea, the recitation in Canto 12 places Wakea [1573] 184 generations after Opuupuu. The descent from Opuupuu to Kahikoluamea [1572], father of Wakea, establishes this lineage as the paternal line from Kumuhonua [1553] 2. Canto Haumea. 13: The Paliku Lineage to

The Paliku [1553] line of descent comes down to Haumea [1580] on her maternal side (Kupulanakehau [1579], or 191 generations from Opuupuu [1389]. It establishes Haumeas descent from Ohomaila [1553], a brother of Paliku. Paliku and Ohomaila have another brother, Liaikuhonua, whose descent is more fully developed down to Wakea in the next age.

1552 1553 1553 1553 1553 1555 1571 1572 1573 1574

Palipalihia Hanau Paliku Hanau Ololo Hanau Ololohonua Hanau Kumuhonua Kapili o Welaahilaninui Kahikoluamea Wakea Hoohokukalani

Paliomahilo Palihai Ololonuu Olalohana Haloiho Holehana Owe Kupulanakehau Haumea Haloa

160

b) Canto 13 (Paliku) 1553 1554 1569 1570 1571 1571 1572 1573 1579 1580 Paliku Palihai Palikaa Palihiolo o Papaiao Mauluikonanui Papaheenalu Hanauna Hanau a i loko o Puukahonualani o Liaikuhonua o kona muli mai Ohomaila Honuakau Kehaukea Kualeikahu Mohala Luukaualani o Kahakauakoko Kukalaniehu Haumea (Papa) Kanaloa c) Canto 14 (Liaikuhonua) 1571 1572 1573 1597 1598 1599 Liaikuhonua Keakahulihonua Laka Kapapaialaka Kamooalewa Lepuukahonua o Lukahakona Niaulani Kupulanakehau Kahikoluamea [Kulaniehu Kahakauakoko] Paupaniakea (Wakea)

structure time in different sequences in an attempt to intercalate generations to achieve a kind of correction. For example, the sequence in Canto 12 is probably a notation to deal with a fractional remainder that was difficult to account in the Opuupuu line down to Wakea [1566-1570], amounting to the number 10. The numbers go down and across, unlike the Hekauno formula, where the numbers were positioned as in a ratio, or parallel series, for purposes of keeping a tabulation of one set in relation to another set. In Canto 12. The odd numbers are on the male side of the generations; the even ones are on the opposite, female, side. Heaven may have the answer to this one, because the priests certainly would have known that Wakea could not possibly marry a person who was sixteen to nineteen generations removed from him, but how about the compression of generations into sidereal lunations or lunar years? If so, the numbers sixteen and nineteen enter into reformulations of time: 16 sidereal months 19 sidereal months 16 synodic months 19 synodic months 20 synodic months 21 synodic months 21 synodic + 4 days 584 days = 1 Venus 16 16 10 19 19 17 lunar years tropic years Venus cycles lunar years tropic years Jupiter cycles = 432 days = 531 days = 472 days = 531 days = 551 days = 580 days = 584 days synodic cycle = = = = = = 5,644 days 5844 days 5840 days 6726 days 6782 days 6782 days

Given the above the discrepancy existing strictly on the Paliku recitations for Haumea (Ohomaila) and Wakea (Liaikuhonua) is that Kupulanakehau (mother of Wakea) and her brother, Kulaniehu (father of Haumea) are nineteen generations apart. The discrepancies are greater within the Paliku line between Wakea and Haumeas parents generation, in which both were brother and sister, than that existing between the Opuupuu [Canto 11] and the Liaikuhonua [Canto 14]. Are these discrepancies troublesome? They are, if we believe them to be human ancestors. They may not be if we continue to apply regard for them as calendrical constructs whereby the kahuna priesthood of former ages were trying to

Are the planets truly part of the evolving theme of cosmic time?

161

c). Canto 12: Opuupuu. [*Note: In the following alignment, the .5 = the female side, which is either south or west in the Hawaiian compass of sacred space, particularly in the temple (heiau). For that reason, the sequence here reverts to the inside of the temple with instructions for observation (kilo) given in the Alii sequence [1375-1435] of Canto 11. The rationale is that the sequence also involved generations descending from Opuupuu as well as Aliihonupuu. 1375 A Sirius 1375.5 Lii Pleiades Sirius is two hours behind the Pleiades. 1376 Alii Sirius, Pleiades 1376.5 Laa Pegasus Pegasus is three hours ahead of Pleiades. 1377 Aliilaa Sirius, etc. Sirius and Pleiades (east); Pegasus (west). o 1389 Aliihonupuu 1389 Opuupuu o 1425 Aliikilohoku watch stars 1425.5 Kanulau plant leaf 1426 Aliikilomalama watch moon 1427 Aliikilomakalii watch Pleiades 1428 Aliikilokau watch midnight 1428 Aliikilohooilo observe winter 1431 Aliikilonamalama watch months 1433 Aliikilomoo watch Milky Way 1434 Aliikilokua watch back 1434.5 Kilohi gaze 1435 Aliikiloalo watch front 1436 Aliikilohope watch behind 1436.5 A-aa Sirius 1437. Aliikilomua watch forward 1438 Mua front (east) 1438.5 Wanaku sun (rising) 1389 Opuupuu 1392 Leleiao Jupiter 1394.5 Kilokau watch midnight 1400.5 Makelewaa navigate canoe 1411 A-aa Sirius 1412 Piowai zenith 1412.5 Aamoa Sirius, Southern Cross 1413 Nananuu mid-level oracle tower watch zenith 1415.5 Hinahookaea moon 1421 Kalolomauna zenith (mountain) 1421.5 Kalolomoana zenith (ocean) 1422 Kalolopiko zenith (navel center) 1422.5 Kaloloaa Sirius, zenith 1423 Aa Sirius 1438.5 Lenawale Sirius 1439 Paepaemalama moon 1440 Lanalana horizon level of the heiau oracle tower 1453.5 Kalimalimalimalau 5 x 5 x 5 x 400 125 x 400 = 50,000 1458 Oili Southern Cross 1460 Moku Milky Way (?) 1467 Kalalomaiao J u p i t e r (below) 1468.5 Kulukau 17th moon, midnight 1470 Pipili stars in Scorpius, or Gemini 1471 Piko navel, center 1472 Kaulakelemoana navigate-canoe 1481 Kauhoaka 2nd moon (waxing) 1482.5 Mahinakea moon 1484 Kuaiwalono makaiwa images 1488 Kiamanu bird-pillar image 1491 Naholokauihiku Big Dipper 1495 Kukauhalelaa sacred house 1499 Kukamoi moi image 1500 Kukahaleluakini Ku-heiau 1505 Kanikaniaula star (?) 1506 Keleikanuulani navigate zenith 1508 Keleikapouli eclipse (?) 1509.5 Kuukuu spider 1516 Naukelemoana navigate-ocean 1518.5 Poiao J u p i t e r -night 1519 Kuhimakani direct-wind 1520 Lonoaakaikai Sirius-lead 1525 Kiloahipea watch Southern Cross 1526 Na Kao Belt of Orion (equator) 1532 Hoolepau 10th moon night

162

1533 Nuualani 1541.5 Kalolo 1542.5 Oililolo 1543 Pioalani

zenith (oracle tower) zenith zenith, Southern Cross zenith

tropic years of 1461 days and a Sothic (Sirius) cycle of 1460 days. The number 1392 is also eight Jupiter synodic cycles, rounding the actual number [398.9] to 399 days for convenience sake, in 4 lunar years. The ancient Hawaiians probably rounded that figure out to 400 days in the eight-lunar year Jupiter synodic cycle. The (131) of significant, three days years. 3537 days in the total number sidereal lunations is equally since they are short by only of the 3540 days in 10 lunar

In Canto 12 the position of Jupiter is important because the it is present in the sequence of surviving generations from both lines, Opuupuu and Aliihonupuu. Another difference is that navigation at sea is more actively mentioned in the naming of generations. Canto 12 has posted Jupiters (Iao) place in the Opuupuu lineage at 4 generations [1392] from Opuupuu (1389); 76 generations [1467], suggesting a phase of the planet in a cycle, and 51 generations [1518] in the next phase, totalling 131 generations assigned to Jupiter. If these generations are sidereal lunations, a consistent analog, then the corresponding numbers in that analog are: 4 sidereal lunations 76 51 131 sideral lunations = = = = 108 days 2052 1394 3537 days

Finally, then, in the total number of generations to survive from the the time of Aliihonupuu and Opuupuu to that of Polaa, there are 196 to 197 generations. Applying the sidereal lunation formula to lunar years, then, in 196 sidereal months are 5292 days, or 14 synodic cycles of the planet Saturn; 197 sidereal months are 5319 days, or 9 days more than 5310 days, equal to 15 lunar years. The correlation with synodic lunations as an analog of 197 to 198 generations after Polaa [1585-86] into Poelua yields an interesting result. A synodic notation of 197 to 198 lunations are 5800 and 5841 days, respectively, which are nearly equal to 10 Venus synodic cycles in 5840 days and 4 Sothic cycles of 5844 days, or 16 tropic years. As Sothis was the star Sirius in the Eygptian calendar where the Sothic cycle originated, it is a factor as well in this canto that Sirius is prominent.

The 3,537 total number of days reflects the 1/3 day fractional remainder added to the actual sum: 80 sidereal lunations = 51 = 131 sidereal lunations = 17 + 2160 days 1394 3554 days

The number of 2160 days in 80 generations (4 + 76 sidereal lunations) is half the sidereal calendar round of 4320, but with respect to Jupiter, this may not be so important as 1392, the numbered generation assigned to Jupiter in the sequence. The number 1392 listing Jupiter in that generation from Opuupuu [1389] is equal to 48 synodic lunations in 4 lunar years, The synodic cycle of the moon will require two more months to equal four

163

Canto 14: the Sky.

Timing

the

Rotation

of points in a line connecting your meridian to the poles, an extension of the ridgepole of your house (kaupoku o ka hale). From that navel center on your latitude, or at the equator, the diameters drawn across the plane of your horizon circle (kumuhonua, kukulu o ka honua) will cut the compass circle into four parts, the hemispheres north and south of the equator, and the hemispheres east and west of your meridian. This is basic geometry we all learn in geography class in the middle grades, but unless one has access to a sundial or has watched shadows created by a pole, like a flagpole standing without a flag, as ancient Hawaiians watched the images and posts in the heiau casting several shadows across the sacred ground with the compass of the heiau, the expected reaction to all this is, so what? The same sky, the same stars, the same information were detailed in the genealogies. No, they were not. They were names of ancestors that you memorized in the classes taught by the men, only, in their eating house, the hale mua, and only men went to worship in the heiau during the 56 tabu nights set into eight months of the year, the other four being free (noa) of the tabu and required attendance at the heiau. (Women, bless their freedom, were left at home). It would make a difference if we had no pocket watches, no clocks on the wall, no help from Babylonia about base 60 and hours, minutes, and seconds, no sextants, no octants, no gadgets, no planetarium, no observatories, no computers. The only memory bank that matters is the one inside your skull, and the only teacher is eyesight and hearing. It makes a difference if you had to

Canto 14 may be set apart, as the Kumulipo poets have apparently done,in order to take oratory out from the sacred house into the open air and under the real sky with a clear view to the horizon circle. For convenience sake, although the poetry does not mention them, the disk of the horizon circle is quartered by the equator to the four points of the compass, called the kukulu pillars, east (hikina) west (komohana), north (akau) and south (hema ). These are made by the equator (ka piko o ka honua ) at the navel center (piko) of the earth (honua) at latitude (zero degrees). The equator is the position of Papahanau-moku, or Haumea, Earth Mother, the wife of Wakea (Sky Father). He is the first circle drawn into the system of coordinates until the stars are in their fixed (paa) tracks, paa na hoku kau i ka lewa. 1604 1604 O Wakea no ia, o Lehuula, o Makulukulukalani, Wakea celestial equator noon (on meridian)

Wakea is the sky during the day. The time between its rising and setting on the equator (ka piko o ka honua) with the midpoing of time at noon (awakea) finds the middle of your own local latitude and longitude, the navel center (piko) of daytime. Noon at the latitude of the equator and your latitude is a midpoint connected to another midpoint on the same longitude (north to south). This is an extension of

164

go out in the morning on the vernal equinox (March 20-22) to the ocean with a clear view to the eastern horizon before the sun came out. You would have in your hand nothing else but a stick which you braced or planted in the ground waiting for sunrise. Or, you would post it into position where you would want to observe it again at another time, at the next equinox in the fall when you could watch the sun create the longest shadow of the day on that morning. The sun would rise, and the azimuth position or pit (lua) from which it rose, east of your stance, would be the midpoint of the horizon from north to south. It would cut the length of the suns track, or ecliptic called the spiders path (ke ala a ke kuukuu) on your horizon circle in half, but the sides (radii) on either side of your local latitude would not be equal. That would only happen if your were on the equator. Nevertheless, that moment in time would create some idea about where the sun would be seen from your latitude. On the equinoxes, the sun would appear to rise due east and set due west of your position. You would pay attention to the more ancient practice of telling time by sundials and finding north or south by the shadow cast at noon (awakea). The shadow falls westward of the pole in the morning, then shortens toward noon, but the direction of the shortening will either be north or south of the pole depending on your latitude. At the latitude of Hawaii, at the vernal equinox, the sun will fall west of the pole then shorten steadily until it pointed to north at noon. Then it would shift after the sun went overhead and lengthen toward the eastern side of the pole to evening. Then the shadow would be so long it would go into infinity.

After the sun is in the zenith of any latitude in the Hawaiian islands between Kalae, Hawaii to Nihoa, from latitude 19 degrees north to 23.5 degrees north, the shadow will then shift to the southern side of the pole and point due south at noon. The sun is now north of your latitude, so the shadow goes south. The sun is in the zenith over the Hawaiian chain of islands between May and July. This is a most interesting time for people who live in the tropics, because the sun will cast no shadow when it is in the zenith overhead at noon at local latitude. The Hawaiian name for this event is kau ka l i ka lolo, the sun stands over the brain, or the sun is in the zenith (lolo). The point overhead is called nuu (zenith) at the highest point where the two hemispheres meet at the meridian. The point where they meet is called halawai, to meet, or hui to join. This is also linked to the vertical center of your head where the sides of the skull meet (fontanel), at the manawa , or soft spot center of your head and time (manawa). When you take the horizontal position, then your center is p, p, at the navel (piko). All of this culture was already in the heads of the young men who went to worship during the sacred tabu days of the month, called kauila days, na la kapu kauila, named for the sacred wand of the kahuna, the kauila stick. The designation of Wakea as the celestial equator, or noon, as Sky Father, is not alone in the opening lines of the recitation. He has two brothers, Lehuula and Makulukulu, followed by stars and the Milky Way. Saturn and the Milky Way introduce two other circuits and cycles of time into the night sky, and they will be learned along with the stars in their rising, setting, and zenith positions.

165

The complete matrix follows: 1604 Wakea celestial equator Lehuula (Lehuaula) Antares Makulukulu Saturn

transits the meridian Kauai, Welehu].

at

midnight

[e.g.,

Antares in Scorpius below the latitude of Tahiti is still within the tropic zone. The planet Saturn, introduces yet another circuit in the sky which tips back and forth over the ecliptic (ke ala a ke kuukuu ), and the ecliptic is tilted away from the celestial equator by five degrees. Then there is the added feature of retrograde (oloolo) motion, a sawing back and forth, which ancient Hawaiians compared to the flight of a dragonfly (pinao), a noble insect with an amazing set of wings with which it stops in mid-flight, hovering or backing up, levitating upward, downward, and zooming off again forward. The presence of Wakeas brother as Antares may set the clock to another time when Antares is rising and setting or in the zenith at night, not just on the horizon. The whole constellation of Scorpius is declining from the meridian in the hour or two after midnight of the summer solstice (June 20-22), or, it is in the hour approaching the meridian at midnight about May 20-21. about a month before summer solstice. This would probably explain why Kauais calendar names the month of May (Welehu) for Antares. This factor, however, creates some confusion in Hawaiian calendars on several islands which do not agree with one another. Antares names the sidereal month (Welehu), variously: Kauai Oahu Hawaii Molokai May September November December

In September Antares is declining from the meridian about the evening of the austral equinox (September 20-22) [e.g., Welehu, Oahu]. Scorpius sets in the evening about November 12th [e.g. Welehu, Hawaii]. For eight months, beginning about August and lasting into March, Antares is not in the night sky. For four months Antares is in the night sky with three other constellations before they disappear, one from another in consecutive order throughout the four-month period. This four-month visible-at-night and eight months not-visible-at-night fluctuation is pertinent to constellations in the tropics: About 6:00 a.m. on the morning of winter solstice (December 20-22) Scorpius rises in the east just before the sun only to then vanish into daylight. That may explain Welehu on Molokai as December. For navigators between Tahiti and Hawaii, this particular observation of Antares at winter solstice would be important, as the azimuth check would then be made eastward on the compass, as it would also be made westward in the first quarter of the November moon. The problem with this scenario is that it is adjusted to this century A.D. and not to centuries when Polynesians migrated north to Hawaii from Tahiti, about the fourth century A.D. Until then, their navigation compass below the equator was set eastward and to the pole south, when Antares was rising at another azimuth closer to the latitude of Tahiti than where it is seen now. If this is the scenario laid down in the coordinates [1604] of Wakea (celestial equator), Lehuula (Antares in Scorpio), and Makulukulu (Saturn), the association

As much as this creates confusion it also explains it away. In May Antares

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probably would have been in place about 350 A.D. when Polynesians began to settle in Hawaii. That date appears to fit the facts presented in the chant thus far. The coordinates are productive with respect to the latitude [21 degrees 19 minutes north] and longitude [157 degrees 40 minutes west] of Kumukahi (Hawaii), the easternmost point of the Hawaiian chain of islands {acc. Redshift 2, 1997}. The time was set to 6:00 a.m., March 22nd, 350 A.D., showing Antares setting in the west before daylight shuts out the view. The time was set again to 6:00 p.m., to setting stars in the evening. Saturn was then above the horizon in the vicinity of Aries, setting before Perseus and the Pleiades setting to the northwest. That is presented in the next few lines of Canto 14 below, however, the alignment dates in the following list are to the present day. 1604 Wakea celestial equator Makulukulu Saturn Lehuula Antares (Scorpius) October 29 setting, 6:00 p.m. Summer solstice meridian transit November 12 setting, 6:00 p.m. December 12 rising, 6:00 a.m.

[Near zenith, midnight, December 21] [6:00 a.m. setting, June 21 solstice] 1616 Kehooea Vega (Lyra) [6:00 p.m. January 11, setting] [On meridian, midnight, summer solstice. 1618 1619 1620 Mananalo Wailea Venus (disappearing) Jupiter, morning star

Auhaku Canopus [6:00 p.m. rising, February 7] [6:00 p.m. meridian March 21] [midnight, meridian, June 21 solstice] Keoea [6:00 a.m. [6:00 p.m. [6:00 a.m. [6:00 p.m. Vega rising, December 12] setting, January 14] on merician, March 21] meridian, September21]

1621

1622

Kaakaa Altair (Aquila) [6:00 a.m. rising, January 17] [6:00 p.m. setting, January 19]

11624 Kalalani Pleiades + Perseus [3:00 a.m setting, January 21] [6:00 a.m. rising, May 13] [6:00 p.m. setting, May 20] [6:00 p.m. rising, November 20] 1626 1626 Hua Aua [4:00 a.m. [6:00 a.m. [6:00 p.m. [meridian, Jupiter Betelgeuse (Orion) setting, January 22] rising, June 21] setting, June 21] December 21]

1605 1606 1605 1606

Kanakaopeopenui Huihuikau io Makalii

Perseus Pleiades 1627 1628 1630

Kanaka opeope nui Perseus Huihui kau io Makalii Pleiades [Rising, 6:00 p.m. November 2]. [Zenith, midnight, November 22] [Setting, 6:00 a.m., November 26] Kaawela Jupiter (or Venus)

Lena Sirius (Canis Major) [4:00 a.m. setting, January 22] Makeaupea Southern Cross [4:00 a.m. meridian, January 22] Aa Sirius [4:00 a.m. setting, January 25]

1608 1614

Kahailono Sirius [Rising, two hours after Pleiades, 6:00 p.m. January 11]

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1631

Kaulualena Gemini + Sirius [4:00 a.m. setting, January 22] [6:00 a.m. setting (Gemini), Jan.22] [6:00 p.m. rising (Gemini), July 22] [6:00 a.m. rising (Gemini), July 9] Maliu Spica (Virgo) [6:00 a.m., past meridian, Jan. 28] [6:00 p.m. rising, April 20] [6:00 a.m. rising, October 20] [6:00 p.m. setting, October 3] [past meridian, midnight, April 21]

1635

1652 1652 1653 1653 1654 1654 1655 1655 1656

Na Hiku Big Dipper Hiku-kahi Dubhe Hiku-alua Merak Hiku-kolu Phecda Hiku-aha Megrez Hiku-lima Alioth Hiku-ono Mirak Hiku-pau Alkaid Mahapili Gemini [6:00 a.m. declining from meridian, January 21]

1637

Ikiiki [6:00 a.m. [6:00 a.m. [6:00 p.m. [6:00 p.m.

Regulus (Leo) setting, January 28] rising, August 20] rising, Feb. 20.] setting, August 24

The accepted date for the birth of Kamehameha I is about 1758 A.D., although genealogies have recorded an earlier date, about 1738 A.D. The sequence below is the accepted 25 years per generation count and the Hekaunano formula (27 years to a generation) to coincide with sidereal-based recitation of Kumulipo generations for the sake of comparison. a) Post-contact Period 1834 A.D. 1813 1797 1781 1782 1778-1779 Kamehameha IV Kamehameha III Kamehameha II Death of Kalaniopuu Battle of Mokuohai, Kona Captain James Cook

1637

Welo Belt of Orion (equator) [6:00 a.m. rising, June 21 solstice] [6:00 a.m. setting, December 10] [6:00 p.m. setting, June 11 Kaaona March (Hawaii) April (Oahu)

1638 1642 1643 1644 1645 1646 1647

Hokuula Antares [6:00 a.m. rising, December 12] Kaawela Venus or Jupiter

Melemele Belt of Orion [6:00 a.m. setting, December 12] Makalii Pleiades [5:00 a.m. setting, December 12] Humu Altair (Aquila) [6:00 a.m. rising, January 21] Mohai Milky Way [northeast around horizon to the southwest] Konamaukuku polar star in the south, probably Agena [6:00 a.m. zenith, January 21]

b) Reconstructed period 1758-1819 1731-1733 1704-1708 1679-1683 1652-1658 1625-1633 1598-1608 1571-1583 1544-1558 1517-1533 1490-1508 1463-1492 Kamehameha I Keouakupuapaikalaninui Keeaumoku Keaweikekahialiiokamoku Keakealanikane [intervening line] Iwikauikaua Makakaualii Kukailani Kealiiokaloa Umi-a-Liloa Liloa

1648

[*Note: If Kamehamehas date of birth of 1738 rather than 1758 A.D.

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is acceptable, then twenty years may reduce Liloas generation to 1451-1453 A.D.] 1436-1433 1409-1408 1382-1383 1355-1358 [1350] 1326-1333 1301-1308 1279-1283 1247-1258 1220-1208 1193-1183 1166-1159 1139-1133 1112-1108 1085-1083 1058-1058 1031-1033 1004-1008 967-983 940-958 913-933 886-908 859-883 831-858 805-833 778-808 751-783 724-758 697-733 670-708 643-683 616-658 589-633 562-608 535-583 508-558 481-533 454-508 427-483 400-458 373-433 346-408 319-383 292-358 265-333 Kihanuilulumoku Kauholanuimahu Kahoukapu Kuaiwa End of voyages between Tahiti and Hawaii Kalaunuiohua Kahaimoelea Kalapana Kanipahu Kukohou Ole Koa Pili Laau Lanakawai Hanalaanui Palena Haho Paumakua Huanuikalalailai Pau Hua Pohukaina Kamea Luanuu II Laka Wahieloa Kahai Hema Aikanaka Hulumanailani Heleipawa Kapawa Nanakaoko Nanakulei Nanamaoa Mauiakalana Akalana Wawena Konohiki Kuheleimoana Waikulani Nanailani Ulu Kii II

238-308 211-283 184-258 157-233 130-208 103-183 76-158 49-133 22-108

Luanuu I Lukahakona Kahiko Manaku Pupue Ole Kio Wailoa Nanakehili

0 5 B.C.- 83A.D Hinanalo 32 B.C- 58 A.D.Haloa 59 B.C- 33A.D Wakea [Hoohokukalani] 86 B,C.- 8 A.D Kahikoluamea [etc.] Wakea lived about mid-century before the birth of Christ, when settlement of Hawaii by Tahitian migrants had not yet truly begun, not until the third to fourth centuries A.D. Marquesans came to Hawaii earlier than Tahitians, but no carbon date has yet confirmed settlement dates, although they are believe to have settled in the northern group (Kauai, Niihau). The alignment of stars in the vernal equinox or in the tropics will tip in and out of their azimuth positions on cue in cycles greater than sidereal lunations, or centuries, or millenia, but the gears will recycle according to precession and click back to zero position again 26,000 years later The kahuna pacing his students through this chant is aware that his lifetime is shorter than the information contained in fourteen w. In Canto 14 he sets down the compass code so that those trying to learn must pay attention to details most of us can only listen to for a few minutes. Only men who know the horizon cross the desert and the ocean without fear, their eyes focused on stars as ancestors whose favors of protection and encouragement gleam down from above to light the way for us to safely go.

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Summary and Theory The analogy of one turn of the night (P) and the Day (Ao), of seven w of the night and nine w of the day into sixteen w, is one rotation of the day to the night. The time lapse between the evening of the P [Makalii on the eastern horizon in the evening] and morning [Lailai] of the Ao is one-half of a full day (eighth w). Wkea (Sky Father) appears in the twelfth w with Papa (Earth Mother) in the line down from Opuupuu [line 1389]. His (Wkeas) own place in that lineage is in the fourteenth w as the celestial equator (with Makulukulu, the planet Saturn). By then it is noon (awakea), and we assume that the sun is in the zenith on latitude (or on the equator at spring equinox). From Wakea to midnight will be the mean day, from one K a u to the next K a u according to the old Hawaiian clock. 6:00 p.m. 9:00 p.m. 12:00 p.m. 3:00 a.m 6:00 a.m. 12:00 a.m. 3:00 p.m. 6:00 p.m. 9:00 p.m. 12:00 p.m. Kihi Pili Kau Pili puka Kihi puka Kau (ka l i ka lolo) Auinal Kihi Pili Kau (1) The time between the first w and the seventh as prehistory, constituting less than half of total time devoted to cosmogenesis and the appearance of life forms on earth. (2) The time between Lailai (8th w) and Wkea (14th w) in 6 w out of the total 16 w of the night (P) and day. The closing epic w from the 15th (Maui) to 16th (Lonoikamakahiki) are a chronology of Hawaiian chiefs between the 7th and 17th centuries (about 600 to 1600 A.D, or about 1,000 years). If we use this figure to gauge each w (15th and 16th) as about 500 years, it would still hardly be sufficient to deal with 812 generations from Lailai and Wkea in 6 w as total real time. On the average, 812 generations in 6 w are about 135 and 1//3 generations per w, or 3,383 and 1/3 years (at 25 years per generation). [If we apply the sidereal formula of 27 years per generation, then there are 3,654 years per w. The total number of years in 6 w are 21,924, to which 2 w of the 8 w of the Ao period (after Po), would add another 7,308 for a total of 29,232 years, a number suggesting the precession of equinoxes. Generations before Lailai and after Lailai cannot be considered true human ancestors, but rather, a projection of some sort, as eponymic ancestry by which ancestral generations are the means through which to assess time through chronology. The ancestors may not be real people, although names used may have been those of real people, as in many instances and often such names refer to stars or other celestial phenomena and ritual or calendrical formulae. This begs the question: who would name a child for zenith stars, main posts in sacred houses on the heiau, or moon phases?

Noon hour is called awakea (midday); noon as kau ka l i ka lolo when the zenith sun casts no shadow, as it moves over the latitude of any island in the Hawaiian archipelago between South Point (Ka) Hawaii and Nihoa (Tropic of Cancer) [19 degrees to 23.5 degrees north] twice during the year, between May and July, as it courses through local zenith once going north and once again going south. Greater epochs of time in the Kumulipo, however, have been compressed into this cycle of rotation of a single day in sixteen w:

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Wkea must have been a real chief, and Papa, his wife, a living person, certainly, at one time. Their names became the celestial equator and noon, as sky and earth personified. Maui was also, probably, a real hero in life during Polynesian migrations from west to east Polynesia. He is deified in various parts of the constellations Ophiucus, Sagittarius, and Hercules, while tools of his trade are in Scorpius and three brothers in the canoe of the Belt of Orion on the opposite horizon, trying to fish up an island from the bottom of the sea with a fishhook in Scorpius suspended in the Milky Way over regions south of Tahiti. After Wkea, ancestry in Kumulipo recitations (papa helu) conforms to human generations ordinarily recorded in standard alii lines such as that of Palik, Ololo, Kumuhonua, Ulu and Nanaulu, belonging to a time of active Polynesian migrations out of Central Polynesia (Marquesas, Tahiti) to Hawaii. Why stop at 812 generations? What is the poet doing with time in this chant if all he needed was an exact account of high-ranking alii generations after Wkea to establish descent of title for ruling chiefs? A practitioner of calendrics is aware that the number 812 is a synodic lunation of 28 months less a fortnight., but 28 sidereal lunations are two Saturn [Makulukulu] synodic cycles. Makulukulu is born with Wkea in the 14th w. Was this an accident or a deliberate encoding? Fourteen sidereal months are one Saturn synodic cycle of 378 days, or in our sense of time, a tropic year of 365 days plus 13 more. Why is recitation so muffled in silent sanctuary cloisters with priests in secluded environments of the temples only to be brought out onto the heiau at certain ritual times to be chanted for the ancient

dead? Like ritual fire certain kinds of knowledge were not to be profaned on the outside, to ordinary folks, but It had to be put somewhere to be recalled if forgotten, into the recitations memorized by the kahuna. The rule was that a mistake in oration of these sacred chants during ritual recitation was death. If you, as the kahuna, were aware that it took about 2,160 years for the equinoxes to precess, and when that happened the ruling star(s) of March became those of April, as of calendars set to the Pleiades around 3500 B.C. (March), then to Aries (March) in 1800 B.C., would you lightly hand this information down to be processed for 812 generations after your death in the fourth millenium B.C.? Suppose you had had no writing, how would you teach it, and harder still, how would you learn it, if only by rote memory and from another spokesperson? If your own generation had become so morally slack, so that you had trusted no one following you to handle it properly, how would you program the information so that several hundred years later, it could be accessed again, by a more capable or curious future generation? Three to four thousand years later? Appropriately, then, if you knew how the arithmetic had worked thousands of years before, and you had witnessed a part of it down into your own priestly generation, would you become at some point an intellectual obliged to faithfully and accurately inform your successors, two thousand years later, to move the Pleiades month (Makalii) from March to April (heliacal rising, Molokai calendar), or otherwise reorient to evening the rising position of Makalii in the east after sunset when those stars would no longer be rising in the evening as at autumn equinox (September 20 -22) 6,000 years ago, but two months later, about November 20th, 6,000 years later, in our generation?

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Polynesian settlement has been established at 1500 to 1200 B.C. in Tonga and Samoa by carbon and La Pita pottery dating methods, but the tradition of Maui as culture hero may be older than Polynesia. Most of Mauis stars are on both sides of the equator, in Ophiucus and Sagittarius (southward), and to the north above the equator, in Aquila, Cygnus, and Hercules. Maui is named Kiikii-a-Kalana (Samoa) and Maui-tikitiki-a-Taranga (Tonga), the surname (Taranga) of which is Capella in Auriga [Kapingamarangi, Polynesian outlier, East Carolines, Micronesia]. Some of Mauis (as Lumauig, culture hero) themes have been traced to the Philippines (Bontoc and Lepanto tribes of North Luzon) and the border between India and Burma in Southeast Asia, especially that of the culture hero snaring the sun, perhaps much older than Mauis fishing up of islands in the Pacific. In the 612-line name chant Ka Inoa o Kualii [Fornander, 1969: 380] for the chief of Oahu, Kualii, in the 17th century, the opening subject is Mauis fishing up of the ulua makele island fish with the alae mud-hen as bait on the fishhook (Manaiakalanai, Ka-makau-nui-o-Maui, Scorpius): He elele kii na Maui Kii aku ia Kane ma Laua o Kanaloa, ia Kauakahi, Loaa o Maliu. Hano mai a hai a hai i ka puu Hai a holona ka puu o Kalani Ka Makau nui o Maui, O Manaiakalani, Kona aho, hilo honua ke kaa Hau hia amoamo Kauiki; Hania Kamalama, Ka maunu ka Alae a Hina, Wahia ka papa ia Laka, Ahaino ilalo ia Kea, Ai mai ka ia, o ka ulua makele, O Luaehu kama a Pimoe, e Kalani e...

A messenger sent by Maui to bring, To bring Kane and his company, (Him) and Kanaloa, and (to bring) Kauakahi, (Him) and Maliu [Spica in Virgo]. To praise and to offer, to offer up prayer, To offer and decree the fortune of the chief. The great fishhook of Maui, Manaiakalani, (And) its line, naturally twisted is the string that ties the hook. Engulfed is lofty Kauwiki, (Where) Hanaiakamalama (dwelt), The bait was the Alae of Hina, Let down upon Hawaii, The sacred tangle, the painful death, Seizing upon the foundation of the earth, Floating up to the surface of the sea. (But) Hina hid the wing of the alae, Broken up was the table of Laka, Carried away below (was the bait) to Kea; The fishes ate it, the Ulua of the deep muddy places... Maui: Kne: Kanaloa: stars in Hercules, Ophiucus, Sagittarius, Aquila, Lyra Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn

Kauakahi: unidentified [Cp. Hatutahi (Maori), Canopus; Au-tahi, A-tu-tahi, Tu-tahi] Maliu: [Cp. Mariua (Tahiti), Spica in Virgo].

Manaiakalani: Scorpius and its line [Scorpius lies in the Milky Way] Ka Alae nui a Maui: unidentified; [Cp., Bird with a broken wing; probably Sirius, Procyon, and Canopus (Kapingamarangi); Manu (Sirius) + Ti Pekau i ngake The wing in the south (Procyon) + Ti Pakau i Ngeiho (Canopus), i.e., one wing is broken [Johnson, 1975: 125].

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Hina: moon Laka: [Probably connected to the centralpost image, K-ka-ohialaka, that becomes the Pou o Manu and Mo on the Ku heiau; Cp. Oraaka (Kapingamarangi) Pegasus]. Kea:Wakea, celestial equator Ulua: [Cp. Kaulua, Sirius, or Kaulua, Mahanakaulua, Gemini]. Is the ulua crevally fish in Gemini on the opposite side of the hour circle in which Hercules and Scorpius [Maui] are situated? How could Maui catch so elusive a fish except through Manaiaka-lani, the fishline that goes up through Sagittarius into the Milky Way until it reaches Gemini 180 degrees away on the other side of the celestial compass? In the very distant past, the shoulders of Hercules held up the north pole for about 4,000 years, between 10,000 and 6,000 B.C. For that he was called Atlas whose mighty shoulders held up the axis of the world in the mythologies of ancient Greece and Rome. Mauis character is essentially Promethean, as of the culture hero who brings a better life for mankind by risking his life to get from the gods what privileges they have reserved for themselves and denied to man: A child of awesome power the son of Hina, Guardians of the long and short posts of the house were peeved, They (who) were the brothers of Hina, Two pillars of the four sides measured; Maui wrestled (them) in combat (and) those posts fell... [Fifteenth W]. The poet is talking about the celestial house built into the heiau temple grounds as the hale man, often mistranslated as house of power, but patterned after the Tahitian fare manaha.

It was a house borrowed by Polynesians from the Gilbertese maneaba, or its ancestor, the Indonesian god-house (balay). In the maneaba a line of string (sennit) was folded to several lengths to measure the sides and height of the council house. The ridgepole (taubuki) represented the meridian 90 degrees above the horizon, akin to the kaupoku o ka hale ridgepole of the house (Hawaii). Spaces between rafters were levels by which the altitude of stars moving from one level in space to another from the horizon upward could be tracked and timed. It was appropriately called the roof of voyaging in Micronesia. The Fijian sacred house, mbure, was another model for the tabu pule periods of the eight-month (240-day) ritual cycle, leaving the 120-day makahiki period without pule. In the council [fono (Samoa, Tonga), hono (Hawaii)] houses of Polynesia and Micronesia, high-ranking titled chiefs took their seats of honor at certain pillar posts (pou) of the meeting place. Maui is credited with causing guardians of the short-post (kiai-poko) and long-post (kiai-loa) to fall. These are pillar star (pou) posts that held up the voyaging roof. The pillar (pou) stars, such as Procyon and Altair, are zenith stars. In the Cook islands they were called tauira; in Tahiti, Ana [Ngana] stars. That may explain why the central pillar image of the Hawaiian K heiau was called Pou o Manu bird pillar and the other image in front of the hale man the Nnahua [Ngana + Hua] post. The bird pillar star in most Micronesian star compasses was Altair in

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Aquila; in Polynesia, Procyon. These positions would normally be altered, due to precession, about every 500 years. The stars in Hercules have drifted away from the pole toward the equator. Blood then flowed on the forehead of Maui, (In) the first of Mauis struggles; (He) got the black awa root of Kne and Kanaloa, (That) was the second contest of Mauis. . Hina-the-bailing-gourd (was) lost to Peapea [Southern Cross, Kapea], That was when Maui proved sufficient to the test, When the eyes of the Eight-eyed Bat, Peapea-maka-walu, were gouged out.. In this part of the epic the Kumulipo leaves out certain details, such as Maui assuming the body of a bird so as not to be detected by the demon and obeying counsel of a kahuna not to sever its head until all eight eyes were asleep. Wkea had found Hina-ke-k, the bailing gourd, when she floated to shore over the reef: Scattered the seeds of Makalii, the Pleiades, seeding the sky, Scattered seeds of the god, the sun is a god, Scattered the seeds of Hina, afterbirth of Lonomuku [Dark night of the moon, Muku] The food of Hina-in-the-moon, of [Ho-]-Waka [Hoaka] Gotten by Wakea-(from)-the-deepsea, A coral sea, foaming sea, Hina-in-the-moon floated in the bailing-gourd calabash [Hina-ke-k] Hung up in canoes [kaulia ae i na waa Taken upshore, left swinging, [finds level]...

...Hina craved food, Wkea got it for her Set up images on the stone plaform in rows, Set up rules for chiefs, Wakea took Hina as wife, Born the moa chief, hung (over) the back of Wakea [moa, center, meridian, Southern Cross] Wakea was jealous of the kahili waving over him, Angry and vexed, Warded off the moa [i..e, Maui] that flew to the ridgepole, The moa was on the ridgepole [Southern Cross on meridian]... Left out in this Kumulipo sequence of Mauis deeds is the lifting of the sky, or Haamonga-a-Maui, Burden-of-Maui that the trilithon of that name commemorates on Tongatapu. The Haamonga are three stars in the Belt of Orion, straddling the equator, one in the middle and two on either side [Velt, Kik, Stars Over Tonga, 1990:86]. In some versions of sky-lifting Maui used a pole, the stars in Te Tao-o-Maui [Pukapuka, Cook Is.], a black nebula near Scorpius, and those in Taki-piki-tolu (Piscis Australis) [Beaglehole, 1938: 348]. He drank the river water muddied by the freshwater eel Of Kne and Kanaloa... [*Note: There are other dimensions to the eel aumakua family connections in the altercation between Maui and Kuna that recalls the symbolization of K as the ancestral eel in the coconut tree]. For celestial themes which concern us at this point, the only freshwater eel in the sky is Na, Nga, Gapi-lah [Kapingamarangi, Micronesia] the square of Pegasus. [A more ancient water-serpent creature, however, in the general area of

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Herculean struggles (and Maui-connected stars) was the Hydra, or water-snake, connected with the Euphratean Tiamat (dragon)]. The eel (Kuna) was Hinas pet, who told her to cut off its head but not to lay it down on the way home. [In some versions it is Maui who takes the head of the eel and forbids Hina from putting it down]. She forgot what the eel had told her and went to sleep by the side of the road. When she awoke she found the eels head grown into a tall coconut tree. From the nut of this tree comes water for drinking as the eels gift to Hina, and on the nut is the eels face. There are two eyes and a mouth, and from one of these the water pours out. The celestial coconut tree lying across the sky is Niu-loa-hiki in the Milky Way. Along its trunk and branches heroes reach the sky world to find lost relatives. How old is Maui? Tongans have been speaking of him and several of his Maui ancestors as long ago as 1200 B.C., before Wkea was ever ancestor of Hawaiian kings in the century straddling the turn of the millenium from B.C. to A.D. How do we arrive at these dates. such as 17 B.C. for Wkea, and 533 A.D. for the Maui who, by our own legenday history, lived and died in Koolaupoko district, Oahu? Maui lived and died in Hawaii on Oahu about the 6th century A.D. Before he died in Kahaluu he lassoed the sun at Haleakal on Maui, one of his last great endeavors. It is how he does this that intrigues us. He tied down the sun by its legs, all sixteen of them, to a wiliwili tree below the top of the mountain, on the Makawao side of the crater. The Kumulipo verses say nothing about the number of the suns legs: Then Maui battled the swift passing of the sun,

With a lasso Maui (made) The winter seas of the Pleiades became the suns, The summer became Mauis... The constellation Hercules [Maui] is in the night sky with Scorpius during the months of April, May, June, and July. Between August and March, a period of about eight months, Hercules and Scorpius are in the daylight.: August, September, October, November, December, January, February, March. If these eight months when the sun shuts out Hercules during the daylight are counted as sidereal lunations, Hercules is in the sun for 216 days, or half of sixteen such months (432 days). Between the equinox months, March and September, the sun moves quickly over a long stretch of the horizon, from March to June (summer solstice) and June to September (austral equinox). In November the sun is in the direction of Hercules and Scorpius. The sun begins to slow down on the horizon from November to January. The story of Maui lassoing the sun with a rope braided from Hinas hair at Haleakal is probably an analogy for the slowed down motion of the sun on the ecliptic during the months before and after winter solstice. This is another kind ofyear, called an anomalistic year, of one perihelion of the sun to the next, or between January (perihelion), when the earth is nearest the sun, and July (aphelion), when the earth is farthest from the sun, back to January (perihelion). This is the probable metaphor of Maui lassoing sixteen legs of the sun, which, like sixteen w of the Kumulipo, remain baffling to analysis for the length of time each leg or the sun may really be.

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It is easier, perhaps, to relate those legs to the suns 180-degree course between the eastern and western horizon when each leg is then equal to 11.25 degrees in the compass circle of daylight. If the apparent sun courses through a 360-degree circuit in 16 segments of time, then each leg is 22.5 degrees in length, the time longer than one hour by 7.5 degrees [i.e., in our present clock one hour equals 15 degrees of the compass, thus 24 hours are 360 degrees (24 x 15)]. Whatever this unit was when the story was told remains unknown. It is interesting, however, that the clock in Haleiwa church on the north shore of Oahu has seven dials, and one of them makes a complete circuit in sixteen years. Maui used a rope made from Hinas hair, and Hina was also the mother of Kana, the stretching rope kupua, grandson of Uli, the sorceress. [See Kana, intra, pages 123=126]. To recapitulate: Kana is a foetus born as a rope to Hina, and grandmother Uli saves it in a calabash of water. In it the Kana grows a fathom a day for 40 days and for no more than 400 days . The riddle of Kana takes us back to the decan system, where each ten days the kahuna noted the stars on opposite horizons east and west where the sun rises and sets. Forty days in the decan system are a month and ten (30 + 10 days). The next forty are two months and twenty, and so on. How would one determine that the unit of length for forty days was a basic fathom (anana) of six feet? Using the standard ruler of feet and inches: 1 1 1 1 fathom (anana) = 6 feet = yard (iwilei) = 3 feet = cubit (hailima) = 1 1/2 feet = foot (kapuai) = 72 inches 36 inches 18 inches 12 inches

per day and a degree in 4 days, a fathom a day for the length of the suns step (kapuai) per day is 72 inches (anana) and a cubit (hailima) would be equal to 1/4 anana or 18 inches, or 1 and 1/2 feet, the Hawaiian cubit (hailima). On the principle of rotation of the earth on its axis, these measurements by the day may be represented as: 1 fathom = 1 fathom = 1 fathom = 1 foot = 1 foot = 1/2 foot = 1/2 foot = 1/4 foot = 1/4 foot = 1/12 foot = 72 inches = 12 hours 72 inches = 180 degrees 6 feet = 180 degrees 12 inches = 30 degrees 12 inches = 2 hours 6 inches = 1 hour 15 degrees = 1 hour 3 inches = 1/2 hour 3 inches = 30 minutes 1 inch = 10 minutes

The rope of Kana, however, is also adjusted to the length of the ecliptic, or the suns motion north/south, i.e. to revolution (of the earth around the sun). Ancient Hawaiians thought of the sun as going up and down the horizon east and west between the solstices. If Kana grew 40 fathoms in 40 days and no more than 400 fathoms, why 400 days to round off the suns stride past the tropic year limit of 365.25 days? The suns motion is not even in two halves of the year. For one half of his stride over six months, the days are 180, and over the other half, 185. 25 days. If we leave off the fractional .25 day, it will accumulate in four tropic years to one whole day in leap year, 366 days. In leap year, however, the moon is behind the sun by 45 days, one day of which was a 1/4 day remainder. This became 1,461 days in four tropic years. Correction, however, was probably made at the end of three lunar years, carrying the extra sidereal month into the 41st sidereal lunation:

If the sun travels about 1/4 degree

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3 tropic years = 1095.75 days [sidereal correction in 3 tropic years]: 4 0 x 27 1/3 = 1080 days 4 1 x 27 1/3 = 1107 days [synodic correction in 3 tropic years]: 36 x 29.5 = 1062 days + 33.75 = 1095.75 This is probably why the Kahoalii rite in the K heiau required 40 kaai akua hulu manu and 40 kahu kaai carriers in the Kahoalii circular procession, Kahoalii making the 41st person at the head of the line. The 400-fathom cord is 365.25 plus the extra length of the requisite intercalary 33.75 days after three years, and the extra 11.25 day accumulation of the lunar year (354 days + 11.25 = 365.25) in the fourth year plus the cumulative .75 day the whole 45-day shortfall in leap year. In ritual time, 120 days (4 months) were assigned to the makahiki season in honor of Lono; the other 240 days (8 months) in honor of K, Kne, and Kanaloa when men in the society had to go to temple to observe the tabu pule periods, of which there were four in each month and nine (actually seven) kapu kauila days to be observed for K, Kne, and Hua (Jupiter, or Antares in Scorpius). The men went to temple 56 days actual ritual time in the eight-month period, although in the calendar the pule period was spread over 72 named days. Makahiki tax and recreation season in honor of the agricultural god (Lonoikamakahiki) began in Mahoehope [Castor, in Gemini], September-October] and continued through four months, ending in the month Makalii (Pleiades), DecemberJanuary. It stretched out through Ikuw (October-November) into Welehu [Antares

in Scorpius] (December-January). This is the season when the sun slows down on the horizon, as when Maui has it tied down. Between the June (summer) and December (winter) solstices, the kahuna went out to watch the sun to note in which stars it rose or set on the eastern and western horizons every ten days (decan anahulu). For the latitude of Hawaii and Nihoa at 23.5 degrees north he probably made these observations (facing sunrise, eastward). About November 26th at 6:00 a.m. Hercules (eastern horizon) rose with the morning sun as the Pleiades set (western horizon). The Pleiades year had already begun about November 22nd. About December 6th at 6:00 a.m. Hercules (eastern horizon) rose with the morning sun as Aldebaran [Hyades in Taurus] and Orion (equator) set.. In sixteen decan weeks, 160 days after winter solstice, Hercules was observed rising in the northeast at 6:00 p.m. as Capella [Auriga] set in the northwest about May 30th. The sun is passing swiftly at this time on its northerly course 16 decan weeks after slow sun November to January, when Hercules is in the daylight. Are these the sixteen legs of the sun, the decan weeks of 160 to 180 days in the half-year after winter solstice, allowing for two more decans in November-December when Hercules was rising with the morning sun [November 26 to December 6]? It would make some sense. If there are 36 decan weeks in a year, and the sun was observed against stars, then cumulative numbers built on decans increase as in tropic years, allowing for a five-day remainder, thusly:

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[Decans] (1) 36 (2) 72 (3) 108 (4) 144 (5) 180 (6) 216 (7) 252 (8) 288 (9) 324 (10) 360 (11) 396 (12) 432 (13) 468 (14) 504 (15) 540 (16) 576 (17) 612 (18) 648 (19) 684 (20) 720 (21) 756 (22) 792 (23) 828 (24) 864 (25) 900 (26) 936 (27) 972 (28 1008 (29) 1044 (30) 1080 (31) 1116 (32) 1152

[Tropic Years] 360 days 365 720 730 1080 1095 1440 1460 1800 1825 2160 2190 2520 2555 2880 2920 3240 3285 3600 3650 3960 4015 4320 4380 4680 4745 5040 5110 5400 5475 5760 5840 6120 6205 6480 6570 6840 6935 7200 7300 7560 7665 7920 8030 8280 8395 8640 8760 9000 9125 9360 9490 9720 9855 10,080 10,220 10,440 10,585 10,800 10,950 11,160 11,315 11,520 11,680

Another sixteen that becomes a 432-day calendar round is the sidereal lunation count, by which 16 s i d e r e a l l u n a t i o n s (months) are 432 days, thusly: [Sidereal lunations]: (1) 27 + 1/3 (2) 27 + 1/3 (3) 27 + 1/3 (4) 27 + 1/3 (5) 27 + 1/3 (6) 27 + 1/3 (7) 27 + 1/3 (8) 27 + 1/3 (9) 27 + 1/3 (10) 27 + 1/3 (11) 27 + 1/3 (12) 27 + 1/3 (13) 27 + 1/3 (14) 27 + 1/3 (15) 27 + 1/3 (16) 27 + 1/3 (17) 27 + 1/3 (18) 27 + 1/3 (19) 27 + 1/3 (20) 27 + 1/3 (21) 27 + 1/3 (22) 27 + 1/3 (23) 27 + 1/3 (24) 27 + 1/3 (25) 27 + 1/3 (26) 27 + 1/3 (27) 27 + 1/3 (28) 27 + 1/3 (29) 27 + 1/3 (30) 27 + 1/3 (31) 27 + 1/3 (32) 27 + 1/3

The decan system is well-known for Egypt, where it was employed in the Sothic cycle, as in the small (360 days) and great years (365 days) to 5840 days in 4 Sothic cycles of 16 tropic years thousands of years ago. This makes the tropic year and decan system the ideal calendrical coordinate for the sun, Venus synodic, and Sothic (Sirius) cycles, as 5,840 days are 10 synodic cycles of Venus. No matter how prominent or obvious these correlations may be for the summing up, there are no clues that Venus synodic cycles were figured into the Hawaiian decan (anahulu) system. (Yet).

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

54 days 81 + 1 = 82 108 135 162 + 2 = 164 189 216 243 + 3 = 246 270 297 324 + 4 = 328 351 378 405 + 5 = 410 432 459 486 + 6 = 492 513 540 567 + 7 = 574 594 621 648 + 8 = 656 675 702 + 6 = 708 729 + 9 = 738 756 783 810 + 10 = 820 837 864

It reminds us of the calendar round in India with multiples of 432, which Joseph Campbell noted in The Mythic Image [174: 143]: 1,200 x 360 = 432,000 human years 2,400 x 360 = 864,000 3,600 x 360 = 1,296,000 4,800 x 360 = 1,728,000 12,000 divine = 4,320,000 = 1 Great Mahayuga

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Hertha von Dechend and Giorgio Santillana noted the same calendar round [1969: 161] in several world systems, Greek, Scandinavian, Indic: ...It is known that in the final battle of the gods, the massed legions on the side of order are the dead warriors, the Einherier who once fell in combat on earth and who have been transferred by the Valkyries to reside with Odin in Valhalla--a theme much rehearsed in heroic poetry. Says the Grimnismal (23): ...Five hundred gates and forty more--are in the mighty building of Va;halla--eight hundred Einherier come out of each one gate--on the time they go out on defence against the Wolf...That makes 432,000 in all, a number of significance from of old... ...This number must have had a v e r y a n c i e n t m e a n i n g , for it is also the number of syllales in the Rigveda. But it goes back to the basic figure 10,800, the number of stanzas in the Rigved (40 syllables to a stanza) which... together with 108, occurs insistently in Indian tradition. 10,800 is also the number given by Heraclitus for the duration of the Aion, according to Censorinus (De die natali 18), whereas Berossos made the Babylonian Great year to last 432,000 years. Again, 10,800 is the number of bricks of the Indian fire-altar (Agnicayana)... ...To quibble away such a coincidence, says Schroder, or to ascribe it to chance, is in my opinion to drive skepticism beyond its limits. Shall one add Angkor to the list? It has five gates, and to each of them leads a road, bridging over that water ditch which surrounds the whole place. Each of these roads is bordered by a row of huge stone figures, 108 per avenue, 54 on each side, altogher 540 statues of Deva and Asura, and each row carries a huge Naga serpent with nine heads...

Consider: every sixteen months equals 432 days, thus: 16 months 32 48 = = = =

sidereal

432 days 864 1296 + 16 1312

Something has happened, so intent were we on the cycle of 432 that we missed the 40th sidereal lunation of 1,080 days [less the accumulating fraction of 1/3 day] in three tropic years [1095.75 days]. If we are thinking like the kahuna of ancient times, we would coordinate this with the synodic lunar month, the one to which we were accustomed to watching, as one new moon to next [Muku]. To recapitulate: if we continued to watch this moon for twelve months, we would be short of the tropic year by 11.25 days. We may let the remainder accumulate for three years until we had 33.75 days by which to intercalate a full lunar month and have a few days more [3.75] to spare. That is close enough to the 40 days in the decan system for an additional intercalary month. Did the ancient kahuna resolve the accumulation of sidereal lunations by counting in fours until ten fours of them were 40 sidereal lunations in 1,080 days? If he did, then this is how he may have simplified coordination between 40 sidereal lunations and three tropic years of 1080 days: 4 sidereal lunations 8 10 16 20 40 sidereal lunations 80 100 160 200 = = = = = = = = = = 108 216 270 432 540 1080 2160 2700 4320 5400

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The numbers 40, 80, 200, 400, 800 are reminiscent of the 40 to 80 kaai gods carried in the Kahoalii rite on the K heiau luakini with equivalent pig and dog sacrifices offered, 40, 80, 400, 800, 120, 160, 240, etc. during a 21 to 26-day ritual. The danger in using this short cut is that, eventually, the basis for the correction, as of the synodic to the sidereal to the tropic years may ritualize into formulae, rather than knowing the basic reason for the cumulative numbers and where to stop. Eventually all that would remain is the ritual form and requirements minus the abstract reasoning behind the formulae, the the understanding retreats until it is forgotten. The heiau could be built or consecrated only in the period between the vernal equinox and summer solstice, March to June, when the sun was on its northerly course. The 40th sidereal lunation formula in the decan system may have helped the kahuna to intercalate the 13th intercalary month approximately every three years, but this would have been merely ideal. Astronomer E. H. Bryan Jr., former curator of collections at the Bishop Museum [1955: 46] thought they may have done more than that [1955: 46]: ...The Hawaiian Kilo-hoku doubtless discovered this Metonic cycle in the same way Meton had, by trying to make the month fit the year. Greek philosopher Meton in the 5th century B.C. is remembered for the Metonic cycle, in which a thirteenth intercalary month is added so that in a period of 19 years, seven have 13 months, and 12 years have 12 months The thirteenth month in the Metonic cycle was added after the 3rd , 5th, 8th, 11th, 13th, 16th, and 19th years. [* Note: This subject is

discussed in the Appendix, Sidereal and Synodic Lunar Year Correlations with Tropic Years]. Recapitulation of the Millenium: Post-Polaa Period. Finally, then, by counting twentyfive generations backward from Kamehameha IV, Alexander Liholiho, whose exact date of birth was recorded in 1834, we encounter Wkea at the turn of the present zodiacal age (in western time). [Kumulipo] [End Age of Aries]: 17 B.C. Wkea [P o l a a , P o e l u a ] . [Begin Age of Pisces]: 1 A.D. First year of new millenium. 8 A.D. [8 A.D.] Hoohokukalani (w) [2,000 years ago, Regulus and Mu Geminorum, zenith stars, latitude of Kahoolawe] Hloa (k) Hinanalo Nanakehili Wailoa Kio Ole Pupue Manaku Kahiko Lukahakona Luanuu I [Carbon date, settlement of Oahu] Kii II Ulu [and Nanaulu] Nanailani Waikulani Kuheleimoana [Papa (w)]

8 A.D. 33 A.D. 58 A.D. 108 133 158 183 208 233 258 283 [308 A.D] 333 358 383 408 433

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[450 A.D.] 458 483 [492 A.D.]

508 533 558 583 608 633 [650 A.D.] 658 683 708 733 758 783 808 833 858 [858 A.D.]

[Carbon date, settlement of Kau, Hawaii] Konohiki [non-titled kaukau alii chiefs] Wawena [1500 years ago, Scheat in Pegasus and Alpheratz in Andromeda, zenith stars, latitude of Kahoolawe] Akalana Mauiakalana [21 generations from Wkea] Nanamaoa Nanakulei Nanakaoko Kapawa [Settlement dates, Hlawa, Molokai] Heleipawa [Kukaniloko] Hulumanailani Aikanaka Hema Kahai Wahieloa Laka Luanuu II Kamea [Eclipse of the sun mentioned in the time of Lonohuanewa, cousin of Kamea (Nanaulu genealogy)] Pohukaina Hua Pau Huanuikalalailai Paumakua [1000 years ago, Denebola in Leo and the Pleiades in Taurus, zenith stars, latitude of Kahoolawe] Haho Palena Hanalaanui Lanakawai

1108 1133 1158 1183 1208 1233 1258 1283 1308 1333 A.D. 1358 1383 1408 1433 1458 1483 [1492 A.D.] 1492 1508 1533 1558 1583 1633 1608 1658 1683 1708 1733 1758

Laau Pili Koa Ole [1000 years from Ole, 183 A.D.] Kukohou Kaniuhi Kanipahu Kalapana Kahaimoeelea-(etc.). Kalaunuiohua [First conqueror of all of the islands, except Kauai] Kuaiwa Kahoukapu Kauholanuimahu Kihanuilulumoku Liloa Hakau [500 years ago, Arcturus and Hamal, zenith stars, latitude of Kahoolawe] Columbus discovers America. Umi-a-Liloa Kealiiokaloa Kukailani Makakaualii [intervening line] Iwikauikaua [Keakealani (w)] Keaweikekahialiiokamoku Keeaumokunui Keouakupuapaikalaninui Kamehameha I

883 908 933 958 983 [992 A.D.]

1778 [ C a p t a i n J a m e s C o o k a r r i v a l . 1782 1790 1792 1795 1797 1810 1813 [Battle of Mokuohai, Hawaii] [Battle of Kepaniwaioiao, Maui [Battle of Kauwaupali, Maui] [Battle of Nuuanu, Oahu] Liholiho (Kamehameha II) born. [Ceding of Kauai by Kaumualii] Kauikeaouli (Kamehameha III)

1008 A.D. 1033 1058 1083

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1820 Thaddeus arrives; missionaries. 1826 [Hawaiian language orthography] 1834 A l e x a n d e r L i h o l i h o ( K a m . I V ) (first alii birthdate recorded in writing) 1839 1840 1848 1852 1854 1862 1863 [Hawaiian Magna Charta] [Constitution of 1840] Great Mahele land division. [Constitution of 1852] [Death of Kamehameha III] [Death of Kaleiopapa] [Death of Kamehameha IV]

Geometric Shapes in the Kumulipo It is apparent that the Hawaiian kahuna were not alone in the world with thoughts about life in the cosmos. Halfway across the world were other thinkers, too, and if their thoughts were almost the same, where did they get their inspiration? How would we go about finding that out, if we are limited to proving every point we raise here by evidence from within the chant of the Kumulipo itself? It was noticeable sometime ago that radial (pea) shapes in the chant appeared very early at the birth of the coral polyp (ukukoakoa) in the first canto. The coral polyp makes a fascinating home of its own skeleton. The uku- in ukukoakoa is an eight-segmented radial creature. Some coral animals make hexagonal homes. Octocorallians make octagons and are called spider (puna) corals. The sea cucumber (weli) also has a radial opening through which it takes food. We are aware that most of these are kinolau bodies of the god of the compass, Kanaloa, whose form is the octopus (pea) but Peapeamakawalu Eight-eyed Bat with whom Maui struggles to recover Hina takes on a demoniacal persona. Not until Maui has recovered Hina from the lair of Peapeamakawalu does he attempt to snare the sun, and not until he has successfully tied it down toward the end of the year does he drink the yellowwater (wailena) of the freshwater eel (kuna). The constellations in the sky that come to mind are the Southern Cross [Tapeka (Tuamotu), Kapea (Hawaii), and the gills (gapi) of the eel (-na, lah), or square of Pegasus [Kapingamarangi]. A name for the Southern Cross is R p e k a [Tuamotu], meaning to tie across, as on a transverse, criss-cross.

1864-1872 Reign of Lot Kamehameha V 1873-1874 Reign of Lunalilo 1874-1891 Reign of David Kalakaua 1891-1893 Reign of Liliuokalani 1893 Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom 1893-1894 Provisional Government 1894-1898 Republic of Hawaii 1898 Annexation of Hawaii to U.S. 1900 Organic Act, Territory of Hawaii 1959 Statehood Admission Act [1992 A.D.] [Present, Zosma in Leo and Sharatan in Aries, zenith stars, latitude of Kahoolawe] Third millenium after Christ.

2001 A.D.

The Ulu genealogy summary above lists 72 generations between Wkea and Kamehameha IV, while 76 generations are usually allowed between Wkea and our own generation, about 1900 years.

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This name [pea ] inspired inquiry into words for tying and weaving crossshapes and knotting. It seemed a proper direction to take because Molokai kahuna had unreeled the verses of the Kumulipo from the knotted cord (hipuu). The cord took us on a long journey beyond Indonesia into continental Southeast Asia, India, around Africa, through the Fertile Crescent, Egypt, into Greece and Europe westward, then northward through China into Tibet and the Americas. Eventually the search focused on bast fibers used to make knotted cords, such as coconut sennit, grass, bamboo, hemp, jute, and cotton. Cotton led to fluff, as of fungus (pungk) of a kind used for tinder. [See Johnson, Rubellite K. and Bryce G. Decker, 1989, in Appendix]. We are talking about a time level 3,000 years or more before Christ and nearly 5,000 years ago. It is sufficiently distant in the past to allow people to wander around the world with a great deal of freedom. The only barriers are deserts, deep oceans, and high mountains, and these they crossed, somehow. Nothing stops wanderlust just as nothing stops love. The dust unearthed for bones and artifacts utters no words nor sentiment as convincing as those in the Kumulipo that somewhere along the coastline stretching between the Indian and Pacific oceans the ancestors the story it relates must have begun at least a thousand years before Polynesia happened.

Track of The Cosmic Spider The coordination of the octopus compass, a form of Kanaloa, and the celestial spider is implied in the numerical divisions of the chants four-fold structure. The use of the astronomical shape of the spiders web has been documented for Hawaii: The Celestial Equator is the earths equator projected on the celestial sphere. In Hawaii it was called Ke ala i ka piko o Wakea, the road to the navel of Wakea (the Sky Parent), i.e., to the centre of the world [Fornander, 1878: 127]. According to Best piko o Wakea instead applies to the ecliptic (1922 a:12). Among the Maori the corresponding name Te Pito a Rangi (the Sky Parent) is interpreted by Smith as the ecliptic (1913: 167-168)... ...Fornander supplies yet another name for the celestial equator, Ke Alaula a ke Kuukuu, the bright road of the spider (1878: 127). However, Makemson holds the view that the expression refers to the ecliptic, since the path of the spider refers to the spiralling motion of the sun northward and southward during the year. [Akerblom, 1968: 15, 375]. Evidence for an association of shape equating the eight legs of the octopus and spider, or combining both as one in a correlation of shape, is found in Easter Island tradition. Heyerdahl mentions the migration of chief Hotu Matua to Rapa Nui which he named Te Pito o te Henua, the Navel of the Earth, with a description of the road plan of the village according to the web of the spider: Another ancient local legend collected by Thomson, and known as the Apai, had a corresponding hint. This text was recited independently from a written tablet by two old Easter Islanders, and translated into English by Salmon. Between

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two unintelligible sections of text, supposed to have been written in some ancient language: When the island was first created and became known to our forefathers, the land was crossed with roads beautifully paved with flat stones. The stones were laid close together so artistically that no rough edges were exposed. Coffee trees (?) were growing close together along the borders of the road, that met overhead, and the branches were laced together like muscles... ...Heke was the builder of these roads, and it was he, who sat in the place of honor in the middle where the roads branched away in every direction. These roads were cunningly contrived to represent the plan of the web of the grey and black-pointed spider, and no man could discover the beginning or the end thereof... ...After a further section of text in an unintelligible former language, the names of some persons living in the former fatherland are cited, and this former habitat is allegorically referred to as the land where the black and white-pointed spider would have mounted to heaven but was prevented by the bitterness and the cold [Heyerdahl, 1961:I: 35]. Heke (Easter Island) Hee (Hawaii) is the octopus, F e e , or form of the creator god Tangaroa of Samoa. A description of the house of the octopus god Fee in Samoa is described by Stair: O le Fale o le Fee (the Temple of the Fee), the war-god of Aana, Upolu, was formerly a place of great renown and importance, but of late years its glory has departed. Its history was described to me in such a way, that I determined to visit it and see for myself the marvels described. Not only were there the remains of the temple of the god, but quantities of coral that he had carried up from the reef into the mountains lay scattered on every side. I

found that comparatively few had actually visited the spot, but the name of the place was familiar as also the wonderful stories of the famous fale maa, or stone house of the god. The large blocks of coral, requiring several men to lift them, were scattered about the temple, and which the god had carried up from the reef singlehanded... ... [Our] guide suddenly sprang from the bank, and glancing around the spot near which he stood, hastily exclaimed, O lenei le fale, o le Fee (Here is the house of Fee)...Our guide commenced in good earnest to clear away the brushwood and undergrowth that covered the place, and as we all joined in the work the ground was soon cleared, and the remains of the farfamed Fale o le Fee, or house of the Fee were laid bare before us... ...We soon discovered that the house had been built of the usual round or elliptical shape, but that the builders, whoever they were, had substituted slabs of basalt for the wooden posts usually placed to support the eaves... ...We found t w e l v e o r t h i r t e e n of the smaller stone posts still standing, but the large centre slabs lay broken in the middle of the circle. The outer posts, which were still standing, were about four feet out of the ground, whilst the centre slabs appear to have been originally about twelve or thirteen feet in length, fifteen or eighteen inces in width, and seven or eight inches thick... ...At about six or eight feet on the left-handside of the ruin was a small stone platform, or seat, still remaining, and which was perfect. Whether it had been used as a seat for the priest, or altar, was hard to say; but from the sloping stone support at the back, I fancy it had been used as a seat by the priest... ...The house had been forty-eight feet in length by forty-five in breadth. One

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portion of the floor of the house had been covered with a pavement of neatly placed slabs of stone... ...The little that we could gather about this old ruin is this:--the god, or Aitu, in the form of a cuttle-fish (o le Fee) was stated to have been brought from Savaii, by a woman, to Apia; but, on reaching that place he made his escape from the basket in which he was carried, and following the course of the mountain torrent bed, he had reached this spot, far inland, where he took up his abode, and in process of time made the place famous... [Stair, 1894: 241-243]. The Samoan octopus god, Fee, floating on a piece of coral, was brought to Manua by Tangaloa. On Manua Fee became the father of two girls, Sina-saumani and Sasaumani. Sina-sau-mani married the Tui-Manua Tagaloa-a-Ui, and Sasaumani moved to Savaii where she married a chief of Gagae-malae on the west coast. The impression given by Manua tradition is that Fee came from the same homeland (Pulotu) as Savea Siuleo. Legend reports that after the departure of Fee, Savea Siuleo ruled over the underworld with his hosts of aitu [Kramer, 1902: I:8:957] Savaii traditions locate the entrance to the underworld toward Pulotu and to Sle-fee , an old name for Samoa, at Ff on the west coast of Savaii near Flaealupo. S-le-fee was so named because the family of Fee , the octopus, ruled there [Ibid: 79]. Upolu traditions trace the origins of Fee to Savaii and Manua: In the land where Tagaloa sleeps From the house of the cuttlefish and the sleeping place of the crayfish (Feefaapuga) Came the aitu from Manua [Kramer, 1902: I: 6: 284].

Fee...the cuttlefish of Savaii...often came to visit his bride at Vaimauga...(he) broke a hole in the reef so as to be able to land more easily...settled in upper Vaisigano, where a temple was built to him as the war god of Vaimauga village...the aitu Fee is said formerly to have lived in a cave on the way from Letogo to Laulii...(and) was killed by Tiitit (Maui) [Kramer, 1902: I: 4: 432-433]. The war god Fee of Vaimauga, of the Fale pou maa stone house or Fale o le Fee house of the squid was represented by a large wooden bowl (lipi), white bark cloth, and the white Cypraea shell [Buck, 1930: 70]. The Samoan idea of the octopus god holding up the sky has a parallel in the Tahitian tradition of the spotted octopus deity, Tumu-rai-fenua: When land became land and it was firm, the great octopus, Tumu-rai-fenua...held on; one arm was south; one arm was north; one arm was east; and another arm was west; they held the sky down against the earth [Henry, 1971: 338]. The Samoan identification of Tiitii (= Maui-tikitiki-a-Taranga) as the slayer of the octopus god Fee is confirmed in Raiatean legend: There was a tradition here that the sky originally lay flat upon the face of the earth and ocean, being held down by the legs of a huge cuttlefish. But, at a certain time, a man named Maui dived to the bottom of the sea, and grappling with the monster, utterly dismembered him; whereupon the sky flew up, and expanded into its beautiful convexity, resting on the horizon, and having the vertical sun as its keystone [Tyermann and Bennet, 1831: 138]. The death of the Tahitian octopus Tumu-rai-fenua resulted in the formation of Tubuai, one of the Austral Islands:

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Tu conjured death upon the great Octopus holding the sky to the earth, but it did not die by his agency...Then Ruatupua-nui...conjured death upon the great octopus...caused the great octopus Tumurai-fenua...to die...The arms of the great octopus, Tumu-rai-fenua...became detached from the sky, and they fell away south...the great octopus became land, which is Tubuai [Henry, 1971: 404-405]. The Tongan octopus god Feke was important to the Haapai group as god of the Tui Haa Ngana, called Haelefeke, represented as a white or brown species. Feke as a place name stipulates tracts of land in Haapai on Niniva, Lofanga, and Lifuka islands [Gifford, 1923: 64] The feke was octopus deity Atua i Faea of the Kafika and Tafua (clans), joining symbolically the yam (Kafika) and coconut (Tafua) clans of Tikopia: The symbolism of the octopus concentrated upon its tentacles, analogies to which were found in the rays of the sun, and in a set of springs of water originating from the hill crest of Korofau and emerging on various sides of the slope. Both sun with its rays and hill with its springs were treated as further embodiments or transformations of Feke; the rays indeed were invoked as a set of separate entities in ritual...But though dangerous, the octopus god was not regarded with the same fear as was the eel god; he seemed to be thought to lack the malignancy of the latter. [Firth, 1967: 556]. The probable significance of the shape of the octopus (fee) house in Samoa, to which there were twelve or thirteen stone pillars, and the association in Easter Island with Heke (octopus) sitting in the center of a road plan based on the pattern of the spiders web, may be that such a shape is reminiscent of home and courtyard design in Southeast Asia in which the principal dwelling is situated in the center of a square or circle out of which the major gates open to the four cardinal directions as do the doors of the temple.

The concept of a spiders web associated with the sky also recalls the role of the spider as a major creator god in Southeast Asian and Indian origin myths. In Burma among the Shan is a belief that the creation is built on the webs of spiders at the four cardinal points of the compass: The Shans believe that this present world is incalculably old. Hundreds of thousands of years before our world was created there was another world, but of its creation there is no legend. It was inhabited by people like ourselves; there were also beasts and birds, and its rivers and seas were full of fish. At the beginning of the world only one sun existed, and life then was the same as it is now. After many hundreds of thousands of years a second sun appeared, and the trees, grass, and green herbs became the colour of gold. Then a third sun came into the heavens, and the three suns together made so much heat that all beasts died, also all men. Women were still alive on the earth, as they had more blessings than men, attaining a certain merit by becoming mothers of saints and Bodhisats. When they were dead no creature was left alive on the earth, or in the rivers and sea, but one enormous fish. Then, as the world grew hotter, and still more hot, the great fish also died, in its dying struggles in the boiling sea it burst, and its fat took fire, burning with such an enormous flame that the whole world was alight, blazing fiercely until it was quite consumed. Some saya that seven suns, and some that nine, were created, and the world became like whirlwinds; there was no solid part remaining... ...When our present world first came into existence it was covered with water. At first the water was shallow, but in time it grew deeper, becoming a great deep sea, which rose higher and higher until it almost reached the heavens. There was an endless space to the North and to the South, to the East and to the West, and still the waves of the sea rose towards

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heaven. When the gods of the high heavens saw that the rising waters threatened to invade the skies, nine of them came down to build again the earth. They looked at the rolling seas, and saying, It is too difficult for us, they returned again to heaven... ...Then, as the waters still rose, four greater gods descended from the highest heaven, and brought with them four huge spiders. One spider was sent on the sea to the South, and it spun an enormous web all around itself, the web and the spider forming the Southern Island. That is the island in which we live, which we call our world. The other three spiders were sent to the North, to the East, and to the West. Each spun its web, so that the spiders (with their webs) became the Islands of the East, the North, and the West--islands which no living man has seen, though the spirits of the dead may be reborn in them. When the islands appeared above the seas the waters remained in their place, rising no longer towards heaven. In the middle of the islands is Loi-sao-mong--the central pillar of the worl--known in the Buddhist cosmogony elsewhere as Mount Meru. [Milne, 1910: 196-198]. A similar tradition is found among the Palaung of the Shan states: From the rising of the seven suns, From their rising close together, The leaves of the trees withered, The suns shone on the leaves, they withered, The suns shone on the leaves, they withered, They became all dry together. The earth and the sand were yellow, Were yellow from the flame of the heat. Even that fish that lived in the waters, That lived in the waters of the ocean, Broke itself with the scorching heat. As it broke it became fire, A fire great and terrible, consuming the world.

The earth is consumed, nothing remains, Nothing as large as a pearl, Not even ashes the size of a fly. All the sweet smells of the world mingled together, Are wafted up to the land of spirits. The scent rose up to the heaven of heavens, To the sea of Sa-gya, ruler of heaven. Even the seven circles of mountains Are filled with the scent Rising to the seven thrones of Sa-gya, Until the greatest throne became fire... ...There are various lelgends to account for the origin of our present world, the following fragment appears to refer to it: Call and bring great spiders, Ten great spiders. Let them descend, Carrying earth the size of a pea, Earth the size of a pearl. The spiders met together, In one night they builded, In one night they made the world... ...The centre of the Universe is a great mountain named ting Loi Sao Mong, the Shan name for Mount Meru; four islands, connected with it under the tumultuous waters of the sea, lie to the north, south, east and west. Our world is the island to the south. It is formed our of four elements, earth, water, fire, and air; and it took thousands and thousands of years to make... [Milne, 1924: 361-363]. The role of the spider as a creator god in Southeast Asian myth, of which the Shan and Palaung versions of creation are examples, is also found in island Indonesia. Among the Kayans of central Borneo is the belief in a primeval sea and sky. A great rock fell into the sea from the sky, and slime collected upon it. Worms eventually bred upon the slime, having issued from it

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themselves, and these bore into the rock, causing sand to be produced and eventually, soil. From the sky a wooden handle of a sword fell and took root, becoming a tree. From the moon fell a vine. The tree and the vine bore two beings: a boy and a girl. In a related version a spider first spun a web in the sky from which it then descended. The web caught a stone which fell from the sky and the stone grew to fill in the space. A lichen fell from the heavens to the rock and became a worm. From the excrement of the worm the first soil was formed. This earth spread over the rock, and onto it fell a tree which then grew. A crab dropped from the sky and by its clawing about, the mountains and valleys were formed. The vine and the tree, which formed from a sword or spindle that fell from the sky, produced a being without arms or legs, which eventually gave birth to human offspring [Dixon, 1964: 159]. Farther eastward into Micronesia, the cosmogonic myth of creation is fairly absent except in the Gilbert Islands and the Marshalls. On Nauru, creation is shared by two beings called Ancient Spider, Nareau the Elder, and Young Sp[ider, Nareau the Younger. They dwell in a darkness or void, or they float in endless space or upon an infinite primeval sea. Nareau the Elder took a tridacna shell and from this made heaven and earth, or, he crawled into the crack of the rock. Inside the rock the shell he enters is what is known to be the world. A snail then raises the roof of the shell and becomes the moon. Another sky-raiser in Gilbertese myth is the butterly or worm, called Rigi or Mata-Rigi. Rigi first raises the sky, then Nareau the Elder, or Ancient Spider, orders sand and water to mate. They produce the octopus, eel, and Nareau the Younger, or Young Spider. Nareau then cuts off two of the legs of the octopus, who then has Riki help him lift the sky. From the great effort

of raising the sky, Riki falls dead from exhaustion. A sympathetic god comes along and picks up the pieces, flinging them into the sky where they are now the Milky Way, Mata-Rigi, or Mata-Riki, Eyes-of-Rigi, (Eyes-of-Riki) the worm. His severed legs fall and become eels. Nareau the Younger makes the sun and moon with the eyes of his father, stars from his brain, rocks and stones from his flesh, and trees from his spine [Ibid.: 249250]. A similar version from Nauru records that the god of thunder and lightning is Tabuerik, or Ancient Spider (Jupiter) who takes the form of an omnipotent bird and soars over chaos. During this chaos sky lies prone upon the earth. The butterfly Rigi separates heaven and earth. Ancient Spider then turns stones into men who become supports for the sky. Young Spider, Areopit-Eonin, is born from a boil on the back of Dabaga, the tortoise [Hambruch, 1914: 388]. In a Marshallese variant from the Ralik chain, the spider spins a web as the gull stretches out the sky [Erdland, 1914: 308]. The relationship between the birds and spider creator appearing in the Ralik variant is found in Indonesian tales. The spider functions in a more subordinate role a a guardian deity to the Sea Dyaks of Borneo. In this guardian spirit role the spider belongs to the Spirit Birds who are the flock of Singalang Burong, Ruler of the Spirit World. In the story of Siu, the culture hero who introduces rice cultivation to the Dyaks from the Spirit Birds, the eight daughters of Singalang Burong function as tutelary deities who interact with mankind. Seragunting, son of Siu by the youngest daughter of Singalang Burong, is a child hero who, by seeking his lost mother, forces her to send the great Emplawa Jawa, Spider of Java, to guide him across the sea in his search for her country.

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The story begins when Siu the Dyak goes off to hunt birds in the jungle and having caught a few, proceeds to find shelter for the night. He spies aa house in which there are no people and enters whereupon he is told by a young girl that he is in the house of the Ruler of the Spirit World, Singalang burong, chief of the birds, and that she is the youngest of the daughters. After some time Siu marries her, having promised never to kill a bird again nor ever to hold one in his hands. They return to his village, and Sius son Seragunting is born. One day Siu is tempted to hold a bird and, for break his promise, suffers the departure of his wife to her fathers home. Seragunting prevails upon his father Siu to search for his mother. Siu and Seragunting travel through the forest looking for her. l Each time that they pause to rest, Seragunting finds a bundle of food already prepared for him. finally, they reach the seashore. One day as Seragunting is watching he hears the sound of paddles as several long boats approach in the distance: He hailed the first, and asked the men in it to take him and his father with them. The boat made for the shore, but the man in the bow recognized the two wanderers, and shouted out: It is Siu and his son Seragunting; do not let them come into the boat... Now these were the boats of the sons-in-law of Singalang Burong...The next day Seragunting saw what seemed to be a dark cloud come towards him over the sea. As it came nearer, it took the form of a gigantic spider, carrying some food and clothes... Do not be afraid, said the Spider, I have come to help you and your father. I have brought you food and clothing. changed your clothes, I will take you across the water to the land on the other side. My name is Emplawa Java (the Spider of Java). I know your history, and I will lead you to your mother whom you seek...

After they had eaten and put on the new clothes brought them, the spider told them to go with him across the sea. They were not to be afraid, but to follow his track, not turning to the right hand nor to the left. Seragunting and his father approached the opposite shore towards evening. Not far from the landing where there were many boats they found several houses, and one which was longer and more imposing than any of the others. To this house the Spider directed Seragunting, telling him that he would find his mother there. The Spider then left them. When they encountered Seraguntings mother, she said to him: My dear son...though I left you I did not forget you. It was I who placed the food by you every night. I left your father because he broke his promise...But you are my own son, and I have been wishing to see you...It was I who sent the Spider to help you and show you your way here... From the Spirit Birds and Singalang Burong, Siu and Seragunting learn rice agriculture and when transported back to their home they teach the Sea Dyaks of Borneo how to grow rice [Gomes, 1903: 2224]. The role of the spider as creator god and culture hero is highly developed in folk myths of India, as one follows the motif of the spiders web farther westward. While Javas tutelary guardian spider, Emplawa Jawa, is connected with sea travel (by Sea Dyaks of Borneo) and distribution of rice cultivation, the spiders role in India is connected with the ordering of the heavens. The mythological concept of the sky containing a spiders web in which constellations are hung as well as the origin of the spider in balls of yarn is found in the myths of Orissa [20-22 degrees north, east of Calcutta, area Bay of Bengal]. The Didayi of Patroputtu, Koraput District tell this tale:

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Long ago, when the earth was covered with water, Rumrok hung a boar in a spiders web up in the sky. When Rumrok wanted to make a new world he was unable to find any earth. He searched everywhere without success and it was only when he went to the boar that he found a little earth sticking to its tail. He removed it and sprinkled it on the face of the water. After a while the earth grew and grew and soon there was mud everywhere and the water began to dry up. But the mud remained damp and dirty and to harden it Rumrok killed the boar and ground its bones into powder and spread it over the world. When the mud dried it was strong and steady. Then Rumrok created animals and said to the boar, You may always lie in mud and you will be as strong as the earth itself [Elwin, 1954: 4]. Among the Jhoria of Kerba, Koraput District [southeast of Orissa]: Somru Johoria had a very beautiful daughter. Her name was Sonwari. She was unmarried. In those days there was no sun in the sky; the world lived in darkness. Sonwari used to wear golden rings in her ears. When she was married she went to her husbands house...One day while she was drawing water a great kite swooped down and snatched one of the golden ornaments from her ear. It flew up, up into the sky but was caught in the great spiders web that stretches across the heavens...In this way the sun came into being [Ibid.: 40-41]. Among the Kond of Charcharganna, Ganjam district: Jaonra Pinnu once got a very bad cough and brought up phlegm from his chest. He picked up the mess and said to it, Become a spider and go to Nirantali and help her. As he spoke it turned into a strange creature with nine legs. At that time Nirantali and Bindrabari the blacksmith were engaged in making the clouds and the spider went to help them string them in the sky. Nirantali said, Go and see the four quarters of the world and tell us what is good and what is bad.

The spider climbed up, spun a thread from its belly and swung round the world: it saw east, west and north. But when it wanted to go to the south, it ran out of thread. Nirantali said, Very well, stay where you are and make your thread! [Ibid.: 262-263]. In tales which involve the spiders association with weaving, the birth of the spider from balls of yarn, its ability to spin thread from its belly, its role as teacher of fishermen and weavers in techniques of netting and cloth-making, and its function as author of patterns make the spider in India a tutelary culture hero. The Bhattra of Parsel, Koraput District tell this tale: In Salheputti village there lived a Ganda called Arjun. He had five sons and three daughters. He got them married, all but the youngest: when this boy too grew up he went to find a bride for him. He found a good girl in the house of the watchman of Baiyaguda. When the arrangements for the wedding were completed Arjun called his relatives and many Gandas came to the village. Arjun took some yarn in his right hand and would it into a ball on his left. But the yarn slipped from his hand and fell on the bridgrooms foot. Directly it touched the foot, life came into it and it turned into a spider. the spider climbed up into the boys wedding-crown. The wind carried it and its thread into a tree. The spider lived there and began to spin thread from its belly [Ibid.: 259]. Among the Bondo, Pinnajangar, Koraput District: Maprabhu made a spider and its wife and placed thread in their bellies and told them, Even if you go seven times around the world, this thread will not be exhausted. Go to that fisherman and show him how to make a net. The spiders went to the fishermans house and wove their webs across the door and over the rafters. The fisherman watched them and learnt how to make his nets. [Ibid: 259261].

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Among the Gadaba, Rajput, Koraput District: When Ispur Mahaprabhu reached Tingapan Hill, the girl was cleaning her hair with a comb...Who are you? she said. And what do you want? I am Mahaprabhu and I want to know how to make clothes for men...She pulled some of her hairs out of her comb, rolled them into a ball and threw it down in front of Ispur. It turned into a spider. She said, Take this little creature home and watch how it makes its web. From it you will learn how to make cloth [Ibid: 261]. The spider as a symbolic shape of the creator of the universe in classical mythological statement is found in the Upanishads, first Mundaka, first Khanda, in which the creation of the world emanates as though from the belly of the spider, a form of Brahman: (1) Brahm arose as the first of the gods-The maker of all, the protector of the world. He told the knowledge of Brahm (brahma-vidy ), the foundation of all knowledge, To Atharvan, his eldest son. (2) What Brahm taught to Atharvan, Even that knowledge of Brahma, Atharvan told in ancient time to Angir, He told it to Bhradvja Satyavha; Bhradvja to Angiras--both the higher and the lower (knowledge). (3) Saunaka, verily, indeed a great householder, approached Angiras according to rule, and asked: Through understanding of what, pray, does all this world become understood, sir? (4) To him then he said: There are two knowledges to be known--as indeed the knowers of Brahma are wont to say: a higher (para ) and also a lower (apara ). (5) Of these, the lower is the Rig-Veda,

the Yajur-Veda, the Sma-Veda, the Atharva-Veda, Pronunciation (siks), Ritual (kalpa), Grammar (vykarana), Definition (nirukta), Metrics (chandas), and Astrology (jyotisa) Now, the higher is that whereby that Imperishable (aksara ) is apprehended. (6) That which is invisible, ungraspable, Without family, without cast (a-varna )Without sight or hearing is It, Without hand or foot, Eternal, all-pervading, omnipresent, exceedingly subtile: This is the Imperishable, which the wise perceive as the source of beings. (7) As a spider emits and draws in its thread, As herbs arise on the earth, As the hairs of the head and body form a living person, So from the Imperishable arises everything here. [Hume, 1931: 366-367] The simile of the cunning spider emitting thread from its belly, yathornanbhih srjate grhnate ca as the spider takes from his body and creates the net, is developed into the form of Brahmn in the Upanishads, second Adhyya of the Brhadranyaka: Now when one falls sound asleep (susupta), when one knows nothing whatsoever, having crept out through the seventy-two thousand channels call hit, which lead from the heart to the pericardium, one rests in the pericardium. Verily, as a youth or a great king or a great Brahman might rest when he has reached the summit of bliss, so this one now rests...As a spider might come out with his thread, as small sparks come forth from the fire, even so from this Soul come forth all vital energies (prna), all worlds, all gods, all beings. [Ibid.:95].

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Again, in the sixth Adhyya of the Svetsvatara Upanishad: The one God who covers himself, Like a spider, with thread Produced from Primary Matter (pradhna), According to his own nature... and in the sixth Prapthaka of the Maitri Upanishad: Now, as a spider mounting up bymeans of his thread (tantu) obtains free space, thus does the meditator, mounting up by means of Om, obtain independence (svtantrya). [Ibid: 409, 437]. The negative image of this spider is not Brahman but Maya, the eternal weave of the web of illusion. The spider is also considered a lunar animal in many myths depicting the moon as a gigantic spider, just as a certain species of spider on the island of Tongareva is called Sina moon (goddess). The Gonds of Indiaa call the Great Spider seen straddling across the high road under a dark sky, Makramal Chatri, the name by which he is also known on Ceylon [Cirlot, 1962: 290; Elwin, 1935:39]. In this form the celestial spider is associated with the ecliptic [Sengupta, 1938: 422-423]. In computing solstice days in Vedic literature, Sengupta demonstrated that motion of the sun toward its northerly course and then towards the southerly was compared to a spider in the Rgveda Brhmanas: On the new moon of Mgha he rests, being about to turn northwards; these also rest, being about to sacrifice with the introductory atirtra; thus for the first time they obtain him; on him they laid hold with the caturvimsa; that is why the laying hold has its name. He goes north for six

months; him they follow with six day periods in forward arrangement. Having gone north for six months he stands still being about to turn southwards; these also rest, being about to sacrifice with the Visuvant day; thus for the second time they obtain him. He goes south for six months; they follow him with six day period in reverse order. Having gone south for six months he stands still, and they about to sacrifice with the Mahvrata day obtain him for the third time. In that they obtain him thrice, the year is in three ways arranged. Verily it serves to obtain the year. With regard to this this sacrificial verse is sung: Ordaining the days and nights, Like a cunning spider, For six months south constantly, For six north the sun goeth.. (Kaustaki Brhmana, xix, 3; Rgveda Brhmanas) [Ibid.: 433]. From sensitive computations based on the Rg Vedic humns, Sengupta was able to deduce that the sun turned north on the new moon of Mgha, the star Regulus, in 3517 B.C. and thus determined the age of the Brhmanas: We have thus shown from the direct statements as found in the Brhmanas and the Baudhyana Srauta Stra, that the development of this class of literature and of the religious ceremonies prescribed in them began from about 3550 B.C. and terminated at about 2100 B.C. [Ibid: 433]. From this data the ability of the Hindus to determine the ecliptic, the solstices and equinoxes, described as the cunning of a spider, has been documented for 3550 B.C., establishing the concept of the spider as a shape of the celestial creator and the spiders path as the ecliptic very early in India and in Indic literature. The Polynesians were not yet settled in West Polynesia in 3550 B.C., however, their calendrical computaitons, as previously

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discussed in preceding chapters, may well have begun between 3000 and 1800 B.C. The appearance of the metaphor of the spider and the spiders web in the sky in the common, everyday folklore of India and the association with cloth and netweaving techniques may argue well in favor of India as the home of the spider creator concept found in Southeast Asia and Oceania where the spiders net was a conceptual configuration for the ecliptic. The Celestial Spider in Polynesia The spiders net as a sky formation is present in the heroic cycle of Tahaki, the adventurer-chieftain who makes a journey to recover his father from the Matuauru demons in the land of Puna. There he discovers that the eyes of his father, Hema, have served as light for the star-maidens. Tahaki took the eyes and returned them to Hemas eye sockets so that both eyes regained their sight: Then indeed for the first time Hema realized that this was Tahaki. He caught his son in his arms and set him upon his knees, and rubbed noses with him in affection. And Hema wept for very joy over his boy, and as he wept he chanted: (1) The child remained behind at Havaiki, alas! The father had vanished in Kororupo, alas! The father was brought to the point of death by the goblin myriads of Matuauru, alas! Ho! Wonderful is the son! (2) Long has the father been gone. It is the son who now avenges the father Lost far below in Kororupo, alas! Ho! Valiant is the son! ...Soon they ceased weeping, and

afterwards Tahaki left his father in the land of Puna and the star-maidens, and went back to Hiva-nui, the land of the goblins, to exact vengeance for his fathers shame... Then Tahaki made a net--Tahaki and Tukutuku-raho-nui,Great Spider, fashioned it together, and Tahaki sang a song about this net: (1) First Voice: Spread--the net is spread! Second Voice: It is spread in the World-of-Night! Chorus: A mighty net belonging to Tahaki, Filled till it bellies out above, Till it sags down below! Refrain: His fish is caught in the meshes-It is indeed the goblin-band of Matuauru. Ho! A might net-(2) First Voice: A mighty net is the net of Tahaki! Second Voice: Filled till it bellies out above, till it sags down below-Chorus: Completely filled as it lies spread out here upon the shore! (3) First Voice: Here upon the shore lies the mighty net of Tahaki Second Voice: Filled till it bellies out above, till it sags down below-Chorus: Crowded with myriads! Completely filled as it spreads out before Puna-ariki-tahi. Refrain:

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His fish is hemmed in by the net-It is indeed the goblin-band of Matuauru. So it is! Oho! Now when Tahaki overtook them the goblin myriads of Matuauru were fast asleep. Immediately Tahaki and his companion, Great Spider, completely surrounded the sleeping-place of the goblins, one and all, with the net; and Tahaki said to Great Spider, Keep guard over our net--I am going to start a blaze [Stimson, 1937: 88]. The concept of the way of the spider, a path of travel, is a traditional phrase. When Te-Aru-Tanga-Nuku builds his canoe Taraipo, Oro-taere, on his way to help Te-Aru-Tanga, comes upon a struggle between the white heron, Ruru, and a seasnake, Aa. The Ruru asks Oro-taere where he is going, and Oro-taere replies, I am going to fell a tree to make a ship for the ariki (chief), for Te-Aru-TangaNuku, whereupon the white heron encourages him: Go to my tree, by way of the spiders, it is a Maota-mea, ( I reira i akakite mai ai i te rakau, E oro ra ki taku rakau i t e a r a p u n g a v e r e v e r e , e Maotamea) [Gill, 1912: 52]. The Cord Hawaii of the Celestial Spider in

Piko o Wakea The Navel of Wakea (Sky Father); the ecliptic, Ke ala a ke Kuukuu The Path of the Spider, which was divided into four parts: (1) The limit of the suns path in the north on the 15th or 16th day of the month Kaulua [June, for Gemini], the summer solstice, K e A l a P o l o h i w a a K a n e The Black Shining road of Kne; (2) The limit of the suns path in the south on the 15th or 16th day of the month Hilinam [December, unidentified], Ke Ala Polohiwa a Kanaloa The Black Shining Road of Kanaloa; (3) The eastern quarter, K e A l a u l a a Kane The Dawning of or the Bright (Red) Road of Kne; (4) The western quarter, Ke Ala Maaweula a Kanaloa The RedTrack (as of a spiders thread, from awe, strand, thread; awe, tentacle) of Kanaloa. A line was drawn in by burning in,(pyrogravure) between the North Star (Polaris) and the Southern Cross [indicating the meridian]. From another tradition [according to Theodore Kelsey] was graphed, in the form of a net (koko) woven over the calabash of mesh squares, a grid numbering twentyfour to thrity-six spaces (maka), as of a net (upena), called na maka o Alihi the eyes of Alihi. Below the rim of the gourd, securing the mesh to the rim, was a red cord of olon twine called the Alihi , corresponding to the name of Tahakis loyal cousin and helper, Karihi , who assisted Tahaki in reaching the sky world [Kelsey, in Johnson 1975: 150-152]. The Hawaiian navigation gourd net which bears the name of Karihi as the suppoting red cord, alihi , and the eyes of Karihi, na maka o Alihi, is a parallel to

The way of the spider is known in Hawaii as the ecliptic, Ke-ala-a-kekuukuu, pathway of the spider (kuukuu, to let down, as a net) who is called Tukutuku-raho-nui (spider-oflarge-scrotum) Great Spider, Tahitian (and Tuamotuan) tutelary deity of net-weaving in the Tahaki cycle. The pathway of this spider was shown on the navigation gourd (ipu makani) diagrammed by Kaneakahoowaha, counselor to Kamehameha I, in old Hawaii. It had several markings: the celestial equator, K a

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the net of Tahaki fashioned by Tukutukuraho-nui Great Spider (Tahiti) whose path was outlined between the solstices and equinoxes on the ecliptic. So sang the Hawaiian bards of the exploits of Tahaki (Kahai) and Karihi (Alihi): Holo Hema i Kahiki, kii i ke ape ula Loaa Hema, lilo i ka Aaia Hule i Kahiki, i Kapakapakaua Waiho ai i Ulu-paupau. O ke anuenue ke ala o Kahai Pii Kahai, koi Kahai He Kahai ke Koiula a Kne Hihia i na maka o Alihi Ae Kahai i ke anaha He anaha ke kanaka, ka waa I luna o Hnaiakamalama O ke ala ia i imi ai i ka makua o Kahai O hele a i ka moana wehiwehi A halulu i Hale-kumu-kalani Ui mai kini o ke akua Ninau o Kne o Kanaloa He aha kau huakai nui E Kahai, i hiki mai ai? I imi mai au i ka Hema Aia i Kahiki, aia i Ulu-paupau Aia i ka Aaia, hh mau ia a Kne Loaa aku i kkulu o Kahiki. Hema went to Tahiti to fetch the red ape taro, Hema was caught by the Aaia bird He fell dead in Tahiti, in Kapakapakaua, He rests in Ulu-paupau. The rainbow is the pathway of Kahai Kahai arose, Kahai bestirred himself, Kahai pass onto the floating cloud of Kne, Perplexed were the eyes of Alihi Kahai passed onto the glancing light, The glancing light (on) men and canoes, Above was Hnaiakamalama (moon), That is the road to see the father of Kahai Go on over the deep blue ocean And shake the foundations of heaven, Inquiring are the retainers of gods, Kne and Kanaloa are asking,

For what purpose is your large traveling party, O Kahai, that has come hither? I am seeking for Hema, There in Kahiki, there in Ulupaupau There (with) the Aaia constantly breathed upon by Kne, Reaching to the farthest ends of Kahiki. Tahakis birth, like that of Maui, was in a West Polynesian home, and the place where Hema (Sema) was caught by the Aaia was in Kahiki-west, or Viti, meaning in the direction of Fiji. In the Ulu genealogy, Kahai appears in the tenth generation after Maui. When Hina is abducted by the chief of Molokai, Keoloewa (or Kaupeepeekauila), who employs three messenger birds to scout for her (the p In Hawaiian myth the spiders web or the shape of the spider in the sky is a form of the supernatural hero, Kana, son of Haka-lani-leo and H:ina, chief and chiefess of Hilo, island of Hawaii. Kana was the grandson of Uli, the goddess, and K. Uli was the sister of the sky god Wakea and Manua (god of the underworld). The name Manua belongs to Samoa. Kana is born supernaturally as a rope which was thrown into a pig pen and forgotten. He is the twelfth son. The spirit of the cast-away baby visits the grandmother Uli, and she recovers the neglected rope, putting it into a calabash of water where it grows forty fathoms in forty days, or one fathom a day. In the meantime Kanas older brother, Niheu, who is only half as tall (five feet) as his ten brothers, is the only person able to lift the ten-fathom one-yard long great ulua fish.lover, Kolea; the sandpiper (or wandering tattler), Ulili; the snipe, Akekeke) Niheu tells his father he is unable to rescue his mother.

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Kana is sought to help Hina because of his superb stretching powers, so Kana is sent by Uli to help Niheu rescue Hina from Keoloewa of Molokai. Meanwhile Keoloewa orders the turtles to raise the fortress, Haupu, on Molokai higher. Niheu tries to climb it but is distracted by the plover who plucks five hairs from his head, whereupon Niheu falls, breaking his leg. [All of Niheus strength is in his hair, which is never cut]. So Kana employs his bodies to reach Haupu fortress: ...Kana was very angry, for he knew that now they would have a great deal of trouble in rescuing their mother again. Kana turned over in the mats and having thus broken the ropes, stood up. The king saw that this man was taller than his fortress. As Haupu was slowly raised higher and higher, Kana stretched his body, first his human body, then his rope body, next his convolvulus (morning glory) vine body, his banana (cordage) body, and last his spider web body. [Fornander, 1969:II:16-18; Rice, 1971: 101] In a Kauai variant the motif of Kanas changing the hill by stamping (on) it with his foot (ke kapuai a Kana; kapuai, measuring foot; (vs.) wwae, foot, as of the body) is repeated. The name of the hills raised by the turtles, both on Molokai and Kauai, is Haupu: Kana was afraid that it would reach too high, so he stretched himself up until his body was no larger than a spiders web. When he was tall enough, he put his foot on top of the mountain and crushed it down (Another trait of his demigod is that he possessed two large, staring eyes). The activities of the turtles in raising Haupu are alluded to in this Molokai chant: Huki e lele iluna ke k a Olokau Ke kaulu pali ll hale o Kaunuohua E hoolikelike ana elike me Ahumauna, Me ke kihi ll peahi o Haupu,

I paia e ka honu nui kua eaea. Maea ke kanaka i ke kaunu a ka moe I ke kaomi lima a ka ipo i Keiu-a O kau ipo no ia o ke aloha, O kou meemee no ia o ka meahou. E ala e, e ala e Klea E ala e Ulili, e ala e Ahikeehiale Na kaikaina manu o Keoloewa, E hele oukou a hai aku i ka Haku Kaikuana o oukou He meemee nei la no ka moe E mana ana i ka ina Ko ke ano he auhee, I ke koa o k Aiwaawaa He koa na Hina i hnau, Hnau ae Kana he kino kaula, He kaee kowali awe pmaia, Punwelewele na kino o Kana, Hnai a Uli a ka ihup, A ka ihu nan, a ka hoonan, O ka ilio hae o ka man hae, Auw! Alia e! Haa nei mauna O ka moe a Moi, a ke Kahuna mana. The rising back of Olokau lifts the eyes The cliff ledges branch into the house of Kaunuohua So much like Ahumauna, heaped mountain, And corner flippers of Haupu Walled by the great turtle of patterned back, Made erect like a man at lovemaking Gripped by the sweetheart at Keiu-a My sweetheart beloved is he, My favorite new interest. Awake, arise, rise up, O Golden Plover, Awake, O Wandering Tattler, awake, Ahikeehiale, Bird brothers of Keoloewa, Please go and tell the Chief, Your older brother, Who likes to sleep-Spreading toward the island In the manner of a fleet, Is a warrior of Ku-aiwaawaa, A warrior born of Hina, Born was Kana of rope body,

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Of kowali cordage, of the fiber of the banana stalk, Of the spiders web are the bodies of Kana.. Raised by Uli to be the snarling nose Of the dog and snapping shark. Oh, wait! Low is the mountain In the repose of the king and the powerful priest [Beringer, 1921]. In the tale of Kana the spiders web is the equivalent of the cord kept in a calabash of water. The cord measures out from the calabash, forming a forty to four-hundred fathom rope a day. This may be interpreted again as the bailing gourd (Hina-ke-k) filled with water and kept on the canoe. The god of the golden plover, kolea, was Lono-kolea-moku, symbolized as a red stone in the heiau foundations at Cape Kumukahi, Puna, Hawaii. The rock was the first in a row of five stones, four of which were called The Wives of Kumukahi, spaced around the cape and used to mark positions of the sun at its northern (Hanakaulua [Gemini]) and southern (Kanono, unidentified) limits. The name Kumukhi [First Foundation] given to the easternmost point of land in the Hawaiian group is associated with the migration of Moikeha from Tahiti. His younger brother, Kumukahi got off the canoe near the place bearing his name while Moikeha continued northward. Several others jumped ship between Hawaii and Kauai, and Moikeha pressed onward with his companion, Laamaomao, who had the wind calabash [Ipu makani a Laamaomao. Laamaomao would call the winds into the ipu when they were too strong for the canoe or summoned them forth out of the ipu when the sea was dead calm.

Yet, when Moikeha sent Kila, his youngest son, to Tahiti to get another son (or nephew), Laamaikahiki, Laamaomao was not in the returning crew doing all of the navigation for Kila. About four to five centuries later, in the sixteenth to twentieth generation after Moikeha, the wind calabash of Laamaomao was bequeathed to K-aPakaa by his mother, Laamaomaowahine: When Laamaomao finished talking, she opened the cover of a large gourd (ipu nui) and drew out a certain small gourd (ipu hokeo uuku) which had been woven tightly with ie (Freycinetia) cord with a cover (poi) on top. ...Then she turned to her son: I give this gourd to you, as its name was your grandmothers name and mine also, and within it are her bones. When she was alive, all of the winds of this archipelago were her servants, beneath a marvelous power which she received, and she gathered all of the winds into this gourd, and they are still in this gourd until now, and there names were committed to her memory, those from Hawaii to Kaula, and when there was no wind, she would remove the cover and call the wind, and the wind would then blow, and when the cover was replaced the wind would cease, and this gourd was famous as the Wind Calabash of Laamaomao. [Nakuina, K-a-Pakaa (no date), 20-21 in Johnson, 1989 (unpublished mss.), 1989: 44, 47]. The account of the wind calabash of Laamaomao finds a parallel in the Rarotongan tradition of the wind god, Raka-maomao, whereas in Samoa Laamaomao was a war god. In the tradition of Rata, the wizard Nganahoa combats the demons of the sea in a floating calabash called a red gourd (ue kura) from which he divines their approach and continues to warn the

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doubting Rata. Nganahoa, a wizard who flies kites, applies to Rata to go with him on his voyaging canoe to find Vahieroa. Rata considers him useless and leaves without him, but Nganahoa follows him on a large gourd floating on the sea: ..At the time that the canoe sailed away there were only eleven men on board. The canoe sailed on until the land was out of sight, when the crew descried a large gourd floating on the surface of the sea. The crew threw Nganaoa and his gourd overboard, and left him to his fate (as they thought). ...The canoe proceeded on its voyage, and had sailed on for some distance when the crew noticed another gourd floating on the ocean; they at once cred out, The is our ue-kura floating on the sea. Rata heard them and called out, Pick it up. They did so, and when they opened it they were again confronted by the glistening eyes of Nganahoa [(no author), The Rarotongan Version of the Story of Rata, Journal of the Polynesian Society Vol. 9 (1910): 142-168]. Nganahoa in this form is the bailing calabash, like Hina-ke-k, In the Tuamotus Nganahoa is a star represented in Rarotonga as a character prominent in the Rata story. Like Tahaki (Kahai), Rata (Laka), grandson of Tahaki, goes on a voyage to find his father, Vahieroa (Wahieloa). In Hawaii Nganahoa is the name of the phallic rock on Molokai, Ka Ule o Nanahoa (Penis of Nanahoa). This ule was Ul or Uun Aldebaran [Hyades, in Taurus] in Micronesian star names. Aldebaran was one of the four royal stars or Guardians of the Sky in Persian astronomy, 5000 years ago, when it marked the vernal equinox [Allen, 1963: 383-385; Gleadow, 1969: 218; Johnson, 1975: 122]. A peculiar attribute of Nganahoa in

the Rarotongan version is that when the bailing calabash was brought aboard the canoe, all that was seen inside were the staring eyes of the wizard. In the Ipu-makani-a-Laamaomao carried by Moikeha on his journey, Laamaomao was, apparently, not a body on the canoe, but rather, the bones of an ancestor in the calabash by which Moikeha called the winds to come out when the ocean was dead calm, calling them back when the winds were too strong. Aldebaran [Nganahoa, Ka Ule o Nanahoa, Ul, Uun] in Taurus has been an ancient ancestor of star-worshipping windwatchers on deserts as well as oceans. That the gourd was encased in basketry in Hawaii is clear in the case of the wind calabash of Laamaomao, but the Unu o Lono shrine, as the Ipu o Lono god image in the hale mua mens eating house, was suspended from a net (koko), reminiscent of the net (upena) that went across the sky in the Kahai story. The chant to this gourd sang: The gourd is placed in position; a shapely gourd it is; Plucked is the gourd; it is cut open, The core within is cut up and emptied out, The gourd is this great world; Its cover the heavens of Kuakini, Thrust it into the netting; Attach it to the rainbow for a handle! Within this gourd from the cavern of Muaiku, calabash of explosive wind-squalls-Till the serene star shines down, Take hold of it and it crouches, Take hold of it and it displays itself] at Vavau; Confirm this and make it sacred, wholly sacred, O Lono! Bind it securely there. [Malo, 1951: 89]. Often ignored but present in the

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tradition of the Ipu o Lono is a small note: ...This image had suspended from its neck a gourd, ipu which was perforated to receive a wooden bail [Ibid.:88]. This means that the larger gourd of Lono, the unu (temple), also carried the k bailing cup, gourd symbol of the goddes Hina-kek, canoe-bailer form of the moon (goddess) [Johnson, 1989: 50]. The Ipu-makani-a-Laamaomao wind calabash is, in part, derived from the Malay word for compass, mata angin, eye of the wind (angin). The standard Polynesian wind compass had eight eyes (maka) or as many as thirty-two wind directions (Aitutaki, Cook Islands). Hina-ke-k , the bailing gourd, is not the wind compass (Ipu-makani-aLaamaomao). It was a reflecting mirror or an instrument used as a plumb bob or water level. The Nganahoa calabash carried by Rata (Laka) was thrown out into the sea ahead of the canoe. Both were, apparently, the same type of gourd of which Tuamotuans sing: Oh, my calabash! Blown toward me by the wind, My calabash rolls over and over on the toppling waves. It is my diviner, Giver of the ancient wisdom of the stars, Oh, my calabash! Bringing me a brothers life-saving love, My calabash turns over and over on the crested waves. It is the first of my sacred p o s s e s s i o n s to be borne hither by my side, Drifting into my welcoming hands. Oh, my sacred calabash! Revealing the wisdom of the s t a r s ! [Stimson, 1957: 75]. The riddle of Kana may, perhaps, only be unraveled by testing the history of the knotted cord to its origins.

Like Nganaoa in the ue kura gourd of Rarotonga, Kana was a visage of staring eyes of a cord in a calabash of water, as a rope of banana fiber (aweawe) that became a spider and its web, or sky grid in extending from a fathom when born to forty and four hundred fathoms in several weeks. These features are reminiscent of heiau numbers, as of 40 to 80 kahu kaai caretakers and 40 to 80 akua kaai pole images carried on the end of a spear in the Kahoalii rite and circular procession of aumakua gods to whom 400 to 800 pigs were ritually sacrificed. Who or what was Kahoalii, leader of a procession of forty-one men, and the only one unclothed, whose duty was to swallow an eye during the papa ulua human sacrifice in ceremony, on the morning of Olekulua, first quarter moon of the month Nana, April-May? It probably had nothing to do with predicting eclipses, because Olekulua is not a full moon. That it is a quarter moon may mean that stars transiting the meridian that night would have been observed. Outside the heiau every six months Kahoalii was also required to swallow a human eye to remove the fish tabu on opelu (mackerel) and to commence another on aku (bonitio fishing. This must have complicated his life for as long as he lived and all those generations after him who inherited this revolting edict (as Kamakau called it), until Hewahewa (mercifully) ended this obligation by renouncing his kahuna nui office to help Liholiho (Kamehameha II), Kaahumanu, Keopuolani, and Kauikeaouli to abolish the ai kapu in November, 1819. If Rigi was the Milky Way, whose worm body became the Eyes of the Pleiades (Mata-riki, Makalii), was the companion (hoa) of Rigi, Aldebaran?

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After the Pleiades set, Aldebaran is right behind it all of the time. When the Pleiades rise, Aldebaran is right behind it again. It was called The Follower [Al Dabarn], i.e., of the Pleiades, originally given to the entire group of the Hyades [Allen, 1963: 383-384]. The Cord in the World The artifact to be considered here is the knotted cord, in Inca Peru called quipu, in Hawaii hipuu (or l i p u u , n i p u u ), in Indonesia terbuku tali (Borneo), and in India the grantha lipi. (The latter knotted cord was regarded by nineteenth century scholars as an embryonic system of writing practiced by adherents of the Kamphati sect, members of which also lengthened perforated ear lobes, an item of cultural practice widely dispersed between India and the Pacific and still done by navigators on Puluwat atoll (Micronesia), while to the west and east the lengthened ear lobes may be seen in megalithic stone sculptures of India and Southeast Asia/Japan well into Buddhist times and most prominently in the silent heads and split ear lobes of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) stone statues. Scholars of writing systems (Diringer, Wuttke, Lacouperie) in the nineteenth century regarded the Peruvian quipu as a late introduction into South American Indian culture, despite claims to its origination there: It was said that the later art of reckoning by quipus, knotted and colored cords, was invented at TampuTocco [Mythology of All Races, 217]. Given the widespread distribution and antiquity of the knotted cord in Asia and established chronicling of its uses in the earliest Chinese written records, Lacouperie grouped existing traditions of the knotted cord, including the Peruvian quipu and Hawaiian/Marquesan samples, into one cultural continuum from northern

Asia to the Americas. To quote him: ...Polynesia was the way through which apparently the custom of knotted cord records reached the new world. The remarkable instance of dissemination we have to quote further on about the Easter Island inscriptions is highly suggestive of such a fact. It is by the Peruvians that the cord system of mnemonics was carried to the greatest perfection and the name of quippus they gave to them might be taken as a generic appellative for the system [Lacouperie, Beginnings of Writing, 1894: 14-15]. Lacouperie, whose work is largely forgotten in present-day linguistics, cited the Hawaiian hipuu knotted cord as evidence for this inference, notwithstanding antecedent examples in Indonesia and Asia, quoting description of the same by Tyerman and Bennet: ...The tax-gatherers, though they can neither read nor write, keep very exact accounts of all the articles, of all kinds, collected from the inhabitants through the island. This is done principally by one man, and the register is nothing more than a line of cordage from four to five hundred fathoms in length. Distinct portions of this are allotted to the various districts, which are known one from another by knots, loops, and tufts, of different shapes, sizes, and colors... ...Each taxpayer in the district has his part in this string, and the number of dollars, hogs, pieces of sandalwood, quantity of taro, etc. at which he is rated, is well-defined by means of marks, of the above kinds, most ingeniously diversified. It is probable that the famous quippos, a system of knots, whereby the records of the ancient Peruvian empire are said to have been kept, were a similar, and pherhaps not much more comprehensive mode of reckoning dates and associating names with with historical events [Tyerman, Daniel and George Bennet, 1821 and 1829: 119].

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We note, by the addition of dollars and sandalwood, that the Hawaiian hipuu knotted cord was still being used in post-contact, post-missionary times, also with respect to recording of Kumulipo verses from the knotted cord on Molokai by Kalkauas Hale Nau well toward the end of the nineteenth century. [*Note: Persons desiring more information about the decoding of the Inca quipu should consult Marcia and Robert Aschers work, Code of the Quipu, A Study in Media, Mathematics and Culture, University of Michigan Press, 1981]. Lacouperies inference that the knotted cord system in Inca culture came from Asia through Polynesia was based on a common observance that earlier native American string devices from North to South America, as embryonic writing/message systems, were tally cords strung or netted together with pebbles and maize beans for counters, per Wuttke: ...Before the time of their acquaintance with the Quippus, the Peruvians used in the same pebbles or maize-beans of various colours (Wuttke, H. in Lacouperie, 1894: 11]. Contemporary scholars (archaeoastronomers, mathematicians) indicate that decoding of the Inca quipu is confined to samples post 1400 A.D. Pre-Columbian samples have not yet been decoded. ...Quipus remain undeciphered as to content, but their structure, their grammar, and their mathematical syntax can be clearly appreciated...Quipu, which is the Quechua word for knot, is the term that the Incas used for their knotted string mnemonic devices... ... Several early references...suggest their broad use as data retrieval systems: for recording history, for census information, for treasury data, and for law

court records. Also, 16th century drawings of quipus exist that by visual association, at least, link astronomy and q u i p u s [Conklin, William J., 1982: 261-262]. [*Note: The above passage was illustrated by a drawing and text by Waman Puma, dating from about 1600 A.D., with translation by Conklin, showing an astrologer-poet carrying a quipu in his left hand and a forked stick (emphasis mine) in his right hand]: And our Astrologer/Poet! Who knows of the rotation of the sun, And the eclipse of the moon, Of the stars and the comets, Of the hours, the Sundays, the months, and years And of the four winds of the world And of the planting time for seeds for the food, Since time immemorial... At last, we have arrived at a place where the c o n t e n t , in this instance from Peru, of the knotted cord (including a forked staff) concerns the reckoning of time. Lacouperies history of the cord in Asia and Indonesia mentions measuring of time by passage of observed celestial bodies as typical of Formosans (Western Pacific, Austronesian) and the Sonthals of India (Indian Ocean): ...A recent account of Formosa states that the aborigines ignore writing. They have not even any means of keeping time, and when they have made an appointment for any date, their only means of keeping a check on the days as they pass is by means of a tally of stones or grass, one stone or one knot in the grass representing a day... ...Such is also the case with the Sonthals of Bengal. Their accounts are either notches on a stick, like those formerly used by the rustics for keeping

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score at cricket matches in country villages in England, or knots on a piece of grass string, or a number of bits of straw tied together...I will remember my astonishment while trying my first case between a grasping Mahajun and a Sonthal, when I ordered them to produce their accounts...the Sonthal produced from his back hair where it had been kept, I suppose, for ornament, a dirty bit of knotted grass string, and threw it on the table, requesting the court to count that, as it had got too long for him. Each knot represented a rupee, a longer space between two knots represented the lapse of a year [Lacouperie, 1894:10, 14; from E. J. Man, 1867, Calcutta]. The knotted cord as a time piece, or tally of time, is documented from the Pacific: ...DrUrville spoke of natives in the vicinity of New Ireland as being voyagers to some extent. They made voyages 10 to 12 days to some land inhabited by people of a much lighter colour than themselves, and there obtained garments covered with designs...On one of these occasions they brought back one of these light-skinned folk, a woman, who tallied her days of absence from home by tying knots in some fabric that she wore round her neck. ...We know that the natives of the Carolines, Pelew, and H a w a i i a n groups formerly employed the quipu, or knotted cords as mnemonic aids to memory, and that the same aid was in use among Polynesians generally [Best, Elsdon,1954: 60] The observation, then, among prominent scholars of language and culture of the nineteenth century (Lacouperie, etc.) claimed an antiquity of wide-spread knotted cord notation, as of reckoning and timing quantification through a system of early measuring by knots and stringed objects impressive for its broad range of distribution [from]:

Northern Asia across the Americas (Tibet, north of Tibet, among the Yang Tung, south of Khoten; Siberia, among the Bratyi and Buriat) into Peru (inca), where Lacouperie insists on Polynesian cultural influence; Southern Asia (India); China and Japan; the offshore islands Hainan (Li people) and Formosa; [E]astward into the Ryukyu Islands, a northern Pacific route, then southward into Timor (according to Chinese records of this area, circa 1618 A.D.), penetrating, perhaps earlier, through Polynesia, of which the Hawaiian knotted cord affords the most comparable artifact to match the colored Peruvian quipu by description, if not by surviving example. It is in the heart of Indonesia, however, where tally strings and notched stick devices reach an interesting level of time-keeping, indicating a more scientific approach than mere tallying of days (arithmetical notation, cumulative reckoning): ...The Kenyahs (Borneo) sun dial (tukar do) measures the noon-day shadow by means of a measuring stick (asu do)...the stick lies along the extended a r m , the notches corresponding to certain regions of the arm and hand...some of these spaces correspond(ing) to positions along the arm where strings have been tied, indicating when, according to shadow lengths it is time for planting [*Addendum to Mr. Hoses Paper on Methods of Reckoning Time, in Royal Asiatic Society No. 42 (1904): 201-210]. (This was a combination of the notched stick and string as a further development of a rule of measure into gnomonic strategies for shadow-length measuring, employing observation of and knowledge of the suns apparent course during the year). ...The Kenyahs and Kayans judge the seasons by the sun, and the method they adopt displays a wonderful knowledge of the precautions to accuracy. The Kenyahs measure the shadow cast at

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midday with an instrument the Greeks would have called a gnomon. It is a pole set up near the village, guarded by a fence to keep away mischievous children and animals. In height it is more than a fathom by the span of the thumb and first finger. A piece of string weighted at each end and thrown over the top shows when it is perfectly upright. The length of the shadow is measured by a stick called the asu do which is marked with notches gradually approaching one another more closely as they get further from the pole. ...The interval between successive notches represents the change in the length of the shadow in three days. Midday is known to be the time when the shadow cast by the sun is at its shortest, and the Kenyahs are also aware of the fact that the direction of the shadow at noon, though sometimes to the north and sometimes to the south, is always in the same straight line... ...The Kayan method, which differs more in practice than in theory from the Kenyah, is to let in a beam of light through a hole in the roof and measure the distance from the point immediately beneath the hole to the place where the light reaches the floor. Their measure is a plank, made level so that round discs do not roll on it, and fixed in position by chocks placed at the side. T h i s shows that they know the sun to be always due north or due south at noon. ...The best time for planting has not arrived until the noonday shadow is the length of the forearm from the tip of the fingers to the inside of the elbow.... [*Note: This is the cubit length, from middle finger of the extended arm to the elbow, roughly half a yard, a hailima (Hawaii), about 18 inches, or one-fourth of a fathom of 72 inches = 6 feet, the measure of Kana].

...When the shadow is less than the length of the hand, sowing is not likely to prove very productive...otherwise the Kenyahs care nothing about the heavenly bodies [Hose, C. (1904): 4-5] This represents a point of departure for use of cordage in a stretching cord to find level, i.e., the plumb line, rather than the knotted cord, probably replaced by another measuring device, the notched stick. The string is obviously a related device for telling time, not by arithmetical notation but by calculation of the rotation of the sun (i.e., daily, or diurnal, cycle) versus revolution of the suns annual passage (ecliptic), by shadow marks. The Kenyahs and Kayans always knew where the meridian at noon was, north or south, without ever checking the stars in the pole south. [They are too far south to see Thuban, Kochab, or Polaris]. The measuring cord documented for Hawaii is the ahak or aha hele honua connected with measuring height or length (ahak) , squaring corners to sacred houses, or finding the middle of a circumscribed area. The latter was used in ritual ceremonies for squaring corners of sacred houses on the temple grounds for finding level and the center (piko, navel, ka piko o ka honua, navel of the earth, the individuals own place of connection to earth mother (Papa) and sky father (Wakea). The aha hele honua is a lashing used on voyaging canoes for tying the canoe float (ama) to the iako connectives which are in turn lashed to the hull (waa). The fore and aft parts of the ama were termed kapuai meaning foot, as of the measuring foot, so that crossing the equator (ka piko o ka honua, terrestrial equator) was trampling (keehi) over the diaphragm (houpo) of Kne (equator).

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Use of a stretching cord to square corners in the building of houses and to make straight lines while constructing stone walls and platforms as in leveling the foundation on uneven ground and to find the middle of a circumscribed area was the function of the Greek arpedonapt: . . . I have listened to many men, said the Greek philosopher Demokritos, but no one has yet surpassed me in the construction of figures out of lines accompanied by demonstration, not even the Egyptian arpedonapts, as they call them. Now the word arpredonapt is not Egyptian but Greek. It means cord-fastener; and it is a striking coincidence that the oldest Indian geometrical treatise is called the Sulvasutras or rules of the cord. These things point to the use of the triangle of which the sides are 3, 4, 5, and which has always a right angle. We knew that this was used from an early date...the socalled Pythagorean triangle is the application...the very name hypotenuse affords strong confirmation of the intimate connection...it means literally the cord stretching over against, and this is surely just the rope of the arpedonapt [Burnet, John, 1958:20, 104. ...In the narrow passage back of the drumhouse (hale pahu) and at the end (kala) of the house called m a n was a small house called waiea. where the aha cord was stretched... ...The fourth house, called the H a l e W a i e a , was a small one between the Hale Umu [earth-oven cookhouse] and the Hale Pahu [drumhouse]. It was twice the length of the distance from fingertip to elbow in length, its height and breadth being half that measure. ..Two images stood before it on either side of the opening, and the king and kahuna conducted their aha services at the right side of the opening, in the dark night before the birds began to twitter [Malo,

1951: 161-162; Ii, 1983: 34-35]. The Hawaiian cubit, h a i l i m a , (elbow extended to middle finger), forearm measure, equal to half a yard ( i w i l e i , middle of the collar-bone to the end of one arm) was, then, a unit built into the height and width of the hale waiea where they stretched the aha cord. However, if the aha were not found, then the temple tabu could not be relaxed (hoomahanahana) and would remain for a long time, so we are told, until that measurement was found. If that is the case, what were the alii nui and kahuna nui measuring against, and why were they the only ones to do it with no else present? Some of the prayers uttered for the building ceremonies have survived but so few. Those uttered for human sacrifice rituals on the heiau K (luakini pookanaka) contain repeated references to the cord and sky. The cord (aha) gives its name to the service (aha). Pule Hoowilimoo (Prayer to twist the lizard) Hauli lani k a a h a ka apipi o Kne O Kne ulu lani, hkoikoi ka lani, Lani k, k a a l a n a o a h a u l a h o o wilimoo, M o o l a n i , m o o l a n i aukk ka honua Ua wela ka hk Kaelo i Makalii, Ka auhuhu paina O hoowilimoo ka aha nani, Nani Kkulu o Kahiki Ua nani ka aha, Ua moe kaoo ka leo kanaka E kai ka aha no ke alii, He aha noa, he aha lele He aha kapu, he aha k Klia ka aha no ke alii, A make ka hoa paio. Klia ka aha no ke alii A l, a ola, ola ka ina I oe Kne, ke akua ola! E ola lau, i (Mahoe) ke alii! Ua noa! Ua kai ka aha!

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F r o m h e a v e n f e l l t h e a h a to the spot favored by Kne, Kane who arched the heavens, mottled with clouds the whole heavens, Gift of the sacred red aha of hoowilimoo of the upper heavens, Heavenly portent! Heavenly portent! that fills the earth with blessings, T h e s t a r K a e l o [Betelgeuse in Orion] blazes in the time of Makalii [Pleiades] The bitter auhuhu scorched to brittleness Hoowilimoo is the beautiful service, Beautiful is Tahiti, Favorable are the omens for the service, The voice of the multitude is at rest.; Now we must perform the service for the king, An acceptable service that reaches its end, A sacred service that shall not fail. The assembly stands before the king. His enemies shall melt away before him. Pour abundance, life, life to the land Through you, Kne, the god of life! Life ot me, to (Mahoe) the king! It is accepted! The service is accomplished! The lizard (moo) is the Milky Way, which makes a twisting (wili) motion across the celestial sphere. Since the ritual was confined to the time between vernal equinox (March 20-22) and summer solstice (June 20-11), the kahuna would have known how the Milky Way moved in the night sky through that season. Kaelo [Betelgeuse in Orion] as a star (hk) marked the month of that name. The season of Makalii (ke au o Makalii) is when Pleiades are in the night

sky, November to January. On the islands of Oahu and Hawaii, respectively, the month Kaelo was November and January. On the islands of Molokai and Kauai, respectively, Kaelo was May and June. In May, Kaelo (Kauai) Makalii (Pleiades) set at sunrise on the eastern horizon before the sun shut it out in the daylight. It also set on the western horizon after sunset [May-June]. Given the time in which the hoowilimoo ceremony was performed and the aha cord measured against the hale waiea at night, the prayer would have suited the sky a month before summer solstice. Hercules and Scorpius are declining What would one learn by twisting a white tapa completely around the oracle tower (anuu) in the hoowilimoo ceremony during the day, between May 20th and June 20th, and stretching the aha cord before the hale waiea at night? If you were concerned, perhaps, with what the southern skies were doing between May and June, the observations would be more productive looking south in the direction of Tahiti, beautiful, as the chant said, from May to June. Pule o Kai-a-Po(o)kea (Prayer of the Bleached Skull) O K of the ocean at Tahiti The sacred ocean, Sea of the bleached skull; [*a skull filled with sea water taken into the heiau by the kahuna] Take of the sea foam That is the brine wherewithal to consecrate, Consecrate the ohia, ohia of Kuam, of the woodland deities, Kawao, Kaw, and Kualana(wao), That the kaai god may make his circuit About the pavement guarded by t h e a h a u l a [red cord]

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Obedient only to royal chiefs [*Translators (Nathaniel B. Emerson) note: The kind of aha here meant is the cord braided of much art, of many colored strands--one of them red, ula--which was stretched as a mystic protection about the residence of an alii with a kapu...]. Pule Kuw (Prayer for the linalina, decorative netlike arrangment of cords hung over the ridgepole). O K in the heavens, Behold the cord done into the allincluding knot ( a h a o M a k u u halala) O K of the mystic, wonderful ridgepole (kaupaku) of Hanalei, Bind, tie with the knotted olo-a Power is wrapped up in the olo-a cord, Let power go forth to the god image. Cut now the navel cord of the house man , Virtue, virtue resides in the knotted olo-a cord That decorates the house of god Kne. Cut now the navel string! Done! It is done!. [Malo, 1951: 181] Kau Na Auau (Prayer for thatching the sacred house of the god Lono) Above the level of the ground floats the thatch pole, Lash with a tight loop the uk leaf to this thatch pole, Bind and lash the cord firmly To the back of the rafters of Lonos house! O Lono, here is a house for you, the house Mauliola! A sacred temple...[Malo, 1951: 184] Pule Hulahula (Prayer for the hulahula dancing ritual in the anuu oracle tower, midlevel). Resplendent the heavens, crystalling the earth, mirror-like earths plane,

The Milky Way inclines to the west, Refulgent are the heavens, The heavens are guarded by the Milky Way... [Malo, 1951: 183]. Theory of the Distribution the Knotted Cord, A Study of Process of Tying and Knotting of the

We may never know what the aha ever was, except that it provided a standard of measurement, a unit of length. All that we know is that a check was made of that unit from time to time, during the night when the Milky Way was inclined across the sky between May and June, leading up to summer solstice. At the top of the hale man another cord, the Makuu was knotted over the ridgepole, or meridian, drawn from north to south the length of the house. Around the oracle tower (anuu) the hoowilimoo tapa to twist the lizard (Milky Way) was curled around the entire height of the anuu so as to shut out the sunlight during the day, blocking shadows or creating a square (or rectangle) of light over the luakini circle at the base. If the sun was in the zenith at that parallel of latitude there would be no shadow at noon. In the evening over the equator [south of our latitude] but eastward, we would see Orions arm come over the horizon, as its brightest star, Betelgeuse rose. We may never know what the two men, the alii nui and kahuna nui, did to check the aha, but we may look along the length of the history of the knotted cord. The answer may lie there. Are knotted cords on either side of the Pacific rim isolated, unrelated artifacts, or is 19th century scholar Terrien Lacouperie vindicated in inferring that these artifacts are from a related process, or from a number of related processes, given the multiple uses of cords with or without knots

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in various kinds of measuring? We pause here to consider Lacouperies credentials. He was Laureate of the Institut de France (Academie des Inscriptions, 1889-1893); Professor of IndoChinese Philology (late of University College, London); Honorable Member, (the) Royal Asiatic Society; Author of the Languages of China before the Chinese (1887), The Oldest Book of the Chinese (1892), British Museum Catalogue of the Ancient Chinese Coins (I1892), Western Origin of the Early Chinese Civlization (1894), etc., Director of the Babylonian and Oriental Records, etc. His work on the distribution of knotted cords is found in a book entitled, Beginnings of Writing in Central and Eastern Asia, or Notes on 450 EmbryoWritings and Scripts (1894)]. Under Embryo Writings, subtitled Objects, Used Singly, Strung Together, Fastened on Sticks or Strings, and Fixed, Carved or Drawn , the subject of knotted cords is largely about the Tibetan systems, followed by another group of topics under Signs, symbolical or conventional, with many subtopics under which are netted beans (wampum in N. American), and knotted cords (like the Quippus of Peru), then notched sticks, and marks on stones, like cup-marks, lines, of all sorts. Lacouperie was a French orientalist, and his emphasis, perhaps, when he began his work, was on Asia. His first comment was: Knotted cords were originally used in Tibet, but we have no information about their system of using them. The bare statement comes from the Chinese annals. ...It is commonly reported that the ancient Chinese used, before the invention of writing, and previous to that of the Kwas by Fuh-hi, a system of knotted cords invented by a ruler of the mythical period named Sui-jin.

By k w a s are meant the system of Pakwa or P a k u a diagrams of the IChing, called B a t q u o i in Vietnamese. The image of the batquoi is an eight-sided figure with a yin-yang symbol, white and black, in the center of eight segments with three lines (trigrams) each of different lengths and combinations (hexagrams), each trigram representing 15 degrees per 24 lines in the 360 degree octagon. The total number does not exceed 256, or the sixteen squared. The figure derives from a more ancient metaphor or analogy of the bat as kwa. This kwa, however, becomes the *m p e k w a proto-form in Austronesian for bat, from which is derived Polynesian p e k a and Hawaiian p e a bat as well as Peapea-maka-walu Eight-Eyed Bat that Maui eliminated because it had abducted the moon. We may grope through this mass and maze of history and language by assuming that the bat that eludes us in the cave of a long night of human ignorance of our language history will be found by following the elusive thread the spider left behind when he spun a web over the entrance to our past, concealing it for thousands of years. As a particular artifact by itself, the knotted cord in Hawaii and the other in Peru seem related in function and form, but it is difficult to relate the two in their number operations. Assuming that Quechuan numbers are in no way related to Hawaiian numbers, as words (not concepts), we would have to say that Lacouperie could seize upon the like function and appearance, but on closer examination the theory snags on the problem of unrelated languages. Linguists are interested in cognate languages and the syntax and structure that connect them, not etymological or philological probabilities even though their science did not begin until after the late 19th century school of comparative philology that included Max

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Muller, Theodore Benfey, and scholars like Lacouperie who considered the literature and folklore as well as the languages. Without the brothers Wilhelm and Jakob Grimm of the 19th century school there would be no rule for the regular correspondence of consonants that identified the large Indo-European family from Sanskrit to Icelandic. Linguistics as a science is post-Grimm and the law of consonant correspondences that settled the classification of the Indo-European family of languages. Only in one instance is there comparability between the quipu and hipuu, and that is in the existence of a decimal system in the calculations of Quechuan and Hawaiian numbers in the use of a base ten: ...The single most important breakthrough in understanding quipus remains that of Leland Locke, who, in 1912, demonstrated that the quipus he studied were evidently not language, but rather purely numerical in nature. He also discovered that they used a decimal counting system of a positional nature, and that the concept of zero w a s p r e s e n t [Conklin, 1982: 263]. [*Note: The old Hawaiian counting system was decimal using place value and assumption of the zero position]. For other support we must then go to the verbs associated with the tying of knots. Assuming that tying knots applies to other kinds of artifacts and tools, we should examine these in the related context of fiber technology, words for hand-tied or hand-woven textiles, basketry, and netted fabrics (i.e., fishnets, meshmaking), and even pyrotechnology, because cordage was used in making fire. It is in the process of tying, not in number words, that the same distribution pattern emerges that was graphed for the extent of cotton (Gossypium spp.) in the

Indo-Pacific as used in cordage, cloth, and tinder [ See Johnson and Decker, 1980, in the Appendix]. Let us consider the most widelydistributed form as it appears over the IndoPacific area, between Central/South America and Southeast Asia. [*Note: Use of the question mark (?) is for the hamza/glottal stop; small /c/ is for /ch/ affricate as in /ch/air; /^/ is a schwa; Central/South America Proto-Amerindian: [Matteson, et al.1972:77] *p?ali rope -pri? to roll, as rope *p?al [(?) = hamza, glottal] Mayan/Chipaya (Bolivia): [Olson, 1965:35] Mayan Proto-Mayan Chipaya pari string, not welltwisted *bal string bal (a) to make rope, to twist cord

Maya/Yunga/Chipayan [Stark 1972: 134, 124] Yunga Uru-Chipaya Chipaya pal twisted string pari (to spin thread) bal to roll up something to tie

Proto-Aztecan *puuli [Lyle, 1978: 262-279]

Southeast Aisa (Austroasiatic and Austronesian) Austroasiatic [Headley, 1976:463] Proto Central North Bahnaric *bray thread

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Proto Jeh-Halan Mnong Brou Pacoh Serting Proto-Chamic Chamic

bray brai prai parai bri mrai phray

thread bandage thread, silk thread, silk

cali to stretch Aymara (Bolivia) [La Barre: 87, 117] tari small cloth,shawl tahli measurement, four fingers wide; width of hand Muskhogean [Swanton: 66] (Natchez Mississippi, Louisiana) tl to weave

in

Austro-Thai [Benedict, 1975:257] *(m)p(r,l)ali(s) cord, string, (reconstructed form) The distribution of the foregoing forms, with bilabial voiced /b-/ and voiceless /p-/ initial stops (+ /-ri/, /- ali/, /ala/ (Central/South America) rope, string, to make/twist cord, to spin thread, to rollup (as cord) in Proto-Amerindian, Proto-Mayan, Yunga and bilabial voiced /b-/ and voiceless /p-/ or nasal /m-/ (+ -ri/, /-rai/ or /-ali/ (Southeast Asia) in Austroasiatic and Austronesian (Proto-Chamic/Austro-Thai) is interesting since they straddle the extremes of the Pacific rim, but they do not exist alone for the technology of weaving/cordage. Another related set of forms prefixed by initial voiced /j-/ and voiceless / c-/ affricates before the stems /- ali/, /-al/, /-alah/ , /-alin/ (India, Southeast Asia, Indonesia) further reflected as /t- / plus /- r/, /-ali/ , /-ani/ reappear in the Americas north as c? ali (Zuni, Penutlan) to stretch (as cord, weaving) and ts alan (Mayan, of southeast Chiapas, Mexico) tied (in which the affricate has been glottalized). Consider the sets: Amerindian Tojo Labal [Supple: 68-174] (Southeastern Chiapas, Mexico) ts?alan ?alan Zuni, Penutian (California) tied [Newman, 1964:10]

Shuswap (Salish) [Thompson, 1974: 23] (Oregon, northwest) tal stretch, extend

Coeur dAlene [Reichard, 10:95; 11:55] (Oregon, northwest) tar to stretch out, extend, as hand tan be taut arrayed in a line tanu be tight tanut clothes fit tight Paco-Tacanan [Suarez, 1973:153] (Macro-Quechua) tani to tie tan Coeur dAlene [Thompson, 1974: 22-28] t ar Kalispil taal untie, loosen untie, loosen

Chipewyan [Li: 131] (Alberta, Canada) tar ar to untie a knot

Indo-Aryan/Indo-European Nepali [Turner] tri (f) to tie (derived from Persian tr ) tre having a string, wire, band

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tre tan tni tnnu tan

to tie warp, loom stretching to pull, tighten stretching

jaljal jli

lossen, unwind kind of basket

Indonesian [Dempwolff] zalah /djala/ fishnet zarin hunting net Borneo Lawangan Dusun, Tamuan jala fishnet

Sanskrit [Monier-Williams] tan to spin out, to weave tan cord, string Sanskrit [Turner] tan a string with which garments are tied tl a string (ear ornament) [from l to join, unite, loanword from Pali, lpi, lyi: lpinati, lyinati to join] Sanskrit [Monier-Williams] tan to stretch tanaka cord [from tan to stretch tanika tanti cord, string [from tan cord, string tantu Pali [Turner] tanti (f) tantu (m) cord, string cord, thread

Chamic [Headley: 465] (Southeast Asia) jl net ciel (from jla) Malay Austroasiatic Sedang [Headley: 465] cea Bahnar Jeh Halang Stieng, Koho Vietnamese Bonda (Assam) D r a v i d i a n (India) Tamil [Burrow/Emeneau] centiravar (caliyan) weavers Kannada jda, jda a weaver belonging to the Lingavanta sect Telugu jndra. dndra a caste of weavers jade, jadye weaver, spider cali sieve Indo-Aryan Nepali [Turner] jal Marathi jale Orissa jla Nepali jli tri snare net net network to tie [derived from jal jar jal j:al chai jali net jala net

Nepali [Turner] sutari string, rope sut fibre, twine, string sutli string, cord, strand, twine sutlo piece of string, twine, gauze Proto-Indo-European *syu- to bind, sew, [*su- in Germanic *saumaz, English seam English suture process of joining, by sewing; material used, the line so formed [from Latin sutura Austronesian [Oceanic] Marshallese [Abo et. al.,1976:84] jlinlin string

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Persian [+ Arabic] tare angkabut spiders web angkabut spider A u s t r o n e s i a n (Western) [Indonesian] Proto-Austronesian [Blust, 1976:47] *zari cord *talig(i) cord Malay tali rope, string Sea Dayak tali tasi, nasi to make twine nali to make rope (Philippines) [Reid, 1971] Bilaan tali Tagalog tali itali to tie, Bisayan itala to tie, (Formosan) [Stanley, mss.] tali string string to join to join rope

Persian tr] [Melanesian] Espiritu Santo [Codrington, 1974] vetali banana string Lepers Island votali Maralana vetal vetel veel Fiji ndali [Polynesian] Tongan [Churchward] putalinga rope, string plantain cordage plant

Maori [Williams, 1971] tar to plait, to weave tari sieve; noose for catching birds tari-kkriki 4-strand cord tari-karakia 8-strand cord r to tie rpeka to tie across Tuamotu [Stimson] Rpeka r Southern Cross cord

Tibeto-Burman Chinese [Wieger: 284, 525-26; 538, 549, 560; (numbers = tone) li (2) liao (2) lei (3) lien (2) li (4) li (4) pu (3) ta (2) rope, cable to bind, wrap to bind, tie to connect, join astronomy, calendar annual cycle chronicle, register, catalogue a knot

Hawaiian [Pukui-Elbert] nipea lpea nipuu lipuu nikii hikii hikikii mukii l kal to to to to to to to to tie across tie across tie (knots) tie (knots) tie tie tie tie

A u s t r o n e s i a n (Oceanic) [Micronesian] Woleaian [Sohn, 1976] feotagiy Chamorro [Topping] faatali tali Yap tal Ponape saal

string

tie with string rope, string rope, string rope, cord

to lace (as shoes) string, long vine, spindle, spine, roll klin long vine, as of sweet potato mali to tie, as bait to hook mamali to tie mali string malina to splice, as rope lino to weave. twist, braid, tie lino taut li tight, taut

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Maori roi roiroi knot, bond bind, tie up

ml

tight, taut Kuwi dhnai dssali nehnai

weave a fishtrap to bind, tie

Hawaiian ml taut, firm, straight, as a cord mloeloe taut, firm, as a rope

Tamil

ney to weave ney a web neyuni to weave, as a spider pinai to be joined punai ney to weave

A u s t r o n e s i a n ( Western) [Borneo] Ulkit taraki rope, string Kajaman talei rope, string [Indo-China] Atjinese taloe Roglai talo?i Austroasiatic Sakai s^roi, s^ ry string rope, string rope, string

Kolarian

Austroasiatic Vietnamese Thai nhen spider

nen pyng to be firmly tied, securely tied, tightly web

Nicobarese henden nang Semang

Bahnar [Benedict, 1976:13, 26-27] talei cord Khasi [Rabel-Heyman, 1973:1024] tllay-suwali rope for plough Dravidian Tamil talai fastening cord, rope talayam bonds, fetters irai thread inai to tie gurai, guray to tie, roll up tali tala fetters, foot-rope for climbing palm trees fetters, foot-rope for climbing palm trees Samoa Maori Thai

nangan rope (for climbing a tree with tied ankles) nang-nang snare, net

Bonda (Assam) puglang puglanga apuglanga Austronesian Proto-Malay banang Tonga

to be folded

Bonda Desia Marathi Tulu Marathi Telugu

yarn, thread

lalanga to weave llanga-a-Matuku mat alanga rope, of boat, masts, sails, oars; tackle, tacking, rigging, gear lalanga weave, plait weave, plait

netari weaver neta-purugu spider neta weaving dohtn to bind, tie;

raranga

Gondi

Rarotonga ranga to weave, plait; to braid,

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as in mat-making raranga, rangaranga, rangarangai plaited Easter Island nanai kupenga nanai Hawaiian lanalana ulana nananana nonanona

Mexico, ts alan , alan tied which seems similar to [Austronesian] forms for weaving (langa, lana), as of the mat sail (l, from lyar [Indonesian]), and west Austronesian forms zalah net, Forms tsa- , dj-, and ca- + -l are represented in: (1) Indo-Aryan (Nepali): jale snare, tare to tie [from Persian tar to tie] (acc. Turner) (2) Dravidian (Telugu, Tamil):

spider cobweb

spider, Great Spider plait, as mat spider spider; ant spider spider

Barito Dyak (Borneo) tingkilaga tangkalaga?ang

cali sieve, caliyan weavers (3) Austroasiatic (Sedang) cea net (Bahnar) jal (Vietnamese) cai (chai) net (4) Austronesian (west) (Indonesia) djala, djali net (Malay, Borneo) jala (5) Austronesian (Oceanic)

Indo-Aryan Sanskrit kilanga mat kilinga mat (kulay-a) web, tissue, mat Prakrit vunang weaving

We note that forms with mb-, mp-, b- , p- and m- + -rai, -ray -ri for rope and string [i.e. pa li, pal-, bal-, and brai, prai, pri, etc.] tend to favor the Atlantic side of Central and South A m e r i c a and the Pacific side of Southeast Asia (Austroasiatic) at the beginning of the listing [see page 141, intra]. The forms on the Pacific side of Central and South America favor the affricates [ tsa lan, cali] and those the begin with ta- + -l, -n, -li-, etc., as in tli, tal-, tan- generally found in Oceania, India, Southeast Asia [Austronesian, Austroasiatic, Indo-European, Dravidian]. Hawaiian has both: ka- + -l and ma- + li to tie thread, cord, including the range of bases -li, -lino, -lina, -loe, -l prefixed by ma-, probably from causatives ka- and ma- + base. Difficult to ignore is the form in

[Micronesian]:Marshallese jaljal Ponape

untie, loosen saal rope, cord

[Cp. Amerindian: Columbian/Colville and Coeur dAlene tar untie,loosen (6) Amerindian: [Mexico] Tojo Labal ts?alan tied [California] Zuni cali to stretch snare Compare the h e i with: Hawaiian word for

Vietnamese Dravidian Nepali Hawaii Tuamotu

cai (chai) net cali sieve, jale snare hei net, snare, stratagem cats cradle, string figure fai cats cradle, string

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figure The contact or source area for Amerindian b- and p- forms appears to be Southeast Asia [Austroasiatic], favoring a route between the Indo-Pacific and the Atlantic, around Africa; the j-, t-, c-, tsforms argue trans-Pacific influence. The b-, p- br-, pr- forms may be of an earlier period. Subtle features are prefixes, such as /su-/ + ri [Indo-European]; /ve-/ or /vo-/ + (ta) + -ri or - li [Melanesian]; / n e / + (ta) + -ri or -li [Indo-European, Dravidian], and /ne(y)/ or /nai-/ + (ta) or (-nang) [Dravidian, Austroasiatic], and /na-/ + -di or - si [West Austronesian and Melanesian (Fijian)]. The forms sutari [Indo-Aryan (Nepali) and s u t u r e (English) are from the same source as Hawaiian k a l to tie, as string. The history of the form is preEuropean in Hawaii and derives from the source in Austronesian which belongs to a very ancient source in world language. In New Zealand native Maori speak less about spider tracks along the celestial grid net and more about baskets (kete), using the analogy from weaving: ...Hence it was he (Tane) brought forth the stars. There were four baskets (or receptacles) into which the stars were gathered, and their names are as follows: Haruru, Taiaroa, Maemae, and Whiriwhiri. When he placed the stars in these baskets the following karakia (or incantation) was recited...of each basket: Haruru te rangi i runga Ka toto taku kete tapu He whetu tukua ki te rangi Io e, ko tana tama i wehea e... Resounds the heavens above My sacred basket reaches out To spread the stars in heaven O Io! his son, where is he? Maemae and Taiaroa from the stars,

Behold my basket with its pendulous end Tis a basket to enclose the miraculous, Behold my basket with the pendulous end, Even from Hawaiki, Behold my basket with the pendulous end, Containing the seed of the stars Behold my basket with the pendulous end...[Best, Elsdon, The Origin of the Stars, Journal of the Polynesian Society Vol. 30 (1921): 259-261]. It is this basket (kete) or woven container of seeds of the stars that is a compass denoted by the term k a v e i n g a , implying woven basketry. Polynesian Tuamotuan [Stimson] kavekave mkave kavi to lash with fine cords kave the thread of a fringe ends, strands, threads, fibres of a cord, belt, or mat a fibre, strand; composed

of several fibres Hawaiian maawe ula red cord, as of the road in the sky to the west, as of Kanaloa (octopus god, as of wind compass and banana fiber) awe strand, thread aweawe tentacles (as of banana plant, octopus aweawe runners, as on vine Tuamotuan kave ave tendril (= ave) long hairs, as on dogs tail

Tahitian

mave to weave tavai twined weaving to haavai cane, banana [i.e., plantain fiber] Samoan vei strap, cord [Milner] Tuamotuan vavi, kavai a variety of running vine Marquesan haavai cotton

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[Dordillon] Tongan

hahaavai vavae vavae kona

cotton cotton,kapok milkweed

Central and South America In an ethnoastronomical study by Cecelia Klein Woven Heaven, Tangled Earth; A Weavers Paradigm of the Mesoamerican Cosmos, the concept of the woven and knotted cosmos is highly developed in Maya cosmology: ...The Yucatec Maya...reference to the stretching out of the earth...evokes an image of the weaver who readies the warp cords on her loom... ...The Aztec month Tititl, which it translates as Stretching, for which it depicts a man as one who stretches something with a cord, in order to indicate that the gods thus stretch and sustain the machine of the world... ...Both art and literature testify to a general Mesoamerican belief that the universe is bounded, defined, and contained by long, thin, essentially supple objects of a basically cord-like form. The primary identity of these strands varies, but the various types are typically c r o s s connected (italics mine)...the Chamula, for example, claim that their cosmos is bounded and held together by the circular paths of the sun and moon..., and the Lacandon tell of the suns daytime travels along a road in the sky...[Klein, 1982:1-2]. ...The Mesoamerican universe, then, was perceived, at least by some, as formed during the creation with pliant cords stretched out as on a giant loom...however...the celestial portion of the Maya universe, not as a loom, but as a house... (emphasis mine)... ...[The] Zinacanteco house serving as a microcosm of the upper univerese, its peaked roof thought of as layered and traversed by the sun, moon, and stars...(emphasis mine)...

Proto-Austronesian [Dempwolff] *labay (-bar) yarn, thread Austroasiatic Old Khmer [Cambodia] Modern Khmer Laotian Vietnamese canhvy cangva:y skein skein

say fay fay vai

cord, wire

cloth, material, fabric, cotton cloth cloth cloth

Muong Vietnamese vai, (b)vay *h^ pay, pay, ?ay Thai

phaafay cotton, cotton fabric pujfaaj cotton fiber. cotton wool fai cotton (Gossypium spp.)

Amerindian Inca (Peru) away vay cloth spider web

Atakapa-Chitimacha wari wayi

to weave to weave

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...[The] Aztec house facades...show that they were bound together with cords that form a diagonal cross...(emphasis mine).. Maya names that mean to be woven or braided, to be interwoven as a braid or mat,... ...Maya houses are measured and their parts matched by means of a stretched cord, a process that curiously parallels...the Popol Vuh reference to the Maya creation as time when the measuring cord was brought....and stretched in the sky and over the earth, on the four angles, on the four corners... ...Among may have been wild twining grass m a l i n a , to twist the Aztec, these cords made of m a l l i n a l l i , a who name derives from something...

of one single strand. It had to be woven or braided of more than a single ply as the eight- or nine-ply square braid of the lei niho palaoa whaletooth ivory necklace kept around the chiefs neck through which a cord of several hundred feet of ancestral human hair can be threaded for several generations. How many moons in the lifetime of Hina is the length and ply of her braid if the chief [Maui] kept his ancestors hair around his neck tied to a tooth of Tangaroa, the octopus god, the compass overhead and below? In the Aztec concept the magician descends to the magical house where he has tied the cord to the sacred tree. Maui climbs up the mountain of the sun, which he can do only after he has fashioned the lasso, so he must rescue the moon from the house of Peapeamakawalu first. Only Kana can go up and down like Tezcatlipoca by a single thread of the spider, but even he has to climb up. Lacouperie started up this hill a hundred years ago while curating Babylonian and Oriental curiosities among which were 450 embryo writings within which he classifed knotted cords and notched sticks. We may trust what he says that the Chinese kwas in the I-Ching were from a more ancient people in China than those with writing. The divination schemata was not within the purview of Confucius: ...Now it results from my researches that this tradition, which c r e p t lately (emphasis mine) into Chinese compilations, is no historical truth, so far as Sui Jin and the ancient Chinese are concerned. By ancient Chinese I mean the Bak tribes who brought the knowledge of written characters with them...and not the aboriginal tribes non-Chinese, which had apparently the said custom of knotted cords... ...The oldest statement about the

...The celestial house, then was conceived of as woven...The basic structural members were organized according to the geometric principle of the grid, in which vertical elements interweave with horizontal ones...During the day, only the sun passes through this vast expanse, traveling along a single road that is funamentally straight. Only at night is that space crowded with numerous twisting paths of the moon, stars, and planets, which must have been perceived as forming a giant tangled web or net...[Klein: 4-6]. ...Aztec myth tells of the god Tezcatlipoca descending to earth during the creation by means of a spiders thread, but the more common vehicle is a twisted or braided cord...an Aztec poem reads: I tie a rope to the sacred tree, I plait it with eight strands so that I--a magician--may descend to the magical house [Klein, 1982: 4, 6, 10, 16-17]. That was a magical statement Maui may have made when he tied the rope from his mothers hair woven in the moonlight. It is true it couldnt have been

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subject [kwas] is that which we find in the great appendix to the Yh-King [also found in the Tao teh King] commonly attributed to Confucius, but which is certainly not the work of the Sage...there we read...[in the I Ching... ...In the highest antiquity knotted cords were used for the administration of government. In subsequent ages the sages substituted for these, writing by notches...[and] we find it in a section of the above appendix [of the I Ching]... ...[where] the writer has fancied inventions and progresses of all sorts as being suggested by an examination of the Kwas of the Yh-King. Now the Kwas are these very writing notches which were substituted for the knotted cords of former times (emphasis mine)...so that they could not suggest their own invention...[this] shows the childishness of the speculations...based upon his knowledge or hear-say of such customs among the aboriginal tribes of C h i n a ...[which] would entail an inquiry of such length that we had better leave it as it stands until a further opportunity...[ 1965:12-13]. ...The oldest remains of notched sticks in literature are most probably the Kwas of the Yh-King, he continued, to which he added a note: ...I have found that the early text of the Yh-King, which has never been understood, will never be so [note 7: p. 18]... ...These symbolical marks, made of lines, broken or entire, are now arranged, on a basis of eight sets of three, in sixtyfour rows of six, or double-three, each of which is placed at the head of a chapter of the above book. They are in my opinion, nothing else than a survival of the notches formerly made on the eight arrows o f d i v i n a t i o n (emphasis mine)... ...The eight wands, or arrows of

fate, are marked on many Babylonian cylinders as held in the hand of Marduk or of Istar [Note 1 p. 19]. In this last statement Lacouperie gave a clue to the composition of the kwas that connected them to the planets Jupiter [Marduk] and Venus [Istar] in the eightwand divination scheme farther west of China. The riddle is you may ascend the house of the sun [hale-a-ka-l] with a rope braided from the hair of Hina, and Hilo is the first twist (hilo) around the sacred tree (Niu-loa-i-hiki), a coconut tree that reaches the length of the celestial sphere from northeast to southwest (or vice versa) [Pae-loa-hiki]. How many ply of single strands of Hinas hair would you braid into the rope? The one called the lei niho palaoa with a whaletooth of Kanaloa holding the ancestral hair of generations of chiefs palaoa was made of nine ply. It becomes a square braid tucked away into the tooth. Unrolled, it may stretch several fathoms, perhaps several forties, four-hundreds, etc. The riddle is how many w are in the kwa(s) of Pekapeka-mata-varu, if at one time his name would have been pronounced, *Mbeka ~ *Mpekwa bat or the number eight [(Tuamotu) p e k a ]. If there were eight wands in the Babylonian kwas, there are sixteen in the Kumulipo w. To have the time equal, the halves must be even, as eight, but in the whole of time, odd numbers add up to even. In the I Ching system, the hexagrams are built on the trigrams of the odd number three, the square of which is nine, so that on either side of the day or night, seven w and nine w add up to the two halves of sixteen, i.e., doubling the female number eight. What compass was Maui using? He was using the octopus

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compass but the earlier one of Hina was a boar compass, used not by navigators, birds, but by farmers. Hnau ka Pea, hnau ka Lupe Born the stingray, born the spotted eagle ray [Born the sail, born the kite] [Born the octopus] [Born the bat] [Born the eight] [Born the forked branch(es)] [Born the bird, born the wing] Peapea manamana Kela i ka lani o kani m Perplexed, many branched Are births of the high chiefs... [Kumulipo] I ka mauna o Peapeamakawalu Ewalu ka maka o ke keiki puaa o Hina On the mountain of Peapeamakawalu Eight are the eyes of the boar child of Hina [Fornander, 1974: VI: 3: 517] Kamaunu-a-niho, grandmother of Kamapuaa, sang to him: Be on the watch [Hina], (Be alert) The eyes of the hog, They glance to heaven, And glance to the mountain The son of Hina is a hog with eight eyes. By Hina are you, By Kahikiula By Kahikilei. You are Lono-iki You are Lono-nui My eyes, my face, My beloved (grandchild), O Lono e. You are Hiwahiwa (sacred black) The anointed with oil [hamohamo] The face of the god That appears [oili] in the sky, Season of fruits, heavenly season, When skies are covered with black clouds;

You are the man Born in the uplands of Kaliuwaa, Having eight feet, Having forty toes. [Fornander: V:II:314-317] The agricultural calendar patterned on synodic lunations may have an older history than that of the navigators star and wind compass [sidereal]. The action by Maui to sever the head of the system that worked for farmers represented by the boar demigod Kamapuaa form of Lono-nui-noho-i-kawai, the great rain and storm god, may have seemed too cumbersome for swiftlet bird navigators needing to move over greater distances. The k w a s which now bear the circle of animals [zodiac] such as the boar in Pisces, came from the west: ...It [I-Ching] was probably not until the era of Mongol ascendancy in China that the usage became popular; but, according to Chao I (A.D. 1727) traces of a knowledge of this method of computation may be detected in literature at different intervals as far back as the period of the Han dynasty [100 B.C. -200 A.D.]...the group known as the Twelve Animals was borrowed from the Turks, and was used in China as early as the first century of the Christian era [acc.Chavannes; Toung Pao, Vol. VII, 1906 in Williams, C.A.S., 1974: 411-412]. The Malay compass, the navigators tool, harnessing winds and stars, is subdivided into eight primary segments and those in turn into three parts, allowing each subdivision to equal 15 degrees. There were eight additional points at the intermediate spaces totalling sixteen points to the compass...occasionally formed for technical purposes, by placing the word

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samata, literally an eye (mata), but here expressing a point of the compass between primary terms, as Barat samata Utara, west northwest [Crawfurd, 1820:I:311]. When Polynesians use the word matangi wind, they are using the Malay compound for compass, as of winds [angin wind + mata eye]. The wind compass of Polynesia visualized eight basic wind directions forming na kai ewalu eight seas (Hawaii), a reference to the spaces (kai, maka) in the quartered compass of cardinal points [kkulu], as of the house (hale) of god, sacred space. The antiquity of associating the numbers 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 with geometric dividing of the circle into a square (or polygon) of several sides, i.e. of situating a diagram of a cube, square, or pologyon into the compass circle, can be appreciated by observing the symbolic diagrams of the universe in Southeast Asian and Indian configurations. The Thai word gkoon chaun (from Sanskrit and Pali) is assigned to eight cardinal points and eight elepants: tot ten (from Sanskrit) is assigned to a compass of four cardinal and four intermediate points, adding a zenith and nadir. The use of elephants to mark the compass has an origin in Hindu mythology and symbolism of the creation fo the universe: ...When Garuda...the goldenwinged sun-bird, came into existence at the beginning of time, the elephants also were born. The moment the celestial bird broke from its egg, the divine elephant that was to become the mount of Indra...Airvata is used to designate both the rainbow and a certain type of lightning: the two most conspicuous luminous manifestations of thunderstorm and rain... Airvata was the first divine elephant to proceed from the eggshell in the right hand of Brahm; he wass followed by seven

more males. From the shell in Brahms left then appeared eight female elephants. ...The sixteen constituted eight couples, and became the ancestors of all elephants, both in heaven and in earth. They became also the Dig-Gajas, or elephants (gaja) of the directions of space (dik). They support the universe at the four quarts and four points between... [Zimmer, 1947:13]. The elephant is a symbol of the strength and force of the monsoon storms that blow across the Indian Ocean and China Sea. From May to September is the summer monsoon blowing from the southwest, with heavy squalls and thunderstorms heavier than the winter monsoon when the winds are blowing toward the southeast., from October to April. Skies are generally clear during this season, and there is relatively little rain [Bowditch, Nathaniel [1958: 799-800]. In Hawaii, this uprooting force of the rainy season is symbolized by the boar incarnation, Kamapuaa, of the storm god, Lono; in this shape the storm and rain god (Lono-nui-noho-i-ka-wai) had eight eyes. ...In Tibet....Buddhist tradition developed under the influence of doctrines strongly imbued with Hindu...idea(s)...for example, in the beautiful temple-ceiling from the holy city of Lhasa...a perfect yantra-diagram appears...The personification in the center is the primal, eternal... ...Radiating from him to the four quarters and four points between are eight doubles...represented as contained within the heart of the cosmic flower. This, in turn, is set within the square sanctuary, and to each of the four quarters stands a meticulously pictured door...the outermost rim of the lotus of the created universe is represented as a gigantic coralla of sixtyfour vari-colored petals... ...In the design on the temple ceiling of Lhasa, eight vajras encircle the

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central buddha, sixteen the eight emanations and thirty-two the outer rim of the cosmic Lotus... ...Returning now to the Shr Yantra, we may perceive under the abstract linear design this...primal pair (Shiva-Shakti). There are nine triangles in the figure, interpenetrating, five pointing downward, four upward...The five female triangles expanding from above and four male emerging from below, signify the continous process of creation... ...But the basic and most common object of worship in Shiva...is the phallus or lingam. This form of the god can be traced back to the worship of primitive stone symbols as early as the neolithic period.... ...Already at Mohenjodaro the lingam occurs...denotes the male creative energy of Shiva...The great subterranean rock-cut-cave-temple of Elephanta near Bombay...is adorned with many anthropomorphic representations of Shiva...The central sanctuary of this extensive temple is a simple, monumental, square shrine, with four entrances on the four sides, each guarded by a pair of divine door keepers. Within is the austere symbol of the lingam, emanating to four quarters its allproductive energy [Zimmer, 1947: 52].

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A Global Heritage of Wings, Feet, and Fins: the Comparative Pea, the Bat, Bird, Stingray, Kite, Sail, and Southern Cross

Philology

of

The cross, pea (peka) as a dominant shape underlying the Kumulipo classification of life forms having branches, wings, fins, or digits is redundant in the shape of crossed lashings for tying knots, weaving nets or mats, placing posts in transverse position, as spars on a mast, and describing the layout of roads and intersections. The languages of Polynesia in the Austronesian language family show this range of association. [*Note: /c/ is the affricate /ch/ in chair; /^/ is for schwa; /E/ is for (e) in b(e)t; and /?/ is for hamza/glottal stop]. East Polynesian Rarotonga: peka peke peka kpeka kpekapeka rpeka species of flying fox or bat to rise up cross, transverse lying across one another to place in a transverse position to be reticular (having the form of a net) several bodies or many pieces placed in a transverse position to to to to to tie one body across another tie crosswise form a cross tie, to bind or lash crosswise or in the form of a cross lay crosswise, to lay across

R-peka Maori (New Zealand) r-peka are-rpeka whiri-pekapeka teka Hawaii kea kea pea pea

Southern Cross [Savage, 1962]

lying across one another cross, lay across, crossroad, walk with a cross a flat plait of nine strands cross [Williams, 1971]

cross to place crosswise cross, cross-shaped to twist, bind, cross the hands

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kahapea kaupea Kapea Marquesas kopeka kopea kaupeka fitipeka fitikaupeka Tehiti-kaupeka

to make a cross criss-cross, interwoven Crux star [Southern Cross] [Pukui-Elbert] cross cross cross name of a lashing form of a bird at funerals of priests; house of the dead was ornamented with braided coconut leaves cut roughly in the shape of a bird; god who conducted the deceased priest to the sky Southern Cross [Dordillon]

Tapeka Tapea Tongan Tikopia

Pekapeka-a-Tama Haafuipeka peka

flying-fox god (mythical, white in color flying-fox family [Haateiho, Tongatapu]

bat, flying fox, god Atua i te Tai, whose ancestral plant is the coconut

It will be observed in the foregoing list that the prefix r - meaning to tie is used with peka to indicate the act of tying a cross or forming a reticulated net-like pattern. In Hawaii this prefix becomes n - when used before verbs meaning to bind or to tie; l as a verb stands alone or with nouns to indicate the tying of something. L in Hawaiian means the cord, string, or rope: Hawaii: kl klin malina mali mali mamali l n-kii string, long vine spine, spindle, roll long vine, as of sweet potato to splice, as rope to tie, as bait to hook string to tie lace, as of shoes to tie, as rope or knot

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h-kii n-pea n-puu h-puu ulili Maori r rr rino rinoi rinorino roi, taroi roiroi ron run rr ruku tar tari tari-kakariki tari-karakia

binding, tying to tie together to tie knots knotted cord firm

[cp. Borneo terbuku tali knotted cord]

to tie bind; knot for fastening; basket twisted cord, 2-strand twisted cord, 2-strand twisted knot, bond bind, tie up bind, encircle with cords [cp. Hawaii: olon cordage] draw together, tie up tie together bind, lash to plait, to weave sieve, noose (for catching birds) 4-strand cord 8-strand cord

As these forms are plotted across the Pacific in a westerly direction, it appears that very little change occurs in this word for cordage and weaving, as tl to tie, indicating a rather persistent longevity of usage in Austronesian languages despite distance and isolation. Indonesian Borneo Kalabit Kajaman Sarawak Kadasan Bakatan Ulkit t e r buku tali talih talei tali tahli, kalat lali taraki knotted string rope, string [cp. Hawaii, hipuu]

[Various wordlists, acc. Hudson, Bay, Llewenton, Winstedt] nuruk nuruk n i rEt meteh to tie, to bind

[Barito Dayak]: Tabojan tali rope, string Lawangan tali [Barito Dayak], continued: Dusun Dejah Samihin tali tadi rope, string

to tie, bind

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These forms in Austronesian languages, such as Polynesian and Indonesian are cognative, indicating that they are in Proto-Austronesian and are expected to be related forms. In the next category, the languages are unrelated, suggesting that borrowings have taken place, either from Indo-Aryan in to Austronesian, or vice-versa. Indo-Aryan Nepali tr tre tre tn tan Phalura Waigabi Phalguni Assamese Persian Arabic trand trahamb trase tarku tkuri t e r kul angkabut tare angkabut angkabut baitul angkabut rope, string having a string, wire, band to tie [derived from P e r s i a n tr] stretching, warp stretching spiders web spider spider spindle spindle small spindle spider spiders web spider spiders web [cp. English strand

In the set above, the form t r e to tie [Nepali] is a loan word from Persian [Turner, Ralph, A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language, 1966: 280; also Lambdon, Ann K.S., Persian Vocabulary, 1961: 362]. If that is the judgment of linguists and philologists in recent years, then the forms seen in Indonesian would be considered loan words from Indo-Aryan, unless new data shows Indo-Aryan has borrowed from Austronesian. Thus far, in these forms, the words for rope, string, and tying are connected with weaving and spinning of cloth, as well as the spinning and weaving of webs (nets) by spiders. Nothing has yet surfaced in this comparison about the bat, bird, or cross-shape of the Southern Cross. Let us try another association. Instead of tying, weaving, or criss-crossing with rope, string, or cord, let us try the bat (pea, peka), or bird (pea, peka), with wing, as of flying birds and other animals.

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Austronesian [East Polynesian]: Hawaii pea bat peapea bat peapea

Opea peka pekapeka Marquesas Maori kopea kohepea pekapeka

heu wing heu side fin of a shark heu flipper of a turtle bat keu wing (etc.) kekeu wing (etc.) pheu same as heu pkeu same as pheu peheuheu pekeukeu pekekeu bat god, of birth, and one of alia poles, makahiki same as pekapeka to tattle, tattler, stool pigeon pigeon (bird) ornament of cocks plumes bat pekau pakihau parirau wing of a bird fin fin

[West Polynesia]: Tonga peka fai faipeka pea flying fox stingray stingray swallow (bird)

Niue [Melanesia]: Fiji Anuta (New Hebrides)

beka mbeka peka faipeka pekapeka

bat bat bird species bird species

[Micronesia]: Truk pEtEw bat

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[Indonesia, Malaya, Philippines] Philippines: Tagalog Pampangan Ibanag Sebu Tagalog Pampangan Ivatan Nabaloy Tagalog Apayaw Tagalog Tagalog Pampangan Sebu Sulu Iloco Ivatan Bikol Leyte-Samar Panggasinan Iloco Ibanag, Bontok Magindanaw [Indo-Aryan] Kashmiri Banpara Naga pak battuk warplak apak pakpi apak nu badoli bhadur peki bird duck bat bat bat duck bat bat a bird [cp. Maori pakihau wing, fin] kabag kabag kabog paniki panichi paningke pagi paggi paking pakpak pakpak tuppak pakpak pakpak pakpak pakpak pakpak payak payak papak bat a kind of fish a species of fruit bat a species of big bat a species of big bat bat rayfish fin [cp. Maori pakipaki fin] a species of b i r d , Luzon Weaver (Munia cabanisi) w i n g ; clap, applaud clap, applaud strike with palm of the hand, or bolo clap, applaud ; strike with palm of the hand w i n g ; clap, applaud club, cudgel crush, beat beat cotton or cloth with a rod wing wing wing

Assam Sanskrit

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Sanskrit Prakrit [Dravidian]: Tamil

paksin paksa pkho pakkha

bird w i n g , side, proximity wing, side, proximity

paksi patchi pekki pakkam pakkali

bird bird bird side, nearness side, ones clan or tribe

[Indo-Aryan] Sanskrit Hindi Milchan Bengali [Austro-Asiatic] Mundari (India) [I n d o - A r y a n ] Milchan Bhotea pea cha bird bird d u c k [cp. Milchan (India) r a p e c a p i g e o n [Cp. Tonga Toloa duck, Southern Cross] besra eagle pecaka pech rapeca pencha owl owl pigeon owl

[A i n u ] (Hokkaido) k o p e c a

Before continuing with these random sets, an interesting note on bird constellations [Allen, Richard, Star Names, Their Lore and Meaning, 1963: 179181]: ...C o r v u s was the Raven in Chaucers time, and the Germans still have Rave; but the French follow the Latins in Corbeau, as the Italians do in Corvo, and we in the Crow. ...Although now traversed by the 20th degree of south declination, 2000 years ago it lay equally on each side of the celestial e q u a t o r . ..was a noted constellation with the Greeks and Romans... ...The Greeks called it K o p a k s , Raven; and the Romans, Corvus [Crow]...

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...although there is a Euphratean myth, from far back of classical days, making it one of the monster ravens of the brood of Tiamat that Hydra represented; and upon a tablet appears a title that maya be for Corvus as the Great Storm Bird, or Bird of the Desert, to which Tiamat gave sustenance, just as Aratos described K o p a k s pecking the folds of the Hydra... ...the Chinese, as a portion of their great stellar division the Red Bird... An effort must be made to reassociate this random data into sets whereby some semantic classification may be tentatively derived. Following, presently, this line of reasoning, that forms for bird and bat may have thad their etymological origins in the sounds of fluttering wings, as of any winged (or finned) animal in flight in air or water, the following list is an attempt to argue derivation. Sagun Atta (Phil). Gaddang Chamorro (Marianas) Ivatan Da Chamorro Chinese Indonesian Bilaan, Kornadel Kusaien [Micronesia] Manobo Tagalog Indonesian Tagalog Toda (India) sap^ yej paya:q payyik payesyes payeye payaya panid pan fanihen fanihen tasi fen panikih fafak fak siifac pagipik pagi pari palis pari wing stingray stingray drift on wind or current flying wing bat stingray wing wing wing swiftlet swiftlet soaring wing to spread wings bat stingray ray, skate flying fox

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Tamil

pari paravai parappai parai bay bai ph ^ i ~ ph^ r fai fai faipeka vai vaibeka

feather bird bird bird to fly to fly to fly stingray bird species stingray stingray duck

Burmese Mon-Khmer Tuamotuan Anuta Fiji

These forms are comparable to Austro-Thai for to fly, ascend [acc: Benedict]. [Note: The asterisk means it is a reconstructed proto-form]. Austro-Thai [Austro-Thai] *(q)a(m)bay *k( ^ )bay *(k)l(m)bay *(k)l/apay *(k)ap/l/ay *k(i)pay *(ki)pay(pay) bay *l mbay *kapay *kipay *a(m)bay kip E r, kap ph ^ i fai p ^ bael, p ^ pai h ^ pa h ^ pa k/al/apai k/l/apay Pare fin fin Southern Cross (rayfish) + canoe to fly to fly skate, ray(fish) skate, ray skate, ray to fly, ascend to fly, ascend to fly to to to to [cp. Burmese bay to fly]

Vietnamese Indonesian

fly move back and forth move back and forth fly to move back and forth

Semai [Austro-Thai] Tin [Mon-Khmer] Tuamotuan [East Polynesian] Khmer Spoken Mon Ka Tagalog Indonesian Landak Dyak

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Malay Tamil [Dravidian] Fiji Anuta [New Hebrides] Niue Tahiti Tuamotuan Kusaie [Micronesia] Hawaii

Bintang pari paravai vai vaibeka faipeka pekapeka Opea faipeka siifac hhmanu wing

Southern Cross (skate, rayfish) bird stingray stingray stingray cave swiftlet (bird), god Halevao, rain god shadow of goddesses of the air, connected with rain bird species stingray stingray

It may then be argued from the foregoing data that Hawaiian h h l u a and Tuamotuan f f r a manta ray may be a reflex of Indonesian -l u a ~ - l u a k bat, such that Tuamotuan fa(i)fa(i) to fly, a reflex of Indonesian *k/l/apay fin, akin to Khmer p ^ b a e l skate, ray, Marshallese k l o k to fly and Kusaiean l o a to float may then be reflexes of Indonesian ka/lua k a / l u a k , akin to Thai * r o o k ~ k a r o o k bat, ultimately from Indonesian/Malay k e l a w a r ~ k ^ l a w a ~ k/l/wa bat, related to Mon k i l a / k i l w a / bat. If this a reasonable deduction, then the following list of forms would seem to indicate a possible relationship, but the questioned may be asked, is the similarity due to borrowing? The Indic and Austro-Asiatic (Mundari) similarity is due to proximity in India, but what do we make of Tongan (Polynesian) and Kusaien? [Austroasiatic Proto-Meo, Yao Mun Hmong, Hmu

*kla *kla *tla *tla

eagle kite eagle kite

[Indo-Aryan] Khasi

[Austro-Asiatic] Mundari

klla-laalur klla-badur klla-madur k ^ labadur badul bhadli

bat large bat bat

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Mundari [Indo-Aryan] Hindi Assamese Thai [Oceanic] Tonga Kusaiean

bhdur btuli badoli doliyah lol olik

bat bat screech of bat bat

Bendicts study of Austro-Thai roots [1975:226] presents the background for understanding relationships between Indonesian /k a / - l u a ~ k a / l u a k bat and Thai *r o o k ~ k a r o o k squirrel (flying fox): Proto-Chamic Thai Indonesian Li, Loi Li Marshallese Kusaiean Tongan Hawaiian Hawaiian Tuamotuan Maori [Austroasiatic] Proto Chamic Stieng Chrau Proto Ea. Katuic Ku La Tenuai Car Nicobarese [Cp. Hawaiian Indonesian [Malay] Old Mon Modern Mon Thai *prk *rook ~ karook /ka/ruak *ka/lua ~ ka/luak rwak ~ ruak, vik *rwiak klok to fly, float loa to float toloa Toloa koloa hhlua fafara pakaurua ruai ruei raway rooy *aruay ru, ruoi rewai inru:y lewa to fly float, as in air, in space; swing] bat bat bat squirrel bat

duck Southern Cross duck manta ray, stingray manta ray stingray

k/l/wa k^ lawa , kelawar kila /kilwa/ kaw ^ /k ^ wa^ / k ^ kaw /k^ k ^ w/

231

Siamese Lao Khasi Dioi Makazayazaya Kensiu Semaq Beri Jehai Chuan Miao Proto Miao-Yao Kam Sui

/gaang /-gaaw /khang a /-khaaw * (H)wa(a)w *khwak wa:w t ^ kau, wa:u kawaw kaw ^ h kaw ^ d kwa ku k( ^ w) *gwaw

kite bat bat, rat bat bird wild pigeon dove dove

These foregoing forms may be compared with those for squirrel, bird, and to climb, to ascend, which may indicate that ka- may be a reflex for bird, as in Cantonese k a m - , and the forms are compounds for bird, bat, rat. Compare Bahnar (Austroasiatic) s i m bird, and Kusaiean s i i - before -f a c ray(fish), akin, (perhaps) to Hawaiian h i h i - (+ m a n u bird) stingray, probably from Polynesian h - to ascend, rise (Tuamotuan), ultimately, perhaps, from Austroasiatic s i m bird or s i a u wing (Roglai) [Compare (cp.) Hawaiian e h e u wing and Maori p a k - i h a u fin. Chamic Cantonese Proto N. Bahnar South Khmer Cua Li N. Li Siamese Bhotea Kam Sui/Then Ainu [Hokkaido] [Cp. Greek] Milchan [India) Hindi Sanskrit Bengali Dund, Kokor kamprok kam cem sem ~ sim seep khaan to ascend, climb kha:n to ascend, climb gaang -gaaw khang a -khaaw ca cha ~ kha to ascend, climb (*tsa/ka) to ascend kopeca, kopecha, kopeta kopaks rapeca pec pecaka pencha pech squirrel bird

bat bat bird duck raven, as Southern Cross pigeon owl owl owl owl

232

Austro-Thai (Benedict) Mah Meri Thai Proto Mon-Khmer Roglai Sulu Tchung Miao Maori Tongan Tongan Hawaiian Indonesian Vietnamese Li, Loi That Khasi Vietnamese Li, Loi Bateg Nong Tagalog Tagalog Sui Mak Kam Sui/Then Mundari (India) Assamese Besisi Bahnar Bahnar Semang

*bets, *be(ts)/be(ts) *b/l/e(ts)/be(ts) kamphek wing bpeta, pet, ta *da ada iteh to:pit, tu:pit to ta toloa toroa koloa bebek ~ bebi ~ bibi *bi/bit, *bit/bit *b/al/iwi, *b/al/ibit vit bet ~ bit, pet ~ pit pong/wit lym/bit vik vik p^ wic bagwis kabag sa cha hapu (*capuk) hapu spet, hpet hmet komet kawet wing wing

owl duck duck duck duck duck flock of (birds) flock of certain birds duck duck duck duck duck painted snipe bat bat bat

bat to ascend, to climb to ascend, to climb bat bat bat

Study of expressives in Semai [Diffloth] gives forms with initial k r - , k n - , k n - , g r - , and for sounds of the movement of flapping wings (or cloth) which may be compared to Khasi klla-, prefix to -badur, -madur bat. It is interesting that Semai (Austroasiatic) also relates mountain imperial pigeon with small bat, indicating early association between these species as winged (animals) in flight, which may be the semantic origin for Proto-Polynesian forms for kite, stingray,bird, i.e., cave-swiftlet, swallow (bird).

233

Semai

*grp ^ r *grpar

bat mountain imperial pigeon

Semai (expressives): krkper knaperper krp E r knap^ rp^ r grgp ^ r purpurpur krkpur knapurpur kp ^ r parparpar perperper noises and movements of flapping wings or small cloth

flight of large bird, flapping of large cloth to flap wings (intransitive) noise and appearance of birds in flight, of fish struggling among roots in water small bird or insect in flight

It may be possible that Khasi klla-, Indonesian kelak/lw/a- Mon k i l a / k i / l w / a , and Indonesian k a - ( + l u a n l u a k ~ Li *r w i a k ~ Loi r w a k are perhaps due to onomatopoetic expressives in mimicry of the sound of flapping wings although their grammatical function is the prefixation of verbs to fly, ascend, climb, float, as birds, bats, etc. and they also become the substantives (nouns) as such. The Semai forms k r - , k n - , g r - , and n - before p e r ~ p a r to fly or noise of flapping wings, Indonesian k a - [ + l u a ) which becomes ka(m)- before -pret bat (i.e. before an unvoiced bilabial stop), perhaps akin to Cantonese k a m bird or Siamese k h a a n g g a a n g (+ -gaaw) bat (cp. Kam Sui/then c h a k h a to ascend, Sui Mak s a to ascend), Khasi k i l a - , Old Mon k i l a / k i l w a /, and Indonesian (+ Malay) k e l a w a r bat may be compared to Semai forms k ^ r k ^ l a ( + p ^ h ~ p a ) wing: [Austroasiatic; Semai] Kensui CheWong Jah Hut Bateq Nong Austro-Thai (Benedict) Indonesian Proto-Chamic North Bahnar Ku

k ^ lap ^ h k ^ l ^ pa k^ r ^ pa p ^ wic

wing to spread wings to spread wings spread wings, swoop to spread wings to fly

*(q/)(m)paR(/(m)paR *(q/)(m)p R(/(m)p^ R *hampa(l) hamper por pr pa:l

234

[Cp. Ivatan (Phil.) Da Chamorro Chinese Indonesian Tagalog Ivatan Nabaloy [Southeast Asia] La Roglai Chinese Proto Lolo/Burmese Khasi Tin (Mon-Khmer) Khmuic Mon [Dravidian, India] Tamil Toda Cp. Maori

panid pan fanihen fanihen tasi fen panikih paniki panidhi paningke p po, pol piuen pyan per her ph ^ r ph ^ i pau ^ p para pari por parirau

wing to spread wings bat stringray ray, skate flying fox spp. big bat spp. big bat spread, as wings float fly fly

to to to to

to fly, flutter, hover flying to fly fin

We may rearrange the foregoing data to summarize forms probably related to Polynesian wing and fin: [Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Austroasiatic, Continental Southeast Asia and India]: Sanskrit Nepalese paksin, peki paksa pankhi (P.S.)* pakhpakh, pakpak pwakh, pokh pakheto pak apak nu pakpi, apak pkho, pakkha pakkha paksi, pakki patchi pkho bird wing, fin (of fish) wing, feather bird duck bat wing wing [from Old Indo-Aryan pat to fly) [acc. Chatterji] bird wing

Kahmiri Prakrit Bengali Tamil

235

[Austronesian] Tagalog Tagalog Mamanwa [Chinese] [Austronesian] Indonesian [A u s t r o - T h a i ] [Autronesian] Manobo (Phil). Apayaw Indonesian Taga;p Lanaw Ivatan Aklan [Oceanic] Kusaiean (Mic.) kabag bagwis pakpak qampak kam kapak pakpak *(ka)(m)pak(/ka(m)pak *pak/pak/ *pik/pik pagipik paggi palikpik paa parapara paa paa pahkpahk, pahtpaht pihkpihk bat wing wing bird wing feather to spread out, as wings to fly wing fin fin (of fish) foot, leg foot, leg thigh thigh to fly to flutter wings

This allows for forms in Austroasiatic and Austronesian, as of p a r per to fly and pak wing, to demonstrate influence on (Polynesian)languages. Polynesian forms - h a u - h e u with p a p e - wing may be reflexes of Mon p a u or La p e u to fly or of Miao f a u and Roglai s i a u wing; -r a u (with pe-) is perhaps a result of assimilation with /- r / in the preceding syllable. [Austroasiatic] Vietnamese Siamese Li Roglai Mon Miao [Austronesian] Tagalog Panggasinan Pampangan canh khaan khaan chhiaq siau pau ^ p phau ~ fau pagpad padpad palpal wing to ascend to ascend wing wing to fly wing drifted by wind or current

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Bikol Sulu

palis palis

be carried away by the wind drift, carried away by wind, current

[Austronesian (Oceanic)] [Micronesia] Kusaiean paho ~ po [West Polynesia] Pileni Tongan [East Polynesia] Rarotongan Tuamotuan Tuamotuan

wing

kapekau kapukau kapekau kapakapa peke peke peke peke pehau pepererau pererau pehau pererau pkau pkau/rua pakihau parirau pkeukeu pekekeu pkeu pheuheu pheu heu keu kekeu

wing, hand wing, hand wing, hand fin to ascend, rise up to take wing, as a bird to float, as on wind to ascend upwards, as a kite flipper, of turtle flipper, of turtle pectoral or ventral fin of a fish flipper fin of a fish wing wing, of a bird kite, made of rushes, stretched on a frame wing, fin wing, fin wing, of a bird wing wing, side fin of shark, flipper of turtle

Tahitian Maori

Hawaiian

237

Theory: Review of Current Linguistic Opinion Proto-Form for Polynesian Peka ~ Pea Bat

regarding

Austronesian

Current linguistic opinion is that p e k a p e a bat in East Polynesian is a transference from p e k a p e k a cave swallow, swiftlet, inasmuch as the fruit bat is absent in Central Polynesia and acquaintance with it disappeared before migrations outward occured: Bats are found in West Polynesia, but in East Polynesia are absent from the Society Islands, the Tuamotus, the Marquesas, Easter Island and possibly Rarotonga...the PPN [Proto-Polynesian] term is yet another old and relatively stable word, dervied from POC [ProtoOceanic] * m p e k w a , but in fact probably derive(s) from PPN [ProtoPolynesian] *pekapeka cave swallow, swiftlet...the cave-dwelling swiftlet is bat-like in habits, and it seems likely that on their arrival in Hawaii and New Zealand and from Central Polynesia the settlers applied the term p e k a to the bat [Pawley, A. and R. Green:20]. Regh gives another proto form as * m p e n g k a bat [1974:11], and a reconstructed form as *bekwa bat has been argued as related to that for rat in Austro-Thai [Benedict, 1975:26]: Indonesian *labaw rat; Siamese * g a a n g - g a a w bat; cf. also Shan * baaw; Siamese and Lao *hwa(a)w kite; Dioi wa:w bat, also (d.t. different tone) rat; Makazayazaya (Mak.) t ^ k a u w a : u bat (t ^ k a u horned owl); reconstructed *gwa(a)w. Benedict notes that Khasi * k h w a k vampire bat has been compared to Modern Mon kawa bat: Khasi, which regularly replaces PAA [Proto-Austroasiatic] final * - k by *- (glottal) and has final -k only marginally (Henderson 1965), also has final - k corresponding to Mon - [loss] in k h w a k vampire bat, Mon k a w a / k ^ w a ? / , suggesting PAA *k/a/wa , but Luce (1956) gives an OM (Old Mon) form kilwa bat and cites Malay kelawar, i.d., the latter possibly from IN (Indonesian) * k ^ l a w a from *k/l/wa [Benedict, 1976:467]. The case for bat and cave swiftlet may very well end here, but left unexamined is a wider association of Polynesian p e k a p e a with semantics beyond bat and bird extending to numbers and geometric shapes, perceived within animal shapes, i.e., cephalopods, or objects such as sails, kites, things that branch out. 22238There appears to be, also, a connection with celestial objects, such as the Southern Cross, or constellations at the south pole (on meridian) or straddling the equator [Cp. Greek k o p a k s Corvus]. Particularly in Tuamotuan is p e k a eight, counting by twos, probably

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a reflex of Indonesian *pata pair, or other peka words that measure time, as Maori k a u p e k a lunar month. In that light, a firm association exists for wing and lunar fortnight in the Sanskrit (India) form p a k s a wing, side, proximity, as used for half a month. Sanskrit p a k s a - b h u k t i is the course traversed by the sun in a fortnight as well as the symbol of the number two [Monier-Williams: 573]. De Bary remarks that: Until the introduction of Western methods of recording time the week was not used in India except in astronomy. In its place was the paksa, the wing of the lunar month, the bright p a k s a covering the period from new moon to full and the dark from full moon to new as in the Samardityakath 2:55-60: ...The tuft of reed is mans allotted span, during which the soul exists embodied, The mice which steadily gnaw it are the dark and bright fortnights [De Bary, 1970:I:55]. In the Rig Veda (iii: 53: 16) p a k s a refers to the sun. Another form b h g a , in Sanskrit, from the root b h a j is used with fractions, i.e., division, often with dual number or with a cardinal. It means also a quarter (cp. Nepalese b h e k side, quarter, or a d e g r e e o f 3 6 0 t h p a r t o f the circumference of a great circle. It is a division of time, a 30th part of a R s i , or z o d i a c a l s i g n . B h g y a , from b h g a , is the 12th or last lustrum in Jupiters cycle of 60 years, so that Bengali eight bg abhgyat-i appears to be a reflex of Sanskrit b h g a quarter. In terms, then, of a concept of dividing a body into halves, quarters, or eighths, etc., counting by twos, as with Tuamotuan p e k a , the following data may be considered. Tamil Hawaiian Chinese Vietnamese Chinese Thai Tu Jen Hakka (Chinese) Fuchow Chamic Thai pa pa apana pa(t) pakwa batquai kuei, kwei bpaat pet paht biak pwat bpeek by, as in division by, as in division section, division, piece eight eight divisions of the I Ching diagrams [trigrams and hexagrams] eight divisions of the I Ching diagrams compass eight eight eight eight eight side, wing

239

Nepalese Stieng Khmer Modern Khmer Maori Tuamotuan

bhek bek pek baek paek phnaek peke peke/taria peka pekau peapea-makawalu

side, wing to be separated to be separated section section forequarter, limb, humerus five, in an esoteric counting system eight (counting by twos) rays of the sun Eight-eyed Bat, the demon: Maui drains eight eyes of the demon into a cup after it had stolen Mauis wife (Kumulama); severs its head after it falls asleep spider (eight-eyed) spirit of the man-eating giant slain by the hero, Matandua (Two-Eyes) Bat god, who captures Mauis mother; Maui in the form of a golden pheasant (or snipe) severs its head after it has fallen asleep eight to divide, distribute, separate to divide distribute to divide, split pair, twosome by, as in measurement, two by two pair branch, curve a part, portion eight fornight (half of the lunation) eight divisions of the night [ghari - eight divisions of one pahar] to take a part or side wing, pinion fin of fish tail wing, fan

Hawaiian

Hawaiian Fiji Tuamotu

peepee-makawalu Beka Mbeka Peka

Fuchow Austro-Thai Proto-AA thai Khasi Chamorro Indonesian Sanskrit Bengali Sanskrit Hindi Sanskrit

biak *(q/)biyak *piak *biak pia ~ phia pat pot pata bhug-a bhga /bhaj/ bg paksa pahar paksh, pakshati pakshayati paksha pakshaka

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pakshi pakshin Thai Thai Desia (India) Tamil Kannada Telugu Kannada Telugu Tamil Kannada Maori Tongareva Hawaii peta bang bee-ak pa-naak penggar paku pakal panga pangyati panga panga ka-panga ka-pare pari manga mangamanga manamana mana Tuamotuan manga pekapeka pekepeke pekekare mangmanga pekanga kaupeka kaupeka kaupeka o te tau peka peke pea pea pea pea pea pea hhpea peapea Makeaupea

bird, species the bird Garuda the open hand with fingers extended to divide, apportion to divide class, division, section to open wings, as birds split, divided dividing to be divided to be divided forked branch of a tree forked branch of a tree web of a spider spiders web

branch of a tree branch of a river, water course tentacle of an octopus, octopus branch of a tree, limb, as of tree (or body) digits, fingers, toes crosspiece single branch, to branch, to fork branches shoulder young stage of octopus parted, as the limbs branch road branch, stick lunar month summer, lunar month branch of a tree, river; fern root, faggot branch of tree, forequarter (limb), humerus upper part of the arm; insect, beetle branch fork, as of tree boundary (as of moku, land section) octopus, cephalopod, squid crosspiece, as of a mast triangular sail tangled, as underbrush coarse, thick, as underbrush name of star or lunations (?) [Kumulipo]

Gilbertese Maori

Hawaii

241

Conclusion The etymology of Polynesian words for certain stars, used in navigation and calendrics, such as pea, meaning sail, bat, kite, stingray, starfish, wing, branch, division, and Southern Cross, represents a history of great antiquity and wide distribution in world language and culture. The antiquity suggests that Polynesian ideas and certain elements of Hawaiian culture, such as calendrical computation and religious ritual, should not be viewed as a development in isolation but several millenia of cultural evolution before it moved into the Pacific. India seems to be the home of the spiders web as an analog of the track of the ecliptic, or the suns movement north and south during the tropic year. The Southern Cross as a cross-shape of birds and bats seems likewise to span India, Southeast Asia, China, and the Fertile Crescent. The knotted cord as an artifact used to navigate (al kamal) from Southern Arabia through the Indian Ocean to the Moluccas in Indonesia, or as a counting device in India and South America, is a tool that ancient Hawaiians also had with a history predating its use in the Pacific. Preliminary study of words for bast fibers and cordage, leading to a distribution of native names for cotton (Gossypium spp.), showed a distribution of related or borrowed forms for cotton (Gossypium spp.) over a significant area of the IndoPacific, as well as in Indo-European (including English), Semitic, Austro-Asiatic, Austronesian, and Amerindian languages [See Johnson and Decker, Native Names for Cotton (Gossypium spp.) in the IndoPacific in the Appendix]. Distribution of these forms forcotton (Gossypium spp.) and clothparallels that of the knotted cord with secondary distribution of forms for Gossypium spp. cotton as used for tinder in fire-making in the IndoPacific. This brings into focus Merritt Ruhlens study listing the forms pya and bya for bird in Asian languages and forms for the verb (to) fly in the following: par (Nilo-Saharan) pere (Niger-Kordofanian) pyaRR (Afro-Asiatic) per (Kartvelian) parV (Dravidian), parV (Eurasiatic), phur (Dene-Caucasian), apir (Austric), paru (Indo-Pacific) [Table 10 in Ruhlen, Merritt, The Origin of Language, 1994: 44,103- 105]. Ruhlen adds: ...The thirteen words listed in Table 10 represent less than half of the words cited by John Bengston and me in our attempt to demonstrate a single origin for extant languages (Bengston and Ruhlen 1994). And the 27 words we chose were just the most widespread; there are numerous additional roots which, while not so widespread, nonetheless provide crucial evidence that all the worlds families, and hence allthe worlds languages, derive from a common source. [Ibid: 105]. Given the antiquity of the knotted cord and calendrics in world culture, the Kumulipo and Hawaiian calendrics is a record of the curiosity and necessary meandering of mankind over the world until some descendants settled down here, as they also did elsewhere. We are fortunate to be able to know them through that mind of forbears who sought wisdom in all of nature, preserving the names of predecessors who lived thousands of years before theirs and our own present generation. For this we should have everlasting admiration and gratitude.

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The Ritual Division of Time The Kumulipo explores the theme of time and space on several levels of interpretation, suggesting that the priesthood (kahuna) tried to understand the following: (1) C o s m i c (cyclical, precession); On this level the beginning of the universe is a movement in time, and the movement is seen as continuous through several interrelated cycles of measured time, as: (2) A n n u a l (makahiki, sidereal); The movement of the Pleiades star cluster in Taurus sets the time to the beginning of the annual makahiki in November, after the first new moon after the first evening rise of the Pleiades on the eastern horizon (about November midnight. From the first evening rise of the Pleiades to the next first evening rise is one year. (3) L u n a r (mahina, sidereal and synodic lunations); The revolution of the moon is observed from the evening to the morning as the time between evening sunset and morning sunrise. Two related motions are important: one of the moon to the stars (sidereal lunations), and the other, the circuit of the moon from new moon to next new moon (synodic lunations). (4) S o l a r ( tropical, ecliptic); The sun is observed to move along the horizon between its limits (solstice stops) norlh and south of the equator. For about half of the year it is above the equator moving north and for the other half, below the equator moving south. The quarters are about December 20th22nd (winter solstice, sun in the south); March 20th-22nd (spring equinox, sun on the equator); June 20th-22nd (summer solstice, sun in the north); September 20th22nd (autumn equinox, sun on equator). The sun is observed to move faster and a greater distance along the horizon during the spring to summer months, then more slowly and over a shorter distance between the fall to winter months. This fast sun and slow sun is probably the basis for Mauis lassoing of the sun at Haleakal, slowing the sun in springsummer. (4) D i u r n a l (daily, rotation); The Hawaiian day is the night (P), varying in length between evening and morning. Nights are longer than daylight in winter and shorter than daylight in summer. However, the Hawaiian day is the mean day, between midnight (kau) and next midnight (kau) of the P, (5) D e c a n w e e k s (anahulu); The month (mahina, malama) was a span of three anahulu (30 days), and the year had thirty-six anahulu (360 days) with a five-day intercalary period. (6) R i t u a l t i m e (pule, kapu kauila) There is also a division of the year into two parts, one regulating male attendance at the heiau seven tabu days, called pule periods, na l kapu kauila, adding up to seven days per month, called the tabu of K (waxing moon), Hua (rounding moon), Kaloa (waning moon), and Kne (27th and 28th nights). These kapu kauila days of the pule periods added up to 56 days during eight months of the year spread over 240 days, 120 days reserved for the annual makahiki festival period when taxes were collected from the ahupuaa.

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The Annual Makahiki Festival: Abstract of Ritual Schedule Month Moon Night Lono Mauli Muku 1 Hilo Hoaka Kkahi Klua Kkolu Kpau Olekkahi Oleklua Olekukolu Olepau

An

Activity or Ceremony Four days/tabu relaxed New moon First crescent moon Flags flown from heiau (continues) (continues) Suspension of heiau tabu Sports and games begin (continues) (continues) (continues (continues)

Mahoe-hope 28 (August/September) 29 Castor 30 Ikuwa (Sept./Oct) 2 3 4 5 6 First Quarter moon 7 8 9 10

[1st Anahulu] -------------------------------------11 Huna 12 Mohalu (Shaula) 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Hua (Jupiter) Akua Hoku Mahealani Kulu Laaukkahi Laaukulua Laaupau Breaking of the coconut of the King ceremony (continues)

Full moon

[2nd Anahulu] -------------------------------------Third Quarter moon 21 Olekkahi 22 Oleklua 23 Olepau 24 Kaloakkahi 25 Kaloaklua 26 Kaloapau 27 Kne 28 Lono [3rd Anahulu 29 Mauli [End one month] 30 Muku

244

Welehu (Oct.-Nov.) Antares

1 2 3 4. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Hilo Hoaka Kkahi Klua Kkolu Kpau Olekkahi Oleklua Olekkolu Olepau Huna Mohalu Hua Akua Hoku Mahealani Kulu Laaukkahi Laauklua Laaupau

Beginning of winter/hooilo (no services) (temples closed)

Chiefs and commoners break the coconut dish (continues) (lst night of the waning moon) Tax levies in the district on cloth: tapa, p, malo/ dogs Levies continue on the okana, poko, and kalana lands, completed/ displayed before gods (hoomoe ia) King distribted taxes to soldiery; (evening) feather gods (kaai) in procession; taxes distributed to chiefs, gods, kings kahuna, and the court; no share to commoners. (evening) wooden gods (kaai) carried in procession (morning) Kikepaa, making of the image of the makahiki god, Lono-makua;10-inch circumference;2 fathoms length;joints carved at intervals; kea crosspiece with pala fern; kaupu bird at top; white tapa cloth from wauke; anointed with coconut oil; accompanied by the akua paani. (night) Chiefs and people bear the image in procession/ anoint with coconut oil/ circuit of Lonomakua around the island clockwise with the akua paani image and two alia posts circuit of the akua poko to boundary of the district counterclockwise

Full moon

21

Olekkahi

22 23

Olekulua Olepau

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Welehu (Oct.-Nov.) Antares

24

Kaloakkahi

Akua loa and Akua poko circuits Alia poles - akua loa stood between the alia poles.

(morning) Fires are lighted along the coast Hiuwai bathing ceremony in the ocean before sunrise (or fresh water) (sunrise) Makahiki tabu imposed 4-day tabu on activity High priest at Kaiu location tabued, blindfolded for 5 days Taxes collected with Lonomaku (or akua loa image); Taxes levied on feathers of the oo, mamo, iiwi birds; on tapa, pai ai (to be served as food for image carriers); Taxes collected at the ahupuaa markers Hookupu offerings placed between the two alia poles where the space was tabu; Hainaki prayer to set land free after each tax collection at the ahupuaa boundary; Image turned face down after noa of land Image carried face backward Tabu resumed for next district

25 26 27

Kaloaklua Kaloapau Kne

Sports activities (continues) Return of akua poko image to the chiefs Pala fern used to signify freeing of cultivated fields from tabu Keepers (kahu) of the god Kne make lau leaf bundles, cooked on open fire, and put them up on the sides of their houses to signify relieving the farms of the tabu. Puea service of the makahiki god Puea bonfire lighted and pala fern gathered

28

Lono

Lono priest relaxes the tabu with lau leaves Canoe sent on a fishing trip Men and chiefs ate of the catch Puea bonfires lighted The keeper of Kanaloa performs the relaxing of tabu with lau leaves Puea ceremony Pala fern leaves gathered by the people Fishing canoe sent out to sea

29

Mauli

30

Muku

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Makalii (Nov.-Dec.) Pleiades

Pleiades rising about November 20th; the year begins on the first new moon after the rising of the Pleiades in the evening 1 Hilo Fishing canoe sent to sea Puea bonfires relit Fishing canoe sent to sea Puea fires and pala fern ceremony (continues) (continues) (continues) Puea bonfires and pala fern Fishing excursion Puea bonfires and pala fern Fishing excursion Puea bonfirees and pala fern Fishing excursion/ tabu reinstated (continues) (continues) Fishing excursion Return of the akua loa image (evening) Chief greeted the image in the ka-lii ceremony Ceremonial mock wahie spear-throwing at the chief to test his strength to ward off spears (pale ihe) in the afternoon Knekupua sham spear fight King enters the hale waiea on the temple to honor the akua loa and akua poko images Pig offered in sacrifice. 17 Kulu Set up the hala ka lama of lama wood for the Kahoalii god in front of the waiea temple; Temple called ka hale koko o Kahoalii Puaa hea pig put into the oven with kulolo.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12` 13 14 15 16

Hoaka Kkahi Klua Kkolu Kpau Olekkahi Oleklua Olekukolu Olepau Huna Mohalu Hua Akua Hoku Mahealani

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Makalii (Nov.-Dec.) Pleiades 18 Laaukkahi People feast on the puaa hea and kulolo Makahiki images are dismantled Carriers of the images are fed Services are closed by the priests The Net of Maoloha is lefted by four men The net is filled with food symbolizing abundance The waa auhau canoe of Lono is made to represent Lono returning to Tahiti The waa kea canoe of unpainted wood is put to sea, coursing back and forth Restrictions are removed from the makahiki Timber for a new Kkoae heiau are to be collected

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Laaukulua Laaupau Olekkahi Oleklua Olepau Kaloakkahi Kaloaklua Kaloapau The king announced the kaloamakamaka service. Kaloamakamaka service (continues) (continues) (continues) (continues) The king performed purification ceremony (huikala rite) The hale-puupuu-one and oeoe booths are built, covered with pohue vine The palima booth is built The king declared tabu on Kukoae houses (purification heiau) where the king ate pork

27

Kne

28 29 30

Lono Mauli Muku

[End of 3rd makahiki month]

248

Kaelo (Dec.-Jan.)

[In Hawaii Kaelo is an unidentified star; in Maori, Mercury (acc> Tregear), 1891); in Samoa, Mercury, Le Taelo, Le Soa o Tapuitea, comanion of Venus (acc. Stair, 1898) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Hilo Hoaka Kkahi Klua Kkolu Kpau Olekkahi Oleklua Olekkolu Olepau Huna Mohalu Tabu of Ku imposed Tabu of Ku lifted

Tabu of Hua imposed Ka puu o Kuapola hookupu to the king

13 14

Hua Akua

Tabu of Hua lifted Kahoalii rite of plucking of the eye of a living human being Tabu removed from the aku fish now placed on the opelu fish for the next six months Last day of tabu period King and priest, accompanied by drummer eat pork Service by priests [Now began the new year (evidently a different year than the Pleiades year)

Kaulua (Jan.-Feb.) Gemini (Pollux, Castor)

Resumption of the ordinary eight249month pule tabu period to Ku, Hua, Ka(n)aloa, and Kne (which actually began in Kaelo).

249

The K Ritual In addition to the makahiki ritual quarter assigned to the god Lonoikamakahiki for tax-collecting, there was a period of the year, between the spring equinox (March) and summer solstice (June) when the K rituals for building or reconsecrating the human sacrifice, or war, heiau (luakini pookanaka), were conducted. This was not done as a matter of course every year but only when the king wished to build such a temple or when he had decided to go to war. Month Moon Night The length of time for reconsecration was 10 days (one anahulu), with elaborate ritual; for building a new heiau, 25 days, the tabu being lifted on the 26th day.

Activity or Ceremony

Kaulua (Feb.-Mar.) Gemini (Castor, Pollux) [waning moon] 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 [Kane tabu (2)] 27 28 29 30 Laaukkahi Laaukulua Laaupau Olekkahi Oleklua Olepau Kaloakkahi Kaloaklua Kaloapau Kne Lono Mauli Muku Building of booths/paehumu walls Carving of makaiwa images (continues) (continues) (continues) (continues) Huikala purification rite at each ahupuaa land division (continues) with alaea rite Hawai o Papa rite at Hale o Papa The king and the priest go into the heiau Alaea image and rite King and priest pray in the heiau Huikala purification rite for the akua kaai People in eight rows Forty to eighty portable images

[vernal equinox] [Kaloa tabu (2)

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Nana (Mar.-April) [Gemini, Castor and Pollux] [K tabu (3) 1 2 3 Hilo Hoaka Kkahi Tabu on temple and lupalupa rite Kauila huluhulu ceremony (morning) Malu koi adz ceremony (evening) Oio procession to mountains Mau haalelea human sacrifice at foot of tree cut for carving image of K Oio procession to heiau Nanahua post put up (evening) Measured the hale mana foundation Hulahula service (continues to Klua) Kauilanui service (evening) Circuit of Kahoalii with 40 kaai images Kai-a-pokea bleached skull rite Kuw service Setting up images behind Nanahua post Ka poupou ana propping of image posts and thatching of houses Hulahula service (midnight) [dancers go onto the oracle tower (anuu) Midnight: kahuna nui and alii nui stretch the aha cord before the hale waiea Makuu tapa attached to the anuu (morning) Hoopii na aha limalima rite Kuili service (night); the kahuna nui recites Keliimaomao prayers Holua prayer; king prays at Hale o Papa Hono ritual; Hoowilimoo service (evening); the oracle tower is wrapped with tapa Aha service at hale waiea Coconut leaf girdle is made for the image Oki ka piko rite for the central image Makiilohelohe service Ka-papa-ulua human sacrifice rite Oloa tapa for the anuu Ritual bathing in the sea Kai oloa service from Hale o Papa and K heiau, girding of Mo image Tabu still in effect Hoomahanahana service lifting tabu.

Klua

Kkolu

6 7

Kpau Olekukahi

8 9 10 11 12

Olekulua Olekukolu Olepau Huna Mohalu

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The K ritual period for building a new or reconsecrating an older luakini pookanaka heiau could be instituted for any month within the time between Kaulua [February-March] and Ikiiki [May-June]: Kaelo [January-February] Mercury (Samoa) Baachus (Tahiti) (?)

heliacal rise of Gemini in late January./ The fact that Gemini is again used on the same islands (Oahu, Molokai) to name the months a half-year later for June-July, rather than January, coincides with the time it takes the earth to orbit the sun between perihelion (when the sun is closest to the earth, January) and aphelion (when the sun is farthest from the earth, July), a factor, or an observation, that suggests a possibility that on Molokai, and probably on Oahu, the kahuna instituted, in addition to the Pleiades year, another year called the anomalistic year which calculates time between one perihelion and another for one year, or from perihelion to aphelion for a half-year. The variability of naming months for Gemini may be seen in the following list: Oahu January Nana [Gemini, heliacal rise, late January] [perihelion] June Mahoe-mua [Pollux, summer solstice] Molokai June Mahoe-mua [Pollux, summer solstice] July Kaulua [Gemini, early July, in the zenith] [aphelion] Standard Hawaiian January Kaulua [Gemini; perihelion] Kauai January Kaulua [Gemini; perihelion] July Ikiiki [Regulus in Leo; setting, evening] Kauai Feb.-March Nana [Gemini; eastern sky, approaching zenith] Standard Hawaiian Feb.-March Nana

[Consecration period for K heiau] K a u l u a [February-March] Nana [March-April] Welo [April-May] Ikiiki [May-June] [End consecration period Kaaona [June-July] Hinaiaeleele [July-August] Gemini Gemini (?) Regulus [Leo] for heiau K] (?) (?)

Mahoe-mua [August-September) [Castor] (or Hiliinama) [Makahiki Festival] M a h o e - h o p e [September-October] [Pollux] I k u w [October-November] [Pleiades year begins] Welehu [November-December] Makalii [December-January] The papa ulua rite in the consecration of the K luakini pookanaka heiau in which a human sacrifice is brought into the heiau with a hook called Manaiakalani for Mauis fishhook [Scorpius] is a probable reference to Hanakaulua, Gemini, for Hanafrom Masanga, Twin(s), called variously, Kaulua, Hanakaulua, Na Mahana, Na Mahoe, or Nana. A pattern of naming thus shows, particulary by the calendar of Oahu and Molokai for the month of July as Kaulua (Gemini), that Gemini was used to name January [Nana, Gemini] for Castor (Mahoemua first twin) to coincide with the

252

The calendrical discrepancies appear to have a common feature: that between January and July, or April and October, the month stars were either Gemini, the Pleiades, or Antares in Scorpius [a probable identification for Ikuwa; compare Uta-wamura, Tumwur Antares in Johnson and Mahelona, Na Inoa Hk, 1975: 49]: Ikuwa (probably Antares in Scorpius), (Molokai) January Nana Gemini (Oahu) January Jan.-February

Makalii Pleiades Aug.-September (Kaunamano, informant) Mahoe-mua Castpr (Hawaii) Mahoe-mua Castor (Kauai) Ikuwa Ikuwa Ikuwa Ikuwa Antares (?) (Kauai) September September Sept.-October

Antares (?) Sept.-October (Standard Hawaiian) Antares (?) (Hawaii) October

Kaulua Gemini [or Kaulua Sirius] (Kauai)

Kaulua Gemini Jan.-February (Standard Hawaiian) [Heliacal rise of Gemini late January] Nana Gemini Feb.-March (Hawaii) Nana Gemini Feb.-March (Kauai) [Castor culminates at zenith, 23rd Feb.] Nana Gemini March-April (Standard Hawaiian)

Antares (?) Oct.-November (Kaunamano, informant)

Makalii Pleiades Sept.-October (Standard Hawaiian) Makalii Pleiades (Oahu) Mahoe-hope Pollux (Kauai) Makalii Pleiades (Kauai) Makalii Pleiades (Hawaii) October October Nov.-December December

Makalii Pleiades April (Molokai) [Heliacal rise of Pleiades, morning, east] Ikuwa Antares? April (Kauai) Mahoe-mua Castor April-May (Kaunamano, informant) Mahoe-hope Pollux April-May (Kaunamano, informant) Mahoe-mua Castor June (Oahu) Kaulua Gemini June [Kaulua Sirius] (Molokai) Nana Gemini July (Molokai [Sun is in Gemini in early July]

We may deduce from this the likelihood that the Hawaiian kahuna who kept the calendar were watching constellations marking months at different times, such as: (1) mornings before sunrise, east and west; (2) evenings after sunset, east and west; (3) zenith at midnight The calendars would then vary according to the stars and times selected.

253

Whether they did so deliberately or unconsciously, or habitually, they apparently structured these times in such a way as to plot their calendars not only with reference to the solstices and equinoxes, but also to the sun at perihelion and aphelion, as well as the sun or stars at zenith. So far as the evidence thus far indicates, they observed Gemini, for whatever reason, between January and July, or perihelion and aphelion, and between April and October. Probably, these factors may have been reasons to institute the papa ulua sacrifice using the Manaiakalani fishhook of Maui in the performance of ceremonies in the temple. This sacrifice was performed on the night when the terminator of the first quarter moon (Olekulua) is vertical, probably in the first week of April (Nana). Recapitulation: Ritual Time The Moon and

After Hilo, when the moon was seen low in the west after sunset, the crescent moons night side was seen as a shadow (aka), which during this phas was large enough to cast a shadow on the earth, so the next moon was Hoaka crescent, from ho- to cause and aka shadow, as of reflection, spirit, soul, embryo (as of an egg, foetus). Hoaka crescent shape, as of a boars tusk lei, lei hoaka, as of the first tusk of the moons growing, reborn embryo. Count one Hilo, one Hoaka, then four K moons named for the highestranking god K in the Hawaiian pantheon of male gods. The waxing crescents are named for the god of war K. He was also god of agriculture (Kula-uka, K of the abundnace of the uplands), fishing (Kula-kai, K of the abundance of the sea), house-building, and canoe-making. K represented the cardinal compass direction east, or eastern pillar (k, Kkulu hikina), where the sun rises (hiki, ka hikina a ka l). Hina-moe in Maori thought was the goddess ofdeath, synonymous with the western compass point where all light dies, where the dead sleep. Since K marks east, Hina, the moon, marks west (moe, kkulu komohana) where the sun and moon lie down , sleep (moe), or enter (komo) into the other sky below, to nadir. K draws the line perpendicular to the plane of the horizon, or the vertical, upright (k) ascent, while moe means the horizontal, across the lateral line of sight at eye-level to the edge of the horizon. The association of Ku with Hina is thus a primary one, east and west of your stance on the earth. Your own position is thus central to the east/west and north/south axis as to your own latitude and to the imaginary line overhead, your meridian in time and space.

O ke au i khuli wela ka honua O ke au i khuli lole ka lani O ke au i kkaiaka ka l E hoomalamalama i ka malama When space turned around the earth heated, When space turned over, the sky reversed, When the sun appeared standing in shadows To cause light to make bright the moon... [Chant One] Names of the Hawaiian Nights When you first see the silver hair of the moon goddess, Hina, it is a small shank of twisted braid in the western sky after sunset. This thin crescent, concave and arching with cusps turned upward, vertically (toward zenith) as you face west in the evening is called H i l o ., a twist.

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The first ritual tabu period of the month, called a pule period, was imposed on the night of Hilo and raised on the morning of Klua. A night in Hawaiian times begins at midnight so that the night of Hilo was the evening after the midnight of Muku, the last night of the month. Half of the day of Hilo had, in fact, already begun the night before. The Hawaiian day was a mean day, commencing at midnight and ending the next midnight. This period of the K pule tabu amounted to 2 and 1/2 days. At Klua the moon is already out before sunset and moves further south of west. As there were four K nights to the waxing crescent, so were there four O l e nights. The Ole nights initiate the blunting (ole) of fangs (k), i.e., the cusps of milkteeth (ole) of the embryonic moon when the crescent is negative, not-sharp (ole; kole). First quarter moon at O l e - k - l u a is the second of four Ole nights: -kahi (one), -lua (two), -kolu (three), and -pau (finished). At sunset the Ole moon is seen in the south at first quarter, lighted half facing west at sunset. A week after new moon at Muku the moon rises about noon and sets about midnight.. The second decan anahulu week begins with Huna meaning that the cusps are hidden, blunted. Then comes M o h a l u , meaning clear, calm. [Compare Mesaru, Shaula in Scorpius, East Carolinian (Micronesian) equivalent]. Then follows the moon of Hua, fruitful, productive, oval-shaped as an egg (hua). [Compare Hua Jupiter in Marquesan; Antares in Scorpius, Tuamotuan]. Because of these associations with star/planet names in other Polynesian languages ancestral to Hawaiian, this moon name, like Mohalu, reflects a relationship

with other celestial events or bodies. Hua is the thirteenth and a half nights counting from Muku (new moon), or a half-sidereal month, close to the fortnight of 14 days from Muku, or 13 and 1/2 nights to the 27th night of Kne, that is to say, w7.3 days being a sidereal month (lunation), measuring the moon against the stars. [A sidereal lunar month is calculated against a star on meridian and back to that star again every 27.3 days. This differs from a synodic lunar month, which is calculated from new moon (usually) back to new moon]. Twenty-seven Kne nights (27 night = 1 Kne cycle) in 13 lunations (= 13 sidereal months) is shy of the tropical year (365.25 days) calculated by the suns annual swing north and south between the tropics (Cancer/north and Capricorn/south) by fourteen days (or nights), i.e., 27 X 13 = 351 days. [The true sidereal lunation is roughly 27.3 nights, i.e., 27.3 x 13 = 354.9 days]. There are then 13 Kne months (sidereal) in 12 Lono months (synodic) of the tropic year (shy of a tropical year by approximately 11 days). At Akua the moon becomes a god (or goddess, Hina-hnai-a-kamalama); at Hk, a star, and at Mahealani fair (i.e., when the full moon began to pale as waned). The fortnight method of reckoning without the fractional one-third (sidereal) or one-half (synodic) allows a 14-day fortnight and a two-fortnight month for 28 days at Lono, based on the seven-day week, four weeks a month. The Hawaiians used a ten-day, three-week decan count called the anahulu, and divided the month between Hua and Kne (13.5), Akua and Lono (14), Hk and Muku (15) in the synodic lunation of 29.5 nights between new moons. There were three ano (kind, type,

255

character, nature) of the moons progress commensurate with the decan weeks (anahulu) of the moons revolution around the earth in one synodic month from new moon to new moon: (1) increasing (hoonui) (2) rounding (poepoe) [waxing gibbous] (3) shrinking (emi) [waning gibbous] Hk was the moon directly east, or true full moon, with Akua and Mahealani on either. When Hk set just at daylight it was called hk palemo, sinking star. If still visible above the horizon after daylight, it was then called hk ili stranded star. Such was Mahealani moon when it set after sunrise. The second decan anahulu rounded off the middle thrid of the month between Huna and Laaupau. There were three Laaunights, referring to nights thought best for planting after full moon: Laauk-kahi, -lua, -pau [18th to 20th]. After Mahealani, the first of the waning moon phase, the sliver of the moons dying orb was called a tear-drop, Kulu (17th night). When the moon was a drop (Kulu), that portion which began to darken also increased while the lighted side decreased through the waning cycle to complete darkness at Muku. During the poepoe rounding decan of the waxing moon, the tabu pule period was called the tabu of Hua, imposed on the night of Mohalu (12th night) and raised on the morning of Akua (14th night). This added 1 and 1/2 more days to the 2 and 1/2 K tabu before first-quarter moon. At third quarter moon Ole, the terminator will once more straighten and equalize light and dark halves. Between Ole-k-kahi, -lua, -pau the moon sets

around noon time. A tabu pule period was assigned to the god Ka(na)loa. Imposed for 1 and 1/2 days, it began on the night of Olepau and ended on the morning of Ka(na)loak-lua. After Kaloa-pau came the 27th night of Kne when began the tabu pule for this god on 1 and 1/2 days, from the night of Kne to the morning of M a u l i . While including the 28th night of god Lono, no tabu pule was set aside for Lono during the month. Taken as nights, there were then seven ritual tabu Nights altogether for K, Hua, Kanaloa, and Kne. These tabu pule periods were observed for eight months of the year as n l kapu kauila, totalling 56 days in the year. The tabu pule sacraments were performed by the kahuna and resident males for a 240-day segment of the year (makahiki), leaving a remainder of 120 days sacred to Lono-i-ka-makahiki (Lono(god)-of-the-year), the annual season of first fruits (makahiki) set aside during four months, free (noa) from tabu. There were then 32 tabu pule periods imposed to satisfy the religious code of ancient times. The aging goddess Hina has become a spirit (mauli) at Mauli on the 29th night of the moon. [In a 29-day moon Mauli is eliminated]. At Muku ( cut-off), Hina plunges into the sacred life-giving waters of the Wai-ola-a-Kne (Milky Way) and regenerates at H i l o . The Significance What is the significance of the sidereal/synodic count in lunations of the moons revolution around the earth and sun in one year? (1) count is: The principle of the sidereal

256

With respect to a star on the meridian, the moons period of revolution around the earth is 27.3 days (Kne is the 27th night of the lunation). (2) count is: The principle of the synodic

Perhaps by pure chance the formula appears again in the Babylonian use of base 60 in the division of time connected to the earths rotation on its axis such that 15 degrees equal one hour circle of the earths rotation, thus: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 1 minute 60 minutes 1 hour 24 hours 1 day = = = = = = = = = = = = 60 seconds 1 hour 3,660 seconds 1 day 1.440 minutes 86,400 seconds 43,200 seconds 21,600 10,800 5.400 2.700 1,350

From its starting point at new moon, until it returns to that point, the moon revolves around the earth once every 29.5 days. Thus: (3) For every sidereal revolution of the moon around the earth in 27.3 days, the earth moves 1/13th of its orbit around the sun (with respect to a star on the meridian). What was then the mode of intercalation to coordinate the sidereal with the synodic lunations? We may only infer how that would have been done. If we erase the 1/3rd fraction [Kne = 27 nights]: Then: 27 days x 13 months = 351 days [Intercalate fortnight] 14 1 year = 365 days If we include the 1/3rd fraction: Then: 13 sidereal months = 27.3 x 13 = 351.39 days [Intercalate] 13.86 365.25 days. This formula provided an iconography of time in the sacred structure of temples and ritual schedule to a numerology, such as 16 sidereal lunations is equivalent to 32 fortnights (13.5 days x 16) and 432 days, the significance of which has been explored in the discussion of the decan system and tropic years [intra, pages111-112].

(6) 1 day (7) 12 hours (8) 6 hours (9) 3 hours (10) 1 1/2 hours (11) 3/4 hour (12) 3/8 hour

By this may be comprehended that the basic determination is made that the turning (khuli) of the earth on its axis, or because of its rotation, creates the meridian, called kaupoku o ka hale, the ridgepole of the house (meaning the house of God, the heiau), which cuts the night into two halves by which celestial bodies ascend to the zenith (nuu) and transit by descent to the horizon. The motion, however, is the earth rotating on its axis, which could not be seen except as a change: O ke au i k h u l i , wela ka honua O ke au i k h u l i , lole ka lani... In the time of turning over and around, The earth became hot; the sky changed The passage of time is then measured by equalizing time on either side of the meridian, as between noon and midnight, or midnight to midnight, or noon to noon. The clock is geared to time elapsing between meridians, rather than between sunset and sunrise, or vice versa. The Hawaiians, like the Babylonians, had discovered the mean day. By it they set their clock to keep track of the length of one day as from one midnight to the next.

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The Ritual Numerology of Sacrifice and Position in Heiau Ceremony (K Ritual) Ritual numbers in the Hawaiian temple ceremony pattern are reflected in the positions, as of houses and images, stationed in permanent position as well as the numbers of portable images (kaai, akua hulu manu) carried in procession. This is also true of the direction of movement of procession, whether circular, or divided on either side of the hale man, or stationing of worshippers and post images, either in the the northeast (male) or the southwest (female) sections of the ritual ground (kahua). It includes, as well, the number of akua hulu manu carriers and caretakers (kahu kaai) of no less than 40 and as many as 80 kahu, whose offices are also hereditary for each portable image representing an ancestor in procession. In addition to the above are the ritual requirements for 10, 40, 120, 400, and 800 pigs or dogs on scheduled sacred tabu pule ritual days stretched over eight months of the 56/72 kapu kauila days (na l kapu kauila) of the tabu pule periods, four in each month (K, Hua, Ka(na)loa, Kne) requiring male attendance on the heiau. Sacred numbers are involved, also, in the selection of 21 to 26 days for which the number of altar (kuahu, lele) offerings were 40, 20 pigs plus 20 human sacrificial offerings, including penalties of death (kapu akua, kanawai akua) for failure to observe times of silence (m, hmau leo) speaking (w, kw), or to execute standing (k) and sitting (neep) positions with arms stretched upward for long periods of time, all of which were demands on human endurance beyond any simple veneration of deified ancestral spirits (aumkua) or gods (akua). Somewhat analogous to this is the voicing of 432,000 syllables in the recitations of parts of the Rig Veda in Indic ritual, or the patterns and themes in the world iconography of cathedral alignments to solstice sunrise, or pyramids to positions of stars in the zenith

or at the poles, steps ascending the number of naga in the (Cambodia).

or the required number of the ziggurats of Persia, or statues (540) pulling the temple of Angkor Wat

In the progression from Kne night (27th moon phase) to 54, 108, 216, 432 such Kne nights, equivalent to sidereal lunations, we see reiterated these same numbers existing elsewhere in both hymns (pule) and iconographic heiau structure, i.e.: (1) The shifting alignments of the heiau K (luakini pookana), sometimes to the east, requiring the anuu (lanuu, nananuu) oracle tower to be positioned in the east (male, K); sometimes to the north (Kne), requiring the anuu tower to be located in the north; (2) The adjustment of the row of makaiwa (post) images in a semicircle, requiring the main, central image [K-kaohia-laka] to be directly in front of the anuu tower, whether the anuu is east or west; (3) The location of the gate or doorway into the heiau to the south or west (female) of the sacred enclosure, and the relative positioning of female (south, west) and male (north, east) images, depending on the orientation of the temple, whether to east or to north; (3) The location of the lele (above ground) and kuahu (on the ground) altars where offerings will be placed, vegetable offerings on the lele and animal offerings (hookupu) on the kuahu; (4) The posting of the central K image directly before the kuahu (north or east) and the Nanahua image in front of the hale man sacred house; (5) The number (seven) of levels in the paved sections of the temple ground (kahua);

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(6) The squaring of corners of the several sacred houses (hale), the man, especially, and location of the piko (navel) of the kahua with the measuring cord (aha hele honua); (7) The positions taken by members of the priesthood (kahuna) during the recitation of prayers, whether inside or outside of the temple, or as a single leader (kahuna nui), or as the whole company of priests assigned to certain ritual performances. (8) The names of ritual objects used in the services: Alaea, a basin of red clay, representing the earth from which the red mineral element in mans blood (from mother earth) was made; Malu koi, the sacred adzes used to cut the select ohia laka (lehua) tree from which to carve the central image (Kkaohialaka) in the makaiwa post image semicircle; Kai a pookea, the basin of salt water held in a bleached human skull (night of Klua), symbolic of the water of life (wai ola a Kne) in the blood of man; (9) The name of the principal ritual sacrifice: Ka-papa-ulua, the principal human sacrifice hooked by Manaiakalani [Scorpius], for which a banana stalk [the body (kinolau) of Kanaloa], could be substituted; somewhat reminiscent of Mauis hooking of the ulua fish, i.e., the island, from the sea; offered to the central image after it had become the Pou o Manu or Bird Pillar [variously, Procyon, or Altair in Aquila] post. [*Note: the Pou o Manu is the central pillar in the Hawaiian house. In this case the Pou o Manu is holding up the center of the gods house.

The permanent structure of the heiau is iconographic structure, in that locations and positions of the elements do not vary. They denote sacred space. The portable images are part of the ritual enactment, as coordinated with the required services per ritual tabu night (or day), and the positions assumed as part of tabu and pule (prayer), alternating with tabus on silence and oratory or litany responses are part of sacred time (ritual time). They are part of the deified ancestral order. The numbers of required ritual sacrifices, and whether they are pig, dog, or human are another part of this iconography. Why, for example, is there only one mau haalelea sacrifice to the living ohia tree? The answer to that is simple. There is only one Kkaohialaka image. Why he is beheaded, however, raises a question, because neither of the two principal human sacrifices placed between the Kukaohialaka and Nanahua (Luamu) images were beheaded, and, like the papa ulua human sacrifice were offered whole. But why are two of them below the post, and one of them above ground? Why are there twenty sacrifices at the kuahu, half of them pigs on either side of each human offering? Why are certain numbers, like 240 pig offerings, divided between the priests, 120 on one side of the hale man and 120 on the other on the night of Kupau, when on the night before, there were as many as 800 pig sacrifices, divided between the priests on either side of the hale man (night of Kukolu), but 400 pigs served out to the worshippers on the temple ground, 200 to those on one side of the heiau and 200 to another group on the other? Let us consider the following:

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The Tabu Pule Ritual Numbers Kaulua (February-March) [Gemini] ...March was the month in which the temple was to be dedicated. It might perhaps be consecrated in the month of April, or perhaps in the month of May... It appears that during the waning nights of February, the community prepared for the heiau ritual to begin at such a time that within 21 to 26 days of March the heiau would be tabu [K, Hua, K(na)loa] before Kne night (27th). If that is so, then the ritual time would subsume the equinox (March 20th to 22nd) day, when the length of day and night are equal. Between the 20th and 22nd moon phase, the waning moon is at third quarter, and the terminator will be straight. K n e n i g h t ( 2 7 t h ) [February] [or March] During the period of the cleansing (huikala) rite, where it was necessary to cleanse the community, both place and people, the kahalaalaea priest of the alaea basin ordinance went into sanctity on the night of Kne, or the 27th night of February, for us the last day of that month: ...And in the morning, on the day of Lono (28th)...and on the next day [i.e., Mauli, 29th)]...and in the evening of the 29th [phase before Muku, new moon of March]...the king and priest buried the remains of certain things used in the service... Lono night (28th) Mauli (29th) Muku (30th, Nana) [March] [or April] sacred water, for the sanctification of the temple... KU TABU PERIOD; [Set on the morning of Hilo] (1) H i l o [1st of Nana, April, Gemini] [or 1st of Makalii, April, on Molokai, Pleiades] ...In the morning...the priest setting the people in order in eight rows...about 40 or twice 40 [80] feather idols, and one human god, Kahoalii [thus 41, or 81 images, one a live man impersonating the god Kahoalii]... ...[T]he rest of the priests rose, about 40 or more of them... ...[T]he priest and chief...stood up 8 times and sat down 8 times... ...[In the evening...the king and the priests were with the idols...from evening to darkness of night they bowed down... (2) Hoaka ...In the morning...they all assembled, the people [*only men], the chiefs and the priests...arose with the idols [akua hulu manu, i.e., the feather gods, or the kaai, portable wooden images] in their hands and went up to the lord of the ohias [*i.e, the central image, Kkaohialaka]... ...[T]hen the stewards, saying: king called to his

...Take about 10 pigs for the deity and for the people and for myself also...the king commanded...that the pigs, 10 in number, be roasted...when the pigs were cooked, they all sat down to eat... ...[T]he feather deities stood in a

On the 30th the priest sprinkled the

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row in front of the people [*i.e., 40 to 80 f e a t h e r g o d s c a r r i e d i n p r o c e s s i o n ]; ...[U]ntil the ohia god reached the front of the temple, fires should not be lighted by the people...and when those things ended toward evening [*still Hoaka of the Ku tabu, 2nd night of Nana (or Makalii)]. (3) K k a h i ,,,[O]n the morrow...the priests seated all the people in double rows of 8, and all the idols [akua hulu manu] were placed in rows also...[*Note: If there were 40 kaai, there would have been five rows; if 80, ten rows]. ...[T]he people lifted up the feather idols, standing on the upper side [*i.e., the northeast side of the enclosure] for some time...after a while the priest ordered them to move with the idols to the l o w e r s i d e [*i.e., the southwest side]... ...[T]he priest commanded the people who were holding the idols to Move around in a circle and see that you move properly, lest one of you make and error and he dies...and when they had made a circuit, they stood in rows on the lower side... A question is in order here. Why is this sequence so crucial to the order of ceremony, death being the penalty for wrong movement or direction or procession? What kind of circle is that to be so governed by strict execution unless it mattered to the progress with which religion of ancient Hawaii is hoomana, i.e., to cause power by ceremony and ritual. It may be ventured, with some basis that the circuit is crucial to the movement of the sun in the ecliptic, which is why worshippers must emulate the suns motion, from the southwest when the sun is moving northward from the south [December, winter solstice] until it has reached the north, then to east. Having

started from the northeast, or male side, when the sun, theoretically is in the north and east, then the circuit is symbolic of the movement of the sun after summer solstice [June 20th-22nd], so why is this circuit set to Kaulua and Nana, and the third day (or night of the moon, when the sun is to the south? The plane of the ecliptic is tilted either 5 degrees above or below the plane of the celestial equator [Wkea], and the suns apparent motion, when it is above the celestial equator between the equinoxes [March to September], then below the celestial equator [September to March]. This representation, if that was intended by the ritual position of the worshippers going from one side to the other, as from north to south, differs from the circular procession led by Kahoalii, in which 41 men follow him along a path from which he must veer, turning leftward, then going back to the point in the heiau where he began From traditions of the Gilbertese maneaba, Tahitian fare manaha, and Hawaiian hale man, inasmuch as only the Gilbertese is well-described, we learn that motion of the sun going north and south in the ecliptic is another representation by diagram of two adzes (toki) back-to-back, lined with four sticks along the shape (diamond) of which is plotted out the suns progress by pebbles representing the azimuths of the suns position every decan week of ten days. It would then make sense why the procession of the 40 to 80 kahu kaai with their 40 to 80 kaai images circuit the heiau, with Kahoalii, to represent the motion of the ecliptic between December and June (solstices), from south (December) to north (June), but observed in the west at sunset, shifting the direction to east after the June solstice, and commencing thereafter to observe the sun in the east at sunrise from north to south.

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The 41 to 81 kahu kaai with Kahoalii in the circuit within the heiau is different from the group of priests moving from the northeast side to the southwest, or from up to down. The Kahoalii circuit probably represents the ecliptic, and the movement of worshippers on one side to the other side of the heiau the obliquity of the ecliptic vis-a-vis the plane of the celestial equator. Or, why was the ritual enactment a life and death situation? ( 3 ) K k a h i (continued): ...[A]t the proper time he commanded the people to arise...standing up 8 times and sitting down 8 times...after these ended, they all went to their houses on this same day... ...[W]hen it was evening...the king and priests...with the feather gods went in front of the temple and prayed outside... (4) K l u a ...At and chiefs outside of dawn, and priest madd midnight...the priest, king and people...went over to the the temple...waited for early when it came the king and preparation...

principal priests. The king then commanded his steward, saying, Go and roast some large-sized piga about ten in number... t h e r e m i g h t b e 1 0 o r 2 0 . . . ...[O]nly (one) broiled pig was offered to the deity...when the pigs set apart for the feather gods were cookec...when the pigs were set apart for the king--were cooked, they were taken into the temple where a single priest offered a short prayer. The kings portion was then brought back and placed before them, while other portions were given to the chiefs... ...After this and it was evening, the king commanded his stewards to cook 40 pigs for the kuili (prayer) of the temple. After sunset a number of priests went on the outside to pray...after this and when it was dark, torches were lit in the temple and in the houses...they did not sleep at all this night... (5) K u k o l u ...[T]he pigs were brought into the temple and were tied by the priest. During the morning the king commanded his stewards to cook some more pigs--40 i n n u m b e r - - and it was then noon... ...[A]gain the chiefs, the priests with all the idols [40-80] moved to the outside, and in the afternoon entered the temple again to pray...after this they went outside to their places; and after some time, they again entered the temple, this same day, to pray...at the conclusion of which it was near sunset. They went up to the altar to pray... ...[T]he king then commanded one of his priests, Go bring the idol [Kukaohialaka] in here... ...[T]he king ordered a human sacrifice and a pig for the god...this concluded the ceremonies, and it was sunset... ...[T]hey all went to their

...At morn..so that the s t a r s . . . t w i n k l e d . . . after this...when the king had finished...the priest entered a temple division [the hale waiea, 2 cubits long by 1 cubit wide by 1 cubit deep, or 18 inches to a Hawaiian cubit]] E N D K U T A B U [morning of Klua] (4) K u l u a (continued): ...[A]nd when it was daylight...they prayed outside the temple...after this they entered the temple...all of the chiefs, and all of the idols, and all of the priests, and sat down in front of the inner temple... ...[A]t the conclusion...they went on the outside, giving to each feather image [40-80 pigs] and one pig to each of the

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houses...one of the priests...the Ulua priest...made preparations... [Concerning Ancient Religious Ceremonies, Memoirs of the Bernice Pauahi Museum, Vol.Vi: 2-30]. An alternative account reports other information: (5) K u k o l u ...That night a large number of h o g s , a s m a n y a s 8 0 0 ( e l u a l a u ) were baked; and the priests were separated into two divisions, one on this side and one on that side of the man, each division taking part in the service alternately... ...The pork also was divided into two portions, 400 of the hogs being assigned to the priests seated at one end of the building and 400 to the priests seated at the other end (kala) [i.e., the roof gable]... [Malo, David, Hawaiian Antiquities: 172-174. (6) K u p a u ...[A]nother priest was conducting his own services this night...in the temple...and after midnight, the king came into the temple, where they made earnest prayer at the altar...[*i.e., only the kahuna nui and the alii nui ]. ...[T]he king offered the pig in sacrifice to the god...this same night they all joined in prayer--the ulua fishing priest, the maua priest, the chief priest and the priest of the order of Lono... ...[A]nd at dawn...the priest chanting...this ended. They raised their heads to the lananuu [oracle tower]...from which two men were calling...while the priests were chanting from below...the king then went outside to distribute the pork to the feather idols, the priests, and all the chiefs, and all the people of the higher class, giving to each feather idol its share, and also to the priests, each his share; giving chiefs of the lower order, five-fold, and those of the higher order ten-

fold, while the people of the higher class received each his share, one pig to every two companies...and the people of the lowest class after the kings share was cooked received their portion also... ...[T]hen the king offered pigs o n the altar to the idols about 5 times 40 (200 pigs)...after theses things they returned to the temple--the chiefs and all of the priests, and worshipped befor the wooden idols... ...[T]he high priest then arose, offered a p r a y e r t o a f i r e - s t i c k . . . [*The fire-sticks were the body of the fire god, Lonomakua] ...[T]he broiled pigs, about 5 forties in number (200) were brought into the temple and placed before the wood idols, together with a quantity of green bananas...[*bananas were a body of the god, Kanaloa]...together with 2 or 3 men transgressors, who after being killed were placed among the pigs, the coconuts and the bananas...the Ulua priest came...holding a baited hook in his hand [i.e., Manaiakalani, Mauis fishhook, symbolic of Scorpius]... ...[T]he people then resumed their praying in the temple before the images and the king offered as sacrifices the pigs and the dead men, which were laid down with them, together with the coconuts and bananas...after this they went to their houses...after the pigs set apart for the feather gods had been cooked, the people sang praises to the...deities...all the pigs were taken to the temple...the kings share was returned to him, which he himself distributed to the needy, as their portion... ...[W]hen it was eveniing...they all again entered the temple--the chiefs, the priests, and all the deities [i.e. the feather gods, 40-80]...after which they repaired to the Hale o Papa...[*the Hale o Papa was the womens heiau built to the south and west of the K heiau]...

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...[T]hey prayed therein...this ended they returned to their respective places...when it was dark they again went into the temple with the king, priests, and all the deities, where they prayed at the altar...and the priests went, with one of the kings deities, among the houses [for the people] praying on the outside... [Memoirs of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum,VI]. An alternative account reports: (6) K u p a u ...[T]he next morning, which was Kupau, the kuili service was kept up and continued...4 0 0 p i g s w e r e s e r v e d o u t t o the worshippers, 200 (elima kanaha) to those at one end of the temple, and 200 to those at the other end... ...[T]he service was still kept up during the ensuing night, 240 pigs being baked and served out--120 to the priests at this end of the temple and 120 to those of the other end of the t e m p l e . . . [Malo, David, Hawaiian Antiquities: 172-174]. (7) O l e k u k a h i ...They made careful study this night--a night dedicated to Kahoalii...the priests went to their places, leaving one man in the temple as a soldier on watch... ...Early in the morning the king went to the Hale o Papa to recite its prayer, together with the priest... ...[A]fterward when it was daylight, the king, together with the priests and the idols, again went to the temple to offer a short prayer to the deity. After the prayer the king offered as sacrifice to the deities, pigs, bananas, coconuts and a dead man...The kings feather god [Kkailimoku] was then taken to the beach... ,,,[T]hen the king entered the House of Papa [Hale o Papa]...then came all the

people so that they might be released from any sea bathing restraint...this was the goddess who released the temple tabu... ...[A]fter bathing they all went into the temple--the king and the priests and the people. The hono priest placed the people in e i g h t r o w s b e f o r e t h e a l t a r . . . [Memoirs of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Vol VI] An alternative account reports: (7) O l e k u k a h i ...During the next day, Olekukahi, the kuili service still went on, and 400 pigs were baked and divided equally between the priests at the two ends of the temple...[Malo, David, Hawaiian Antiquities: 172-174]. (8) O l e k u l u a ...On the next day at early morning...the king then commanded his overseer to furnish dogs for his goddess [i.e., Papa, Earth-Mother] about 40 of t h e m - - t o g e t h e r w i t h c h i c k e n s ... ...Then the king commanded the priest of the Hale o Papa...[to] get the sash belonging [to the high chiefess] and her pig gift to the deity [i.e., Papa]...the priest of the House of Papa then exclaimed [that the temple was freed from tabu]... ...This was the 8th time that the king was under restriction in the temple, and he was now free [from tabu] [*Note: On the night of Olekulua, the terminator of the waxing moon is straight]. (9) Olekukolu (10) Olepau (11) Huna

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THE HUA TABU (12) H u a ...After 9 days [Olekukolu] the king and priests went again to the temple...and in the evening of Mohalu [Shaula in Scorpius] when the moon was twelve nights old, entered it...These were the nights of Hua... ...And when the priests...the two men then stood up calling with loud voices, feeding the stars (a hanai aku la lakou i ka poe hoku) and the moon this very same night... [Memoirs of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Vol. VI]. The ulua fish is the island fish that Maui hooks on Scorpius with the alae bird as bait, but the ritual is about the time when the ulua [Hanakaulua, Kaulua, Na Mahana, Na Mahoe] transits the zenith in February to March. Scorpius is in early morning skies in February-March, opposite Gemini, soon to disappear before sunrise on the western horizon. So goes the prayer: Ye Ye Ye Ye Ye Ye Ye Ye Ye 40,000 gods, 400,000 gods, rows of gods collection of gods, older brothers of the gods, gods that smack your lips, gods that whisper, gods that w a t c h b y n i g h t , gods that s h o w y o u r gleaming eyes by night, Come down, awake, make a move, stir yourselves, Here is your food, a house. [Fornander, Hawaiian Antiquities, Vol. IV: 606-607.

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Summary of Hawaiian Ritual Sacrifice Numbers: (1) Hoaka (2nd night) 10 pigs

(a) 4 lunar years = 1416 days plus 45 intercalary days = 1461 days = 5 tropic years; (b) 5 lunar years = 1770 days plus 56.25 intercalary days = 1826.25 days = 6 tropic years; (c) 5 lunar years = 1770 days plus 29.5 [13th month] = 1779.5 days tropic plus 26.25 additional days = 6 tropic years.

Roasted for heiau groups, including 40-80 kahu kaai caretakers with 40-80 feather gods (2) Kulua (4th night)

40-80 pigs, to each feather image kahu 10-20 roasted pigs, to chiefs 40 roasted pigs (for the kuili rite) (3) Kukolu (5th night)

40 roasted pigs (for worshippers) 1 pig (for the god) 1 human (for the god) 800 roasted pigs (for priests, divided at the hale man, 400 to each side 200 pigs (before the wooden images) 2 or 3 human sacrifices (4) Kupau (6th night)

400 pigs (for worshippers, divided at the hale man, 200 to each side 240 pigs (for priests, divided at each side of the temple, 120 to each side The numbers vary between 1810 ritual sacrifices on the lower end [i.e., 40 kaai] and from 1850-1860 on the higher end [80 kaai]. These numbers as those of days in the sidereal and synodic lunations will tally about five tropic years,or before the next 13th month intercalary connection [between the 63rd and 64th synodic lunation, and between the 67th and 68th sidereal lunation] will tally about five tropic years:

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Comparison of Hawaiian Heiau Ritual ceremony with Elements of R i t u a l i n t h e G i l b e r t e s e maneaba : The Principle and Concept of the Voyaging Roofof Stars in the Gilbertese maneaba. The Hawaiian hale man is probably patterned to some extent on the fare manaha sacred house on the Tahitian marae, which in turn may have been derived from the Gilbertese maneaba. The probability of connection is based on linguistic evidence, on the etymology, primarily, of maneaba manaha, man. Moreover, one of names of the Gilbertese maneaba is Maungatapu [Cp. Maunakapu, sacred mountain (Hawaii)]. Descriptions of the fare manaha in Tahiti [Henry, Teuira, Ancient Tahiti] are useful with respect to the religious veneration ideas of Polynesians, but the principle of the manaha in Tahiti reflects no orientation to calendar or star compass as it does in the Gilbertese system. The maneaba, supported by monoliths of dressed coral rock stood in the open space called marae. It was a fairly large community house, one of its sizes as long as 120 feet, wide by 75 feet, and high by 45 feet. In other types, the maneaba was four-square, all sides being equal, and in another the ratio of length to width was 2:3. The measuring of the maneaba plan on the ground was done accordingly: ...On the afternoon of the day on which the ground plan and proportions of the new maneaba are to be plotted out the master-builder proceeds to the bush (a s the sun is descending, or say about 3 p.m.). Here he cuts some 20 to 30 iban te inai (fronds of the coconut palm)...each being about a foot their ends to a point. long, and sharpens

Soon after dark on the same day the people will gather at the site of the new maneaba and cealr the marae (the area on which it will stand) of all grass and weeds, then level it... One of the sharpened fronds is then driven into the ground in the southe a s t e r n portion of the marae and a second in the northeastern portion, the distance between them being equal to the length already designated for the construction line (for example twelve fathoms )... [i.e., about 72 feet] A cord made of kora (coconut husk fibre) is now stretched between the two fronds, and a third frond driven in exactly half-way between them. The tatanga (roof-plate) of the eastern side of the maneaba will be laid, when the building is being constructed, along the line connecting the fronds, with its mid-point exactly at the spot marked by the third frond... The cord is then used to find the middle of each section [i.e., the length of the cord is quartered. Then, depending of the breadth of each type of maneaba, different sub-lengths taken from the quarter sections by fixing the northeastern quarter by the cord and walking southwest with the end of the line until the position is on the same stretch from the frond at the southwest limit. ...The master-builder now ascertains the correct height, above the tatanga, of the posts supporting the taubuki (ridge-pole; Cp. kaupoku (Hawaii); Cp.,

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kaupoku o ka hale, ridgepole of the house, i.e., meridian] and known as boutabu... ...Again there are nine different lengths of boutabu corresponding with the above-listed sub-types of maneaba, thus giving the edifice nine different heights of the ridge-pole above the ground and consequently resulting in nine different pitches of the roof [Maude, 1980: 1-13]. Others say there were ten heights to the taubuki ridgepole. These were said to have as the bird (man, cp. manu (Hawaii), cp. Pou o Manu , i.e., the central pillar post of the ordinary house, or the central image (Kukaohialaka, Pou o Manu, Moi) on the Ku heiau], i.e., ...The kibut (brown booby), io (tern), mangkiri (black noddy), or karakara...eitei (frigate bird), take (tropic bird) and similar large birds [Ibid: 49]. A Gilbertese first fruits celebration makahiki takes place between July and September [Cp. Mahoe-hope, AugustSeptember (Hawaii)], commencement of makahiki season and festival]. There the similarity ends. The Gilbertese ritual, however, indicates what was done in the maneaba that is missing from the Hawaiian component. Nevertheless, the Hawaiian tabu (K) according to phase of the moon during the waxing Ole nights is an equivalent parallel in the Gilbertese ritual. The first stage of the ceremony in the building of a maneaba sacred house on the marae is conducted on the 7th night of the lunar month [Cp. Ole-ku-kahi (Hawaii), K tabu], and the second stage on the 13th night [Cp. Hua (Hawaii), Hua tabu]. At sunset the moon must be approaching (east, rising) the meridian as the sun (west, setting) is over the western horizon. Two branches of pandanus wood to

make a measuring stick having the thickness of a mans thumb and a fathom length [te nga; cp. anana (Hawaii)]. Another is of coconut wood, 2 fathoms, with a base of 2 inches. On this 5 frigate bird feathers are tied on with coconut fiber and human hair. The frigate bird is regarded as the bird of the sun, representing the body of the sun in the crest of the tree. At equal intervals around the base of the sun tuft are attached 4 strings of hair and fiber in the manner of maypole strings. Another 7 strings are attached, so that there are eleven strings. A small hole in the ground is dug for planting the magic tree, just as the suns lower limb is about to touch the western horizon, then the first part of the ritual begins. A prayer is chanted: Planting of this my magic tree The north [meang] gives birth The east [mainiku] The south [maiaki] The west [maeao] The sun gives birth, and the moon For I prepare it on the overside of the sun Setting firm of this my magic tree Under sun and moon The branches of the tree are lashed middle to middle with hair and fiber string i n t h e f o r m o f a c r o s s . The making of the compass is credited in myth to Na Areau te Moa-nibai, Ancient Spider. The story is told that Na Areau te Moa-ni-bai, the spider creator is called the first of all things, [H]e fetched a compass about it. From the spine of Na Atibu, father of Na Areau, the magic tree of Samoa sprang.

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Now the tree of Samoa was a marvellous tree. It sprang from the spine of Na Atibu, the father of Na Areau, w h o s e right side was the northern solstice [te au meang] and whose left side [te au maiaki] was the southern s o l s t i c e . Different measurements for the lengths and sides of the houses determine the type of maneaba: Te Namakaina Te Tabassin Maungatabu Te Ketoa The sun stone of the maneaba, a stone monolith (boua) is K a r o n g o a - n u e a . The boua stood as high as a mans shoulder, about the width of a man, and stood in the center of a circle of flat stones, the diameter of which was 3 or 4 paces, The Maungatabu maneaba is called by the Karongoa clan the enclosure of the sun and moon, in which the post in the middle of the eastern side is called the suns hereditary sitting place. Opposite the suns sitting place, in the middle of the western side of the maneaba is a post named moon, for the classes of the Ababou and Maerua people. The most important time for rituals is when the sun is approaching the zenith [Cp. Kaluanuu, luanuu, nuu zenith (Hawaii), the position place of the oracle tower (lananuumamao)]. ...The correct time for the ritual was before noon on a day when the sun and moon could be seen together in the sky... [Maude, 1980: 18]. The instructions are that when the sun and moon are seen together in the sky, or probably the equinoxes, when the sun is on the equator, the master building climbs the buatarawa pillar (boua) where he sits with his adz.

...On the same day, which should be the day after full moon, a general feast is held, the food being collected in the morning. [Ibid.: 18] After the pillar posts along the outside of the building are in place, and the central pillar posts are also fixed down the length of the building, the gables (tatanga), rafters (oka), and purlins (bong, nibong) are in place, then the ridgpole is raised and capped with ceremony: ...[T]he correct time for the ceremony being between sunrise and noon (when the moon was also in the sky) as that is when the sun was considered to be matoa (strong). It had to be finished before the sun passed its z e n i t h . . . [Ibid.: 28]. Toward the conclusion of the ceremony of capping the ridgepole, four unhusked coconuts were carried to the ridgepole, and the face(s) struck off at four places along the ridgepole from north to south, the water sprinkled over the capping: ...There seems little doubt from the wording of this spell that the coconut represents the head of a man and the water his blood, which is sprinkled upon the capping as its food, in the nature of a sacrificial offering to bring good fortune [Ibid: 30]. A large clam shell, aubunga, from the reef is placed in the middle of the maneaba, slightly eastward of the exact centre. Another ritual in which fires are lighted to burn the trimmings from thatching requires the builder to walk in a clockwise direction around the maneaba [Tabontabike], or counter-clockwise [Maungatabu] and in a counter-clockwise direction [Cp. akua loa (clockwise), akuapoko (counter-clockwise), Hawaii, makahiki festival].

269

Nothing is eaten under the roof of the maneaba until the eaves have been cut. After the completion of the maneaba the largest feast, Te Koro Maneaba, is held about a month after the burning ritual. The feast is preceded by a ceremony which commences a f t e r d a r k . [Cp. Oro, god of war and son of Taaroa (Tahiti) at the national marae of Havaii (Raiatea)...The man of war bird [otaha; cp. iwa (Hawaii); cp. eitei (Gilbertese), same as frigate bird]. How are these details to be understood? Why would a magic tree of the kind described be planted facing west as the moon is approaching the meridian at the time the sun is setting? The magic tree is a shadow pole, since the setting sun will send the poles shadow in the direction indicating the azimuth location of the suns setting position on the western horizon. At dark the star still visible nearest the suns azimuth can be checked with the stars on meridian south and north and in the zenith against those rising in the east. At midnight these are setting, and those that were rising are in the zenith. As the months slide by, this will repeat itself. It being the 7th night of the moon, the observer notes what star transits the meridian. It prepares him to note the next time the star transits the first-quarter moon in the next month. This period of the moon checked against the stars is called the sidereal lunation. In the east the stars visible immediately after dark are checked for their horizon position, and the time at which they reach the level of each purlin gives the observer the opportunity to observe height, as each level is set to about 22 and 1/2 degrees of altitude. When the stars reach the ridgepole of the house, they are at 90 degrees. [Grimble: 1922, 1923, 1931].

With respect to Tahitian marae and fare manaha, the observations of star positions were connected to the posting of the tira, or mast(s) (and the hua manu) as portable poles posted on the stone walls of the enclosure fencing to mark the pou or ana (zenith) stars. These were dismantled after use and stored for another time. They are reminiscent of and antecedent to the Hawaiian kaai and akua hulu manu wooden and feather images carried in the Kahoalii procession. There is a clear-cut direction to the Gilbertese system that leaves nothing to the imagination except curiosity to see how it works if simulated by shadow-watching. The shadow of the sun, like the shadow of the soul, is an aka, just as the embryo of the egg and the foetus of the child in the womb is the aka, the darkness of the sky just before dawn light: O ke au i khuli wela ka honua O ke au i khuli lole ka lani O ke au i kkaiaka ka l E hoomalama i ka malama O ke au o Makalii ka p O ka walewale hookumu honua ia O ke kumu o ka lipo i lipo ai O ke kumu o ka p i p ai O ka lipolipo o ka lipolipo O ka lipo o ka l O ka lipo o ka p P wale hoi... Hnau ka p Hnau Kumulipo i ka p he kne Hnau Pele i ka p he wahine... A ka p heenalu mai i hnau P n A kama aulii, aulii anei O kama i ke au o ka p heenalu mamao... Hnau kanaka o mehelau... N lkou nei i hnau mai O knaka nei la...Ua ao.

270

Epilogue I Kinohi hana ke Akua i ka lani a me ka honua, He ano ole ka honua, ua lohelohe; a ma luna no o ka hohonu ka puli. Hoopunana iho la ka Uhane o ke Akua ma luna o ka wai . I iho la ke Akua, I malamalama; a ua malamalama ae la... Kapa mai ke Akua i ka malamalama, he Ao, a kapa mai hoi ia i ka puli, he P. A o ke ahiahi a me ke kakahiaka, o ka l mua ia. [Kinohi I:1-6] E mililani aku i ke Akua o na akua; No ka mea hoi, ua mau loa kona lokomaikai. E mililani aku i ka Haku o na haku; No ka mea, ua mau loa kona lokomaikai. I ka mea nana wale no i hana na hana mana nui... I ka mea nana i hana ka lani ma ke akamai... I ka mea nana i kkulu ka honua ma luna o ka wai... I ka mea nana i hana na malamalama nui... I ka l e alii ai ma luna o ke ao.. I ka mahina hoi, a me na hk e alii ai ma luna o ka p, No ka mea, ua mau loa kona lokomaikai...[Halel 136: 1-9] And God said, Let there be light, and there was light... And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day [Genesis 1:1-6]. O give thanks unto the Lord; for he is good; for his mercy endureth forever. O give thanks unto the God of gods; for his mercy endureth forever; O give thanks to the Lord of lords; for his mercy endureth forever; To him who alone doeth great wonders; for his mercy endureth forever; To him that by wisdom made the heavens; for his mercy endureth forever; To him that stretched out the earth above the waters; for his mercy endureth forever. To him that made great lights; for his mercy endureth forever. The sun to rule by day; for his mercy endureth forever; The moon and stars to rule by night; for his mercy endureth forever. [Psalms 136: 1-9]. In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters;

271

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APPENDIX The appendix contains several tables showing computations enabling analysis of calendrical data and other astronomical references, with respect to the ritual calendar of ancient Hawaii, that were prepared. The Johnson-Decker study of cotton(Gossypium spp.) words in the Indo-Pacific contains supportive data to the word study of pea bird, bat, etc. [intra: 164-185] (1) Synodic and Sidereal Lunar Year Correlation With Tropic Years Synodic Chart [with notation] Sidereal Chart Tropic Years [13th month intercalation] Sidereal Chart [with notation] Hawaiian moon chart with tabu nights Micronesian/Hawaiian Decan Weeks Kahinalii (Auriga in Capella) cycle 252 252 261 267 268 276 278

(a) Synodic notation: the synodic lunar months with accumulated approximate fractions (of .5 days) adding up to the lunar year of 354 days. (s) Sidereal notation: the sidereal lunations with accumulated approximate fractions (of .3 days), with additional information about synodic planetary cycles (which may not have been tallied as such in ancient Hawaii) in keeping track of tropic years and Sothic cycles (Egyptian system). , (c) The Hawaiian ritual (tabu pule) nights adjusted to moon nights in the lunar cycle with moonrise and moonset (maximum and minimum) indicating (perhaps) coordination with tabu days in the ritual calendar of ancient Hawaii. (d) The Micronesian and Hawaiian Decan weeks coordinated with the suns motion north and south (ecliptic), with corresponding adjustment (probable only) to setting and rising stars. (e) Kahinalii (Auriga in Capella) cycle, with some attempt to explain the four Polaa deluge events in the Kumulipo genealogy between the time of Lailai and Wakea. (3) Johnson, Rubellite K. and Bryce G. Decker, Implications of the Distribution of Native Names for Cotton (Gossypium spp.) in the Indo-Pacific, Asian Perspectives. XXIII (2): 249-307 [comparative philology in support of the origins of terminology in world languages of bast, cord, and cotton, and the knotted cord device].

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Sidereal and Synodic Lunar Year Correlations with Tropic Years A. Synodic Chart This chart, which can go on and on, stops after 36 synodic lunations = 3 lunar years, adds the intercalary 13th synodic lunation, leaving a 4.25 day remainder. In other words, after intercalating a 13th month of 29.5 days to the lunar year after three years, another adjustment has to take into account the .75 day remainder after each 3-year period, adding up to 4 days in 16 tropic years (or 5 in the 20 suchyears. The coordination of synodic lunar months with tropical (solar) years requires the addition of a 13th month after three tropic years, thus requiring a thirteenth month correction in another set of two or three tropic years, which is called a Metonic cycle. Thus: (1) (2) (3)

354 354 354 1062

+ 11.25 = 365.25 days + 11.25 = 730.50 + 11.25 = + 33.75 = 1095.75 days 29.50 (13th month intercalation) 4.25 = remainder = 4.25 days (1461) (1826.25) = 2191.50 days (13th month intercalation) = remainder (2922) = 3287.25 days (13th month intercalation) = remainder = 12.75 days (3652.50) (4017.75) = 4383 days (13th month intercalation) = remainder = 17 days (4748.25) (5113.50) = 5478.75 days (13th month intercalation) = remainder = 21.25 days (5884) (6209.25) = 8.50 days (2556.75)

(4) (5) (6)

(1416) (etc). (1770) (2124) [+ 33.75] 29.50 4.25 (2478) (etc.) (2832) (3186) [+ 33.75 ] 29.50 4.2 5 (3540 ) (etc.) (3894) (4248) [+ 33.75] 29.50 4.25 (4602) (etc.) (4956) (5310) [+ 33.75] 29.50 4.25

(7) (8) (9)

(10) (11) (12)

(13) (14) (15)

(16) (5664) (etc.) 279(17) (6018)

279

(18

(6372)

[+ 33.75] 29.50 4.25

6574.50 days (13th month intercalation) = remainder = 25.50 days (6939.75)

(19) (20)

(6726) (etc/) (7080)

The .25 day is actually shy of the true figure: ...The actual lunation (synodic period) = 29.530589 days (29d 12h 44m 3s). The extra 0.030588 of a day seems trivial, but of course, adds up after manyyears. So, just using 29.5 will only give an approximation...Note, however, that even this more accurate figure is only an average. Due to the moons regression of its orbitall nodes and line of apsides (perigee to apogee), the actual interval between consecutive new moons varies from as short as 29 d 6h 35 m and as long as 29d 19h 55m... ...The actual tropical year = 365.24220 days...this is shorter than the Gregorian value of 365.25d which is used in our present leap year calendar system. ...The Metonic cycle (proposed by Meton of Athens around 440 B.C.) was obtained empirically and was considered to be exactly 19 years long. ...This can be seen as follows: 19 years X 365.24220 days/tropical year = 6,939.6018 days 235 lunations x 29.530589 days/lunation = 6,939.6884 days. ...Thus there are almost exactly 235 lunations in 19 tropical years. ...In the 19-year Metonic cycle, the intercalated 13th month was included in the following years of the cycle: 3, 5, 8, 11, 13, 16, and 19. The remaining years each had 12 months. [Personal communication, Dr. Joseph Ciotti, Director, Aerospace Exploration Laboratory, Windward Community College, Kaneohe, Oahu, November, 1997].

280

29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 986 + 17 1015 1044 + 18 928 + 16 957 870 + 15 899 812 + 14 841 754 + 13 783 696 + 12 725 638 + 11 667 580 + 10 609 522 + 9 551 464 + 8 493 406 + 7 435 348 + 6 377 290 + 5 319 232 + 4 261 174 + 3 203 116 + 2 145 58 + 1 87

lunar year (s) 59

intercalation

SYN0DIC LUNAR NOTATION tropic years

118 177 236 295 354 1 lunar year 413 472 531 590 649 708 2 lunar years 767 826 885 944 1003 1062 3 lunar years + 33.75 days 1095.75 days 3 tropic years .75 day + 22.50 days 730.5 days 730.5 days 2 tropic years .50 day 584 Venus + 11.25 days 365.25 days 1 tropic year .25 day

29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 12 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29/12 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 2117 + 7 2059 + 6 2001 + 5 1943 + 4 1856 + 2 1798 + 1

1073 1102 + 19 1131 1160 + 20 1189 1218 + 21 1247 1276 +22 1305 1334 + 23 1363 1392 + 24 1421 1450 + 25 1479 1508 + 26 1537 1566 + 27 1595 1624 + 28 1653 1682 + 29 1711 1740 + 29 + 1 1769 1799 1827 1858 1914 1947 1972 2006 2030 2065 2088 1711 1652 1593 1534 1475 1357 1298 1239 1180 1121

13th month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1416 4 lunar years + 45.00 days

1095.75 days

1168 Venus

1461.00 days 1461 days

4 tropic years + 1 day

1770 5 lunar years 13 month

56.25 days

1826.25 days 1826.25 days

5 tropic years 1.25 day 5 tropic years

2124 6 lunar years

67.5 days

2191.5 days

6 tropic years 1.50 day

29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 2233 + 9 2175 + 8

2146 2183 2204 2242 2262 2291 + 10 2320 2349 + 11 2378 2407 + 12 2436 2465 + 13 2494 2523 + 14 2552 2581 + 15 2610 2639 + 16 2668 2697 + 17 2726 2755 + 18 2784 2813 + 19 2842 2871 + 20 2900 2929 + 21 2958 2987 +22 3016 3045 + 23 3074 3103 + 24 3132 3161 + 25 3186 9 lunar years 101.25 days 3287.25 days 9 tropic years 2.25 days 3127 3068 3009 2950 2891 2920 Venus 8 tropic years 2922 Venus 2832 8 lunar years 13th month 90 days 2922 days 8 tropic years + 2 days 2755 2714 2655 2596 2537 2556.75 days 7 tropic years 2478 7 lunar years 78.75 days 2556. 75 days 7 tropic years 1.75 day 2419 2360 2301 2336 Venus 2191.5 days

29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 3944 + 9 3886 + 8 3828 + 7 3770 + 6 3712 + 5 3654 + 4 3596 + 3 3538 + 2 3480 + 1

3190 3219 + 26 3248 3277 + 27 3306 3335 + 28 3392 3421 + 29 + 1 = 3451 3481 3509 3540 10 lunar years 112.5 days 3567 3599 3625 3658 3683 3717 3741 3776 3799 3835 3857 3894 11 lunar years 3915 3953 3973 4002 + 10 4031 4060 + 11 4089 4118 + 12 4147 4176 + 13 4205 4234 + 14 4248 12 lunar years 4383 days 12 tropic years+ 3 days 4189 4130 4071 4088 Venus 4012 4017.75 days 11 tropic years 13th month 4017.75 days 11 tropic years2.75 days 3652.5 days 10 tropic years2.5 days 3504 Venus 3451 [3421 + 30 = 3451] 3363 3304 3287.25 days 9 tropic years 3245

29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 5307 + 3 5249 + 2 5191 + 1

4263 4292 + 15 4321 4350 + 16 4379 4408 + 17 4437 4466 + 18 4495 4524 + 19 4553 4582 + 20 4611 4640 + 21 4669 4698 + 22 4727 4756 + 23 4785 4814 + 24 4843 4872 + 25 4901 4930 + 26 4959 4988 + 27 5017 5046 + 28 5075 5104 + 29 5162 5192 5220 5251 5278 5310 15 lunar years 5478.75 days 15 tropic years3.75 days 5133 5113.5 days 14 tropic years 5074 5015 4956 14 lunar years 5113.5 days 14 tropic years3.5 days 4897 4838 4779 4720 4748.25 days 4661 4602 13 lunar years 13th month 4748.25 days 13 tropic years3.25 days 4543 4484 4425 4366 4383 days 12 tropic years 4307

29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 6ll9 + 17 5655 + 9 5597 + 8 5539 + 7 5481 + 6 5423 + 5 5365 + 4

5336 5369 5394 5428 5452 5487 5510 5546 5568 5605 5626 5664 16 lunar years 5684 5713 + 10 5742 5771 + 11 5800 5829 + 12 5858 5887 + 13 5916 5945 + 14 5974 6003 + 15 6032 6061 + 16 6090 6136 6148 6177 + 18 6206 6235 + 19 6264 6293 + 20 6322 6351 + 21 6372 18 lunar years 6574.5 days 18 tropic years4.5 days 6313 6254 6195 6209.25 days 17 tropic years 6077 6018 17 lunar years 6209.25 days 17 tropic years4.25 days 5959 5900 5841 5844 days 5840 Venus 5782 5723 13th month 5844 days 16 tropic years+ 4 daus 5478.75 days 15 tropic years

29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 29 1/2 7047 + 4 6989 + 3 6931 + 2 6873 + 1

6380 6409 + 22 6438 6467 + 23 6496 6525 + 24 6554 6583 + 25 6612 6641 + 26 6670 6699 + 27 6728 6757 + 28 6786 6815 + 29 6844 6874 6902 6933 6960 6992 7018 7051 7076 + 4 days 7080 days 6844 6785 6726 19 lunar years 13th month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 + 6.75 days 8 9 10 11 20 lunar years 7305 days 20 tropic years+. 25 day 7008 Venus 6939.75 days 19 tropic years 6939.75 days 19 tropic years4.75 days 6667 6608 6549 6574.5 days 18 tropic years 6490 6431 6424 Venus

B. Sidereal Chart (1) Sidereal lunations: 1 month 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 50 16 16 10 = = = = = = = = = 27+ 54+ 108 + 162 + 216 + 270 + 324 + 378 + 432 + 1/3 day 1/3 1/3 2 days 1/3 1/3 4 days 1/3 1/3 = = = =

(1 Saturn synodic cycle) 5800 days + 44 = 5844 days 5841 + 3 = 5844 5844 5840 = 4 Sothic + 4 =5844

Mercury synodic cycles .5 x 354 days (lunar year) x 365.25 days (tropic year) x 584 days (Venus cycle) (etc.)

What happens here, and I am not all that sure this is the proper deduction, is that the Mercury and Saturn synodic cycles are more easily coordinated with the sidereal lunar notation inumbers, whereas synodic number accumulations are more easily coordinated with the Venus synodic cycle. Every five Mercury synodic cycles are 580 days, or four days less than the synodic cycles of Venus of 584 days. Or, for every 16 .5 synodic lunar years (5841 days + 3 = 5844) there are 50 Mercury synodic cycles (5800 + 44), approximately for every 10 Venus synodic cycles (5840 days), less 4 days, equivalent to 16 tropic years = 5844 days.

(1)

20 synodic lunar months (20 X 29.5 days) = 590 days 5 synodic Mercury cycles (5 X 115 days = 580 days 1 Venus synodic cycle of 584 days, thus: = 584 days 40 s.l.m. = 60 s.l.m. = 80 s.l.m. = 100 s.l.m. = 120 s.l.m. = 140 s.l.m. = 160 s.l.m. = 180 s.l.m. = 200 s.l.m. = 1180 1770 2360 2950 3540 4130 4720 5310 5900 ~ 10 Mercury ~ 15 M.s.c. ~ 20 M.s.c. ~ 25 M.s.c. ~ 30 M.s.c. ~ 35 M.s.c. ~ 40 M.s.c. ~ 45 M.s.c. ~ 50 M.s.c. + 8 = 2 Venus + 12 = 3 V.s.c. + 16 = 4 V.s.c. + 20 = 5 V.s.c + 24 = 6 V.s.c. + 28 = 7 V.s.c. + 32 = 8 V.s.c. + 36 = 9 V.s.c. + 40 = 10 V.s.c = = = = = = = = = 1168 days 1752 2336 2920 3504 4088 4672 5256 5840

(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

[plus four days at the end of 16 tropical years, equivalent to four Egyptian Sothic cycles (1460 x 4 = 5844) = 10 Venus synodic cycles] In order to see this more easily: [slm = synodic lunar month]:

288

[msc = mercury synodic cycle]: [Vsc = venus synodic cycle]: (1) 20 slm (2) 40 slm (3) 60 slm (4) 80 slm (5) 100 slm (6) 120 slm (7) 140 slm (8) 160 slm (9) 180 slm (10) 200 slm (20) 400 slm (40) 800 slm ~ 5 msc ~ 10 msc ~ 15 msc ~ 20 msc ~ 25 msc ~ 30 msc ~ 35 msc ~ 40 msc ~ 45 msc ~ 50 msc ~ 100 msc ~ 200 msc = = = = = = = = = = = = 580 days + 4 1160 + 8 1740 + 12 2320 + 16 2900 + 20 3480 + 24 4068 + 28 4648 + 32 5228 + 36 5800 + 40 11,680 + 80 23,200 + 160 = 584 d. = = 1168 = = 1752 = = 2336 = = 2920 = = 3504 = = 4088 = = 4672 = = 5256 = = 5840 = = 11,680 = = 23,360 = Vsc. 1 Vsc. 2 Vsc. 3 Vsc . 4 Vsc . 5 Vsc. 6 Vsc. 7 Vsc. 8 Vsc. 9 Vsc. 10 Vsc. 20 Vsc. 40

A somewhat similar performance is noted for the planet Saturn, the synodic cycles of which may be aligned to sidereal lunar periods similar to synodic lunations and Mercury synodic cycles. These periodic intervals as alignments with or adjunctive to sidereal and synodic lunar cycles are not proven to have actually existed in the developing or traditional calendrics of the ancient Hawaiian system. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 14 sidereal lunations= 28 42 56 70 83 97 (etc.) 378 days = = 756 = 1134 = 1512 = 1890 = 2268 = 2646 1 Saturn synodic cycle = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 6 = 7

There is no evidence for this, although the Hawaiian language does have names for the planets: (1) Mercury (inner planet) - Ukali-alii, i.e., follower-of-the-chief, i.e., of the sun; (2) Venus (inner planet) - took several names: Hoku-Ao, as morning star, day-star Hoku-ahiahi, as evening star; Hoku-loa, meaning long period star; Hoku-komohana, west-star, probably for western elongation; Holo-i-Kahiki, sail-to-Tahiti; Na-holoholo, sailing, going; Kaeleele-o-ka-wanaao - the-darkness-of-morning, probably before dawn; Mulehu - dusk (silent, greyish), probably for evening; Kaawela, burn-(hot), i.e., bright Hoomanalonalo - disappear.

289

(3) Mars (outer planet): Hoku-ula - red star Aukele-nui-a-Iku - the navigator-son-of-Iku, a character in migratory legend; Holoholo-pinaau (-pinao) - the dragon-fly going; probably a reference to retrograde motion; (4) Jupiter (outer planet): Ao-hoku - day star; Hoomanalo, Hoomanalonalo - disappearing Iao - day star Ikaika - strong Ikiiki - hot (bright) Kaawela - burn-(hot), bright (5) Saturn (outer planet); Makulukulu - to pass, as time; kulu aumoe, late at night, i.e., midnight; Makulukulu was called the brother of Wakea, i.e., the noon-day sun (zenith) or the celestial equator Some internal evidence may be in the Hawaiian system of counting, which is a decimal system using 4 in 10 [i.e., 16 tropic years equal 10 Venus synodic cycles]: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (0) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) kauna kaau lau mano kini lehu = = = = = = 1 1 1 1 1 1 (4) (40) (400) (4000) (40,000) (400,000) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (30) (40) (50) = = = = umi umi-km-kahi umi-km-lua umi-km-kolu umi-km-h umi-km-lima umi-km-ono umi-km-hiku umI-km-walu umi-km-iwa iwa-ka-lua, or kanalua kanakolu kanah, or kaau kanaluma, etc.

ole ekahi, hookahi elua ekolu eh elima eono ehiku ewalu ewia

Thus: 1 2 3 4

kauna kauna kauna kauna

= = = =

4 8 12 16

eh ewalu umi-km-kahi umi-kma-ono

290

5 6 7 8 9 10

kauna kauna kauna kauna kauna kauna

= = = = = =

20 24 28 32 36 40 60 80

= = = = = = = =

iwakalua, or kanalua iwakalua kumah iwakalua kumawalu kanakolu kumalua kanakolu kumaono 1 kaau = 1 kanah 1 kaau me ka iwakalua 2 kaau, or 2 kanah

Reverend Ephraim Clark, one of the teachers at Lahainaluna Seminary, who discovered this system, advised that division of large numbers by 4 would help in the use of it, giving as an example the number 846, 278: 846, 278 845,278 800,000 46,278 40,000 6,278 4,000 2,278 2,000 278 240 38 36 2 = 211,569 + 2 units 4 = = = = = = = 2 (400,000) 1 1 5 6 9 (40,000) (4,000) (400) (40) (4) (2)

= = = = = = =

2 lehu 1 kini 1 mano 5 lau 6 kaau 9 kauna elua

In the heiau chants to the kini akua, or 40,000 gods, these numbers are reiterated again and again to count gods that inhabit the sky, as in the chant by Lipewale in the story of Laukiamanuikahiki: E kini o ke kua, E ka lehu o ke kua E ka lalani o ke kua E ka pukui akua E ka mano o ke kua E kaikuaana o ke kua E ke kua muki E ke kua hawanawana E ke kua kiai o ka po, E ke kua alaalawa o ke aumoe E iho, e ala, e oni, e eu, Eia ka mea ai a oukou la, he hale. Ye Ye Ye Ye forty thousand gods, four hundred thousand gods, rows of gods, collection of gods,

291

Ye older brothers of the gods, Ye gods that smack your lips, Ye gods that whisper, Ye gods that w a t c h b y n i g h t , Ye gods that s h o w y o u r g l e a m i n g e y e s b y n i g h t , Come down, awake, make a move, stir yourselves, Here is your food, a house. [Fornander Antiquities, Vol. IV: 606-607] According to E. H. Bryan Jr. in Stars Over Hawaii (page 46): The Hawaiian astronomers were well aware that the month did not fit evenly into the year. At the end of the twelfth moon period there were ten or eleven days left over. We do not know exactly how the Hawaiian astronomers managed the details of this problem. Dr. Peter H. Buck learned on the atoll of Manihiki, north of the Cook Islands that they added a thirteenth month whenever it was needed. That is exactly what the ancient Greeks did. One of the Greek astronomers, named Meton, worked out a cycle of 12 years with 12 months and 7 with 13 months, repeating itself after the 19 years had gone by. The 3rd, 5th, 8th, 11th, 13th, 16th and 19 had 13 months. The Hawaiian Kilohoku doubtless discovered this M e t o n i c c y c l e in the same way Meton had, by trying to make the month fit the year. Astronomer E.C. Krupp explains that M e t o n , a n A t h e n i a n a s t r o n o m e r o f the 5th century B.C.: ...[A]ttacked the problem of devising a calendar which would reconcile the incommensurate periods of the sun (year) and moon (month), and announced the discovery of the e n n e a d e c a t e r i s . This was a lunisolar calendar of 235 months or 19 years, of which 12 years had 12 lunar months each and seven years had 13 lunar months each... ...A t t h e e n d o f t h e 1 9 - y e a r c y c l e s u n a n d m o o n r e t u r n e d t o t h e i r apparent starting-points with a variation of about two hours... ...For this he was acclaimed; but there is no evidence that the e n n e a d e c a t e r i s was adopted at Athens before 338 B.C. Students of the astronomical achievement of Babylonia, where records of continuous observations at least from the 8th century B.C. were available for study, have shown that the 19-year correlation was known there early in the 5th century B.C., suggesting that instead of making officially adopted by the Hellenistic dynasty of the Seleucids in western Asia, who dated their era from 312-311 B.C., and it became the model for the Persian, Chinese, and Jewish calendars, and the method by which the date of Easter is calculated in advance. In recognition of this association with it, the e n n e a d e c a t e r i s i s s o m e t i m e s c a l l e d t h e M e t o n i c C y c l e . [emphasis added]. To this E.C. Krupp adds: I n C h i n a i t w a s c a l l e d t h e c h a n g , but we dont know how early the relationship was recognized. Certainly it was known by the second century B.C., and perhaps much earlier. Two dates for the full moon inscribed o a Shang dynasty (1766-1122 B.C.) oracle bone are separated by exactly eight times the Metonic interval, some think this implies a knowledge of that cycle.

292

Every nineteen years, to the day, the same phase of the moon occurs on the same date, at least for a century or so. The small discrepancy in the relationship accumulates, however, and over more than a hundred years, it becomes enough to make the moon miss the right date. ...Also, every 19.6 years is important to the moons major and minor swings north and south, but that is another problem related to the obliquity of the ecliptic, when the moon is on one side of it in the north and then on the other side of it in the south... ...It occurs because the moons monthly path does not always follow the same course through the sky. Instead t h e m o o n s o r b i t s l o w l y s w i v e l s , a n d i t t a k e s 18.6 years for it to twist around one comp[ete turn... ...What, though, did Diodorus mean when he said, During the season of his appearance the God plays upon the harp and dances every night, from the vernal equinox until the rising of the Pleiades? ...The movement of the moon is complicated, and it is easy to get confused...If you know e x a c t l y w h a t t h e m o o n i s d o i n g , y o u c a n p r e d i c t e c l i p s e s ... [Krupp, E.C. Beyond the Blue Horizon, pages 153-157]. C. C o m p r e h e n d i n g t h e M e t o n i c C y c l e Study of the Kumulipo creation chant and generation counts in which evidence exists in the correlation between generation counts and ritual cycles embedded in the genealogical recitation has led to this attention to so much calendrical notation. One of the interesting results of trying to do this correlation is that it opened a serious question as to why the Metonic Cycle has an oddity of spacing the 13th intercalary month into 19 years, in which a 13th month was added: 3, 5, 8, 11, 13, 16, and 19, all the other years with 12 months. Why didnt Meton (and his Babylonian predecessors) simply intercalate a 13th month after every third year? The objective is the same: to bring the tropic year into alignment with the lunar year. Let us consider what Meton may have done if he had followed (as I did at first) simply intercalating a 13th month after three years, repeating as needed. He would have chosen the chart that follows on the next page. The results are the same. Then why the complicated intercalations in the Metonic system? The correlation of the synodic lunations to sidereal lunations in tropic years in the altered Metonic system leads to the discovery that 108 synodic lunations and 118 sidereal lunations will coalesce at 3186 days in 9 lunar years, and the difference between them yields the decan of 10 days, so that 18 lunar years are 6372 days, and after that the system restarts: Thus: 236 synodic lunations in 19 lunar years are 6933 days [6931 + 2]; or, 257 sidereal lunations in 19 lunar are 6939 days, equal to: 235 X 29.530589 = 6, 939.6884 days [acc.Ciotti, intra. page 251].

293

1 tropic year 2nd 3rd intercalate 4th 5th 6th intercalate 7th 8th 9th intercalate 10th 11th 12th intercalate 13th 14th 15th intercalate 16th 17th 18th intercalate restart

365.25 365.25 1095.75 + 29.5 365.25 365.25 365.25 13th month

1 lunar year 730.5 2nd 3rd 1125.25 1461 4th 1826.25 5th 6th 2221

354 354 354 354 354 354 67.5-59 354 354 354

+ 11.25 708 + 22.50 1062 + 33.75 33.75-29.5 1416 + 45 1770 + 56.25 2124 + 67.5 -8.5 2478 + 78.75 2832 + 90 3186 + 101.25 101.25 - 88.5 -12.75 3540 + 112.5 3894 + 123.75 4248 + 135 135-118 -17 4602 + 146.25 4956 + 157.5 5310 + 168.5 168.75-147.5 -21.25 5664 + 180 6018 + 191.25 6372 + 202.5 202.5-177 25.5 -4.25

365.25 730.5 1095.75 1461 1826.25 2191.5 2556.75 2922 3287.25 3652.5 4017.75 4383 4748.25 5113.5 5478.75 5844 6209.25 6574.5

365.25 13th month 2191.5 + 29.5 365.25 365.25 3287.25 + 29.5 365.25 365.25

2556.75 7th 2922 8th 9th 3316.75 3652.5 10th 4017.75 11th 12th 4412.5

365.25 13th month

354 354 354 354 354 354 5508.25 354 354 354 6604

365.25 13th month 4383 + 29.5 365.25 365.25 5478.75 + 29.5 365.25 365.25 365.25 6574.5 + 29.5 +4

4748.25 13th 5113.5 14th 15th

365.25 13th month

5844 16th 6209.25 17th 6574.5 18th

27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 891 + 11 918 945 810 + 10 837 864 902 729 + 9 756 783 820 648 + 8 675 702 738 + 6 = 708 2 lunar years 730.5 2 tropic years 567 + 7 594 621 656 486 + 6 513 540 574 405 + 5 432 459 492 324 + 4 351 + 3 378 410 243 + 3 270 297 328 354 days 1 lunar year 162 + 2 189 216 246 54 days 81 + 1 108 135 164 82

SIDEREAL NOTATION

365.25 1 tropic year 378 1 Saturn synodic cycle 399 1 Jupiter synodic cycle

584 1 Venus synodic cycle

756 2 Saturn synodic cycles 780 1 Mars synodic cycle 798 2 Jupiter synodic cycles

27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3

972 + 12 999 1026 1053 + 13 1080 1107 1134 + 14 1161 1188 1215 + 15 1242 1269 1296 + 16 1323 1350 1377 + 17 1404 1431 1458 + 18 1485 1512 1539 + 19 1566 1593 1620 + 20 1647 1674 1701 + 21 1728 1755 1782 + 22 1809 1836 1863 + 23 1890

984

1066

1062 3 lunar years 1095.75 3 tropic years

1148

1134 3 Saturn 1168 2 Venus 1197 2 Jupiter

1230

1312

1394 1416 4 lunar years 1476 1461 4 tropic years 1460 1 Sothic cycle 1512 4 Saturn 1558 1560 2 Mars 1596 4 Jupiter 1640

1722 1752 3 Vemis 1770 5 lunar years 1804 1826.25 5 tropic years 1886 1890 5 Saturn

27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 2835 + 8 2754 + 7 2673 + 6 2592 + 5 2511 + 4 2430 + 3 2349 + 2 2268 + 1

1917 1944 + 24 1971 1998 2025 + 25 2052 2079 2106 + 26 2133 2160 2187 + 27 2214 2241 2269 2295 2322 2351 2376 2403 2433 2457 2484 2515 2538 2565 2597 2619 2646 2679 2700 2727 2761 2781 2808 2843 2781 2832 8 lunar years 2793 7 Jupiter 2646 7 Saturn 2555.75 7 tropic years 2478 7 lunar years 2394 6 Jupiter 2268 6 Saturn 2336 4 Venus 2340 3 Mars 2214 2190.5 6 tropic years 2132 2124 6 lunar years 2050 1995 5 Jupiter 1968

27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 2916 + 9

2862 2889 2925 2943 2970 2997 + 10 3024 3051 3078 + 11 3105 3132 3159 + 12 3186 3213 3240 + 13 3267 3294 3321 + 14 3348 3375 3402 + 15 3429 3456 3483 + 16 3510 3537 3564 + 17 3591 3618 3645 + 18 3672 3699 3726 + 19 3753 3780 3780 10 Saturn 3745 3663 3625.5 10 tropic years 3581 3591 9 Jupiter 3540 10 lunar years 3499 3504 6 Venus 3417 3402 9 Saturn 3335 3253 3287.25 9 tropic years 3171 3186 9 lunar years 3192 8 Jupiter 3210 4 Mars 3089 3007 3024 8 Saturn 2943 2920 2 Sothic 2921 8 tropic years 2920 5 Venus

27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3

3807 + 20 3834 3861 3888 +21 3915 3942 3969 + 22 3996 4023 4050 + 23 4077 4104 4131 + 24 4158 4185 4212 + 25 4239 4266 4293 + 26 4320 4347 4374 + 27 4401 4428 4455 + 1 4482 4509 4536 + 2 4563 4590 4617 + 3 4644 4671 4698 + 4 4725

3827 3894 11 lunar years 3909 3900 5 Mars

3996

3990.75 11 tropic years

3990 10 Jupiter

4073

4088 4088 7 Venus

4155 4158 11 Saturn 4237 4248 12 lunar years 4319 4356 12 tropic years 4401 4380 3 Sothic 4389 11 Jupiter

4456

4538 4602 13 lunar years 4620

4536 12 Saturn

4672 8 Venus 4702 4721.25 12 tropic years

27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 5346 + 9 5265 + 8 5184 + 7 5103 + 6 5022 + 5 4941 + 4 4860 + 3 4779 + 5

4752 4804 4806 4833 4863 4887 4914 4945 4968 4995 5027 5049 5076 5109 5130 5157 5191 5211 5238 5273 5292 5319 5355 5373 5400 5427 + 10 5454 5481 5508 + 11 5535 5562 5589 + 12 5616 5643 5670 + 13 5683 5664 16 lunar years 5601 5519 5437 5475 15 tropic years 5310 15 lunar years 5110 14 tropic years 4956 14 lunar years

4770 6 Mars 4788 12 Jupiter

4914 13 Saturn 4956 14 lunar years

5187 13 Jupiter 5256 9 Venus 5292 14 Saturn

5550 7 Mars 5586 14 Jupiter

5670 15 Saturn

27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3

5697 5724 5751 + 14 5778 5805 5832 + 15 5859 5886 5913 + 16 5940 5967 5994 + 17 6021 6048 6075 + 18 6102 6129 6156 + 19 6183 6210 6237 + 20 6264 6291 6318 + 21 6345 6372 6399 + 22 6426 6453 6480 + 23 6507 6534 6561 + 24 6588 6615 6575 6574.5 18 tropic years 6503 6421 6372 18 lunar years 6384 16 Jupiter 6424 11 Venus 6426 17 Saturn 6340 6330 8 Mars 6257 6209.25 17 tropic years 6175 6093 6048 16 Saturn 6011 6018 17 lunar years 5985 15 Jupiter 5929 5847 5844 16 tropic years 5840 10 Venus 5840 4 Sothic 5765

27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3 27 1/3

6642 + 25 6669 6696 6723 + 26 6750 6777 6804 + 27 6831 6858 6885 + 1 6912 6939 6966 + 2 6993 7020 7047 + 3 7074 7101 7128 + 4 7155 7182 7209 + 5 7236 7263 7290 + 6

6667

6749

6726 19 lunar years 6782 17 Jupiter

6831

6804 18 Saturn

6886 6939.75 19 tropic years 6968 7008 12 Venus 7050 7080 20 lunar years 7110 9 Mars 7132 7181 18 Jupiter 7182 19 Saturn 7214

7296

7305 20 tropic years

7300 5 Sothic

Phase Ole (2) Ole (2) Ole (2) Ole (2) Ole (2) Ole (2) Ole (3) Kaloa 1 Kaloa 2 Kaloa 3 Kane Lono Mauli Muku (zero) Hilo (1) Hoaka (2) Ku 1 (3) Ku 2 (4) Ku 3 (5) Ku 4 (6) Ole 1 (7) Ole 2 (8) Ole 2 Ole 2 Ole 2 Ole 2 Ole 2

Ordinary [d = degrees] 360 d. N. 359 d. n. 358 d. n. 357 d. n. 356 d. n 355 d.nw 354 d. nw. 342 d. nw. 330 d. nw. 318 d. nw. 306 d. nw. 294 d. nw. 282 d. nw. 270 d. W. 258 d. sw. 246 d. sw. 234 d. sw. 222 d. sw. 210 d. sw. 198 d. sw 186 d. sw. 185 d. sw. 184 d. sw. 183 d. sw. 182 d. sw. 181 d. sw. 180 d. S

Fraction

Correction Third Quarter meridian

Correction 360 d. N.

Fraction

Ordinary 000 d. N. 001 d.n. 002 d. n. 003 d. n. 004 d. n. 005 d. n.

Phase Ole (2) Ole (2) Ole (2) Ole (2) Ole (2) Ole (2) Ole (2) Ole (1) La'au (3) La'au (2) La'au (1) Kulu Mahealani Hoku Akua Mohalu Hua Huna Ole 4 Ole 3 Ole 2

+ 1/5 d. + 2/5 d. + 3/5 d. + 4/5 d. + 5/5 d. = 1 d. 305 d. nw. + 1/5 d + 2/5 d. (zero) + 1/5 d. + 2/5 d. + 3/5 d. + 4/5 d. + 5/5 d. = 1 d. 209 d. sw. + 1/5 d. + 2/5 d. 197 d. sw. 186 d. sw. 185 d. sw. 174 d. se. 175 d. se. 176 d. se. 177 d. se. 178 d. se. 179 d. se. 180 d. S meridian First Quarter 137 d. se. 149 d. se. 293 - 1/5 d. 281 - 2/5 d. (zero) 089 d. e. 029 d. ne. + 1/5 d. + 4/5 d. + 3/5 d. + 2/5 d. + 1/5 d. + 4/5 d. + 3/5 d. + 2/5 d. + 1/5 d. + 4/5 d. + 3/5 d.

006 d. ne. 018 d. ne. 042 d. ne 054 d. ne. 066 d ne. 078 d. ne. 102 d. se. 114 d. se. 126 d. se. 138 d. se. 162 d. se. 174 d. se. + 5/5 d. = 1 d. 030 d. ne.

+ 5/5 = 1 d. ne.090 d. E

+ 5/5 d. = 1 d. 150 d. ne.

0.05 270 d. west south 1 258 d. 2 246 d. 3 234 d 4 222 d. 5 210 d. 6 198 d. 7 186 d. 8 174 d. 9 162 d. 10 150 d. 11 138 d. 12 126 d. 13 114 d. southeast east northeast 14 102 d. 15 090 d. 16 078 d. 17 066 d 18 054 d. 19 042 d. 20 030 d. 21 018 d. north northwest 22 006 d. 23354 d. 24 342 d. 25 330 d. 26 318 d. 27 306 d. 28 294 d. 29 282 d. west 0.5270 d.

Muku Hilo Hoaka Kukahi Kulua Kukolu Kupau Olekukahi Olekulua Olekukolu Olepau Huna Mohalu Hua Akua Hoku Mahealani Kulu La'aukukahi La'aukulua La'aupau Olekukahi Olekulua Olepau Kaloakukahi Kaloakulua Kaloapau Kane Lono Mauli Muku

new moon Procyon (?)

'cut-off' 'twisted braid' Ku tabu set evening 'crescent' 'cusp' 1 'cusp' 2 'cusp' 3 'cusp' end Ku tabu Ku tabu 1/2 day 1 day temple temple temple 2 and 1/2 days

Ku tabu end morning 1 day

first quarter

'fang' 1 'fang' 2 'fang' 3 'fang' end 'hidden' (fang)

180 d. S terminator straight

1 anahulu = 1 decan week Hua tabu set evening Hua tabu 1 day temple temple

Shaula Jupiter full moon 'star'

'clear' 'egg' 'god' 'star' 'drop' 'plant' 1 'plant' 2 'plant' end

Hua tabu end morning 1/2 day 1 and 1/2 days

2 anahulu = 2 decan weeks 000 d. N = 360 d. N terminator straight Kanaloa tabu set evening Kanaloa tabu 1 day Kanaloa tabu end 1/2 day Kane tabu set evening Kane tabu 1 day 3 anahulu na la kapu kauila 7 days temple temple 1 and 1/2 days temple temple

third quarter

'fang' 1 'fang' 2 'fang' end Kanaloa 1 Kanaloa 2 Kanaloa end Kane Lono 'spirit' 'severed' 4 pule

Kane tabu end morning 1/2 day 1 and 1/2 days

In one makahiki of 365 days there were 8 months for a 240-day period that were ordinary temple days. There were 4 pule periods of 7 kapu kauila days in one month for Ku, Hua, Kanaloa, and Kane during these months, totalling 56 such temple (pule) periods per year, the last 4 months of 120 days set aside for Lono in the makahiki festival during which tabu was relaxed.

temple 318 d nw Kaloa 3 302 d nw 294 d nw 290 d nw 282 d nw 270 d w 258 d 250 d sw 246 d 238 d sw Ku-Ole moon Kane temple Lono temple Mauli temple Mauli Muku Hilo temple temple Hoaka Ku 1 Ku 1 234 d temple 330 d nw Kaloa 2

temple 342 d nw Kaloa 1 354 d nw Ole 3 temple 0 - 6d N Ole 2 18 d ne Ole 2 30 d ne La'au 3 62 d ne Kulu 70 d ne Mahealani 90 d E temple 102 d 112 d se temple temple maximum southerly moonrise Ku 4 198 d Ole 1 186/180 Ole 2 174 d Ole 3 162 d Ku 3 210 d 122 d se Hua 122 se Mohalu Huna 136 d Ole 4 150 d Mahealani Hoku Akua La'au 2 42 d La'au 1

maximum northerly moonset minimum northerly moonset

maximum northerly moonrise minimum northerly moonrise

minimum southerly moonset

minimum southerly moonrise

maximum southerly moonset Ku 2 222d

The Micronesian Decans Hawaiian Decan weeks (anahulu system) in calendrical reckoning Kahinali'i (Auriga, Capella), in Kumulipo generations: Line 918 Mahinalea, Palemo, Ke Kai o Kahinali'i Line 1121 Papio, Lo'ilo'i, Ka lua o ke Kai o Kahinali'i Line 1316 Li'ipau, Kaniwa, Ke kolu o ke kai o Kahinali'i Line 1526 Pola'a [end of the first night of Kumulipo] 189 = 7 sidereal lunations 1121 = 38 synodic lunations (1102 + 19) 1121 = 41 sidereal lunations (+ 14 intercalation) 51 = 51 sidereal lunations = 1394 [+ 22] = 1416 = 4 lunar years 48 synodic lunations = 1392 (+ 24) = 1416 = 4 lunar years 54 sidereal lunations = 1458 ( + 2) = 1460 = 1 Sothic cyle 50 synodic lunations = 1450 + 10 = 1460 = 1 Sothic cycle 1461 = 4 tropic years 4 Sothic cycles = 10 Venus synodic cycles

[*Note: June 19, 1998 Kahinali'i (Capella in Auriga setting nw, 6:00 p.m.; Betelgeuse (in Orion) sw and Sirius sw)] AFTER SUNSET Vega (r) Vega (r) ne Libra (r) se 6:00 PM Capella (s) Belt Orion (s) Pleiades (s) nw solstice sun June 21 18 June 19 17 June 9 16 May 30 15 May 20 14 May 10 13 Apr 30 12 Apr 20 11 Apr 10 10 Mar 31 9 Mar 21 8 Mar 11 7 Mar 1 Regulus (r) ne Dubhe (r) ne Deneb (w) nw Fomalhaut (s) Cygnus (s) nw Altair (s) nw Pollux (r) ne) Castor (r) ne Orion Belt (r) Altair (s) nw Vega (s) nw Nunki (s) 6 Feb 19 5 Feb 9 4 Jan 30 3 Jan 20 2 Jan 10 1 Dec 31 solstice sun (r) solstice sun (r) 6:00 AM June 29 July 9 July 19 July 29 Aug 8 Aug 18 Aug 28 Sept 7 Sept 17 Sept 27 Oct 7 Oct 17 Oct 27 Nov 6 Nov 16 Nov 26 Dec 6 Dec 16 Kanaloa Kanaloa N 23.5 d. Kane BEFORE SUNRISE 6:00 A.M Auriga, Belt Orion (r); Nunki (s) sw 19 Betelgeuse (r) Vega (s) nw 20 Gemini, Sirius Vega (s) nw 21 Gemini, Procyon, Sirius (r) 22 Procyon (r) 23 Dubhe (r) n 25 Regulus (r) 26 Dipper (r) n 27 Denebola (r) 28 Denebola (r) 29 Gienah (r) se 30 Corvus (r) se 31 Spica (r) se 32 Arcturus (r) Cygnus (s) nw Cygnus (s) nw Achernar (s) sw Scheat, Markab (s) Scheat (s) Algenib (s) Alpheratz (s) nw Cassiopeia (s) nw Hamal (s) nw Cassiopeia (s) nw

Antares (r) se Capella (s) nw Hercules (r) ne Aldebaran (s) nw Corona B (r) ne Canopus (s) sw Arcturus (r) neHamal (s) nw Spica (r) ne Alkaid Denebola (r) Dipper (r) ne Cassiopeia (s) nw Algenib (s) Alpheratz (s) nw Markab (s) nw Al Gienah + Al Chiba (r) se

24 Alphard (r) sw Deneb, Fomalhaut

33 Corona B (r) ne Canopus (s) S 34 Hercules (r) ne Pleiades (s) nw 35 Hercules (r) ne Aldebaran, Orion 36 Antares (r) sw Auriga (s) nw Vega, Antares (r) Capella to Sirius (s) 23.5 d. S

6:00 AM Dec.21

[Orion Belt, Equator)

Kahinali'i (Auriga): June 18 - Juiy 10 (1998) May 18 June 18 June 21 (x) July 3 July 10 Jan 1 Jan 1 Nov 18 Dec 21 (x) NE 6:00 am NW 6:00 am NW 6:00 pm NW 6:00 pm NW 6:00 pm NW 6:00 am NW 6:00 am NE 6:00 p.m. meridian Capella The Kids Capella Auriga Capella Capella Capella Capella Capella evening rise heliacal rising heliacal setting

[For Latitude N 23.5 d.]. hina (x) 1 before sunset visible; invisible in daylight visible short period after sunset visible short period after sunset visible short period after sunset sets before sunset, invisible visible short period before setting at sunrise hina (x) 3 visible short period before sunrise period of visibility through night hina (x) 4 post-meridian decline

heliacal setting hina (x) 2 heliacal setting heliacal setting