The Hawaiian Understanding of The Universe 2012

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THE HAWAIIAN UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNIVERSE
Rubellite KawenaJohnson
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Draft: Doctoral Dissertation Awanuiarangi, Aotearoa
2012
Rubellite Kawena Johnson

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form without permission in writing from the author.
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CONTENTS INTRODUCTION
On Being Hawaiian--A Renewal of Historical Perspective The Perspective from Language Usage in Native Hawaiian A Perspective on Being Polynesian Retained in Hawaiian Names for Persons and Places 5 10 13
THE KUMUUPOCOSMOGONY
Historical Background Chant 1 : Opening with Makali'i (Evening Position of the Pleiades Cluster in November of the Hawaiian Calendar Year) Ka Wa Akahi Canto 1 Rhythms of Reliabiity and Change in Nature Marine Invertebrates Marine Seaweeds and Land Plants Biology and Calendar; the Economics of Land and Sea, Cantos 1-7 Biology and Calendar: Adjustment to Seasonal Changes Above the Equator Chant 2: Ka Wa Elua Marine Vertebrates Puana Refrain of Generation: Oceanic Species Paired with Land/Sea Plants Chant 3 Ka Wa Ekolu Insects and Birds Chant 4 Ka Wa Eha Egg-Bearing Crawlers, Lizards and Turtles Biology and Calendar: Seasonal Migratory,Breeding and Nesting of Birds and Turtles (Wa Ekolu and Wa Eha, Cantos 3 and 4) Biology and Calendar: Coordination of Economy from Coral Reef and Open Sea to Land and Wet Forest Comparison Between Hawaiian and Polynesian Month Names (with Micronesia) Native Hawaiian Incorporation of Indigenous Food and Utilitarian Summary: Plants Into the Subsistence Economy (Chants 1-4) Biology in Religion: The Kino/au Concept of Akua and Aumakua Hawaiian Kino/au: Ancestral Polynesian Affinities Chants 5-7 Birth of Mammals, the Pig, Dog, Rat and Bat Chant 5 Ka Wa Elima Chant 6 Ka Wa Eono Chant 7 Ka Wa Ehiku Summary: Chants 5-7 Birth of Mammals as Night Declines Chants 8-10 Wa 'Ewalu - Wa 'Umi The Birth of Mankind Chant 8 Ka Wa Ewalu Chant 9 Ka Wa Eiwa Chant 10 Ka Wa 'Umi Chants 11-12 Ka Wa 'Umikumakahi - Ka Wa 'Umikumalua He/u Papa: Genealogical Recitation Segment of Arithmetical Notation in the He/u Papa Commencing of the AIi'i Line of Chiefs Chants 11-13 Pola'a - Po'Elua, the Second Night Opu'upu'u and Li'aikuhonua Descent to Wakea and Haumea The Paliku (brother of Kumuhonua) Line of Descent to Haumea Chant 14 Ka Wa 'Umikumaha The Line of Descent to Wakea from Li'aikuhonua (Paliku) Chant 15 Ka Wa 'Umikumalima Generations from Haumea to Maui: Regarding Haumea and Maui Chant 16 Ka Wa 'Umikumaono, The Line of Chiefly Descent from Maui Chants 15-16 The Genealogical Emphasis in Chants 15-16 Recapitulation of Descent Lines to Sucessors (Dynastic Period) The Missing Luanu'u He/u Papa Text by David Malo 21 24 31
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41 43 45 47 53 55 56 62 64
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69 70 75
77 80 82 95
103 106 107 109 113 113 116 117 119 123 131 134 139 141 146 149 155 161 163 164 166
INTERPRETATION Interpretation of the Arithmetical Notation and Kaiokahinali'i Tsunami 174 as a Compass-Calendar Configuration The Kaiokahinali'i: Generations in the Helu Papa 175 The Hawaiian Decan (Anahulu) Week and the Gilbertese Toki System and 178 Capella in Auriga 180 The Hawaiian Decan Week and Horizon Star Positiona (Azimuths) Chart of Achronycal Risings and Settings: Kahinali'i (Auriga) 181 Declination of Capella ... 2100 A.D. and 14,000 B.C. [chart acc. Ciotti] 186 191 High Numbers in Ancient Hawaiian Measurement and Azimuths Hekaunano Interpolation 197 202 The Kana Fathom (Anana) Measurement Kana and Anahulu and Ko'i (Toki) Count 204 The Rope of Maui: Snaring the Sun at Haleakala, Maui; 209 Stars in Hercules, Scorpius, and Orion Maui- (in Hercules) and His Brothers (in the Belt of Orion) 209 The Canoe of Maui (Belt of Orion) in the Celestial Equator 214 Chart: Obliquity of Ecliptic and Latitude of the Tropics by Dr. Joseph Ciotti, 216 based on computations by Jean Meeus & Jurgen Giesen Chart: Orion: precession between 2500 A.D. and 4500 B.C. 220 based on Starry Night Pro (Joe Ciotti)] Chart: Position of Orion 4500 BC to 2000 AD from Starry Night Pro (Joe Ciotti) --229 Reconsideration of the Tokl (Gilbertese) Diagram and the Kana 231 (Hawaiian Cord) Traditions with Heiau Ceremonies The Hale Wai'ea and the Aha Hele Honua Measuring Cord 236 242 Azimuth of Sunrise and Sunset 1000 A.D. Latitude (Equator) [Joe Ciotti] Statement of Theory and Defense 253 Sidereal Numbers Applied to the Genealogical Arithmetic 263 The Geographic Reach of the Hawaiian Measuring Cord 273 291 Number Symbolism of Sixteen in the Kumulipo Frame of Time: The Octopus and the Spider Comparative Study of Sky Father Traditions in Polynesia 307 CONCLUSION 323 Order of Appearance of Celestial or Weather Phenomena in Chants 11-13 Order of Appearance of Celestial Phenomena in Chant 14 327 Summary: The Religious Context of Ritual Time 332 341 Ritual Sacrifice in Ku Heiau Ceremonies 351 Supportive Evidence from Comparative Etymology for 'Bird, Wing, Bat' (Pe'a) 365 Review of Current Linguistic Oinion Regarding Austronesian Proto-Form: Polynesian Proto-Form: Peka - Pe'a 'Bat' 370 Understanding the Universe in World History 379 BIBLIOGRAPHY 385 APPENDIX Calendar Stars and the Sidereal Compass, Na Inoa Hoku, [Johnson,R.K.] 386 1975: 62 -74. Reconsidering the Generation Count to Coordinate A.D. and B.C. Dates 399 Chart (Ciotti) Pleiades Rising at Sunset, Achronycal Rising Center on Alycone 437 Chart (Jgiesen) Comparing the Azimuth of Sunrise and Moonrise 440 Johnson, R.K, "On a Personal Note: The Remaining Unanswered Questions 443 446 Charts, by Victor Kim on Hawaiian numbers per Kumulipo and epake sets. Chart by Joseph Ciotti, 186-year 14-month calendar 487 Photographs of the Kane-Lono Rock in Kukaniloko Birth Heiau, Central O'ahu 505 by Johnson, Rubellite K., summer solstice, 1990s, "Hawaiian Moon, Names of the Hawaiian Months," text by Johnson, Rubellite 508 K., as prepared for Hawaiian Studies classes (University of Manoa; moon photographs by Henrikus Kuiper in the 1960s.
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lNIRODUCIlON
On Being Hawaiian - A Renewal of Historical Perspective
When we consider how the word "Hawaiian" is used to identify native people of the Hawaiian Islands nowadays, we realize that it refers to the Polynesian people living here when Hawaii was discovered by Captain James Cook in the eighteenth century (1778-1779) They were not then called "'Hawaiians". That happened after
Kamehameha when Hawai'i had attained one sovereign domain under the island chiefdom of Hawaii. Otherwise their native lands were separate chiefdoms under several high ranking chiefs holding title to all land tenures as aJi'i mo'i or aJi'i nui having allodial title to separate island domains (aupuni). Below the aJi7j m(J7j (aJi'j nui), also called mdi for the right under the kapu II to speak or to dictate the law (kapu, kanawai), were the district chiefs, or ali'i
'aimoku, ahupua'a.
and below them chiefs over ahupua'a subsections of land, or the aJi'i 'ai The aJi'i 'ai ahupua'a held title to lands where hoa 'aina tenants of the
maka'ainana class, or commoners less than or below aJi'i noble rank lived, on the
smaller land sections called tiIi tama. The 'ai in ali'i titles (ali'i 'ai moku, ali'i 'ai ahupua'a) meant 'to eat', thus 'to rule', or being able to collect the auhau provender as against produce from
~iIi
taxes.
These were levied
laiDa lands of hoa 'aina tenants residing in the ahupua'a
tracts of the district (moku)
during every quarter of the year (equivalent to three
months). The auhau provender taxes were collected during eight months before and after the annual makahiki tax season at the end of the year. Taxable items
collected during the 120-day annual makah..iki tax-collecting festival from district to district, rather than upward within the ahupua'a tracts by appointed konohild land stewards for payment to the titled ali'i added manufactures to provender, including tapa cloth, tools, and valuables, such as feathers and whaletooth ivory set aside to
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honor the god of agriculture, Lono-i-ka-makahiki ["Lono-in-the-agricultural year"] toward the end of November. At that time the asterism of the Pleiades (Makali'i) in what is now the constellation of the Bull (Taurus) was visible on the eastern horizon after new moon. Its appearance commenced the season of the makahiki named for the god of the agricultural year, Lonoikamakahiki. The auhau provender taxes were set so that they were collected by the
konohiki land agents from hoa 'ama tenants on their 'ill 'ama farm and residential
lands.
These assessments were not considered forced or unreasonable since the hoa
'aina were tenants-at-will, free to choose any chief under whom they would work
and live, rent.
provided they paid the requisite provender auhau tax as a form of lease tenants also labored on
In addition to the provender tax on produce (auhau)
farms of the konohiki land stewards responsible for setting their workloads during three anahulu ten-day (decan) weeks of the month (malama, mahina) so that supplies for the konohiki from lands of the ahupua'a chiefs came from ali'i farmlands worked by hoa 'ama tenants. Taxes paid in labor time to the konohiki of the 'ill 'ama and ali'i 'ai ahupua'a were figured on the basis of one-fifth (20%) labor time for one month during which tenant farmers worked on ali'i farm lands. The labor "tax" was paid in addition to the auhau lease rent provender in order to access irrigation water from
au~ai
water ditch systems owned by the ali'i 'ai
ahupua'a chiefs. Each hoa 'aina tenant farmer was allowed access toauwai
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irrigation water for his lo'i kalo taro fields every five days, or every half of the ancient Hawaiian ten-day week (anahulu decan). Later, under the Hawaiian
monarchy in post-European contact times, this practice became known as Poalima

Fridays
when tenant farmers continued to work in fields of the high chiefs.
The
konohiki land stewards held no titles to land although they were of the nobility, i.e.,
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the ali'i maka'ainana class, until the Great Mahele land division of 1848, which led also to the Kuleana Act of 1853 by which hoa 'ama tenants could claim fee title ownership to farm and residential kuleana lots since the time of the dynastic monarchy under Kamehameha III. 5
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How, then, were feudal land tenures of chiefly residents in the ahupua'a and district moku determined? The ruling chiefs (ali'i 'ai ahupua'a, ali'i 'aimoku) held jOint feudal land tenures with and under the ali'i mo'i who held the allodium to the entire aupuni domain. A ruling chief of the ahupua'a ('ali'i 'ai ahupua'a) land which had been
section received one-third the auhau provender from the konohiki
collected from hoa 'aina tenants (maka'ainana) from which he then paid upward to the superior ali'i 'aimoku district chief one-third provender, or remainder from which the ali'i 'aimoku district chief then
to
paid one-third what he had received
upward again
the alFi mo'i, through which practice ruling chiefs of the moku residency and right of rule over those areas.
and ahupua'a subsections retained
The system of feudal tenures excused none of the ruling nobility the required proportional assessment of quarterly and annual taxes set by law (kanawai, kapu). By the time of Kahekili of Maui in the eighteenth century the sovereign chiefdoms within the island chain were then only two, one governed by the ruling chiefs of Maui and the other by ruling chiefs of the island of Hawaii. The sovereign domain (aupuni) of Maui at one time included the islands of Maui, Kaho'olawe, and Lana'i. Under high chief Pi'ilani, Maui had also annexed the island of Moloka'i, so that these islands were called the "Bays of Pi'ilani" (na hono a Pi'ilani) until Moloka'i was later taken and annexed by 0' ahu in the time of Kuali'i, whose court was in Kailua (O'ahu). He later annexed Kaua'i and Ni'ihau to O'ahu, so that these were also within the aupuni domain of O'ahu descending nephew, in the eighteenth century. Kahekili first recovered the district of Hana granted centuries earlier offisland by Kiha-a-Pi'ilani
to to
Kahahana, Kahekili's
his sister Pi'ikea, daughter of Pi'ilani (Maui) and wife of
'Umi-a-Liloa, a1i'i mo'i of Hawai'i in the sixteenth century, so that Pi'ikea's son, Kumalae-nui-a-Umi of the related clan Mahi of Hamakua and Kohala districts (Hawaii) became ruling chiefs of Hana district on Maui, across the Alenuihaha Channel from Hawai'i, causing Kahekili of Maui
to
repossess Hana district when
Hawai'i came under the mo'i Kalaniopu'u (Hawaii). This had already happened
before Captain Cook arrived in the islands, when the two island chiefdoms, Maui and Hawaii, were still at war over Hana district into the late 18th century (1778-1779 A.D.) Kahekili later annexed O'ahu to Maui, taking it away from nephew Kahahana as he moved court from Wailuku, Maui to Waikiki, O'ahu. When Kahekili's brother,
Ka'eokulani, married into the ruling family of Kaua'i chiefs, Maui's political potential for acquiring more territory increased. However, incentive for inclusive
expansion of islands into a connected chiefdom was in part due to kinship ties already existing between the dominant families of ruling chiefs. Under the two sons of Kekaulike of Maui, Kahekili and Ka'eokulani, Maui's domain extended northward to O'ahu and to Kaua'i, leaving only the sovereignty of the island of Hawaii a separate chiefdom in the late eighteenth century. After
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Kahahana's loss of O'ahu, Maui held all the territory on Maui, Lana'i, Kaho'olawe, Moloka'i, O'ahu under Kahekili, and Kaua'i and Ni'ihau under Ka'eokulani, Kahekili's brother, as though all of these islands belonged to one sovereign aupuni, only lacking the remaining outside territory on the island of HaWaii. When Captain
James Cook arrived in the islands in the eighteenth century, Hawaii was the only island chiefdom (aupuni) situated politically outside Maui's domain.
It was due to Captain Cook that Hawaiians became known thereafter as
"Sandwich Islanders" for the Earl of Sandwich with whose name Cook graced the Hawaiian Islands. The kanaka maoli "native son" then became "Hawaiian" (kanaka
Hawai'j)
after Kamehameha created the archipelago of Hawai'i (ka pae aina
Hawaii) as one sovereign domain under Hawaii after several battles:
(1) 1782 Battle of Mokuohai (unification of the separate districts of Hawaii under one ruling chief); (2) 1790-1791 Battle of Ka'uwa'upali at 'lao, Wailuku, Maui against Kalanikupule fighting on behalf of Kahekili; (3) 1795 Battle of Nu'uanu on O'ahu, fighting Kalanikupule (Maui).
The island of Kaua'i was ceded to Kamehameha by Kaumuali'i, surviving son of Ka'eokulani, who had been defeated by nephew Kalanikupule (son of Kahekili, brother of Ka'eo) in the Battle of Kuki'iahu (Ai'ea, O'ahu) in 1794. After Kameha-
meha won the Battle of Nu'uanu (O'ahu) the next year, 1795. against Kalanikupule, he was named Ka Na'i Aupuni by chiefs and priests of O'ahu at Kualoa. It was the
second time that Kamehameha had fought Kalanikupule, although Kahek.ili had already bequeathed his own sovereign title to Maui aupuni to his brother, Ka'eokulani of Kaua'i, rather than to his surviving sons. After the death of Kahekili, Ka'eokulani had chosen to stand against nephew Kalanikupule in the Battle of Kuki'iahu in Ai'ea, O'ahu, rather than allow his nephew
ali'i mo'i title to the entire sovereignty of
opportunity to access the
Maui aupuni as that from Maui to Kaua'i,
including O'ahu. When Kaumuali'i ceded Kaua'i in 1810 to Kamehameha, rule over Kaua'i and Ni'ihau having devolved upon him from his father Ka'eokulani of Maui, Kaumuali'i must have realized the futility of standing against the increased sovereignty of the former domain of Maui within the greater sovereignty of Hawai'i over Maui after Maui and all other islands had become the sovereign domain of Hawai'i under Kamehameha I. With this historical perspective in mind, the native Hawaiian is a kanaka
maoli, which origin as such applies to him from the larger ancestral sphere of
indigenous Polynesian ancestry with which he is endowed at birth. Other terms such as "of t;he bone" (oiwi), or kupa, "crab" as a "native" person recognize those born on the land and "familiar" (kama'aina) with the ground up close, and thus not a "stranger' (malihini). Bones (iwi) including hair (lauoho) are believed to be
imbued with mana (power) because they do not decompose after death of the body, so that these are innate characteristics of all human persons (kanaka). No person is
without the same access to such spiritual power in the greater habitat of the entire world The kupa is, however, a land-dwelling species (i uka), of crab who keeps
his chest to the ground.
Polynesians, moreover, qualify human"birth" (banau) as from the "placenta" (bonua) of earth mother, Papahanaumoku, principal wife of sky father
Wakea, whose aspect is cosmic space in the universe as the sunlit world (ao) , as of
sky, sea, and air
where
energy in matter is the "source" (kumu) from which all

In the spoken language of Hawaiian however, the land into
life ultimately derives.
which one is born is called one hanau, or "birth-sands".
Thus far this usage is where unai fanagu ,
comparable to Chamorro usage (Mariana Islands, Micronesia)
"birth-sands", is obviously cognate with Hawaiian one banau ..
Tbe Perspective from Language Usage in Native Hawaiian
As we examine or analyze Hawaiian terms used for various aspects of culture and history mentioned in the previous commentary, we notice those that continue indigenous Polynesian culture traits into local Hawaiian folkways:
a]j'l all'j mo'l mo'l all'1 nul nul kapu 'I kapu kanawal all'1 'al moku 'al moku all'1 'al ahupua'a ahu pua'a
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These few examples among many others may represent ancestral forms for culture traits close to original practices and ideas which have undergone some semantic change. That which seems more distinctly Hawaiian, however, came with
earlier Polynesian migrants who may have been desirous of changes they could not achieve at home, which may be a factor in the prevailing legal perspective that native Hawaiians could move from one chief to another with no fear of reprisal from former chiefs to whom hoa (ama tenants owed service, which did not include military service. That is to say, the Hawaiian hoa (aiDa tenant was not a vassal. There was no penalty for moving away or to serve more than one chief in separate chiefdoms during one's lifetime, which is espedally true of males with families on several islands from polygamous marriages. Ruling chiefs maintained their own
chosen armies so that tenants, during times of war, would go to pu'uhonua refuge enclosures to wait out battles and, perhaps, returned home to find their former chief removed from power.. At that point they could choose either to remain to serve under his replacement or go elsewhere to serve some other ruling chief. Family ('ohana) membership was due to birth to a mother in her family's residential (ili (aina, land. The piko (navel) lands inherited from a common
matern.al ancestor since earliest contact times were lands where descendants could not be denied burial rights by later occupying chiefs. marriages living in several (ill (aina Descendants of multiple across
created extended families (ohana)
districts (moku) and islands (mokupuni). Residents living and working on lands supervised by different konohiki under several ali'i (ai ahupua'a to another did not have to deal with prohibited entry. from one island
The ease with which the
native society moved from place to place to take up residence with relatives serving other chiefs may be the reason why no fortified villages are found in andent Hawaii, walled stone temple enclosures for religious ritual ceremonies the
exception. Use of the term ali'i for the class of ruling chiefs and nobles of higher rank than the maka'ainana 'commoner' class agrees with East Polynesian usage
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of arild and arild n ui.
Native Hawaiians subdued use of the term Tui for the titled Hawaiian usage of Tui or Kui is an
chief, as in Tongan Tui Kanokupolu, Tul Tonga.
endearing diminutive for an elder rather than formal address to a titled lord. The tenns Tui and Mild for the ruling chief were not, however, corumed to Polynesia, a;lso appearing in Micronesia, the Gilberts(Ariki). as on Ponape of the Carolines (Dui Bonabe) and
in
Departure from standard Polynesian usage in Hawaiian,
however, appears in terms for the highest ranking supreme chief as mo'i or ali'i
mo'i, including use of mo'i applied to one having the right of the kapu 'I to
speak or to dictate the law (kapu, kanawai). To fmd precedent for these forms identifying powers of speech and law as that reserved to the ruling chief turned up the following similarities:
J(j
n. myth: the name of one of the dim ancestors of the Polynesian race.The name is esoteric, and is mentioned in the sacred karalda, and no doubt refers to some exceedingly sacred being. [Tuamotuan].
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k1 v.i. to speak, to utter words or articulate sounds, to talk, to converse, to reply; v.t. to speak, to tell, to pronounce, to address, to declare. [Savage, 1962; Rarotongan].
K1 [Vahitahi, Anaa (Tuamotu)] P. To speak, say. S. A voice, word [personified]. Es. Used with te and associated with te ko and te lea, apparently epithetical invocations of some god; most nearly rendered as: The voice, -word; in a few ancient chants it occurs without the te: II moki. I ki.hi. to cry with two shrill, thin, high whistling notes; as the white tern; I I taketake. [Stimson, 1964; Tuamotuan]
I I to speak, say, tell. M (Maori) ld; H (Hawai'i), 'i; S (Samoa), 'i. [Andrews, 1944; Tahitian]
K1
1. v.t. say, 2. Tell 3. Tell of, mention. 4. Call, designate. S. Consider anything to be 6. Think, imagine. 7. v.i. Speak, utter a word 8. n. Saying, word. Williams, 1971 Maori]
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Only in Hawaii was the supreme ruling chief called the a1i'i mo'l, and only from the Tuamotu islands does a form mold appear with mention of K1 as an
"ancestor of the Polynesian race" per Rarotongan usage, pointing in these

two directions for affinity with Hawaiian--east of Tahiti in Tuamotuan and southwest of Tahiti in Rarotongan Otherwise, standard everyday usage of Ki or II 'to speak'
is found in Samoan, Tahitian,and Maori languages. Religious meaning in the compound ahupua'a
(ahu + pua'a) is another item
uniquely Hawaiian for the land tract from mountain to sea within the district
(moku), from ahu and pua'a, identifying a column of stones (ahu) arranged with
a carving of a pig's (pua'a) head made out of kukui (candlenut) wood placed there to be the boar form (ldnoJau) of Kamapua'a as god of agriculture, Lono-i-kawas posted to mark also
makahild, where the makahiki image of Lono, Lonomakua,
the place for auhau taxes to be collected when taxpayers came to make their auhau provender payments during the makahiki festival. The kukui candlenut tree from
which lamp oil was made prOviding torchlight for reef-fishing at night was one of the plant forms of Lono. No other comparable ritual seems to have existed elsewhere. The word honua meaning 'placenta' and 'earth' recalls a number of related terms in PolyneSia, e.g., honua, whenua (henua. fenua), comparable to Vanua
Levu (Fiji ) in island (Melanesia) and also the name for the Benua tribe of Southeast Asia, extending the area of origin, culture contact, migration routes, or kinship ties linking continental Southeast Asia with island peoples of the Pacific.
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A Perspective on Being Polynesian Retained in Hawaiian Names for Persons and Places
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Native Hawaiians practice Polynesian cultural ways when they greet a newborn infant into the family with a name derived from family background or say goodbye to an elder going into the afterlife with the same emphasis on 'ohana (extended family) ties. At both occasions, in past times, there was usually a song
(mele inoa) composed to name the newborn infant or another (me1e kanikau) to
lament a recently deceased relative. thus strengthening closer family ties to both the living and dead. Names for the newborn become the means through recapit-
ulation of more ancient ancestry retaining the indigenous family history held in common with other Polynesian people and their ancestors where no other kind of physical contact may even exist in the contemporary situation. Names repeated
from an otherwise forgotten distant past are spoken anew in poems and songs recently composed or renewed to be sung again and again into the future. far back into the indigenous Polynesian past do Hawaiian family names go? From personal experience outside Hawaii in the South PacifiC, it so happened that when the family sailboat had. left Tongatapu and gone further southwest thus passing by an island called Ata where none of us had ever known such an island by that name existed, it was identified on the navigation chart in the main cabin of the How
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Havaild, a forty-two-foot fiberglass yawl. The year was then 1968, and the name Havaiki
had been purposely chosen by the captain to be related to other known
homelands, such as Savaild, Savai'i, Hawai'i. To find Ata on the way south from Tonga to New Zealand was a sudden encounter with a related family surname akin to Hawaiian Aka" as that for us identifying by surname an unde we had all known since childhood.
Aka is also
part of the name given to the sisters of Pele, the volcano goddess, who were the
Hi'iaka, as in the root of our grandmother's name from Puna district on Hawai'i,
and the same given to Mary Kawena Puku'i from Ka'u
west of Puna within districts
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farthest south in the Hawaiian chain.
Pelehonuamea was the daughter of Haumea,
otherwise called Papahanaumoku, earth mother and wife of sky father, Wakea. The same kind of encounter happened again when the yacht entered
Whangarei in North Island, New Zealand, so as to escape Hurricane Betsy then
fiercely blowing in November of the year 1968.
The upriver Whangarei anchorage
inland of the bay on the northeast coast of North Island is the same as Hanalei, or bay on the north coast of Kaua'i, where the Hanalei River, like the Whangarei River, empties into the sea. While reviewing the several names of Papa-banau-moku, earth mother of the Hawaiian people who was also known as Papa-bullbonua, the boat's crew noticed the similarity to Tongan Fulifollua, or the famous Polynesian hero in early migration epics out of West Polynesia.
Tonga is in the Hawaiian wind
compass Kona for 'southwest' versus Ko'olau (Tokelau) Hawaiian Kona is the winter season of the year February,
'northeast", so that
between late November and
whereas for Maori people in New Zealand and Tongans south of the
An even earlier meaning
equator, it is their summer in the opposite hemisphere.
found in Micronesian names for constellations, is that for Pegasus, as the eel Nga, prefixed by the form To, thus To Nga, referring to a constellation that later became a Polynesian island name Tonga without any reference to Pegasus. Sky father Wakea was also married to moon goddess Hina. Of what Significance should the moon be to this discussion of meanings in Polynesian usage for wind directions with sky phenomena, implying correlation between wind directions and cycles of sun, moon, stars, and planets?
Hina-banai-a-ka-malama
How familiar is the changing face of
to us in 29.5 days of its synodic cycle between Muku at This also shifts emphasis in direction from earth
new moon 'west' back to Muku?
to sky phenomena in compass orientations between night and day as well as changing winds in an ancient wind compass. Sailors watch more than the wind to know how to keep their canoes on their chosen course which means trimming sails to keep the heading as close as possible to 14
expected landfall.
They are in tune with the sky overhead as well as the energy
powering their vessels, including the peculiar assortment of mOving lights in the celestial sphere from which they must choose to follow certain dependable ones and not others. Otherwise the sky is too full of 'opihi to choose from, which is how Hawaiians call the sky when it is crowded with stars. The moon has several motions of which most of us may be conscious of only one, when the moon shows up on the western horizon in the evening just after sunset and moves back to that point a month later. Beyond that we may be unaware of how Polynesian sailors noticed other related motions that the moon does make as it moves not only west to east but from north to south. The difference between Puna
grandmother Kawena's knowledge of the moon's cycle and that derived from booklearning is that her interest in the moon's behavior was due to the more practical
need to time trips to the rugged coast of Kukui-'ula south of Lawai to pick shellfish and seaweed for food. Only the strong and brave dare to go there. No matter where she was, on Kaua'i or on any other island at any time of the year, she always knew when the tide was low and when it was safe to go since it would be useless or dangerous to
try
it at high tide. She could always predict the exact time for low tide,
and we would always followher, so that her understanding was always regarded as a reliable refuge of strength and safety. Of what value, then was that kind of training in the southern oceans beyond Hawai'i, in Tonga, Aotearoa, or Ra'latea for Polynesians as kindred people no matter how far from the homeland they may have wandered? common Polynesian understanding of ancestral homelands
Ra'latea, for example, in Tahiti?
How important to is that island name in Maori for sky Only
It becomes
Ran~
father in Aotearea and Lanlakea... in Hawaiian for the same revered person.
recently have we discovered Langl-m.a is also the name of a famous raised stone tomb, somewhat pyramidal in structure, probably for a high chief on Nomuka in the Ha'apai group of Tonga, while in Kona on the island of HawaFi ,the name
Lanl.a.kl:a"
is a cave by the sea?
In the Tuamotus while in the company of 15
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Polynesians on distant coral atolls this writer heard young people sing of Vatea, akin to Hawaiian Ho'o-bokukaJanl, and identifying his wife Fakahotu,
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
daughter of Papahanaumoku in Hawaiian genealogical tradition: Vatea te i runga Fakahotu te i raro Areare kura e Ru e Kau mihi te tarna. Vatea the one above Fakahotu the one below To hold the child Ru Is love for the son in my heart [ Song, Vahitahi atoll, 1960] When the names Vatea, Fakabotu, and Ru were sung it was suddenly important to realize how one is already related to people one has never known throughout life except as ancestors recorded in otherwise ignored papa he1u genealogy recitations. Yet, how significant, then, is deliberate retention of place and personal names in songs and prayers saved by the many generations of ancestors of our common Polynesian past? Appreciation of this heritage is by and large not from direct contact between living Polynesians, but rather from the cumulative record known over centuries as remote group ties persistent in separate island traditions maintaining recal1. How
long has that separation between Polynesians been over several millenia for ancestral names common to most, if not all, still be so consistently retained by trusted persons in separate societies of distant island groups or continued in recitation so that they could still later be written down after the temples where they had long ago been mentioned in ceremonial chant and song no longer existed? For the time of separation between the Hawaiians and Maori of New Zealand, for example, the time of disconnection has been at least since the 1350 A.D. "Great Fleet" voyage out of Tahiti some 650 years ago, while between Tongans and Hawaiians (1100 E.C La Pita pottery date.) the time of separation is about 3000 years ago. How old, then, is Langlatea for the Tongan people of Nomuka, Ha'apai?
16
Is Lu the son of Wake a and Ho'ohokukalani in Hawaiian tradition the same as

Ru in the Tuamotuan?
The full name of the Hawaiian island of O'ahu used to be '0stood to hold up the sky
I I
Ahu-a-Lu-a-nu'u as well as the place on Lana'i where Lu
at Kau-no-Lu "Stance-of-Lu", where KamehamehaI built his house nearest the cleft in the cliff called Kahekili's Leap.
The Tuamotuan singer who sang of Ru was a girl in her teens, yet her song held the interest of older people listening who had in childhood likewise memorized the story remembered in a Tahitian song:
J
0
"Te mata
Atea e taupe i raro i te mata 0 te vahine ra,
Hotu,
fanau maira 0 ta raua: o o o o Ru-te-to'o-ra'i, Ru-ara'i-ra'i Ru-i-toto'o-i-te-ra'i, Ru+ta'ai-i-te-fenua e to'a ana'e tele no te ta'ata ho'i,
oti'~
o Ru i tuha i te fenua i raro a'e i na o Hiti'a-o-te-ra, o To'o'a-o-te-ra, te Apa.;to'a, e te Apa-to'erau, e te Hiti-i-to'a, e te Hiti-i-To'erau ...
fenua,
"The eyes of Atea glanced down on those of his wife, Hotu (Fruitfulness), and they begat Rute-to'o-ra'i (Transplanter-who-drew-the-sky), Ru-afa'i-ra'i (Transplanter-the-raiser-of-the-sky), who-expanded-the-sky), Ru-i-toto'o-i-te-ra'i (Transplanter-
Ru-i-ta'ai-te-fenua (Transplanter-who-explored-
the-earth); all these names are for one man, Ru, who divided the earth in east, west, south, and north; and southeast, northeast, southwest and northwest
[Henry, Teuira, Ancient Tahiti: 407].
17
iii
1.,
While translation into English speaks of Hiti-i-to'a as "southwest" and Hiti-i-
to'erau as "northwest", Hiti

ta'a), and To'erau
is reminiscent of Viti (Fiji) southwest of Tanga (-
"northwest" as that of a more conservative Takerau,
maintaining familiar orientations in the wind compass. What was then unknown to the audience at that time was that Lu (Ru) son of Fakahotu and Vatea, is likewise an ancestor of Micronesian people, Lu-geilang, god of the sky (Marshall Islands) and in compass directions, IJuglu
(Chamorro, Marianas) for 'west', namely, the Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa) and Lujan
(Chamorro) 'west' for Lu-zan in the Philippines, or even farther west, Lu-
chan for China, so that Ru-, Lu-, son of Vatea, sky father, is a linguistic link to
and through Micronesia northwest in cardinal compass and wind directions used through island corridors of the Pacific. This may explain why the Tongan island name Ata is the surname of a chief
(Dul) Ada on Ponape (Caroline Islands, Micronesia) while to the north and farther
east of Ponape and Tonga,
Uncle Joe Aka was a carpenter whose Hawaiian This is as close as we can come to understanding
surname has been his since birth.
how related Austronesian languages moved over and through the Pacific maintaining in place and personal names a common cultural heritage from the past. The understanding which comes down to our present time may exist vaguely in the conservative form of genealogical recitations of cosmogonic origins and migration traditions. Or, our understanding is as simple as watching how Grandmother Kawena out of Puna district within her short lifetime could predict high and low tides by the moon on any island at any time in the year as what was memorized when she was a mere child. How she was taught what she knew remains unknown to us. For her generation such applied knowledge was critical for
economic survival, no different than that required on migration canoes with navigators dedicated to overcoming the hazards of relocation for passengers in new and unfamiliar, even dangerous, places. Another version of the surviving history of mankind.
18
It is we who are fortunate that original texts of cosmogonic Hawaiian mele

koibollUB,
such as the Hawaiian Kumulipo creation chant, are still here with us,
that others took the time to faithfully preserve the record of their journeys across the Pacific as ancestral genealogy. It is the smviving means at our disposal by which to recover that previous understanding of the universe known to us now as native Hawaiian but which will always be revered in human memory forever as truly and ancestrally Polynesian.
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THE KUMULIPO COSMOGONY
20
Historical Background
The Kumulipo is a cosmogonic genealogical creation chant from Hawaii first mentioned in the logues of Captain James Cook and his officers on the Resolution and
Discovery in 1778-79.
It was then used by Hawaiian priests to deify Captain Cook as

0
the god Lono at the Hale
Lono temple in Kealakekua Bay on Hawai'i, while a similar
service was also perlormed for Captain Charles Clerke at another temple south of Kealakekua, probably that of Honaunau. Captain Cook had already landed and anchored at Waimea, Kaua'i some months before, and word had probably spread over the islands below Kaua'i that the chief Lono-i-ka-makahiki, who had gone away from Hawaii two centuries before Cook's arrival, had probably returned. The shape of the sails of Cook's ships somewhat
reminiscent of the draped tapa doth on the Lono-i-ka-makahiki image then carried around the island during the four-month makahiki tax-gathering period (120 days) may have caused the Hawaiian people to regard Cook as the returning aumakua form of their famous chief,
Lonoik~ahiki,
once ruling chief of Ka'u and Puna districts
and son of paramount chief Keawe-nui-a-Umi, that they may have believed Captain James Cook to be the physical regeneration of Lono-i-ka-makahiki after an absence of two hundred years. Although the description of the occasion when Captain Cook was deified fails to name the KumuJipo as such in the record available from that time, it is assumed that the ritual requiring the necessary genealogical recitation (papa he1u) to effect the ancestry qualifying Lonoikamakahiki, son of Keawenuiaumi, in the person of Captain James Cook would have been the Kumulipo or something similar, the information from the event itself indicating that the ritual perlormed by Lono priests whose principal residence was the Hale
0
Lono temple area within Hikiau
heiau where Captain Cook was taken for the sacrament: "...A Priest whose name is Coo-a-ha [Kuaha] attended by others of the same order led Captn Cook to the top of a pile of stones called O-he-kee21
aw [Hikiau] which is a sacred place, & on which the Images of their Gods are placed & two or three houses & kind of alters all dedicated to religious Uses; on the Pales with which this place is surrounded were stuck twenty human skulls, of Men who had been offered as Sacrifices to their Gods. The Priest performed various ceremonies on this Occasion; he killed a pig at Captn Cook's feet, at the same time chanting some words in concert with his Attendants [emphasis mine], he then went round & touched the Images one by one & kissed that in the middle which is the smallest and they cailed it Coo-koi-a-raka [Ku-ka-ohi'alaka]. " ...After this Captn Cook and the priest sat down under a small shed on the top of which lay a stinking Hog as an ofering to the Images. The priest took some of the fat which probably he looked upon as body oil & anointed Captn Cooks Arms & others parts with it, the Priests at the same time chanting their Hymns or whatever they may be called [emphasis mine]. These ceremonies seem to have been intended as a welcome reception to Capt. Cook into this Country." [Beaglehole, 1967:
1159; Samwell's Journal].
Otherwise, the effect of Cook's arrival was tumultuous: Jan.16th [Samwell]" ...This morning seeing the appearance of a Bay a Boat from each ship was sent to examine it. We"have had more Canoes about us to day than in any place this Voyage; we counted 150 large sailing
Canoes many of which con tained thirty & forty men--we reckoned that all together there could not be less about 2 ships than 1000 canoes
& 10,000 Indians... " [Beaglehole, J.C., 'The Journals of Captain James Cook On
His Voyages of Discovery, III The Voyage of the Resolution and Discovery 17761780, Part Two, Haklyut Society, Extra Series No. XXXVI]. Uournal of John Ledyard, Corporal of Marines in the Resolution, becoming Sergeant in 1780]:
Jan.17Sh [Ledyard, Journal] " ... We entered with both ships, and anchored in the middle of the bay having on one side a town containing about 300 hundred houses called by the inhabitant Kiverua [Ka'awaloa], and on the other side a town contained 1100 houses, and called Kirekakooa [Kealakekua] ... " [John Ledyard, Sergeant of Marines in the Resolution].
22
It
[W] e were surrounded by so great a number of canoes that Cook
ordered two officers into each top to number them. with as much exactmess as they could, and as they both exceeded 3000 in their amounts I shall with safety say there was 2500 and as there were upon an average 6 persons at least in each canoe it will follow that there was at least 15000 men, women and children in the caoes, and hanging round the outside of the ships. The crouds on shore were ztill more numerous. The beach, the surrounding rocks, the tops of houses, the branches of trees and the adjacent hills were all covered, and the shouts of joy, and admiration proceeding from the sonorous voices of the men confused with the shriller exclamations of the women dancing and clapping their hands, the oversetting of canoes, cries of the children, goods on float, and hogs that were brought to market squealing formed one of the most tumultuous and the most curious prospects that can be imagined. God of cfreation these are thy doings, these are our brethren and sisters, the works of thy hands, and thou are not without a witness even here where for ages and perhaps since the beginning it has been hid from us, and though the circumstance may be beyond our comprehension let it not lessen the belief of the fact. Among all this immense multitudes of people there was not the least appearance of insult. They had heard of our riches by those who had come off to us and traded, and from the people at Attowai [Kaua'i], and concluding from our hovering round the island that we should visit them on shore, had prepared to meet us with supplies and give us a welcome. This previous preparation
was the reason of this vast assemblage of people and provisions ... "
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[Ledyard, John. A Voyage performed in his Britannic Majesty's Ship Resolution,

in Company with the Discovery, under the Command of Capt. James Cook: 103-104].
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.As soon as the Resolution was moored Capt. Cook went on ashore ... attended only by his barges crfew and two of the chiefs [Pale a and Kanaina] ... the chiefs had each two long white poles which they held upright and waves to the people in the canoes, to make room, and as they passed through the throng, the chief cried out in their language that the great Orono [Lono] was coming, at which they all bowed and covered their faces with their hands until he was passed, but the moment this was done they resumed their clamorous shouts, closed the vacan t places astern, and as many as could crouded upon his rear to the shore ... [i.e., the people in the canoes]
It
23
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
" ...The two chiefs first landed and joined many other of their brother officers who had also white rods in their hands ... had also made an avenue among the people on shore...Cook permitted himself to be carried upon the shoulders of his bargemen ...As soon as he was set down, the multitude on the beach fell prostrate with their faces to the ground, and their arms extended fOIWard" [i.e. the kapu moe, prostration tabu posture] ... " ...Those upon the adjacent hills, upon the houses, on the stone walls and in the tops of the trees also hid [t[heir faces while he passed along the opening, but was no sooner past them than they rose and followed him, but if Cook happened to tum his head or look behind him they were down again in an instant, and up and as soon, whenever his face was reverted to some other quarter, this punctilious performance in so vast a throng... [Ibid., 105]. The earliest list of chiefly names in the Kumulipo genealogy was prepared by David Malo while attending Lahainaluna Seminary in the mid-1830s, publication of Hawaiian traditions as source material for student newspaper entries and instruction texts having begun in 1834 (Ka Lama Hawai.'iJ. It differs from the Kalakaua text later translated in part by Adolf Bastian into German (Die Heilige Sage der Polynesier, 1881), followed later and in full by Queen Iili'uokalani (An Account of the Creation of the World in Hawaiian Tradition, 1897) in the inclusion of the Luanu'u
genealogy (absent in the Kalakaua text collected from the island of Moloka'i by the Hale Naua genealogical society founded by King David Kalakaua).
[In other words,
the first published Kumulipo text was the Luanu'u redtation text, i.e., the papa he1u ancestral line which will be featured in this present work]. Since the end of the nineteenth century, other translations have been made of the Kumulipo, as that by Martha W. Beckwith (The Kumulipo, 1951) which treated the complete text except for the Luanu'u line and those by University of Hawaii professors John Charlot (Chanting The Universe" 1982) and Rube1lite K. Johnson
(Kumulipo: Hawaiian Hymn of Creation, 1981) which do not completely translate all
of the sixteen wa cantos.
I I
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This effort will focus more specifically on cosmic themes developed within the structure and poetic content of the entire chant as a Polynesian version of the ancestry of ruling chiefs and people in the Hawaiian past before settlement of the Hawaiian Islands, since that history pertains not only to Hawaiians today scattered throughout the world but also to the larger Polynesian group whose ancestors experienced together the endeavor of their historic migration track through familiar places before separation from ancestral lands was necessary to lead them across the equator to the north and the discovery of the Hawaiian Islands.
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':I.;.'
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Chant 1: Opening with Makali'i (Evening Position of the Pleiades cluster in November of the Hawaiian Calendar Year
Ka Wa Akahi Canto 1
(Prologue):
1
o ke au i kahuli wela ka honua o ke au i kahuli lole ka lani o ke au i kuka'iaka ka la

E ho'omalamalama i ka malama...
FIRST AGE
When space turned around the earth heated, When space turned over, the sky reversed, When the sun appeared standing in shadows To cause light to make bright the moon ...
5
10
o ke au 0 Makali'i ka po o ka walewale hO'okumu honua ia o ke kumu 0 ka lipo i lipo ai o ke kumu 0 ka po i po ai o ka lipolipo 0 ka lipolipo o ka lipo 0 ka la o ka lipo 0 ka po
Po wale ho'i. Hanau ka po Hanau Kumulipo i ka po he kane Hanau Po'ele i ka po he wahine When the Pleiades are small eyes in the night, From the source in the slime earth formed From the source in the dark, darkness formed From the source in the night, night formed From the depths of darkness, darkness so deep, Darkness of day, Darkness of night, Of night alone Did night give birth, Born Kumulipo in the night, male; Born Po'ele in the night, female;
15
26
The eastern horizon is favored for sighting the Pleiades cluster (in Taurus) when it first appears in the evening in November per Canto 1 (Wa Akahi) of the Kumulipo creation chant:
0 ke au
Makali'i ka po
When the Pleiades are small eyes in the night,
The significance of the Pleiades at the beginning of time is that the poem introduces not ony the star group (Makali'i) commencing the calendar year
(makahiki) but also the ttseason" of Makali'i (ke au
0
Makali'i) extending visibility
through the night between first appearance on the eastern horizon at sunset until culmination at zenith on meridian about the 17th or 18th of November. [The zenith is
the position overhead, so that culmination at that point takes place within several days after flrst sighting of the cluster in the east after sunset. The meridian isthe longitude between north and south passing through your zenith position].
The dominant force met at the beginning of time meaning "source" (kumu) of Ulight darkness" (Jipo) is motion (au) in a ucurrent" (au) of Utime" (au), with the verb Uto tum over and under" (kahuli), initiated by another implied force into a void of ttspace" (au) in the visible sky above. Only by the presence of these moving celestial lights which change by appearing then declining and returning after a period of disappearance, while keeping a position on the horizon (azimuth) changed only after several hundred years, does any observer realize why the Pleiades were selected some time in the past, emphasizing importance in Hawaiian calendrics. The chanting storyteller becomes the eye and voice of the observer present in the narrative position introducing two identities as gender parents in nature, one male (Kumulipo) and the other, female (Po'e1e). From these pairs night gives birth. which
27
, ltku-ko' ako' a
Coral polyps
Tubastrea aurea
S. Arthur Reed
Hanau ka 'Uku-ko'ako'a H anau kana, he Ako'aka 'a, puka Born the coral polyp
Born of him a coral colony emerged
;.'1
KA WA AKAHI-Chatlt On/!
"
16.
17.
Hanau ke Ko'e-enuhe eli ho'apu'u honua Hanau kana he Ko'e, puka

Born the burrowing worm},
hilling the soil
Born of him a wonn. emerged

IS.
Hanau kaPe'a Ka Pe'ape 'a kana keiki, puka

Born the star{zsh The small staiflSh his child emerged
pe'a
Sea star
Asterope carini/era
S. Arthur Reed
KA WA AKAHI-ClJw1t One
I
Hanau ka weli He Weliweli kana keik, puka
Howthuria cineYascens
Born the sea cucumber A small sea cucumber his child emerged
20. 21
Hanau ka 'Ina, ka 'Ina Hanau kana, he Halula, puka

Born the coral-dwelling sea urchin Born of him a short-spiked sea urchin
emerged
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KA WA AKAH -Chan I One
fate
Sea urchin
Tripneustes gran/Sa
S. Arthur Reed
Hanau ka Hawa'e o ka Wana-ku kana keiki, puka

Born the smooth-spined sea urchin The sharp-spiked sea urchin his child
emerged
I I
Hanau ka Ha1uke1uke o ka 'Uhalula kana keiki, puka

Born the unspiked sea urch'i n The thin-spiked sea urchin bis child eme rged
KA WA AKAHI-CJ1t1nt One
I I I I
24.
Hanau ka Pi'oe
o ka Pipi kana keiki, puka

Born the barnacle The reef oyster his child emerged
Hanau ka Papaua
o ka 'Olepe kana keiki, puka

Born the large clam' The hinged mollusk his child emerged
pi'oe.
Chthamalus
Barnacle S. Arthur Reed
intertextus
'oIepe
pearl oyster
Pinctada magariti/era
S. Arthur Reed
I I
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I
o ko. UnatlM kana /leiltI', pull"

Romtlle ..........1 Tho ".,.",ij crab IUs <:hild ~ wed
Hana .. Iro N(lharlKk
o ka 'Opih; kana iu:ikj, puka

Born tile tJarlt.[I<Jod I~ Tho Iu.p.l ru. child."..,rged
fiG" " " ka Makaiaull
"
10
KA VIlA AKAHl- Clwn't One
I I
leho
Snakehead cowrie leb o Honey cowrie Cypraea ~lvola S. Arthur Reed

S. Arthur. Reed
CyfJraea caputser/J~tis
Hanau ka leho.
o ka puleholeho kana .keiki, puka

Born the cowry
The small cowry his child emerged
I I
29.
Hanau ka N aka o ke KupekaLa kana keiki, puka

Born the naka shell The chama shell his child emerged
J/l
Hanau ka Makaloa o ka Pupu'awa kana keiki, puka

Born the drupe The bitter drupe his child emerged
KA WA AKArn-Chant Otle
. 11
N enta polita
S. Arthur Reed
leho
C}praea chine11S1S
Chinese cowrie . Arthur Reed
31 .
H anau ka 'Ole ka 'Ole'ole kana keiki, puka
Born the trit,q,~ The small triton his child emerged

31.
Hanau ka Pipipi o ke Kupe'e kana keiki, puka

Born the nulla snail The large n.e-nta his child emerged
Hanau ka Wi
o ke K iki kana keiki, puka

Born the fresh-water snail The brackish-water snail his child emerged
12
KA WA AKAHI-Chant One
34.
Hanau kane ia Wai'ololi o ka wahine ia Wai'olola

Born male for the narrow waters Female.for the broad waters
35.
36.
Hanau ka 'Ekaha noho i kai Kia'i ia e ka 'E kahakaha noho i uka

Born the coralline seaw.eed living in the sea Kept by the birds nest fern living on land
38.
39.
40.
He po uhe'e i ka wawa He nuku, he wai ka 'ai a ka la'au o ke Akua ke komo, "a"oe komo kanaka Okane ia Wai'ololi o ka wahine ia Wai'olola
It is a night gliding through the passage Of an opening; a stream of water is the food of plants It is the god who enters; not as a human does he enter Male for the narrow waters Female for the broad waters
41.
42.
Hanau ka ~ktAki noho i kai K ia'i ia e ka Manienie-'aki'aki noho i uka

Born the 'aki'aki seaweed living in the sea Kept by the manienie shore grass living on land
43.
44.
45.
46.
Hepo uhe'e i ka wawa He nuku, he wai ka 'ai a ka la'au o ke Akua ke komo, "a"oe komo kanaka .0 kane ia Wai'ololi o ka wahine ia Wai'olola
I
KA WA AKAHI-Chant One 13
47.
48.
.Hanau ka ~ 'ala- 'ula noho i kai Kia'i ia e ka 'Ala'ala-wai~nui noho i uka

Born the fragrant red seaweed living in the sea Kept by the succulent mint living on land
I I
49.
50. 51. 52.
He po uhe 'e i ka wawa He nuku, he wai ka 'aia ka la'au o ke Akua ke komo, 'aloe komo kanaka Okane ia Wai'ololi o ka wahine ia Wai'olola
'-
53. 54.
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H anau ka M anauea noho i kai Kia'i ia e ke Kalo-manauea 'f!,oJ;w i uka

Born the manauea seaweed living in the sea Kept by the manauea taro living on land
J
]
55. 56. 57.
58.
He po uhe'e i ka wawa He nuku, he wai ka 'ai a,kala'au o ke Akua ke komo, 'aloe korYJO kanaka . 0 kane ia Wai'ololi o ka wahine ia Wai'olola
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14
59.
60..
Hanau ke Ko tele tele noho i kai Kiati ia e ke ko Punapuna, ko'eletele, noho i uka
Born the ko'ele'ele seaweed living in the sea Kept by the jointed sugar-cane living on land
61. 62. 63.

64.
Hepo uhe'eika wawa He nuku, he wai ka tai aka latau o ke Akua ke korno, 'a'oe komo kanaka Okane ia Wai'ololi . 0 ka wahine ia Wai'olola
65.
66.
. Hanau kaPuaki noho i kai Kia'i ia e ka Lauaki noho i uka

Born the puaki seaweed living in the sea Kept by the lauaki sugar-cane living on land
67.
68. 69.
7D.
He po uhe'e i ka wawa He nuku, he wai ka ai aka la'au o ke Akua ke komo, 'aloe komo kanaka Okane ia Wai'ololi o ka wahine ia Wai'olola
15
I
71.
72.
H anau ke Kakalamoa noho i kai Kia'i ia e ka Moamoa noho i uka

BOrI1 the kakalamoa seaweed living in the sea Kept by the moamoa plant living on land
73. 74. 75.
76.
He po uhe'e i ka wawa He nuku, he wai ka 'ai aka lalau o keAkua ke komo, laloe komo kanaka Okane ia Wai'ololi o ka wahine ia Wai'olola
It is a night gliding through the passage Of an opening; a stream of water is the food of plants It isthe god who enters; not as a human does he enter Male for the narrow waters Female for the broad waters
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77. 78.
Hanau ka limuKele noho i kai Kia Ii ia e kaEkele noho iuka

Born the kele seaweed livingin the sea Kept by the ekele taro living on land
79.
80.
81.
82.
He po uhe'e i ka wawa He nuku, he wai ka 'ai a ka la lau o ke Akua ke komo, aloe komo kanaka Okane ia Wai'ololi o ka wahine ia Wai'olola
. It is a night gliding through the passage Of an opening; a stream of water is the food of plants It is the god who enters; not as a human does he enter Male for the narrow waters Female for the broad waters
] ]
1
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83.
84.
H anau ka limu Kala noho i kai Kia'i ia e ka 'Akala noho i uka

Born the kala seaweed living in the sea Kept by the 'akala raspberry living on land
85. 86.
. 87.
88.
He po uhe'e i ka wawa He nuku, he wai ka 'ai a ka la 'au o ke Akua ke koma, 'aloe komo kanaka Okane ia Wai'ololi o ka wahine ia Wai'olola
It is a night gliding through the passage Of an opening; a stream of water is the food of plants It is the god who enters; not as a human does he enter Male for the narrow waters . Female for the broad waters
89. 90.
H anau ka Lipu 'upu 'u noho i kai Kia'i ia e ka Lipu'u noho i uka
Born the Lipu 'upu 'u seaweed living in the sea Kept by the Lipu'upu'u moss living on land
91. 92. 93.
94.
He po uhe'e i ka wawa He nuku, he wai ka 'ai a ka la'au o ke Akua ke komo, aloe komo kanaka Okane ia Wai'ololi o ka wahine ia Wai'olola
C/o
KA WA AKAH1-Chant One
17
95.
96.
H anau ka Loloa, noho i kai Kia'i ia e ke Kalama loloa, noho i uka

Born the long seaweed living in the sea Kept by the tall ebony living on land
97,
98, 99. 100.
He po uhe(e i ka wawa He nuku, he wai ka (ai a ka la(au o ke Akua ke komo, a (oe komo kanaka Okane ia Wai(ololi o ka wahine ia Watolola
It is a night gliding through the passage Of an opening; a stream of water is the food of plants It is the god who enters; not as a human does he enter ' Male for the narrow waters Female for the broad waters
101.
102,
Hanau ka N e, noho i kai Kia(i ia e kaNeneleau noho uka

Born the ne seaweed living in the sea Kept by the sumach tree living on land
I J I t I J :," I I J J J
"
103,
11)4,
105.
106.
He po uhe'e i ka wawa He nuku, he wai ka (ai aka la(au o ke Akua ke komo, (a foe komo kanaka Okane a Wa'ololi o ka wahine ia Watolola
18 KA WA AKAHI-Chant One
107. 108.
H anau ka H uluwaena, noho i kai Kia'i ia e ka Huluhulu- 'ie'ie noho i uka

Born the hairy seaweed living in the sea Kept by the hairy pandanus vine living on land
109. 110.
Ill.
He po uhe'e i ka wawa He nuku, he wai ka 'ai a ka la 'au o keAkua ke komo, 'aloe komo kanaka
It is a night gliding through the passage Of an opening, a stream of water is the food of plants It is the god who enters; not as a human does he enter
II2.
113.
lI4.
115.
lI6.
o ke kane huawai, Akua kena o kalina a ka wai i ho 'oulu ai o ka huli ho 'okawowo honua o paia ('a) i ke auau ka manawa o he 'e au loloa ka po
The male gourd of water, that is the . god From whose flow the vines are made vIgorous; The plant top sprouts from the earth made flourishing To frame the forest bower in the flow of time, The flow of time gliding through the long night
117. 118. 119.
.0 piha-u, 0 piha-a
o piha, 0 pihapiha o piha-e, 0 piha-o

Filling, filling full Filling, filling out Filling, filling up
120. 12L 122.
o ke ko'o honuapa'a ka lani o lewa ke au, ia Kumulipo ka po

Po no. .
Until the earth is a brace holding firm the sky When space lifts through time in the night of KUIDulipo .It is yet night.
I
Rhythms of Reliability and Change in Nature Throughout the evolution of species between early evening until morning
(Wa Akahi - Wa 'Ewalu) the Pleiades ascends to the zenith before declining to
horizon west through this (Wa Akahi) canto and six more cantos to dawn light.
By
then there will be several parental (gender male and female) pairs in the prologues of each succeeding wa:
Kumulipo (1) light darkness to Po'e1e (2), black night; to Pouliuli (3) dark night to Powehiwehi (4) night adorned black; to Po'ele'e1e (5) black night to Pohaha (6) dim night, groping night; to Popanopano, (7) jet back night to Pola1owehi (8) night adorned black; to Pokanokano (9) night extremely dark to Pola1ouli (10) intense darkness
J I J J
I
below; to
Pohiolo (11) night declining toward dawn to (Pone'eaku (12) night
departing/moving away, and Pohane'emai, night moving toward;

Popihapiha (13) full night, to Pokinikini (14) countless night(s); to
Pohe'enalumamao, night sliding forward into the distance, to I lea po nei (15), 'last night' (meaning 'yesterday' near dawn of the present 'day" [Le., days were counted as "nights"].
I l
i
Emphasis in this sequence is on dualistic opposition of darkness to light as the eye's developing perception creates awareness of celestial motion as one of regularity, how time is a consistent flow (au) uninterrupted by abrupt changes, ever steady at a predictable rate of time from one horizon to another. On another level in nature a separate movement of evolutionary regeneration proceeds, upon the earth and in the sea. Forms of life reveal patterns of change from one form into other forms related to, yet independent of, preceding forms through continuous readjustment in nature, unlike the regularity of cosmic rotation. What is regular
]
I
motion perceived in the sky through time is a similar situation on earth in the sense of perpetual regeneration as an expected facet of gender and fertility. While
33
changing life fonns do have independent existence in life, life as a whole is progressive survival through readjustment to changing conditions in the sea or on land: that is to say, creation is not static. As the process continues, the puana refrain describes a power behind and
within the process as the presence of a god (alma) renewing himself, a singular
male, as in the refrain, 0 ke Akua ke komo, 'a'oe komo kanaka, (( It is the god who enters, not as a man does he enter," emerging into and through all fonns of life. For this concept in ancient Hawaiian religion the language has a name, klnola.u, as for multiple "bodie(s)" of "God" (alma), which (or who) as man, person, human being .(kanaka,) will "enter" (komo) at dawn of day in the eighth wa, to "emerge"
(puka) from the entire process into a sentient being, from the perspective of an
abiding intelligence in nature, perhaps the unspoken reason for life, that there be a reasoning faculty born upon earth to respond and to understand the whole of it. By then the wa is a cry of the newborn human infant, having taken its first breath of air, free of the womb and emerging from its own placenta (honua). as the human cry or shout (uwa)
Wa
of the infant voice has independent power of
sound (lono, to hear sound), air being the first need of the body, before that of food.
Air (ea) from the atmosphere (au) [' 0 ke au i kahuli, wela ka honua } is a body of
the god Kane, just as light is also a body (kinolau)
of Kane, creator-god of the
Hawaiian people. While Kane's rank among the four major gods of the pantheon (Ku,
Lono, Kane, Kanaloa) is below Ku and Lono and above Kanaloa, Kane is important as
the creator of human life in the kinolau of air, water, and light. The physical chemistry of the earth as female (Papahanaumoku) is by contrast solid matter, soil, rock, and edible food.
Wa in "time" or "center", manawa, is found within the structure of the
human body in three places. When the body is in vertical position, standing erect, then at the center (piko) of the skull in the soft spot (fontanel), is the manawa aligned to the zenith and with the sun's position at noon (awakea), as to Sky Father
Wakea on meridian ( Ka Piko
0
Wakea). Another piko of the body when horizontal is
34
at the navel (piko) connection to the placenta (honua) aligned to Earth Mother,
Papah~aumoku
at Ka piko
ka honua on meridian (at the equator), while a third
piko is the genital area from which procreative power enables a new generation to
follow.
In sununary, Wa Akahi is the time when the Pleiades are in "season" (ke au
Makali'i)
0
during which visibiiity of the Pleiades is through the night until seen
again briefly on the eastern horizon before sunrise. in April-May, when sunlight cancels visibility until they reappear in November in the evening again. A parallel system of calendrics using the Pleiades cycle also existed in Mexico, for which a table of the cycle of achronycal risings and settings of the Pleiades for Latitude 21 degress north (about the latitude of Moloka'i and Q'ahu) was done by archaeoastronomer Johanna Broda (see below).
[Dates at the top are for 1500 A.D. and in parentheses for 1980; the dates have an approximate validity. For a more complete chart on the Pleiades, see the Appendix, for 2000 A.D. - 14,000 B.C., in a chart arranged by Dr. Joseph Ciotti]
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]
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II
I
j;
20 April-29 May May-4 June) Period of invisibility

(3
I.i .
The Pleiades are not visible. During this period, the first passage of the sun through the zenith occurs at Tenochtitlan.
[21 degrees north, Moloka'i (17 May).
' 1
I I
29 May (2 June)
He1iacal rising (dawn) (The Pleiades rise in the east at dawn, before sunrise, in parallel with the sun).
This is the first day in which the Pleiades rise in the east before dawn. From this date on they rise earlier than the sun each day until November. During this period they are, at first, seen only at dawn; progressively, they can be seen during a longer span of night until dawn.
I
35
1 November
(7 November)
Heliacal setting (dawn)
(The Pleiades set in the west before dawn and rise after sunset in the east, contrary to the sun). The Pleiades appear after sunset in the east. Between 1 and 18 November they can be seen from sunset (rising in the east) to sunrise (setting in the west), i.e., during this period they are visible throughout the night.
[* Note: the above description fits ke au
o ke au 0
0 Makali'j in the Kumulipo, Wa Akahi: MakaJj'j ka po, When the Pleiades are small eyes in the night)
18 November
(25 November) Heliacal rising (dusk)
(The Pleiades rise in the east after sunset and set in the west before dawn, contrary to the sun) The Pleiades begin to set in the west before dawn. From November to January, they are visible from sunset (rising in the east) until sometime before dawn (setting
in the west).
22 November Zenith at midnight
The Pleiades pass the zenith at midnight. This date coincides with the nadir of the sun at Tenochtitlan (six months after 17 May).
26 April
(3 May)
Heliacal setting (dusk)
(The Pleiades set after sunset in the west, in parallel with the sun). The above data presents the parallel situation for Hawaii at the latitude of Moloka'i, where ancient Hawaiians timed their calendar, apparently, to achronal risings and settings of the Pleiades. Missionaries in the nineteenth century notes that the month of Makali'i (Pleiades) there began in April-May rather than November, as on Hawaii, Maui, O'abu, and Kaua'i in the general calendar.
36
If on Moloka'i the Pleiades was used to set the calendar year (makahiki) to
begin in April-May (Makali'i), then the kahuna priesthood of that island had been following a practice of noting heliacal risings (achronycal) of the Pleiades on the east before sunrise. The calendar on Moloka'i had evidently been adjusted to the' Pleiades a month later, (April 20-May, Ages of Aries, 1800 B.C.) after the vernal equinox (March 20-22, Age of Taurus, 3000 B.C., in the zodiacal calendars, Babylonian and European systems). It may not mean that the kahuna knew the precession of the equinoxes, although the similarity does suggest a correlative understanding of the Pleiades cycle in the Pacific, and it strengthens the position of Moloka'i as continuing the calendar there as one carried to Hawai'i from Polynesia during the migration period. On Moloka'i the rate of change for stars in the vernal equinox rising before the sun was known in order to move the month correction later every 2,160 years. The Pleiades were in the vernal equinox about 3000 B.C. but is no longer there since 1800 B.C. Polynesians since then moved the Pleiades another two months away, Makali'i marking May 20-June since 300 A.D. Howancient is the calendar fixed to the Pleiades at vernal equinox? The dec an system in Babylonia lists the month of Iyyar for April 20th as for stars in Taurus the Bull of the zodiac (Indo-Meditteranean), or fourth decan of the year, Mula, for Temmenu, Alcyone, brightest star in the Pleiades, called "Foundation Stone", and Zappu ("tuft of hair") in the Pleiades for 1800 B.C., when the vernal equinox shifted the first decan ten-day week of March 20th (vernal equinox) away from the Pleiades to Alpha Arietes (Hamal) to fit the Age of Aries (Taurus having vacated that point in
I I J I J I J J I J
]
I
)
II iii
1800 B.C. after 2,160 years). This was done apparently before Samoa was occupied by Polynesians in 1500 B.C.
If on Moloka'i the kahuna knew that the Pleiades would have been on the
eastern horizon at vernal equinox sunrise March-April before it was moved to MayJune about 1800 B.C. continuing until 1 A.D. (Age of Pisces), after which Ma,kali'i was seen on the eastern horizon at dawn in May-June by the nineteenth century, he
J I
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1,'
37
would have been doing what was done in Babylonia for four thousand years. We know from the history of astronomy and astrology recorded in the annals of India, Babylonia, and Egypt that constellations in the tropics through which the sun moves along the ecliptic annually "precess" in a regressing circuit of time. The animal zodiac, as it is called, developed in a region of the Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf and Euphrates River into Africa and Egypt before spreading to Greece and Rome. Another zodiac developed in the north, Tibet and China, and still another in Central America, but no animal zodiac has ever existed in Polynesia. A tradition of the sun's north-south analemma as a track of the cosmic spider,
ke ala a ke ku'uku'u, "path of the spider", is an ancient Hawaiian analog for the
sun's motion between solstices and equinoxes in the tropics. The cosmic spider, great Lanalana or Ku'uku'u, spins a web as a grid across the sky in which stars course east to west in fixed tracks, spaces along the horizon north/south being azimuths (lua) 'pit' positions of rising/setting stars, moon, sun, and planets. A much older celestial spider analog for the sun's annual course existed in II;1.dia in the Rig Veda dating back to 3S 17 B.C. [Sengupta.,
P,C. in Johnson, R. K., Kumulipo,
1981: 41]. As the language was Sanskrit, the source would have been Indo-European,
from the area of the Caucasus northwest of India:
"Ordaining the days and nights, Like a cunning spider, For six months south constantly, For six north the sun goeth"
[Kausitaki Brahmana, xix, 3; Rg Veda Brahmanas]
The spider analog to the sun's seasonal motion between the tropic limits (North, Tropic of Cancer; South, Tropic of Capricorn) is also found in folktales of various tribes in India, indicating a very old tradition:
"Long ago, when the earth was covered with water, Rumrok hung a boar in a spider's web up in the sky" [Orissa tale].
38
Where Were Polynesian priests in 3517 B.C.? Polynesian occupation of nuclear West Polynesia is dated by La Pita pottery to about 1100 B.C. in Tonga and by carbon date in Samoa about 1500 B.C. The Malayo-Polynesian (Austronesian) tanged adz appeared about 3000 B.C. on the coast of South China as far north as the Yellow River. Genetic DNA of Indonesia in Madagascar has been t;raced to Kalimantan in South Borneo. The Malays evidently moved through the Indian Ocean and, maybe, into the Atlantic around south Africa some time ago. There are larger coconut groves on the Atlantic coast of South America and on the west coast of India than in the Pacific. It was recently announced that bone material excavated in Brazil has been dated to about 9,500 B.C. and assigned to origins in the South Pacific
I I
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"The discovery in southeastern Brazil of an 11,500-year-old skull--the oldest in the new world--may help to rewrite the theory of how the Americas came to be settled. A scientist studying Luzia, as the fossil is called, says his findings don't fit the old idea that the frrst Americans crossed the Bering land bridge in a single massive migration between 11,000 and 10,000 years ago. Researchers on separate projects have been coming to similar conclusions ... Luzia apparently came from the South Pacific . .'This the frrst known American,' [acc: Walter Neves]. "In 1995 Neves began to compare Luzia with modern humans. He found that Luzia's skull and teeth had characteristics similar to people of the South Pacific ...That strengthened his belief that Pacific tribes reached the Americas before the MongolOids, who arrive 4,000 to 9,000 years ago ... Neves' theories jibe with the findings of U.S. anthropologists Joseph Powell and Erik Ozolins, who tested samples from North and South America" [See Honolulu Advertiser, May 22, 1998, page A3, "Fossil Rewrites American
Archaeology] .
I l l J
11 .,..
~
It takes about 500 years for a shift in azimuth (lua) pOSitions of rising and setting stars to be
noticed~
and perhaps this is all that was needed, but who keeps
record of those changes through the millenia of generation upon generation? The Kumulipo poet tells us he did, and that is all we may know for the moment. While navigators and Bishop Museum astronomers could add data from more precise
39
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instruments in Kilolani Planetarium (now called Watumull Planetarium), it was accurately determined from the computerized Voyager program that the following would have been true for a 500-year rate of shifting azimuth positions of horizon stars, observed at Kaho'olawe [20 degrees 34 minutes north latitude]:
Zenith Stars for Hawaii
(1) 2000 years ago [ 8 A.D.] Regulus - Alpha Leonis - Magnitude [Mag.] 1.45; Tejat Posterior - Mu Geminorum - Mag. 2.89.
(2) 1500 years ago [ 492 AD.] Scheat, Beta Pegasi - Magnitude 2.42; Alpheratz, Alpha Andromeda, Mag. 2.06.
(3) 1000 years ago [ 992 A.D.] Denebola, Beta Leonis - Mag. 2.13 Pleiades.
(4) 500 years ago [1492 AD.] Arcturus, Alpha Bootes - Mag. -.04;
Hamal, Alpha Arietis - Mag. 2.01.
(5) Present [since 1992 AD.] Zosma, Delta Leonis - Mag. 2.56; Sharatan, Beta Arietis - Mag. 2.63,
[ace.: Peter Michaud, December 29, 1992 in Johnson, Rubellite K., 1992 [(Kaho'olawe's Potential Astra-Archaeological Resources, Kaho'olawe Conveyance Commission Consultant Report No.9: 25]
The apparent fixing of the calendar year to April as MakalilJ on Moloka'i when missionaries were recording various island calendars in the early nineteenth century is a vestige of PolyneSian tradition continuing the correction of changing azimuths of horizon stars, moon, and the sun's annual motion north/south. That
their navigation techniques came from wayfinding skills dating back to 3000 B.c. along the coast of Southeast Asia. Polynesians of Futuna (Nuclear/West Polynesia) named the month of May-June Ma.tarild (Pleiades) and the same is true for New 40
Zealand Maori, supplying evidence that the annual Pleiades calendar for MakalJ.'l, is due to calendrical computations coming through a broad area between the Indian and Pacific Oceans, with practice of the following: (1) Observing the precession of equinoxes and the ecliptic (2) Setting the beginning of the year to the vernal equinox (March-April) (3) Setting the beginning of the agricultural year to the autumn equinox (September-October) (4) Locating the azimuths of the sun's rising and setting points along the eastern and western horizon; (5) Fixing the solstitial azimuths of the sun's risings and settings at the extremes of the sun's northerly and southerly stops, so as to mark the tropics (6) Determining the nadir of the sun and zenith passage of the Pleiades per latitudes in the tropics. The longevity and greater age of these traditions in the Indo-Meditteranean since 3517 B.C. allow greater likelihood that some ancestors of Polynesians came from the Indian Ocean into the Pacific, meeting people from diverse racial, cultural, and linguistic backgrounds. The Isthmus of Kra in the Malay Peninsula borders both oceans, the Andaman Sea toward India and South China sea in the Pacific. The area is narrow enough for people to walk across and be near Burma on one side and close to Thailand on the other. Early history from as far away as Egypt records that zenith passage of the Pleiades was aligned to Thuban (alpha Draconis) as the Pole star in the north, as encoded into the Great Pyramid of Cheops four thousand years ago for the exact latitude of Giza in 2170 B.C.. .Astronomer royal of Scotland C.Piazzi Smyth was able to estimate, for example, that...alpha Draconis [Thuban] was in alignment with the Descending Passage of the Great Pyramid at the meridian below the pole in 2180 B.C. when another very important group of stars would have been crossing the meridian above the pole: the Pleiades. In other words, when alpha Draconis [Thuban] was
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)
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]
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I
visible down the Descending Passage, the Pleiades would have been crossing the meridian in the vertical plane of the Grand Gallery at midnight in the seas of the autumn equinox... " " ... The heliacal orientation of the Pleiades to the first Babylonian decan and lunar station in the ecliptic, beginning the year at the vernal equinox about March 20-21st means that the Pleiades would have occpied the first position in the calendar between 2000 and 1800 B.c. About 1800 B.C, the vernal equinoctial position was vacated by the Pleiades and assumed by lamba Arietes, whereupon that point, although now actually in Pisces and soon to be in Aquarius, has since been referred to as the First Point in Aries. At the same time the Pleiades were moved to the second month after the vernal equinox, corresponding to April, or the fourth decan position (April 20th) in the Babylonian calendar... " [Johnson, Kumulipo, 1981: 23].
An indigenous feature in local calendrical computation, however, is uniquely
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Hawaiian. In pre-contact times the calendar was set, not to the Pleiades, but rather, to the flrst new mooD. after the flrst evening rlse of the PleIades on tbe
eastern borizon. That means that several cycles of time are involved in ancient
Hawaiian calendrics:
(1) (2) (3)

(4)
solar time, daily solar time, annual lunar time lunar time
[rotational] [revolution] [synodic] [sidereal]
Suffice it to say at this point that at the equinoxes the position of the moon is on the horizon opposite the sun, west at sunrise and east at sunset. Important though the subject of cosmic time may be at commencement of the first era in Wa Akahi, the sky emphasis recedes into the background. Attention is given, instead, to rudimentary classification of ocean biota, starting with reef invertebrates, seaweeds, and upstream plants continuing through six wa until the original homeland is destroyed by an earthquake and terrible tsunami deluge. Until then the Kumulipo poets were more intent on studying the biology of the reef zone.
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42
Marine Invertebrates
'uku-ko'ako'a ko'ako'a ko'e-'enuhe ko'e pe'a 'ope'ape'a 'ape'ape'a weli weHweli 'ina halula wana-ku ha'uke'uke uhalula pi'oe
Phylum Coelenterata Phylum Annelida Phylum Nematoda Phylum Echinodermata Class Asteroidea Class Holothuroidea Class Echinoidea Class Echinoidea Class Echinoidea
coral polyp [Class Anthozoa] coral colony [Genus Corallium] caterpillar worm worm of any kind starfish small starfish unidentified cephalopod sea cucumber, also fireworm small sea cucumber, centipede, hairy worm Echinometra spp. young of the sea urchin, class of sea urchin sea urchin with longer spikes than wana Tripneustes gratilla Podophora attata sea urchin (unidentified spp.) barnacle
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Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Order Cirripedia Phylum Mollusca Class Pelycypoda (bivalves) Class Pelycypoda Isognomon spp. Class Pelycypoda
pi pi
papaua
pearl oyster Pinctada radiata hinged mussel Acar hawaiiensis, clam
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]
'olepe-papaua nahawele
Class Pelycypoda mussel Spp. lsogmon1dae, PterUdae, Pinnidae, Perna costellata, Atrina saccata (unidentified spp.) Class Gastropoda (univalves) Class Acmacidae, Patellidae Family Cypraeidae Pleurobranchus Chama spp. Nerita polita hermit crab dark-fleshed limpet limpet cowry small cowry large Nerita polita
unauna makaiauli 'opihi leho puleholeho maka-'oni'on1'o kupe'e-kala
43
makaloa pupu'awa 'ole 'ole'ole pipipi kupe'e wi kiki
Thais intermedia Drupa horrida Drupa ricinus Charonia tritonis
drupe bitter drupe conch, triton small conch small snail
Nerita Nerita neglecta Nerita polita Neritina Nerita vespertina
freshwater snail freshwater snail
Marine Seaweeds and Land Plants

'ekaha Gelidium spp., (limu loloa) coralline seaweed Gymnogrongus spp. (limu-uaua-Ioli) (unidentified spp.) Asplenium nidus Ahnfeltia concinna Sporobolus virginicus Codium edule wawae'iole Plectrantus australis Peperomia spp. Gracilaria coronopifolia Colocasia esculenta Gymnogongrus spp. 'awikiki, 'ekehakaha, kauila [black sugar-cane] 'jointed' Liagora decussata 'ala'ala-wai-nui ('biting leaf sugar cane) tassel of sugar cane liverwort tbird's nest fern' red seaweed seashore rush grass green seaweed yielding red color when cooked; 'rat's feet' seaweed mint succulent red seaweed (stiff cylindrical stem) pink taro (mana var.) red seaweed sugar cane (dark stem) sugar cane red seaweed
'ekahakaha
'aki'aki manienie-'aki'aki 'a'ala-'ula , ala'ala-wai-nui
manauea kalo manauea ko'ele'ele
kopunapuna puaki
lau'aki kakalamoa
[probably] limu kala 'thorny seaweed, brown' Sargassum spp; pukaJakaJa - Galaxaura Lapidescens Cpo huluhulu-moa, a seaweek, called hulumanu 'hairy green seaweed' Korthalsella 'Hawaiian mistletoe' Caulerpa spp.; limoa
44
I
kele [probably] limu kele, limu 'ele'ele, Enteromorpha spp. (unidentified tree moss) Sargassum spp. probably the limu kala wai, Spirogyra spp. Rubus hawaUensis; R. macraei Valonia utricularis (unidentified spp.) kukae-Kamapua'a - Digitarla pruriens kukae-Kumapua'a - Digitaria vilascens Gelidium spp. = 'ekahakeha Diospyros; Maba spp. (unidentified spp., probably nehe) Spirogyra spp. = limu kala wai) Rhus chinensis var. sandwicensis Grateloupia filicina Freycinetia arborea
=
fresh water weed (unidentified)
'eke Ie kala
J
'thorny' seaweed, brown 'thistleberry' 'lumpy' moss medicinal tough grass 'long' (coralline) seaweed 'ebony tree' pond scum native sumach red seaweed 'hairy pandanus vine'
'akala lipu'upu'u lipu'u
loloa ka lama 10100 ne neneleau huluwaena huluhulu 'ie'ie
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Biology and Calendar, the Economics of Land and Sea, Cantos 1-7 Land and Sea Interaction, I Kai and Iuka: Balance Between Ecology and Economy: The Value of and Reason for Classification of Species. The poets of the Kumulipo within the seven wa cantos of the night (Po), as the recitation shifts emphasis to the economics of dependency of life forms on each other, between the animal and plant world, a picture is drawn of the environment from the coral reef habitat in two directions, one of which leads from the surge zone of intense wave action over the reef edge to the bottom, and the other above the shoreline, going upstream and inland. Where the reef surrounds a protected area of water, such as a bay, reef fauna and flora move from the coral reef zone into estuaries and coastal wetlands, and later, inland to lower and upper regions of the dry and wet forest areas, considered in ancient times to be wilderness (wao
nahe1e) and the headwaters (po'owai).
I I I I I I I I I I
The zone beyond the reef out into the open ocean is the deep sea habitat of offshore pelagic fishes, like flying fish, yellow
rm
and skipjack tuna, mahimahi
dolphinfish, still surface feeders. Beneath and at greater depths are marlin, bigeye tuna, and albacore. In the First Age (Wa Akahi) is the coral reef habitat where marine invertebrates and seaweeds constitute the beginning of the food chain i kai (seaward): Hawaii has three basic types of coral reef environments. The first is dominated by the cauliflower coral, Pocillopora meandrina. This coral thrives in strong light and high wave energy... the dominant coral in shallow areas exposed to heavy wave action.. .
U ...
" ... The second type of coral reef environment is characterized by the lobe coral, Porites lobata. This species is found in calmer water [emphasis mine] ...Many species of fishes and invertebrates find food and shelter here ... surgeonfishes ... parrotfishes ... " " ... The third coral reef habitat is dominated by the branching finger coral, Porites compressa ...in the most protected waters ... coral-feeding butterfiy-fishes ... surgeonfishes ... damselfishes ... " [Fielding, Ann and
Ed Robinson, 1987: 21].
46
J
The reef zone environment ends where the deep sea fishery begins. the fisherman who needs to make his living on both reef and deep sea fishing must be prepared to suit his methods and tools to both regions in order to use and at the same time conserve the resource. Cantos 1 and 2 reveal the extent of the need to be able to identify which fonns of life are useful for either food or medicine and which are poisonous. Between Cantos 1 and 2 the range of interaction extends from kai (coastal) to
uka
] ]
(inland) where the economic resources of the ancient ahupua'a ecosystem
were subject to restricted (kapu) use under the control of ruling chiefs (ali'i
ahupua'a, ali'i (aimoku).
I J
]
Examination of the common staple plants named in Canto 1 shows that staple cultivars from the usual store of Polynesian food plans introduced by Hawaiians into the kula (reSidential) and farming (mahi'ai) i kai and i uka are not strategically
involved in the nomenclature. The sweet potato, for example, is not included, nor is. the banana (mai'a), breadfruit ('ulu) or coconut (niu). Edible marine invertebrates of the reef habitat are also few, namely, sea cucumber, sea urchins, limpet, nerita
(pipipi) and freshwater snails. Edible seaweeds are green and brown algae (Sargassum spp.) with some red (manauea) , but relatively few. Lacking, therefore,
is any perspective of a thriving agriculture in the settled ahupua'a yet to be. The impression gained from analysis of content is that of a more pristine natural environment with a vulnerable potential for human life survival, or basic subsistence upon coral reef fauna and ocean fishery in the absence of a developed agriculture. The functioning ecosystem, especially in Canto 1, is as would be found if one had arrived in the islands during the initial period of discovery and settlement. While everything for survival of animals and plants is basically in place, true survivors adjusted to the prevailing ecology are endemic fauna and flora in the raw environment, somewhat free of disturbance by human beings.
l J J l
]
] ]
] ]
47
]
.I
'1
Biology and Calendar:
Adjustment to Seasonal Changes Above the Equator
Once ancient Hawaiian inmigrants had successfully transported the earliest groups of settlers, the initial colony then faced the related problem of learning about the environment in which they would live. Although the Hawaiian Islands were still in the tropics, the long days of summer and short days of winter north of the equator were reversed from the pattern of seasons familiar to them in the south below the equator. In time they rearranged the agricultural calendar to suit the seasons. The year was divided between two seasons, the dry (kau), summer, and wet
(ho'oilo), winter season. Hawaiian historian David Malo, a native of Kona, Hawaii,
described these, as follows:

"Kau was the season when the sun was directly overhead, when daylight was prolonged, when the tradewind, makani moae prevailed, when days and nights alike were warm, and the vegetation put forth fresh leaves. "Ho'oilo was the season when the sun declined towards the south, when the nights lengthened, when days and nights were cool, when herbage (literally, vines) died away ... " [Malo, 1951: 30].
Malo was aware that in the summer the sun was nearer the latitude of Hawaii.
In winter the sun is in the south. What "vegetation" puts forth "fresh leaves" in the
summer? He doesn't say.
Nor does he identify what "vines" died in the winter. What
did he mean? He continues: "The six months in Kau were Ikiiki, answering to May, at which time the constellation of the Pleiades, huhui hoku, set at sunrise."
Note: [What he really meant to say was that the Pleiades could not be seen
in May after the sunrise made them invisible in daylight]
" ... Ka'aona, answering to June .. .in ancient times this was the month in which fishermen got their a-ei nets in readiness for catching the 'opelu, procuring in advance the sticks to use in keeping its mouth open... " " ... Hina-ia-'ele'ele, answering to July, the month in which the 'ohi'a fruit began to ripen.. ."
48
Mahoe-mua, answering to August--this was the season when the 'ohi'a fruit ripened abundantly ...
U ...
" ... Mahoe-hope, answering to September, the time when the plume of the sugar-cane began to unsheath itself... " " .. Ikuwa, corresponding to October, which was the sixth and last month of the season of Kau" [Malo: 30]. "...The months in HO'oilo were Welehu, answering to November, which was the season when people, for sport, darted arrows made of the flower stalk of the sugar cane ... " " ... Makali'i, corresponding to December, at which time the trailing plants died down and the south wind, the Kona, prevailed ... " "... Kaelo, corresponding to january, the time when appeared the 'enuhe, when also the vines began to put forth fresh leaves ... " "... Kaulua, answering to February, the time when the mullet 'anae, spawned; Nana, corresponding to March, the season when the flying fish, the malolo, swarmed in the ocean;
U
J I I
J
I . :.'' .I
'.: I
"... Welo, answering to April, which was the last of the months belonging to HO'oilo" [Malo, 1951: 30-31].
For Malo, whose home district was Kona on Hawai'i, the description of the year for Lono-i-ka-makahiki, god of agriculture, fits Chant 1 (Wa Akahi) in the Kumulipo.
Months in the Hawaiian Year
I.
2. 3. 4. 5.
6.
7. 8. 9.
10. II. 12.
Makali'i Ka'elo Kaulua Nana Welo Ikiiki Ka'aona . Hinaia'ele'ele Mahoe-mua Mahoe-hope lkuwa Welehu
November-December December-january january-February Fe bruary-March March-April April-May May-june June-july August-September September-October October-November November-December
Pleiades (in Taurus) (star name) Gemini/Siri us Gemini Regulus (in Leo) Castor (in Gemini) Pollux (in Gemini) Antares (in Scorpius)
!i.' . .'.
--
49
I I I I I I I I
KA WA ALUA
HanllU kama II ka Powclr.iwrhi
,.
,.
,. ,.
,.
,. ,. ,.
,. ,.
,. ,.
o k01l(Oanaa PouliuJl o k_~ <l Powdli_J,i o Poul;"ii k. kane

o Pl'IWfhirM ka W<lh~
o 110 wa! milt .. /mw. wale Hanau k4_ II hill< II 11010 o Ita hit.. ia p.twa Ial<J kau
o "IlIM wi/uk. au a U/iut. OJw'~akwnalamala o poIwrdi apolw'ele'f/e
Ho'okiltl ka lana a Ita Pou/iu/i OMa/tiul1t(J, 0 Ma'apuia nd/<) i ka 'ain<J 0 Polwmiluamea Kukala ma; ka Haipuao:/amea
Powe!Iiwehl To groce the otatur. oiPouliuli OIMahiuma, oIMo....;" ~1Iir1i in the 4nd olPoMmiI"""", .. P, odaim"'e tile ~IIWII of Mea. The spli! eleg>JlCe of the bnnch .,cUILul~ Unre<:Q~~d ond .plinte=l; In the rught thai dark"". >rid blacken . Tbtouih curre.u. be floats; Born child d the ~ .....,. he.wims, The.lilu whooe tail fin marlo,
with a WI'1'~
~ Ihe child (J(
:5oe"'"
The 11<>_ olPouHu~; Po~biwehi Ihrinko . .... y in respe<t (from the P"""""'" ct. chleO. Pou!iuH the male ro-hiwehi the Jemale
HaltllUka j'a, halWu ka Nai'a ike kai Ia Iwlo

Born thefisll, born the ~ swimming the", in the ...
I I I I I I
"
I I I
~
HI11fllU klllmlOl, haMK ka MOfMO I 4ilm 14 IIokl

BorD!IIo ...... bofn lhetpal/ilJo
lwimrruna: 110m ir>!lIe Ie. HIZNl" lraM.... ~kt.lAf()ourI(lU jAil /t(n fa 1uI/l) BorQ tbo ..... born lho _ .... " lWirnInWIj tIr.1! in lhe .....
6 ""
H_
b N/JJf8. 1raIoa"lta M_ i oW Ir/li /(J. /u)iq 8cn the. p ~'" of tellowflll wno
BorDlhe_U~
... ir" ..... I.ho'" io !he It.
H_la N-.., ~-"'M" i kltai /(llwlo

Bon. 1.ho ....... 1ish. bonIlhe . . . "_there in """ _ HIIIriUl N NII/JG, Itmwa IuJ Na4l i h Ui III IIoUI Bont.~ ...,.. lioh. lIorn the ....:.
H<IIIQ" "'"
p.
-......lIIon .. thc _
~II
n Kalil 'M ..... Ia .-so
KA WA ALUA-ChQ"t Two
97
I I I
pala (1 a'i pala) Zebrascma/ItJVt!SCtm
Naso unic&mu Born the yellow tang, born the surgtonftsh swimming there in the sea
H anau ka Paka, hana ... ka Papa i ke kai la holo

Born thepaka, born thepapa('a) moray eels swinuning there in the sea
lIanau ke Kalakala, hanau ka Huluhulu! he kai la holo

Born the porcupine fISh, born the prifj,rjish swimming there in the sea
I I I
Hanau ka Halahala, hanau ka Palapala i he kai la holo

Born the young of the "",!Jerjock Born the young of the barracuda swirruning there in the sea
Hanau ka Pe'a, hanau ka Lupe ike kai la how

Born the stingray, born the manta ray swimming there in the sea
H anau he Ao, 'hanau he Awa i ke kai la how

Born the dolphinfish. born the milkfish
swimming there in the sea
manta ray Chris Newbert
Hanau ke Aku, hanau ke 'A!li i ke kai la how

Born the skipjack Iu"", born the yellowfin swimming there in the sea
Hanau ka Ope/u, hanau ke AkuJe i ke kai la iww

Born the mackerel scad, born the big-eyed scad swimming there in the sea
I I
H_1uJ
:.4_'-.Borntlw ......,..*a A_i.Iuli/oi .... _ _ ""

l..mun",,~ .
born .... _ _ .....un .......... ~~ in tile lei
HIl1I"" /fa E ..., llmlmllul Ntlo,. , Iff .oi /a 1I0Io Born .... 'h Ii.... born tho ...dIoo7
In tho ...
HImIU< M 'J(I(), hallOW Jw :Ao'4O I It, ~ /a 1I0Io Boratl>er" , ''p boratbc~

.~
H _ 11(1 'OtID. .u..aulu 0 - i
............ Iw Ui
/a ~
B Onllhe:r.":, bomLho:_
~tha'ein""_
HIPUlM Ita PaJwu, IlaM1lka LmJ\Qw j It, leai /a how Born u..p', . born !be ~fi>/t
IW"""""II1hm! iI the !Ia
1f1.1l1./1.11.
.ta Mo;, iImImIu Lo'iJo~ j . . Itlfi 16lto1o

Bon ft'"
VI ..... a lilt '" ..... mintllot\lelll .... _

bornthe~
....
'/I' MIlO, Uu>M IuIM_iuluJi Ialtofo Bor-o .... _ . ...-...run. thm! in the_ HtlNlW Iu Kab . .!roM...t A '01'" i Iu ."i /a /loki 80m .... """,,,ods. born ,*",-.1..
H_ ..
IWlmrnln;c
th<,~
;n .... _
HllNIu h K UPON, "-"IN K..,N/IIlN i IffIlIJi /a ltOO Bomtlw'-w, 2 ._.. u..1 J OiL'
.......... Ihm!iocho_
HaNlulto Wm,lu:Mu IuJ lA"' ubi !altob

Bon ...... wilt/, born .... Il1o
Iwunmina" .... re III their>
I I I
I I
100
KA WA A. LUA -Clwuf TH.U
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
paku'iku'i Acanthurus achilles
achill es tang 'akilolo <hinalea-'akilolo) John Randall Coris gaimardi
wrasse
John Randal l
Hanau ka Palani, hanau ka N ukurtWmi i ke kai la holo

Born ilie surgeonfish, born iliejackfish
Hanau ha Ulua, , ' hanau ka Hahalua i ke kai la holo

Born the jack crevally, born the young crevally swimming there in the sea
'"
H anau ha 'AD 'aonui, hanau ka Paku 'iku 'i i he kai la halo

Born the young damselfish Born ilie Achilles lang ,
(kupip~
Hanau ka Ma'i'i'i, hanau ka Ala'ihi i he kai La halo

Born ilie young of the surgeonfish (puolu) Born the squirrelfish
Hanau ka '0'0, hanau ha 'Akilolo ike kai la how

Born the '0 '0 fish, born the wrasse swimming there in the sea
11 "'-
P I
Hanau ka N enue, noho i kai Kia'i ia e ka Lauhue noho i uka He po uhe'e i ka wawa He nuku, he kai ka 'ai a ha i 'a o ke Akua he komo, 'a 'oe kama kanaka
,
!lorn tile n ..... fi<k livina in th. .... Kept 117 tbo~'''''~'Yina on t.>d II is I a;,hllllllinil Ilu, :to !he pM"", lin opmio&: Ie. .....,.. is the food olflMl !L is the eo<! who en!era. not 10. humin cIoet he CIlIH
or
rP_
HallOu IU1 PlliIoha no"" I Ifni Kia'; ;". ltD Pllilala no i uka
o ,1,I11III ia Wm~oIoJi,
'<)
1", .,..,..,.;" W/Ji'g401o
H'1'OwM', i bomxo
o ttmlla Wal'oJ"It. ~~" wahin. U, Wai'~JD14

HQIt"'".ta PgMu 1OI/JIo, If'" X", '; /ada i.llw.a. >10M, W (PuonaJ
Mlle lOT tile nm_ w_r .. I'malt lor ,"" \:owd nte<. Bomlbe,... filii I...... in the IN Krp: by !be ,.",..lu/bYio!t on tbo _
(Rdn,ifI)
o -
k">Je IQ Wai'ololi, ,, 110 ..ohUlf III Wa. 'ololtJ Hlnl(ll< II(~ JIlt'" i Ita; Ki<J ', IIJ , Ito Wa/aIr4! ', n(}1Io; uka (Pwma) Mlole 1m- ..rrow -.no /eruIe 10< the broad~. 80m 1lIe~ b..... in the ....
Kepi by!lll!_~'" 011 ..... 1,..... " " _
(.Rtf~
- o./UI, "a (Pua...v
ia War~!IIoli, ".ta ...vrlllf ia IVai'mola H01'lll" Ita 'O'opwlloi IIOIto i /fai KUl', ill , 'O'vp..wui 110M i rdul
puhi kauila
eel
Murtutwphis pardo/is
Lei~ton
Taylor
'"
Okane ia Wai'ololi, 0 ka wahine ia Wai'olola Hanau ka puhi Kauwila noho i kai Kia'; ia e ka Uwila noho i uka (Puana)
Male for the narrow waters, fe male for the broad waters Born the kauila eel living in the sea Kept by the buckthorn li ving on land
(Refrain)
Okane ia Wai'ololi, 0 ka wahine ia Wai'olola Hanau ka Umaumalei noho i kai Kia'i ia e ka 'Uki noho i uka (Puana)
Male for the narrow waters, female for the broad waters Born the umaumalei surgeonfish living in the sea iving on land Kept by the 'ulei shrub L (Refra in)
".
Okane ia Wai'o loli, 0 ka wahine ia Wai'o lola Hanau kaPaku'iku'i noho i kai Kia'i ia e ka la 'auKukui noho iuka (Puana)
Male for the narrow waters, female for the broad waters Born thepaku 'jku 'j surgeonfish Kept by thekukui cand lenut Jiving on land (Refrain)
'" ".
Okane ia Wai'ololi, 0 ka wahine ia Wai'olola Hanau kaLaumilo noho i kai Kia'i ia e ka Milo noho i uka (Puana)
I I
I
um&UllIalei
suraeonfish
.101m 1Urodal1
g O
Mal@ lor the narrow waters, female for the broad waters Born the laumalo eel hving Ln the sea Kept. by the ",,/0 hibiscu9 1iving on land (Refrain)
O kane ia Waj'oIoU. 0 ka wahnu io Waito/ala Hanau keKTepouj>ou '10M r kal KUz'j ia e N t Kou who i uka
(Puo",,)
I I I
I I I I I I I I
Male for lhe narrow waters, female for the broad waters Born the Itwptlf4/XlU wrasse living in the !lea Kept by the lui" tree living on land
(Ref1"8in)
Okane ia Wai'olcli,
(Puana)
ko wahitlt
ia Waj'ololo
lIanau ko Hauli"'i ncho i kai K jo'i ia e ka Uh, noho i 14ka

Male for the narrow waters, female for the broad Born the slCak,1tIadtmllivmg in the sea Kept by the)'Om living 00 land
W<lteTS
(Refrain)
Okane ia Wai'o lol i, 0 ko wahine ta Wait%la
Hanau ka Weke nOM i koi Kia', UJ e ko Wauke TWho i uka

(Puona)
Male for the narrow waters, female for-the brood waters Born the IOU. mullet living in the lie! Kept by the/Klf>er mulbm, living on land
(Refram)
' ulac
lizardfish
Synodus variegatus
John Randall
O kane ia Wai'ololi, 0 ka wahine ia Wai'olola Hanau ka 'A 'awa noho i kai Kia'i ia e ka 'Awa noho i uka (Puana)
Male for the narrow waters, female for the broad waters
Born the 'a'awa wrasse living in the sea
Kept by the kava plant living on land (Refrain)
,.
Okane ia Wai'ololi, 0 ka wahine ia Wai'olola Hanau ka Ulae mho i kai Kia'i ia e ka Mokae noho i uka (Puana)
Male for the narrow waters, female for the broad waters Born the lizard/ish li ving in the sea Kept by the moklU sedge living on land
KA WA ALUA-Chnn/ Two
105
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I
Pi/X'r IIIcthysticum
Jan Becket
6(
106
KA WA ALUA-Chnnt Two
'iliahi aoa
sandalwood
Santalum sp.
S. Montgomery
Z51.
Okane ia Wai'ololi, 0 ka wahine ia Wai'olola Hanau ka Palaoa noho i kai Kia'i ia e kaAoa noho i uka He po uhe'e i ka wawa He nuku, he kai ka 'ai a ka i'a o ke Akua ke koma, 'a'oe komo kanaka
Male for the narrow waters, female for the broad waters
Born the sperm whale living in the sea Kept by the sandalwood living on land It is a night gliding through the passage Of an opening; sea water is the food of fish It is the god who enters, not as a human does he enter
''''''''o It, 1uJ'iM apo/gM e Ito'i rwi E h wiU alta 'aIuJ'a j Ita mDilM o Ito 'c;u/lq'j Woo AtImDtJ wtJ4 In /wI WI ~ o }_""i ota IoIttloltt lJpa'a o /tail _It_a'" j ., akI
IA. . . T.,..
o IN ola 0 KoIqm;o " mi.?mw

LotI'a Prtn j hpoliltua
Mit (II
o H(gwaiHui, 0 HiJullCaUl(J
ofwWcIlWtuluWJ 'ako'a
Ka lilt"" 'a'ahll lIIQ'IlII/6'a /wi; ~fiOlt{'j i lie au to Uliuli
Pa" k ","Ie Ito IIIOana J>qtotlll.-dti
t,
I I I I I I I I
KA WA ALUA-ChaN t TWQ
109
.. ,,.
,n
m.
He kai ko'ako'a no ka uli 0 Paliuli 0 he'e wale ka 'aina ia lakou 0 kaha uliuli wale i ka po -La Po-no
In the lead the whales proceed, Mingling and submerging beneath the sea; The 'opule advance in lhe di::;tance:
The deep ocean is filled with them: Like kumimi crab s clustered on the reef They swallow on the way
Along the path of Ko lomio, swiftly darting;

Pimoe is found at the bosom of the horizon Of Hikawainui, the strong current. Of Hikawaina. the calm current, Where spire myriad corals From the hollows of blunted reef; The youngest is carried by the current into darkness.
I I I I I I I I I
I I
Black as night the opaque sea, o,ral sea in the dark cliffs of Paliuli, Land that slid away from them, Dark shore passing into nightIt is yet night.
Reef life
Leighton Taylor
I I I I I I
Marine Vertebrates
hil u (hinalea) Labridae Coris flavovittata 1. Coris paracirrhites 1. Jullius eydouxii general term for all fish/sea creatures Cetaceae Isuridae spp. general term for all sharks Mullidae Parupeneus multifasciatus wrasse spp. (reef)
i'a na'ia
mano
porpoise shark goatfish
(deep sea) (deep sea) (reef)
moano
maulmaumau
nana
mana
nake!make napa/nala pala kala paka papa huluhulu kalakala halahala
(no data) (no data; probably spawn of the yellowfin) (no data; probably spawn of the moi threadfin) (no data) (no data) (no data; probably the la'ipala, yellow tang Acanthurdae Naso unicornis (no data; probably the paka, Muraenidae gymnothorax flavimarginatus) surgeonifbs moray eel moray eel same as 'o'opu-hue, pufferfish, balloonfish (reef) (reef) (reef) (reef)
(no data; probab ly the ku-kala, Diodontidae porcupine fish (reef) (no data; probably the young of the kahala, Carangidae Seriola dumerlii, amberjack; C. Seriola aureovittata; or the young of the 'akule, kawele'a (Sphraena helleri) barracuda; and young of the 'ahi; all are called hala Another name for the pualu, Acanthurus fulginosus A. xanthopterus; A. mata; or ku-pala, stage of the barracuda (yellowfish-black) Hahalua, Hihimanu; Mobulidae; Myliobatidae; Manta birostris Dasyatidae; Aetobatus narinari Coryphaenidae Coryphaena hippurus; mahimahi Chanidae Chanos chanos Scombridae Katsuwonus pelamis Scombridae Neothunnus orientalis Carangidae Decapterus pinnulatus manta ray spotted eagle ray dolphinfish milkfish (deep sea)
palapala
(deep sea)
pe'a lupe
OC>
(deep sea) (deep sea) (deep sea) (reef, salt pond)
awa
aku 'ahi 'opelu
skipjack tuna (deep sea) (deep sea) yellowfin mackerel scad (deep sea)
56
~"
akule 'ama'ama
Carangldae Trachurops crumenophalus Mugilidae MugU cephalus mature 'ama'ama Atherinidae Pranesus purpureus (no data) Scombridae Acanthocyblum solandri (no data) (no data) Chaetodontidae Chaetodon fremblii C. setlfer Polynemidae Polydactylus sexfilis Pomacentradae (no data) Pomacentridae Abudefduf abdominalis Sphraenidae Sphraena A'u, Istiophoridae Labridae Cheilio inermis Mullidae Mullodichthys samoensis M. Upeneus arge (no data) probably lele-po, spp. of night-flying malolo, Exocoetidae Acanthuridae Acanthurus dussumieri Carangidae Caranx melampygus Cuyler, an ulua Carangidae Carangoidea Ferda probably haha-ulua, young of the ulua, manta ray
big-eye scad mullet silverside

wahoo
(deep sea) (reef, salt pond) (deep sea) (deep sea)
anae
'lao
100'00
'ono
CIlX)
pahau lauhau moi 'alo'ilo'i

JIB)
striped flatfish butterfly fish (reef) threadfin damselfish damselfish barracuda marline wrasse mullet flying fish surgeonfish jackfish jack crevally crevally rayfish (sandy bay) (reef) (reef) (deep sea) (deep sea) (reef) (reef) (deep sea) (reef) (reef) (reef) (reef) (deep sea) (reef)
maomao
kaku a'u'a'u kupou kupoupou weke lele
I I I I I I I ! J
,
palani nukumomi ulua hahalua 'ao'ao-nui paku'iku'i ma'i'i'i 'ala'ihi

'0'0
J J J
] ]
t;,_.
(probably young of the kupipi, young damselfish Pomacentridae Abudefduf sordidus)
Acanthuridae Acanthurus achilles Achilles tang (reef) (reef) young of the pualu, Acamtjiris xamtjp[teris surgeonfish A. mata Holocentridae Holocentros splnifer (no data) Labridae: hinalea 'i'iwi, hinalea 'akilolo squirrelfish wrasse (reef) (reef)
'akilolo
J l i
]
57
!
"
I
Puana Refrain of Generation:
nenue lauhue pahaha puhale Pahau hau he'e walahe'e Kyphosus fuscus Lagenaria vulgaris
Oceanic species paired with land/sea plants

rudderfish gourd (vine) (reef)
young of the muillet (Mullidae) mullet Pandanaceae Pandanus odoratissimus pandanus (no data) Malvaceae Hibiscus tiliaceus Mollusca Cephalopoda Canthium odoratum synonym Plectronia odorata Cirrhitidae Cirrhitus marmoratus Gobildae, Eleotridae Muraenidae Muraenophis pardalis Alphitonia ponderosa Acanthuridae Acanthurus achilles Osteomeles anthyllidifolia Aleurites moluccana
(reef, salt pond) (monocotyledon)
striped flatfish (reef) hibiscus (dicotyledon) octopus leguminous shrub (reef)
'o'opu kai 'o'opu wai puhikauila kauila umaumalei ulei kukui laumilo milo kupoupou kou hauliuli uhi weke wauke 'a'awa 'awa 'ulae mokae
po'opa'a fish goby
(reef) (freshwater stream) (reef) (reef)
eel buckthorn hardwood surgeonfish leguminous shrub candlenut (oily)
Muraenidae Gymnothorax undulatus eel Malvaceae Thespesia popuInea hisbiscus hardwood Labridae Cheilio inermis Cordia sub cordata Gempylidae Gempylus serpens Dioscorea papyrifera Mullidae Mullodichthys samoensis Broussonetia papyrifera Labridae Bodianus bilunulatus Piper methysticus Synodontidae spp. (no data), a sedge resembling kili'o'opu Cetaceae Santalum spp. wrasse hardwood snake mackerel yam (vine) mullet paper mulberry wrasse kava lizardish sedge (reed)
(reef)
(reef)
(deep sea) (reef, salt pond)
(reef)
(reef) (freshwater pond) (deep sea)
palaoa
aoa.
sperm wahle sandalwood
58
I
Chant 3 Ka Wa 'Ekolu
Prologue
275
o kane la, 0 ka wahine kela Okane hanau i ke auau po-'ele'ele 0 ka wahine hanau ike auau po-haba, Ho'ohaba ke kai, ho'ohaba ka uka Ho' ohaba ka wai, ho' ohaba ka mauna Ho'ohaba ka po-niuauaeaea
Ulu ka haba na lau eiwa Ulu niniolo ka lau pahiwa o ho'oulu i ka lau palaiali'i Hanau 0 Po" ele' ele ke kane Noho ia e Pohaba he wahine Hanau ka pua a ka Haha Hanau ka Haba
280
I I I I I
I I I ', I I
>
Third Age Male this, female that Male born in the time of passing darkness, Female born in the night feeling through, The sea reaching on, spreading apart the uplands, Streams coursing, mountains rising In a time of groping for the way through darkness, The obscure uncertain; The reaching stalk grew nine leaves, Grew dark leaves straight upward Like regal ferns unfolding. Born black night the male Espoused by dim night, a female; Born the blossom on the unfolding stem, Born the single stem spiral.
275
280
J
I I I , I
.,
59
.
;I
I,i
I"
I
Birth of Species
285
Hanau ka Huhu ka makua Puka kana keiki he Huhulele, lele Born the woodborer parent, Came his child a flying insect, flew;
290
Hanau ka Pe'elua ka makua Puka kana keiki he Pulelehua, lele Born the caterpillar parent, Came his child a butterfly, flew; Hanau ka Naonao ka makua Puka kana keiki he Pinao, lele Born the ant parent, Came his child a dragonfly, flew; Hanau ka Unia ka makua Puka kana keiki he Uhini, le1e Born the cricket parent, Came his child a katydid, flew; Hanau ka Naio ka makua Puka kana keiki he Uhini, le1e Born the larva parent, Came his child a fly, and flew;
295
Hanau ka Hualua ka makua Puka kana keiki he Manu, le1e Born the egg parent, Came his child a bird and flew; Hanau ka U1i1i ka makua Puka kana keiki he Kolea, lele Born the wandering tattler parent Came his child a pIver, flew
300
Hanau ke A'o ka makua Puka kana kei.ki he A'u, flew Born the shearwater parent Came his child an a'u bird, flew;
60
Hanau ka Akekeke ka makua Puka kana keiki he Elepaio, lele Born the akekeke parent, Came his child an 'elepaio, flew Hanau ka Alae ka makua Puka kana keiki ka Apapane, le1e Born the mudhen parent Came his child the apapane, flew 305 Hanau ka Alala ka makua Puka kana keiki he Alawi, lele Born the crow parent, Came his child an alawi bird, flew Hanau ka 'E'ea ka makua Puka kana keiki he alaiaha, lele Born the 'e'ea bird parent, Came his child an 'alaiaha bird, flew 310 Hanau ka Mamo ka makua Puka kana keiki '0'0, lele Born the mamo honeycreeper parent Came his child an '0'0 honeyeater, flew; Hanau ka Moho ka makua Puka kana keiki he Moli, lele Born the rail parent, Came his child an albatross, flew; Hanau ke Kikiki ka makua Puka kana keiki he Ukihi, lele born the creeper parent Came his child an 'ukihi bird, flew 315 Hanau ke Kioea ka makua Puka kana keiki he Kukuluae'o, le1e Born the curlew parent, Came his child a stilt and flew; Hanau ka 'Iwa ka makua Puka kana keiki he Koa' e, lele.
61
I I
I ill
I
ill
I.,.
I
Born the frigate bird parent, Came his child a tropic bird, flew; 320 Hanau ke Kala ka makua Puka kana keiki he Kaula, lele Born the tern parent, Came his child a ka'ula bird, flew Hanau ka Unana ka makua Puka kana keiki he Auku'u, lele Born the Unana parent, Came his child a night heron, flew;
o ka le1e anei auna o kahakai a lalani

325
0 ho'onohonoho a pa'a ka pae
Pa'a ka 'aina 0 Kanehunamoku Hanau manu ka 'aina Hanau manu ke kai They have flown here in flocks, Lining the seashore, Crowding in settlement the beaches, Clutching the land of Kanehunamoku, The land gives birth to birds, The sea gives birth to birds.
(Puana Refrain of Generation)
o ka wahine ia Wai'olola
Hanau kane ia Wai'ololi
He po uhe' e i ka wawa He hua, he i'o ka 'ai a ka manu
o ke Akua ke komo, 'a'oe komo kanaka Okane ia Wai'ololi o ka wahine ia Wai'olola

Born male for narrow, Female for wide streams A night gliding through the passage; Fruit and flesh are food for birds, It is the god who enters; not as a person does he enter, Male for the narrow Female for wide streams.
62
I
330 Hanau ka Lupe Doho i kai Kia'i 'ia e ka Lupeakeke noho i uka Born the stingray living in the sea Watched by the stann petrel Iving on land
(Puana Refrain,
deleted between stanzas)
J J
Hanau ka Noio noho i kai Kia'i cia e ka'Io noho i uka Born the white-capped noddy living at sea Watched by the hawk living on land Hanau ke Kolea-a-moku noho i kai Kia'i 'ia e ke Kolea-Iele noho i uka Born the glaucous gull living at sea Watched by the migratory plover living on land Hanau ka Hehe noho i kai Kia'i 'ia e ka Nene noho i uka Born the Hebe Doha i kai Watched by the nene goose living on land Hanau ka 'Auku'u Doha i kai Kia'i cia e ka 'Ekupu'u noho i uka Born the black-crowned night heron living at sea Watched by the 'ekupu'u living on land 360 Hanau ka Noio noho i kai Kia'i Cia e ka Pueo noho i uka Born the white-capped noddy living at sea Watched by the owl1iving on land.
He po uhe'e i ka wawa He hua, he 1'0 ka 'ai a ka manu o ke akua ke kama, 'a'oe komo kanaka Male for the narrow, Female for vvide streams, A night gliding through the passage; Fruit and flesh are food for birds, It is the god who enters; not as a person does he enter.
o ka wahine ia Wai'olola
Okane ia Wai'ololi
63
I
Epilogue
365
o Kiwa'a, 0
0 ka leina kela a ka manu 0 Halulu ka manu kani halau
o ka manu lele auna a pa'a ka la Pa'a ka honua ina keiki manu aka Pohaha He au pohaha wale i ka mu-ka
370
o ka holili ha' ape lau man amana o ka manamana 0 ka hanau po o po wale kela o po wale keia
0 ka haha 'ape manewanewa
375
o poni wale
0 po wale ke au ia Po'e1e'ele ke au ia Pohaha, ka po Po no.
This the perch of thie bird Halulu, Of Kiwa'a, bird crying over the canoe house; The flight of birds shuts out the sun, Fledglings who cover the land with growth bursting from night, A time of yielding to those who sip nectar; The 'ape taro stalk spirals upward, Thrusting forth tender leaves Branching in the night of birth It is that night still It is this night still It is still night in the time of Po'ele'ele, black night, Purple-black Pohaha, night of groping through; Still night.
64
I
Insects and Birds
haha
Same as haha-'ai-a-ka-manu, or lobelia, Clermontia gaudichaudii (haha, food of the birds) a fern, palai; Microlepta setosa wood-borer (grub), probably a larval stage of a wood-boring beelte beetle burrowing caterpillar; moth butterfly, Vanessa tameamea wingless wasp; ant damselfly; dragonfly adult katydid katydid
maggot fly
egg
I I
I
I...
palai'ali'i huhu huhu-Iele pe'elua pulelehua
naonao pinao
unia uhini naio nalo hualua manu 'ulili kolea a'o a'u
I I
bird; any winged creature Heterocelsus incanus; wandering tattler; arctic migrant Pluvialis dominica fulvus, golden plover; arc tis migrant Puffinus Newelli, Newell's puffm (shearwater); seabird Istiophoridae, sailfish [*Note: out of context; more likely a term for a bird, perhaps related to the auku'u night heron; however, some fishes are thought to possess 'eings' such as hihimanu, rayfish]. Arenaria interpres interpes; ruddy turnstone; arctic migrant Chasiempis sandwichensis; flycatcher, forest bird 'alae 'ula, Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis, mudhen (waterfowl) Pulica americana, alae, mudhen (waterfowl) Hinatione sanguine a, honey-creeper (forest bird) Corvus tropicus, Hawaiian crow Losops parva, honeycreeper (forest bird) grey bird ()unidentified spp.) grey bird (unidentified spp.) Drepanis pacifica, black honeycreeper (forest bird) Acrulocercus nobilis, honeyeater (forest bird) Pennula milisi, rail Diomedia immutabilis, Laysan albatross (seabird)
, .
.......
akekeke 'elepaio 'alae 'alae ke'oke'o 'apapane 'alala 'alawi 'a'ea 'alaiaha mamo
'0'0
.J "
'J
3 .
i .
moho moli
~...'I. 3
65
I
kikiki 'ukihi kioea kukuluae'o 'iwa koa'e kala kala (ka'ula) a bird resembling the plover (no data) Chlorodrepani, Losops virens, 'amakihi; also called 'alawi on Kaua'i Numenius tahitiensis, bristle-thighed crulew (arctic migrant) Himantopus himantopus, stilt (waterfowl) Fregata minor palmerston, frigate-bird (seabird) Phaethon lepturus dorothese, tropic bird (sea bird) pakalakala, Sterna lunata, tern [unidentified, probably same as koa'e 'ula) Phaethon rubricauda roth-schildi nesting bird Ncyticorax ncticorax hoactli, black-crowned night heron kite; singray Oceanodroma castro crypto-Ieucura, Hawaiian storm petrel (seabird) Anousminutus tenuirostris melanogenys, black noddy Buteo solitarius, Hawaiian hawk (endemic to the island of Hawai'i) plover (land), by the sea; Pluvialis dominic a (arctic migrant) Plover, (flying plover) (arctic migrant) bird (unidentified) Branta sandwichensis, goose (flightless) black-crowned night heron probably the nuku-pu'u, Hemignathus lucidus tern Asio flam me us sandwichensis, owl red-footed booby, Sula sula rubripes; masked booby bird, Sula dactylatra personata (seabird) brown booby, suila leucogastyer plotus mythical man-eating bird, the white bird of Kane, Kane's booby bird, 'A'a; companion of Kia'iwa'a (Kiwa'a) bird that flies over the canoe-house; mythical, same as Kia'iwa'a. Alocasia macrorrhiza, or Xanthosoma roseum; 'ape taro (monoctyledon)
unana auku'u lupe lupe'akeke noio 'io kolea-a-moku kolea-Iele hehe nene auku'u 'ekupu'u Noio pueo 'a'a 'a'a Halulu Kiwa'a haha'ape
66
I
Chant 4 Ka WaEha
Prologue
E kukulu i ke tahi'a a la'a la o ka tape aumoa ka hiwa uli o ho'okaha ke kai i ka taina o kolo aku, 0 kolo mai o ho'ohua ka ohana 0 kolo o kolo kua, 0 kolo alo o pane'(e) ke alo, 0 hO'ohonua ke kua 385
o pani'ia, 0 panopano o kane 0 ka Popanopano i hanau o ka Pokanokano ke kane o Polalowei ka wahine

Hanau kanaka ho'olu'a hua Ho'ohua a lau i ka po a'e nei Ia nei la ho'oku'uku'u Ia nei la ho'oka'aka'a Kaka'a kamali'i he'e pu'eone 0 kama a ka Popanopano i hanau Fourth Age Set up the 'ohi'a to be sacred there Black sacredness of the 'ape taro The flowing sea cuts the shoreline Where they crawl away and crawl here, Family of crawlers increasing their kind, Crawling backward or forward, On their front and on their backs. Bosom of those cherished ones with whom they play, Dark ones, distinctly black Male of the night born in Popanopano jet black, Female of the night below adorned black Born those who deposit eggs in the earth Increasing four-hundred-fold their young by night Released here, Roll about here, On dunes of sand little ones slide, . Children born sons of Popanopano.
0 ke alo
ku'u milimili nanea
I I I I I
390
395
J
I
I..:.
67
l l
I
I
I
Birth of Species
I
400
405
410
Hanau kapo Hanau ka po is milinanea Kuka'a ka po ia ki'i nana'a Hanau ka po ia kua nanaka Kulla ka po ia kua neneke Hanau ka po ia ka 'ula maku'e Kula'a ka po ia 'ula li'i Hanau ka po ia 'ula li'i Hanau ka po ia mo'onanea Kukele ka po ia mo'oni(a)nia Hanau ka po ia pillpili Kukala ka po ia kalakala Hanau ka po ia ka'uka'u Kuemi ka po ia palaka Hanau ka po ia ka ihu kunini Kueli ka po ia kupelepele Hanau ka po ia kele Ka1i ka po ia mehe(u)he(u) The The The The The The The The The The The The The The The The The night gave birth night gave birth to the playful night swelled with big~bellied one night gave birth to carapaced turtles night strove to deliver the hawk bill night gave birth to the dark-red lobster night expelled the small red lobster night gave birth to the lizard at rest night slithered with the lizard of smooth skin night gave birth to those that cling night proclaimed those with rough skin night gave birth to the hesitant; night shrank with those indifferent; night gave birth to the sharp-nosed; night dug out the indolent; night gave birth to mud-dwellers; night paused for track leavers.
(Repetition of Puana Refrain, between stanzas deleted)
415
Hanau kane ia Wai'ololi, 0 ka wahine ia Wai'olola Hanau ka Honna noho i kai Kia'i Cia e ke Kuhonna noho i uka Born the turtle living in the sea Kept b y the maile vine living on land
420
Hanau ka Will noho i kai Kia'i Cia e ka Willwili noho i uka
68
Born the sea worm living in the sea Kept by the wiliwili tree living on land Hanau ka Aio noho i kai Kia'i cia e ka Naio noho i uka Born the teredo worm living in the sea Kept by the sandalwood tree living on land. Hanau ka Okea noho i kai Kia'i cia e ka Ahakea noho i uka Born the okea living in the sea Kept by the ahakea tree living on land Hanau ka Wana noho i kai Kia'i Cia e ka Wanawana noho i uka born the sea urchin living in the sea Kept by the wanawana plant living on land Hanau ka Nene noho i kai Kia'i Cia e ka Manene noho i uka Born the nene living in the sea Kept by the manene living on land 450 Hanau Liko noho i kai Kia'i 'ia e ka Piko noho i uka Born the liko living in the sea Kept by the piko taro living on land Hanau ka Opeope noho i kai Kia'i cia e ka Oheohe noho i uka Born the jellyfish living in the sea Kept by the oheohe tree living on land Hanau ka Nananana noho i kai Kia'i 'ia e ka Nonanona noho i uka Born the sea spider living in the sea Kept by the spider living on land 46S He po uhe' e i ka wawa He nuku, he la'i ka 'ai a kolo o ke Akua ke komo, 'a'oe komo kanaka
I I
I I I
iii
~
I., .
69
Male for the narrow, Female for wide streams, It is a night pass through; Quiet the feeding of crawlers; It is the god who enters; not as a person does he enter.
470
o hulahula wale ka ne'e [a]na a kolo o ka maewa hue10 ka loloa o kukonakona 0 kukonakona Hele lu wale i ki'o [a]na o ka lepo hune ka tai, tai--a
tAi a kau, tai a mu-a Ka'a [a]na a kauwa hewahewa
A pilihua wale ka tai [a]na 0 kele a hana hana o hana mai ulu kunewanewa
475
o hele i ka taina a Kolo

480
Ke newa nei ka hele
Hanau ka ohana 0 Kolo i ka po Po no. Dancing the movement of crawlers Swinging the length of the tail, Unfriendly and threatening, Shaking as they settle into mud, Dust of earth the food to eat.
475
480
To eat and settle, eat in silence, Eating like condemned kauwa outcasts, To eat in confusion their meals, To bask in warm mud, Reeling, unsteady, SWaggering in the land of Kolo, Born the family of Kolo in the night, Still night.
70
Egg-Bearing Crawlers,
shi'a apeaumoa
Lizards and Turtles
probably 'ohi'a, Eugenia spp. and/or 'ohi'a (lehua) taro Alocasis macrorrhiza, or Xanthosoma roseum (dark-leafed 'ape taro plant)
I I I
honua kua nanaka [green turtle?) v-back-marked-in- sections honua 'ea kua neneke hawkbill urtle, Chelonia 'ulamaku'e 'ula li'i mo'onanea mo'o niania " pilipili kaIakaIa ka'uka'u paIaka ihu kunini " kupelepele " kele meheuheu honua kuhoua
wili wiliwili
purplish-red lobster lobster lizard (fascinating, relaxed); cp Mo'o-i-nanea, grandmother of the migration hero, 'Aukele-nui-aiku from Kua-i-helani smooth lizard clinging lizard rought-skin lizard slow lizard inactive lizard sharp-nosed lizard pot-bellied lizard mud-dwelling lizard track-leaving lizard turtle Alyxia olivaeformis, maile .wood-borer Erythrina sandwicensis
I I
aio naio okea ahakea

wana wanawana
teredo worm Myporum sandwicensis, faIse sandalwood

(probably a variant of a-kea, white booby) Bobea spp., or white taro Echinometra spp. thorny plants (probably nene-'aukai, sea gull) Plantago pachphyUa, a plantain (Kaua'i) leaf bud (piko spp. taro) common taro haIf-leaf, said of a taro plant remainin on the stalk after top has been cut Tetraplasandra oahuendid, a tree; variety of taro, or sugar cane, ma'oheohe sea-spider (or shrimp), an arachnid, Araneida spp. variant of nananana, spider; ant-like, gnat-like spp. or spider-like creature
I .,. iI
nene
manene
liko piko opeope oheohe
nanana
nonanona
71
III
Biologyand Calendar: Seasonal Migratory, Breeding, and Nesting of Birds and Turtles (Wa Ekolu and Wa 'Eha, Cantos 3 and 4)
( 1) Aquatic Waterbirds: Birds in this category are wading birds, frequenting freshwater ponds, marshes, reservoirs, taro patches, lagoons, and tidepools, also building nests on folded reed ('alae), shallowed depressions (kukulu'ae'o), and in trees (auku'u). These include: 'alae 'ae'o 'auku'u mudhen (feeds on mullusks) stilt (feeds on fish, crabs, worms, and water insectsO blackcrowned night heron (feeds on fish, frogs, mice, insects, and chicks of other birds); nests May-June.
Included in the waterbird category are Arctic migratory birds, the bristlethighed curlew (kioea), plover (kolea), ruddy turnstone (akekeke), and the wandering tattler ('utili).
( 2) Arctic Migrants Birds in this category fly south in the winter from regions near the North Pole, alight in Hawaii and remain for a period of time before flying north in the summer, creating no nesting places as tropic seabirds do. They arrive in the islands in August-September and return to the Arctic in April-May to nest, navigating by hOming in on the pole star.
'ulili 'kolea akekeke kioea
I I I I I I I
wandering tattler golden plover ruddy turnstone bristle-thighed curlew
(3) Tropic Seabirds Birds in this category flyaway from the islands to feed on fish over the open ocean. They nest in the islands.
72
a'o
ua'u
moli
'iwa
pakalakala
(Newell's shearwater); breeding season April-November; breeds on forest slopes on Kaua'i, Hawaii, Moloka'i; arrives from sea after dark, leaves before dawn. (Hawaiian petrel); breeding season, March-October; lays one white egg; breeds at high elevation slopes,main islands (formerly), squid-feeding; arrives after dark. (albatross); breeding season, November; birds leave nest by September; nests in exposed sandy areas, northwest leeward islands, Ni'ihau, Moku Manu (O'ahu), Kilauea and Mana (Kaua'i). (frigate bird); nests in March or April (single egg) on trees, shrubs; northwest leeward islands, Moku Manu (O'ahu), Kilauea (Kaua'i), Pauwalu (Maui). (gray-backed tern); nests between February-April (single egg) on sand or rock; chicks leave nest soon after.
I I I I
Biology and Calendar: Coordination of Economy from Coral Reef and Open Sea to Land and Wet Forest The following seasonal calendar has been prepared, based on the information presented in the Kumulipo [Cantos 1-4].
I I
Welehu [November-December]' (Hawaii General Calendar]

Ho'oilo (winter, rainy season begins): sidereal calendar set to Pleiades about
November 20th, on eastern horizon, evening. A six-month tabu was placed on eating the 'opelu (mackerel scad) in the winter months. (1) kopunapuna (sugar cane), lowland planting in Ka'u, Hawaii, November and December; mature in one year; moon nights of Kaloa (24th to 26th favored for planting; (2) lauhue (gourd): proper time to plant gourds, which will mature in six months, fruit ripening over the summer. (3) uhi (yam);foliage matures October-November.
73
(4) threadfin (moi fish), still spawning, November to December; fishing season, August to December (5) a'u'a'u (swordfish), end of fishing season in the late fall (6) ahi (yellowfin tuna); last month of the five-monh fishing season in November (7) a'o (shearwater, bird), end of breeding season in November (8) moli (albatross), lays eggs in November (9) lupe'akeke (storm petrel), departing nests, October-November
Makali'i [December-january]
Ho'oilo (winter), season of Kona winds blowing from the southwest, beginning.
(10) moi (threadfin), last month of fishing season, December (11) <ama'ama (mullet), spawning December to january; fishponds, bays (12) noio (black noddy), neting December-March; egg-laying peaks December-january'
Ka'e1o
(January-February)
. Ho'oilo (winter), Kona winds continuing. In February the mullet is still spawning; black noddy nesting.
( 13) <elepaio (flycatcher), breeding season j anuary-june. (14) 'apapane (honeycreeper), breeding season january-july.
( 15) 'enuhe (caterpillar) appears (16) 'ama'ama, anae (mullet) spawning in February ]Kona, Hawaii, acc. Malo]
[*In Ka'elo tabu was removed from eating a.lm (tuna) and laid on 'opelu]
Kaulua [February-March]
Ho'oilo (winter), Kona winds prevailing. End of mullet (spawning) and nesting of noddy (noio); 'elepaio and <apapane forest birds, breeding season continuing.
(17) ua'u (petrel), returns to nest between February-April, breeds March-October . (18) pakalakala (tern), lays (single egg), between February-April
74
(19) lupe'akekeke (storm petrel), returns to nest between February-April (20) koa'e-'ula (red-tailed tropic bird), returns from the sea in late February
Nana [M<lrch-April]
HO'oilo (winter), strongest Kona storms in March subsiding by April; noddy
(nolo), storm petrel (lupe'akeke), grey-backed tern (pakalakala), ua'u (petrel), nesting; honeycreeper ('apapane), breeding season. (21) 'elepaio (Kaua'i flycatcher), breeding season, March-June (22) 'iwa (frigate-bird), nests (single egg), between March-April (23) a'o (shearwater), beginning of nesting season (24) akekeke (ruddy turnstone), rturns to Arctic to nest (25) koa'e-'ula (red-tailed tropic bird), nests in the spring.
Welo [April-May]
Bo'oilo, last month of winter; end of Kona season and return of normal
tradewinds. (26) a'a (red-footed booby), lays eggs April-June; nesting season.
lkiiki [May-June], Kau,. summer season, commences.

During the Kau, a tabu was placed on eating the aku (bonito, albacore), and a six-month season on tope1u fishing was opened. However, the season on taking
the aku was still open in the month of June, tabu on the eating of aku during Kau commencing the next month [Hinaia'ele'ele]. The seabirds shearwater (a'o), petrel (ua'u) continue to nest; the Arctic migrant bird, ruddy turnstone (akekeke) returns northward; the te1epaio ends its breeding season in June; the albatross ('a'a) ends egg-laying, nesting period in June; <apapane (honeycreeper), breeding season continues. (1) auku'u (black-crowned night heron, nesting season, May-June (sometimes in spring). (2) honu (green turtle), migrate May-August to leeward islands to lay eggs.
75
Ka'aona [June-July]
(3) 'opelu (mackerel scad); fishermen start to make basket traps in June in preparation for 'opelu fishing season in July-November.
(4)
ko'a (coral polyp):
Some coral species spawn after full moon, 5-8 p.m., mid-June to October [e.g. Pungia scutaria, mushroom coral]; other species spawn after new moon, 8-10 p.m. July-August (intense in July); [personal communication, David Krupp, Windward Community
College, Kaneohe, O'ahu].
(5)
moi (threadfin), spawning season June-December; not the season for fishing 'elepaio (flycatcher), end of breeding season in June 'alala (crow), end of hatching of eggs (in June) auku'u (night heron), end nesting period (in June) 'a'a (red-footed booby bird), end egg-laying period (in June).
(6) (7) (8) (9)
Hinaia'ele'ele [July-Augus t]
Kau, summer. The 'apapane (honeycreeper) breeding season ends in July;
(10) wana (black sea urchin); period of taking the wana is in July, when the
urchin is momona (fat), full of eggs.

(11) ahi (yellow-fin tun), fishing season opens July-November
Mahoe-mua [August-September]
Kau, summer. The fishing season for (mackerel scad) is still open.
(12) (13)
am
(yellowfin tuna and 'ope1u
moi (threacifm); the fiShing season for moi opens in August-December. a'ua'u (marlin) fishing season for marlin isopen later summer to early fall
(14) haha'ai-a-ka-manu (lobelia, Clermontia) blooms in August; plant dies after fruiting .
76
(15) akekeke (ruddy turnstone), arrives in Hawaii August-September from the north (16) kioea (bristle-thighed curlew), arrives in Hawaii late August, early September (17) honu (green turtle), migratory period to leeward islands ends in August (18) ohi'a 'ai (mountain apple, Eugenia spp.); " ... this was the season when the 'ohi'a fruit ripened abundantly" [Malo: 30]. Mahoe-hope [September-October] Kau, summer. [The fishing season for ahi, 'opelu, a'u'a'uand moi continuing; Arctic migrants (akekeke) still arriving. The annual makahiki tax-collecting festival of first fruits began on the 28th night (Lono) of Mahoe-hope (19) kopunapuna (sugar cane): " ... September, the time when the plume of the sugar-cane began to unsheath itself," [Malo: 30] i.e., end of the blooming season in the summer~ Ikuwa [October-November] Last month in the season of Kau. Fishing season for the ahi and 'opelu open through November; season ending for moi and marlin fishing in November]. (20) moli (albatross), lays eggs in November. (21) lupe'akeke (storm petrel); departs nest October-November. [*Note: In the Tuamotus, as in Tonga, the classification manu includes animals, birds, and insects. It is also a period in the year as Manu]. ranging from December to February. [Cpo manu (Kapingamarangi) Sirius; Rigel (Tikopia). In Tikopia, manu means 'bird', as a constellation, the complete bird is formed by Ti Pakau i ngake (The wing in the east), Procyon, and Ti Pakau i ngeiho (The wing in the south), Canopus. The bird is complete with Sirius, or otherwise it has a'broken wing'; another combination is Sirius, Antares, Betelgeuse, spoken of as a 'bird with a broken wing'] ..
I I I
l I
77
III
~I
I
Comparison between Hawaiian and Micronesia) Polynesian Month Names (with
Regional comparison based upon comparative data for month names in Polynesian and Micronesian calendars reveal interesting parallels: Dec - Jan Tumur Dumulu Tumwur Tuwamur Tumu Utuwa Ikuwa Utuva Va-i-mua Va-i-muri Utuwa-mua Utuwa-muri Ikuwa Ikuwa Ikuwa Sina Hinaia'ele'ele Hinaia'ele'ele Sina Hi'aia Hinaia' ele' e Ie Hinaia' ele'ele Hilingakelekele Hilingakelekele Hilingama' a Hilingamea' a Huri'ama 'Iringa terangi 'Iringakerekere Silinga Hilinaehu Hilinehu Toe-silinga Hilinama Hilinama Hiring akerekere Hiringama Nukuoro (Polynesian outlier in Micronesia) Nukuoro Micronesia MC = Micronesia
" Tokelau
Moloka'i
"
Jan - Feb Feb - Mar
Samoa Futuna
WP = West Polynesia EP = East Polynesia WP WP EP
Rakahanga (Cook Is.)

Kaua'i Q'ahu Hawai'i
April Aug. Sep - Oct May June-July July July Aug. Feb. June June-July July-Aug. Sept.
Oct. Oct. Oct.
Samoa
Q'ahu Hawai'i
WP WP EP
Samoa Tahiti
Kaua'i Moloka'i
Tonga WP Uvea [ace. BUITOVVS, 1937: 11] Uvea Tonga EP Tahiti Manihiki (Cook Is) Manihiki (Cook Is) Tokelau WP
Moloka'i Kaua'i
Nov. Nov.
Tokelau
Moloka'i Kaua'j
WP
Dec.
Jan.
Rakahanga Rakahanga
A greater influence from Tonga shows in the list above for Hawaiian month names and less in the sets below, between Samoa, the Marquesas and Hawai'i.
78
April June June Aug.

Oct.
MakalPi Matariki Mweriker Makali'i Makali'i Mata'i Ididi, Ititi Ikiiki Ikiiki Ikiiki Jiic, Yis, Idit Ite Iti Ikiiki Ikiiki Ka'elo Ka'elo Ka'elo Ka'elo Ta'elo Takero Ta'ero Ka'aona Ka'aona Takaonga Ta'ao'a Ka'aona Takaonga Welehu Welehu Welehu Welehu Varehu Rehu Re'u Ve'o me Tauto'u Vero rna Tautoru Welo Welo Welo Welo Nana Nana Nana
Moloka'i Futuna Micronesia Hawai'i O'ahu Marquesas Nukuoro Hawai'i Kaua'i Moloka'i Micronesia Samoa Marques as O'ahu O'ahu Moloka'i Kaua'i O'ahu Hawai'i Samoa Nukuoro Tahiti Hawai'i O'ahu
Manihiki (Cook Is.)
Pleiades Pleiades Pleiades Pleiades Pleiades Leo (the (rat')
I I
]
[not cognate with Matariki]
Nov.-Dec. April May July Aug. Sept. Dec. Dec. Jan. Feb. May June Sept. Jan. (wet season) (after June/July) April June (a month?) Aug Sept. Sept. May Sept. Nov. Dec. Dec. (a month) Mar - Apr Mar. Apr. Dec. Jan Mar. July Jan.
Leo (the (rat')
I I
]
Mercury
J J
Tahiti Moloka'i Tokelau Kaua'i O'ahu Hawai'i Moloka'i Tahiti Rakahanga Manihiki Marquesas Manihiki Moloka'i Hawai'i O'ahu Hawai'i Hawai'i Moloka'i. O'ahu (6th and 9th month) (Orion's Belt)
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]
(Gemini)
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~
Native Hawaiian Incorporation of Indigenous Food and Utilitarian Plants into the Subsistence Economy
Wa Akahi to Wa 'Eha (Chants 1-4) (1) wild red taro (2) sugar cane (kalo manauea), root staple (kopunapuna)
" ... "[A] s an element in the systematic horticulture of the old natives, it (sugar cane) had a fixed place in relation to taro and sweet potatoes ... " ...In lowland planting in Ka'u November and December are considered the proper months to plant cane because it will grow quickly with the winter rains, will flourish during the hot summer, and will bloom about a year later... ... [T] he moon phases named Kaloa [24th to 26th moon nights] are favored for planting .. .In general we ae told that the native canes mature in from 12 to 15 months in the lowlands, and from 18 to 24 months in the uplands"
[Handy, E.S. Craighill Handy and Mary K. Puku'i, 1972: 186-187].
Wa 'Elua: (3) gourd ( 4) hibiscus (5) mallow (6) heliotrope (7) yam (lauhue) [containers] (hau) bast fiber for f1re-making, and soft wood for canoe outrigger float (ama) (milo), hard wood for building material, timber (kou), hard wood for building material, timber (ubi), staple tuber
The type of gourd favored for introduction was probably the bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), a container for drawing and keeping drinking water. There were multiple uses of gourds as containers for food, bait and fishing gear, storing tapa, and music-making. " ... The proper night for planting gourds (and melons and pumpkins) in Ka'u, Hawaii is Hua, because if planted then, there will be good fruit (hua) ... ...The beginning of the rainy season is the proper time to plant; maturing in six months, the gourds will have the hot dry summer to bring them to full size" ... When the stem of the fruit withered (the sign of full maturity), the
80
I
gourd was ready for picking. If picked before this stage the skin would crack when exposed to the sun" [Ibid.: 216]. Perhaps the yam (uhi), a vining plant like the gourd (hue) would also be one of the "withering" vines Malo talks about as the "dying herbage" of winter (in January) " ...Yams are more definitely seasonal than that of either the taro or the sweet potato...Toward the end of the rainy season in February or March, buried tubers begin to sprout; and in the late spring and summer, strengthened by hot sunlight, the vines festoon the branches of trees, stones, or whatever they can twine around ...The foliage matures in October and withers in December... " ...When the foliage withers, the plant is mature, but the tuber continues to fill out. The tubers shoud therefore be left in the ground during the new dormant period of the foliage and dug after rains again set in and the new shoot appears from the top of the tuber...As planting 'nights' for yams, Mahealani (sixteenth night) and Hua (thirteenth night) are best... " {Handy, E.S.C. and Mary
K. Puku'i, 176-179].
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It would then appear that the sugar cane [Canto 1, preceding the yam [Canto 2] or planting of sugar cane nodes in early winter to mature at the flowering period the following year, and the yam planted later in December, whereas the gourd would "wither", or be ready for harvest in summer if planted in winter.
[Wa 'Ekolu] (8) paper mulberry (wauke), tapa cloth (9) giant taro ('ape), staple stem (aroid) [Wa 'Eha] (10) (11) (12) (13) taro ('ohi'a, lehua variety); lo'i kalo wetland cultivation mountain apple (ohi'a 'ai, Eugenia spp.) taro (ahakea, wild white spp; dryland cultivation taro (piko), lo'i kalo wetland cultivation
81
E.S.C. Handy lists the piko, lehua, and hakea taros as species allowed to remain in the lo'i after harvest time. The piko taro matured in nine moths but could be left
in the lo'i another time; the lehua matured in eight months, or was left for another
four, and the hakea, maturing in eight months, could be left another ten. The presence of these taros, which, although cultivated, were also left to run wild, suggests that ancient Hawaiians were able to augment the ecosystem with species that could assume the wild space of other endemic flora, thereby altering the ecology to enlarge the gathering strategy in the space beyond controlled agriculture, changing the economy without drastic alteration of the native forest. A fragile unity then exists in the ecosystem linking species and all life forms from the ocean and reef habitat to the land and wet forest. Nowhere, perhaps, is the symbiotic interdependence of species more evident than on the coral reef where wra:sse fishes live in toxic folds of some marine invertebrates, or in the epiphytic symbiosis of mosses living on trees upland. These areas are the initial habitat of life
forms and life support systems that keep the natural resource potential intact.
(1) Coral reef habitat:
seamoss:
'ekaha, 'aki'aki, kele, lipu'upu'u, loloa, huluwaena
(2) Wet forest habitat:
landmoss:
'ekahakaha 'ala' alawain ui 'ekele moamoa
(epiphyte) (epiphyte) (epiphyte) (epiphyte)
(3) Marsh and bogs
aquatic grass
ne 'aki'aki lau'aki lipu'u mokae haha' aiakaman u
(pond scum) (rush) (rush) (sedge) (sedge) (lobelia)
82
Summary: Native Hawaiian Incorporation of Indigenous Food and Utilitarian Plants Into the Subsistence Economy
Silently, perhaps, the farmer who is also a fisherman and a birdhunter, enjoys life lived by all creatures, plant or animal, as they are in the wild, so that not every disagreeable thing or form of life otherwise useless to human life and economy is removed or cut down, that what birds live on, such as the seeds of lobelia, must then be allowed to flourish in the same way that marine invertebrates or fish toxic or unpalatable to man are allowed to remain that other life forms may susbsist. Otherwise, natural beauty dies as they become extinct.
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' +
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)
Wa Akahi to Wa 'Eha (Chants 1-4) 'akala lama neneleau 'ie'ie pandanus alahe'e kauila aoa raspberry (wild)
wood
edible implements edible hoops (traps) cordage, baskets weapons timber implements
red fruits
wood
vine
wood
wood
sandalwood
Less connected, however, to utility in nature for economic survival is another deeper meaning in the selection of animals and plants as regarded in places they occupy in nature. More pertinent, perhaps, is a spiritual and religious context in As the wa cantos
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which they are regarded by Hawaiians as guardians (kia'i).
move forward at night toward dawn light (wa lewalu) they are in another religious context regarded as "bodies" (ldnoJau) of the major gods (a.kua) , or kia'i as they keep watch (kia'i) over everything else, as much the spiritual sanctuary
in forms
of lauma.kua guardian gods. As "signs" or "symbols" (ho'ailona) they function throughout one's spiritual life as the protective presence of auma.kua gods thus embodied (kinolau): guardian
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..
Wa Akahi to Wa 'Eha
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(5)
(6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32)
coral polyp and coral worms (ko'e) caterpillar ('enuhe) sea cucumber triton shell (conch) conch shell grasses taro sugar cane lipu'pu'u lama (ebony) pandanus vine (,ie'ie) porpoise rayfish (pe'a) gourd (hue) pandanus (hala) mallow (kou) eel (puhi) octopus (he'e) porcupine fish candlenut (kukui) yam (uhi) kava ('awa) fern (palai) caterpillar (pe'elua) butterfly, moth pueo (owl) booby bird ohi'a (tree) turtle maile taro (wild spp.)
Kanaloa Ku Ku Ku 1ono Lono Kane Kane Kane Kamapua'a (Lono) Lono Ku, Kuka'ie'ie Kanaloa Kanaloa Lono Lono Lono Ku Kanaloa 1ono Lono Kane Kane, Kanaloa Kane Ku Ku Ku, Lono, Kane 1ono Ku Papa (Earth Mother) Kane Kane
84
Biology in Religion:
The Kinolau Concept ofAkua and 'Aumakua
The ritual importance of the kinolau (aumakua guardian gods/spirits) embodied in nature's forms gives a sacred aspect or identity to these plants, as previously identified: the 'ie'ie pandanus vine, the lama (ebony), ohi'a (Eugenia
and Metrosideros spp.), and maile (kuhonua) vine, respectvely, Lono, Ku, and Kane. All are plants used in the heiau temple rituals for Ku (luakini, heiau pO'okanaka) and Lono (mapele). The concept of kinolau is that the akua (god) manifests what it or he or she is in a perceptible concrete form. Usually, the kinolau is a living thing in which the akua appears, and as a form it also represents him (or her), but kinolau are not restricted to organic life. They may be abstract, such as color, position, or geometric shape. The 'ilUmakua is an ancestral guardian, functioning as protector of a family or person in his/her charge. of their descendants. The kinolau concept, therefore, works in such a way as to personify the alma and 'aumakua in nature and to establish an avenue of visible or audible contact with them in the whole of nature. The akua manifests in living forms, plant or animal, by which and in which its form, incarnate, is reognizable. This is probably the reason why the vessel with its sails as Captain Cook's mother ship, the ResolUtion, was believed to have returned the high chief, Lonoikamakabiki, after an absence of two hundred years: the ship's sails resembled the Lonomakua makahiki image carried to each ahupua'a during the makahiki tax-collecting time, beginning in November, when Captain Cook arrived at Kealakekua. When such kinolau forms, particularly those which move in nature, rather than those that are fixed in place, suddenly appear, although but kinolau manifestations, they are ho'ailona, a portent or prophetic sign with some meaning for a person. Akua are 'aumakua in that they are ancestral protectors
85
The kinolau, however, are not random forms in nature. They have a select character although several akua can be manifest in a chosen thing. The ti plant, for example, is several. The stalk, being upright, is Ku, because Ku is vertical and upright structure. The leaves are Lono, because they are used in healing as well as in wrapping food. The coral is Kanaloa but addressed in prayers as Kane-ko'a, whereas all reef life, marine invertebrates, subject to tides rising and falling, are the children of Hina, moon goddess. Since Kanaloa is not the creator-god, however, of ancient Hawaiians, coral rock ('ako'ako'a), a form of Kanaloa, was placed outside temple walls of district heiau (temples) dedicated to Ku and Lono, whereas in Tahiti, inside marae walls, as Ta'aroa [Tangaroa, Kanaloa] is the Tahitian creator-god.
In such kinolau the akua lives in the material with which you build canoes,
houses, utensils, beat cloth, and also eat, even the atmosphere which you breathe, the air, is both body of the akua (Kane) as such as well as the process or power of breathing. The akua becomes you, a living person given the breath of life. This was how the creation was depicted as evolving out of the night (unconscious) by the gradual accumulation of life forms, from the power of the cosmos to move from inertia to motion and heat, into air and water, to rock and soil, into organisms breathing in and out of air or water, plants and animals, respiring and ingesting from nature in order to have being and, later, conscious intelligence
to know it.
In the Kumulipo this is recognized as the source of energy in the cosmos
continuing from inorganic into organic being as living creatures.
This was
arranged in the religious context of ancient times into a time-space continuum divided into a four-fold male akua space, one-fourth of the power existing in nature, as it were, to each of the male akua, Ku, Lono, Kane and Kanaloa. In following is a list identifying the main kinolau of major male akua of the organized Ku and Lono priesthoods.
86
1, Symbolism of god Ku:
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(a) As god of forest and rain, patronized by canoe-makers and builders of the luakini (po'okanaka type) hUman sacrifice temples: Ku-moku-hali'i Ku-pulupulu Ku spreading over land Ku of the undergrowth (pulupulu) fern down, used in tinder, fire-making; equated sometimes with Laka, ancestor of the menehune people; hence with Ku-kaohi'a-Iaka, -in-the-Iehua-tree, god of the hula dance, and god in the haku-ohi'a image on the Ku heiau. Ku of the deep forest (wao, uninhabited by human beings) (Variant of Ku-o-Iono-wao, one of the gods of the canoe Ku of the ohi'a laka tree (the lehua tree; see Kupulupulu above) Ku of the wild pandanus vine [Freycinetia scandens) Ku of the mountain Ku sliding down steeps (god of canoe-hauling over cliffs) Ku of long ears/ Ku of short ears; gods of the "ears" of the canoe interior, used as handles for hauling and later for seat supports. Ku adzing out comers (of canoe), Ku in the reversible swivel adz (*Note; found only in Hawaii and Mangaia) Ku as god of husbandry; patronized by farmers at ko'a uka shrines
(unu)
I , ..
Ku -o-lono-wao Ku-a-Iana-wao Ku-a'ela-na-wao Ku-ka-ohi' a-Iaka Ku-ka-'ie'ie Ku-mauna Ku-holoholo-pali Ku-pepeiao-Ioa Ku-pepeiao-poko Kupa'aike'e
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(b) Ku-ka-o'o Ku-kulia
Ku of the digging stick Ku of dry farming Ku of wet farming Ku of the abundance of the uplands
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Ku-ke-olowalu . Ku-'ula-uka
87
J 1
(c) Ku-'ula-kai
Ku as god of fishing; patronized by fishermen at ko'a kai shrines (un u) Ku of the abundance of the sea; "red" things in the sea symbolized "abundance" of the sea; sacred to Ku. Ku as god of war and sorcery; patronized by warrioirs/chiefs [heiau Ku, luakini po'okanaka, wai kaua temples] Ku the supreme god; the name of Kamehameha I at birth Ku snatcher of lands; war-god of Hawai'i, cared for by illoa, handed down to 'Umi as a red feather image carried into war, and inherited by Kamehameha from Kalaniopu'u; war god of the 'Umi-Kaehameha line of chiefs, of the Mahi clan of Kohala-Hamakua and Kona districts Ku the supporter; war god of Maui chiefs; captured by Kamehameha I Ku pulling together the earth; god of Pakaka temple of O'ahu chiefs and their war god; captured by Kamehameha Ku maggot mouth; god who received human sacrifices, as 0 gods only (mohai) symbolized as the tongue (lelo) carrying with it the kapu '1, invoked by chiefs as power to speak with authority; kinolau bodies iIi whirlwind (puahiohio), earthquake (nei ke ola'i), caterpillar ('enuhe), worm (ko'e), worm (of decay in winter), llo; coconut sprout (llo); blood (of sacrifice), koko; lizard, gecko or reptile "with flashing eyes and thrusting tongue (reminiscent of larger size such as salt water crocodiles and komodo dragon, as however, in the homelands, in Micronesia, Melanesia, Indonesia, not Hawai'i
(d) Ku-nui-akea
Ku-ka'ili-moku
Ku-ke-oloewa Ku-ho'one'enu'u Ku-waha-ilo
(e) Ku as god of healing; invoked with the goddess Hina in Ku and Hina worship Ku symbolizes the east point of the compass, a cardinal direction as a "pillar" (kukulu) east (kukulu hikina) in the middle of the house, fixed (preferably) at the vernal equinox (March 20-21) in the sacred house (hale mana) on the Ku heiau. Hina, as the moon, symbolizes the west (kukulu komohana) where all celestial bodies set).
88
(f)
Ku as god of sorcery
Ku-koa'e
Ku red-tailed tropic bird; the Ku-koa'e shrine (unu) was built by a chief for his deification (kaku'ai) into an 'aumakua after death, and .also for circumcision rites for young chiefs. Ku of bird-catching; patronized by bird-snarers (kapili manu, ka manu, kia manu Ku bird feathers; god of bird-snarers, and all who did featherwork
(g)
Ku-huluhulu-manu (h)
Ku gods as chiefs' gods standing upright small eyes big eyes excellent in the clearing run wars warrior of courage of wide expanse (the highest form and rank of Ku as a war god) Ku snatcher of land Ku maggot mouth of overcoming Ku Ku Ku Ku Ku Ku Ku Ku
Ku Ku-maka-iki Ku-maka-nui Ku-makela Ku-maka'aka'a Ku-holoholo-kaua Ku-koa Ku-nui-akea Ku-ka'ili-moku Ku-waha-iloo-ka -puni (i) KU-'ilio-Ioa Animal form
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"
Ku long dog (a cloud form, when clouds rest directly upon the mountain-tops, especially in dry weather Ku symbolism summary:
(j)
( 1)
Fibrous pulupulu of fern, used in firemaking (tinder) and for stuffing mummified corpses; pulupulu as of coconut sennit, for rope and cordage to wind adz blade to handle (a form of Ku), and for lashing canoe parts and house timbers. 'Ie'ie pandanus vine, used as rope for tying the tops of the felled trees and for girdling the ohi'a lehua tree before cutting it down to make the Ku-ka-ohi'a-Ia.kka image central to the semi-circle (or rows) of maka'iwa images in the heiau (luakini po'okanaka); red spathe and brackets of the flower is a phallic symbol of Ku as a male god.
(2)
89
(3) The adz (ko'i, pa'ai ke'e) for sacred ceremonies (malu ko'i) on the Ku temple, the primary form of Ku used by carpenters (kahuna kalai wa'a). (4) The coconut tree (puniu) as proceeding out of the head of the eel (kuna, puhi), a form of Ku, related to the caterpillar (Kumuhea, son of Ku), worm (ilo, as worm of corruption in winter, and as the ilo, sprouting shoot of the coconut) and sea cucumber; coconut tree provides the materials for making sennit, and also provides the drinking nut, the source of sennit fiber having many uses for survival on the ocean and on land; the primary source of drinking water at sea. (5) Breadruit tree ('ulu), wood and flower (as the husband of Haumea, earth mother goddess in the breadfruit tree). (6) Upright stem of the ti plant (Cordyline terminalis); or "uprightness" (ku) of solid plant stems and hardwood trees and shrubs, particularly used in making canoes and building houses.
(2) Symbolism of god Lono (partial): (a) As god of rain: Lono-n ui-akea Lono-nui-noho-i-ka-wai Lono of wide expanse Great Lono dwelling in water
(1) Visible in cloud and storm phenomena: thunder, rain-clouds; "blood-red rainfall" (ua koko) as flood after storm; rainbow (ua koko); lightning (maka'alohilohi, "flashing eyes". (2) Heard as sound of thunder (Lono), thus the bert, ho'olono, "to listen" (cause-sound-hearing, ho'olohe. (b) As god of agricultural year (makahiki): Lono-i -ka-makahiki Lono in the year; Lono in the first fruits season; God of first fruits, tax-collecting, sports, in the makahiki season
90
(1) Major forms: Ipu potato, 'uala;)

(2) Ipu
0
Lono (gourd, hue, ipu); vine (sweet
I I
Lono image (Unu house, hale mua
Lono shrine) in the men's eating
II
!II . '..
(3) God of the ahupua'a image:

(1) The boar incarnation of Lono as Kamapua'a, the hog demigod
symbol of turning the earth and planting (kahuli); represented as a pig's head carved in kukui wood, a kinolau of Lono as god of agriculture
(2) As the medicine god, Lono-puha, Lono of abscess, i.e., curing
of infections
(3) Plant forms of Lono as Kamapua'a in medicinal plants:
ama'uma'u fern hala. 'uhaloa kukae-pua'a grass 'olomea hapu'u. fern lu'au leaf (taro) hinu pua'a ki, ti (leaf) (c)
Sadleria spp Pandanus odoratissimus Waltheria americana Digitaria pruriens Perottetia sandwicensis Cibotium spp. Colocasia esculenta Musaceae spp. (black-skinned) CordyJine terminalis
0
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Images of Lono-i-ka-makahiki (other than Ipu as god of time (makahiki)
Lono gourd image,
Lono-makua
Makahiki image, in the form of standard image (Lonoikamakahiki) carried around the districts during tax-collecting; Lono-father akua loa akua poko long god ,carried around the island, clockwise short god, carried inland, i ukali kai, counterclockwise in the ahupua'a. [(*Note: these poles were also called
alia ope'a
(d) (e)
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(f)
As god of fire-making: Lono-pele, Lono in the lava flow, and Lonomakua (Lono-father)
In frresticks, the 'aunaki (grooved, light wood, as hau, a kinolau of Lono; the 'aulima, held in the hand, such as 'iliahi (sandalwood) in the Polynesian fire-plow technique of fire-making
(g)
Other kinolau of Lono (animal, fish) (1) "Pig-fish" forms of Kamapua'a (Lono): humuhumu-nukunuku-a-pua'a triggerfish, Rhinecanthus aculeatus; all other triggerfishes, humuhumu kumu (goatfish), Upeneus porphyreus 'ohua palemo; young of the uhu (parrotfishes) paulu (surgeonfish) pawalu (oilfish), Ruvettus pretiosus (2) Sacred black color: hiwa, hiwahiwa (as of sacrificial black pig) Shiny black color: hinu, hinuhinu (as of sacrificial banana,
hinupua'a
Lono-muku
Lono-cut-off, the muku phase of the new moon, dark night of the moon, the 29th night of the waning moon; another name for Hina-hanai-a-ka-malama, goddess of the moon (Hina-muku)
92
I
(3)
Symbolism of the god Kane (the creator-god) (a) Atmospheric and geophyical phenomena: Kane-nui-akea Kane-ka' onohi -0- ka-Ia Kane-i ka -hoku-Iani Kane-hekili (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Kane of great expanse; sky god Kane in the eyeball of the sun Kane in the stars of the sky Kane of the thunder Kane in heavy (loud) thunder Kane of small(er) voice Kane of great sacred voice Kane head hidden in the air ( thunderhead) purple thunderhead (winter storm)
Kane-i-ka-Ieo-Iono-nui Kane-i-ke-Ieo-Iono-iki Kane-i-ka-Ieo-'ula-nui
1
]
Kane-i-ka-po'o-huna-i-ka-Iewa Ke-ao-popolo-hua-mea-a-Kane
1
]
Kane-wawahi-Iani
(1)
Kane splitting (rending) the sky, Le., Kanein the lightning bolt Kane in the flashing lightning of the sky (emphsis on crackling of lightning)
Kane-uila-makeha-i-ka-Iani
Kane-i -ka -poha( ku) -ka' a Kane-i-ka-punohu-'ula Kane-i ke anuenaue Kane-i-ke-pili
Kane in hailstones Kane in the red rainbow Kane in the rainbow Kane in the cloudburst, atmosphere; sudden rain that comes down to earth shuuting out sight (pili, close to earth) Kane in the rain Kane in cumulous clouds (Le., float in the sky, not banked on the horizon Kane in the upper clouds (probably cirrhus clouds, high clouds Kane in the lower clouds (i.e., affected by the surface winds Kane in the tips of the horizon cvlouds (Le. showing the direction in which the wind is blowing)
J
l
]
Kane-i-ka ua Kane-i -ke-aolani Kane-i-ke ao-Iuna Kane-i -ke-ao-Iewa-Ia1o Kane-i-ka-maka-o-ka-'opua
93
Kane-i -ka -pua -lena Kane-i-ka-pa-kolonahe Kane-i -ke aheahe-malie Kane-i -ka -makani-iki Kane-i-ka-makani-nui Kane-i-ka puahiohio Kane-i -ke-ki u Kane-i-ke ahi Kane-i -ka -' oh u Kane i ka noe Kane i ka uahi Kane-i -ke-aka Kane-i -ke-aka-o- Kapolei
Kane in the yellow cloud (as colored by sunlight, or by volcanic eruption Kane in the gentle breeze Kane in the calm breeze (light wind, as in sailing) Kane in the slight wind Kane in the gret wind (Le., pushing sails) Kane in the whirlwind Kane in the wind (sharp pointed, Le., heading into the wind) Kane in the fire Kane in the light mist Kane in the mist Kane in the smoke (-nui, tiki, great, small) Kane in the shadow Kane in the shadow of Kapolei [*Note, Pu'u-oKapolei, a small crater in 'Ewa, O'ahu was the stopping place of the winter solstice sun as observed by kahuna at Pu'u Kaki in Moanalua, standing in a circle about two feet in diameter and also aligned to Keaiwa Heiau in Aiea, a few degrees east of north]. Kane in the overturning of Kahiki (earthquake)
Kane-hulihia-(i-Kahiki) (b) Water
Kane-i -ka -pah u -a -n ui
Kane in the great thrust of water (Le., upwelling of springs, dyke water, artesian water welling up below the ocean surface [same as above, (nui, iki, great, small)] Kane in the water of life, Le., the healing waters of Kane, fresh waterk drinking water.
Kane-i -ka -pah u -wai Kane-i-ka-wai=ola
94
I
(c) AgI1cul ture Kane-pua'a (d) Reef, Coral Kane-kokala Kane-i-ke-kokala-Ioa Kane-i-ke-kokala-Iu-honua Kane-i-ke-kokala-ku-honua Kane-i-ke kokala-ku Kane-i-ke-kokala -ahe Kane thorny coral Kane in the reef Kane in the shaking coral (spawning?) Kane in steadfast coral Kane in sharp-pointed coral Kane in wafter-coral (spawning ?) Kane-pig
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(e) Directions (movement, or stationary position) Kane-i -ka-holoholo-uka Kane-i-ka -holoholo-kai Kane-i -ka -holo-nui Kan'e-noho-uka Kane-noho-kai Kane-halo-luna Kane-halo-Ialo Kane-halo-lewa-Ialo -to run -upland
-to run-seaward (sailing)
-great travel long distance -living upland -living on shore (coastal) -look upward -look downward -look in the lower space of the sky (altitude, height, distance above the horizon, but not at the zenith)
(f)
Land formations -dwelling in the cliff above -dwelling in the cliff below
Kane-noho-pali-Iuna Kane-noho-pali -lalo (g) Plants Kane-i -ka-ho' opuakea Kane-i-ka -pua-lalahua Kane-i-ka-maile Kane-i-ka-palai Kane-i-ka-pala'a Kane-i-ka-pua-'ie'ie
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-pale flower -seed-scattering flower

Alyxia' olivaeformis Microlepi setosa (native wild fern, uncultivated) Spben.omeeris cbinensis (lace fern)
-in the flower of the pandanus vine,

Freycinetia arborea
95
:1
Kane-i -ka -pua -leh ua Kane-i-ka-pua-lena Kane-i-ka-'olapa Kane-i -ka -halapepe Kane-i -ke-kalo Kane-i-ke-ko Kane-'ohe Kane-i-ka-'awa
-in the lehua flower, Metrosideros macropus (yellow spp. lehua kea) -in the yellow flower -in the lolapa, Chirodendron spp. -in the dracaena plant, Dracaena Pleomele aurea) -in the taro, Colocasia esculenta -in sugar cane, Saccharum officinarum, i.e., in jointed stems, as of grasses, 'awa, etc. -in bamboo, Graminae bambusa -in kava, Piper methysticum [in plants used in hui kala, cleansing and forgiving ceremonies, or medicine; pua kala, spiny poppu, Argemone glauca limu kala, Sargassum spp.
(h) Birds
Ka-pueo-kahi Ka-pueo=makalulu (i) Procreation, fertility Pohaku -0- Kane
lone owl owl of peace (still eyes)
stone of Kane shrine, stele
(4) Symbolism of the god Kanaloa (a) God of the sea

In the octopus, as symbol of the eight-eyed, or eight-legged wind compass;
in radial creatures, or kite-shaped, as rayfishes, coral (with Kane), in ivory (palaoa) and ivory-tusked cetaceans, sperm whales and animals that breathe or
u
"sneeze" (kihe, kiha) in the sea, bearing live young, as porpoises (na'ia, nu'ao). (b) Plants 'awe'awe mai'a 'uhaloa 'awa hiwa banana fiber, roots; as used in cordage-making (plantains, jute banana)
Waltheria americana, with Kamapua'a/Lono and Kane (medicinal uses of the root)
black 'awa, with Kane
96
I
(c) Color and shape, stars sunlight and white color (with Kane) cross-shapes, as in sails, kites (lupe), pe'a, and branching out of plants, pe'ape'a, starfish, octopus Kape'a, Nape'a
(d) Animal
Southern Cross at South Pole; rayfish, stingray
I I I
I
I
:I.,
Ope'ape'a
Native Hawaiian hoary bat (insect-eating), Lasiurus cinereus semotus; god of birth
[*Note: one of the two alia poles which accompanied the Lono-i-ka-makahiki image was called the alia 'ope'a J.
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97
l".'
.....
Hawaiian Kinolau:
Ancestral Polynesian Affinities
The base -puna in ko-punapuna means the section between joints, or nodes of the cane stalk from which the maka, or 'eye(s)' put forth new shoots, punning on the word for 'grandparent', 'ancestor, kupuna, just as the base -huIu, in huIuhuIu 'balloonfish' puns on -hulu 'hair, down, fuzz' on plants, 'feathers' on birds, 'hair'
on animals, then again on -huIu as an 'esteemed older relative, as of parents or grandparents' generations. The theme of ancestry which becomes the 'stalk', or 'stem' (au) femur' or 'bone',
(auhau) or the mo'oku'auhau genealogy of ancestors in recitations
beginning with lists (he1u papa)
in the Eleventh Age [Wa 'Umikumakahi] follow
along beside the theme of akua manifestation(s) (kinolau) and biological taxonomy. The same theme links kinolau symbolism of deified ancestors to ancestral alma and 'aumakua of generations past. In particular, the example of the Iauhue 'gourdleaf' metaphor (Wa Alua) reconfigures the Lono/Kane huawai (-huewai) symbolism in the bottle gourd as procreative male power of Kane in the epilogue [Wa Akahi]:
o ke kane huawai, Alma kena

The male gourd of water, that is the God
Lauhue, or 'gourd leaf, recalls the sanctity of the Ipu-o-Lono [unu-o-Lono]
shrine in the men's eating house (hale mua) where women were not allowed to be with the men where they ate per the restrictions of the 'ai kapu law, bringing to mind also the tradition of the navigation wind gourd (Ipu-makani-o-La'amaomao) used by Polynesian navigator Laka (Rata) to keep the star Aldebaran [Ka-Ule-oNanahoa] in the gourd reflection from the sky in order to find Rarotonga from
Samoa with his priest, Nanahoa, whose "eyes" were seen afloat in the gourd on the canoe. This brings to mind the significance of the gourd fly whisk or fue insignia of tulafale orator chiefs in Samoa [Kramer, 1902: 8: 969]. The Samoan epic of the fue sa is a Tagaloa creation song:
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I
"Tagaloa sent down the creeping plant iue To people Tutuila thereby And 'Upolu, Atua, and Aana Together with the Tuamasaga But the bodies moved about soulless They could not sit and had no heart Tagaloa above heard That mankind had been engendered from the iue-sa That they moved in the sun But footless and handless Without a head, without a face And without a heart; Tagaloa came down there in the west That he might bring them speech and give them form The fruits (fua) of the creeper were maggots (llo), He formed the limbs and showed the added pieces, And he brought down your soul, That your bodies might be illuminated And that you might expect Tagaloa when he descends, to walk about [Kramer, 1902: 6:770-772]
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]
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]
The he'e 'squid, octopus' of the he'e/walahe'e pair [Wa 'Elua] was the principal fonn of the god Kanaloa (Tagaloa), later referred to as ka he'e hauna
U
we1a", octopus god inflicting pain, wela, perhaps a toxic species [Wa 'Ewalu].
I
]
Tahitians regard Ta'aroa
(=
Kanaloa, Tangaroa, Tagaloa) as the original creator god,
symbolized in the "egg" huoro of the revolving universe. "Ta'aroa... was the ancestor of all the gods; he made everything. From time immemorial was the great Ta'aroa, Tahi-tumu [= Kumukahi 'first foundation', east Hawaii] (The Origin) ... Ta'aroa developed himself in solitude; he was his own parent, having no father or mother ...Ta'aroa's natures were myriads ... he was Ta'aroa above, Ta'aroa below, Ta'aroa in stone (oia'i) ... "
[Stimson, 1964: 395].
" ...Ta'aroa was a god's house, his backbone was the ridgepole, his ribs were the supporters ...Ta'aroa sat in his shell in darkness for millions of ages ... The shell was like an egg revolving in endless space, with no sky, no land, no sea, no moon, no sun, no stars ... All was darkness. It was continuous, thick darkness. Rumia...was the name of that shell of Ta'aroa...Ta'a roa was quite alone in his shell" [Henry, 1971:336].
99
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How developed, then, is the concept of "embodiment" or "transformation" of a god such as Peke. in several Polynesian island groups, east (Tahiti, Tubua'i, Easter Island) and west (Samoa, Tonga, Tikopia)? Ethnologist Raymond Firth speaks of
Tikopia, a Polynesian outlier in Melanesia, as to what is characteristic of atua there:
" ...Association of the clans with certain animals or plants, which may be termed totemism, is a very minor feature of Tikopia religion, and has its basis in the belief that the various atua of the clan, for their own purposes, sometimes take shape in these birds, fish, crustacea, etc., or enter into them. " ... Normally these creatures are regarded as being purely natural objects; it is only when they behave abnormally, as when a bird runs towards a person in the path instead of away from him, that the presence of an atua is deduced, and the thing regarded as really tapu ... " [Firth, 1967: 26]. This is probably as close as anyone may likely connect Polynesian forms of plant and animal affinity with clan recognition of akua in nature comparable to the Hawaiian concept of kinolau. Judging by clan organization and prohibitions on eating of the eel, for example, in Tikopia, it is evident that the freshwater eel Tuna is allied with the ancestral coconut tree of the Tafua clan, indicating a dual association with Tuna as the eel's head in the coconut, similar to associations found not only in Hawaii but also in Tahiti, where origin of the coconut tree is from the eel's head. The
I I I I I I I I I
combination reflects the Hawaiian Ku and Hina association representing Puna

'aumakua worship and tradition. The follOwing Hawaiian
la~au
kahea medicine
chant calling on ancestral gods Ku and Hina to heal the sick is of Puna district origin invoking aumakua ancestors where the ancestral kinolau of Ku is embodied in the
eel and coconut:
100 '
o Ku, '0 Hina, '0 Kanakaokai, o Kanikawi, '0 Kanikawa, o Ka-'onohi-o-ka-Ia, ho'i nui
I .. iI
mai E hana i ka ma'i a kakou la Ke 'eha ke po'o, a me ke kumu Va ha'ule i ka lio a ua 'eha 'Eha no a 'eha loa, no lalla E lawe i ka 'eha, ka hu'i, ka malele Ke kOni, lawe no i na 'eha a pau loa Ho mai ua ola Nini aku Nini aku Nini aku Nini aku Nini aku la, la, la, la, la, a a a a a ola aku ola aku ola aku ola aku ola aku la la la la la
I !
I . . I
Va pau ka hana, a me 'oukou no ke kapu Ho' oku'u Cia ka ma'i a 'oukou Me ia ka lanakila a me ka 'olu'oluk, amene.
return To cure our sick one, (name of person) (Insert all the reasons) Headache and cough He fell from the horse and was hurt! Pain, severe pain, sharp aching Spread here and there Throbbing; take away every pain Pour (balm) and let him be cured Pour Pour Pour Pour and and and and cure cure cure cure (east) (west) (north) (south)
o Ku, 0 Hina, 0 Kanaka-o-kai o Kanikawi, 0 Kanikawa o Ka-'onohi-o-ka-Ia, (you) must
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Thy will be done, with you is the law Let illness be removed by you Let (him) have victory over sickness Let comfort be with him, amen.
[Ka'ulili, 1923: 298J.
Tikopians have strong aversion (similar to that of Puna families, Hawai'i) to eating the eel, Eel varieties revered by various families represent pertinent clan
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(Tafua, Kafika, Taumako, etc.) deities:
101
'til
........
:.
( 1) Tuna (lake eel)

(2) Tuna (3) Atua fai (lake eel) ( 4) ngatinia (5) safuti ( 6) tafua (grey eel) (7) kiau (banded eel) ( 8) sakusaku
Atua i te Vai (Tafua) Atua i te Sao (Tafua) (Sao) Atua i te Vai (Tafua) Atua i te ava (Fangarere) Atua i te ava (Fangarere) Atua Fiti (Taumako) Atua Fiti (Nga Fiti) Atua Fafine (KafIka)
[Firth, 1967:255-256]
These data indicate that the eel was a comon symbolic ancestor of the major Tikopian clans: Tafua Fangarere Taumako Kafika (coconut' clan (breadfruit' clan (taro' clan (yam' clan
Were the ancient Hawaiian people, as a whole, made to fit into the Tikopian pattern of clan organization, the Taumako would be the most appropriate grouping because of its ((taro" identification, i.e., the governing staple and its ancestral akua kinolau. The ancestral background of chiefs and their families, however, would strongly favor the Tafua for the following kinolau aumakua: niu (coconut) peka (bat) feke (octopus) told (clam, adze) tuna (lake eel) farafara (sea eel) unga (hermit crab) Ku Kanaloa Kanaloa Atua i Tafua (Tafua) Atua i te Tai (Tafua and Kafika) Atua i Faea (Tafua and Kafika)
Kupa'aike'e Atua i Faeia (Tafua and Kafika) Ku Ku (none) Atua i te Vai (Tafua) Atua i Tafua (Tafua) Atua i Faea (Tafua and Kafika)
[Firth, 1967: 255-256]
102
This simulated comparison between Hawaiian and Tikopian symbolism is not intended to imply any direct relationship of Tikopian deities to major east Polynesian gods Tu, Tane, Tangaroa, and Rongo [Ku, Kane, Kanaloa, and Lono]. The Tafua set which overlaps the Kafika [+ ohi'a (Hawai'i)] evinces a complete absence of Kane worship. The Kafika 'yam' (ubi) clan claims four of the Tafua set: 'bat', 'octopus',
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,
'clam/ adz', 'hermit crab'. With the exception of the 'octopus', however, an aspect of Kanaloa, all Tafua sea-life symbols match Ku forms.
If the system were set up in Hawaii, Tafua symbolism would easily fit into the
Ku 'aumakua worship. Reversing the arrangement so that the dominant group is the Kafika adds the Kane worship through the 'stingray' (fai). are all represented in Tikopia: ufi (yam) unga (hermit crab) fai (stingray) Kane none Kanaloa Kane Lo-Iupe Kanaloa Ku Atua i Kafika (Kafika) Atua i Kafika (Kafika and Tafua) Atua Fafine (Kafika) Ku, Kane, and Kanaloa
feke (octopus) toki (clam)
Atua i Faea (Kafika arid Tafua) Atua i Faea (Kafika and Tafua)
Implementing Tikopian clan organization into the Hawaiian 'aumakua worship would require that the 'coconut' (Tafua) and 'breadfruit clan be combined. The Fangarere 'breadfruit' belonging in an isolated set (Fangarere) that forbids the inclusion of the coconut yields only Ku worship:
mei (breadfruit) ngatinia (eel) safuti (eel)
Ku/Hina Ku Ku
Atua i Fangarere (Fangarere) Atua i te ava (Fangarere) Atua i te ava (Fangarere)

[Ibid.: 255-256]
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I
The distinction between the coconut (Tafua) and breadruit (Fangarere) clan plant symbolism does not exist in Hawaiian Ku worship but rather in that of his female companion, Hma, who planted the eel's head that became the coconut palm, while Haumea is in the breadfruit tree with Ku. The Tikopian symbolic set of the coconut (Tafua), breadfruit (Fangarere), clam/adz (TafualKafika), and eel comprise the essential equivalent of Ku symbolism. Kane worship would involve the taro (Taumako) and Kanaloa, the stingray (Kafika). Through the pe'a set (bat, stingray, kite), the Tafua (peka), Kafika (fai), and Taumako (taro) symbols are united in Hawaiian Kane (taro) and Kanaloa (octopus, stingray, bat, kite) patterns. The octopus (feke), jointly claimed by Tafua and Kafika, is Kanaloa. There is scant evidence of any sacred symbol in the Tikopia clan system suggesting an ancestral link to Lono as the gourd (hue) or sweet potato (tuala).
Since it is unlikely that religious symbols as sacred elements, once ingrained in a culture, would completely disintegrate, it is possible that Tikopian religion and social organization branched off from a center of formation before the sweet potato gained economic status equal with or over the yam. Would this imply that the total absence of the sweet potato among ancestral plants of the Kumulipo is mute testimony to that effect? Or, does it mean that no social unit representative of Lono ancestry worship migrated successfully to Polynesian outliers in Melanesia? This is an interesting historical question, conSidering the significance of the sweet potato in Lono worship. On Tikopia the 'yam' (uti) clan Kafika holds primary rank among the chiefs. 'Yam' ancestry, in a symbolic sense, is traditional, as well, on Futuna. the origin of mankind is due to two yams which were laid upon the ground. The next morning one had been transfonned into a man and on the following day, a woman was there beside
104
him [Ibid: 255-256]. In Samoa, ancestors of Atiogie-Alall, father of Malietoa Savea I were generally called Ie Gafa
1:3:422].
0
Ie Uti (gafa 'lineage'); uti 'yam' [Kramer, 1902:
The Samoan term gafa 'lineage, genealogy' provides deeper meaning,
I I I
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1
perhaps, of the word naha in the prologue to Wa 'Elua:

(0 naha wilu ke au
0
Uliuli
The split elegance of the stem of Uliuli An elegant lineage is the stem of Uliuli The combination of hauJiuJi (snake mackerel) with ubi (yam) in the kai and
uka
linkage where the yam is the kia'i or 'guardian' i uka relates the 'stem' (ha)
of Uliuli to the 'yam' (uhi). VIiuli is named on the Kapapaiakea genealogy as father of Kahiko and grandfather of Wakea (Sky-Father). This may be Significant, recalling the yam clan Kafika and Kane: ufi (yam) Kane Atua i Kafika (Kafika)
', I
;':
';~
Ku and Hina show some strength with Kafika ('yam') and Tafua ('coconut') clan association with birds and lizards tavake (bosun bird) karae (swamp hen) keo (heron) moko (black lizard) Ku (mo'o) Ku (koa'e) Hina Tafaki and Karisi, Kafika Tafaki and Karisi, Kafika Nau Flora, Tafua clan Atua i Raropuka, Kafika
(ka 'alae nui a Hina" the bird of Hina used as bait by Maui to fish up islands)
[Cpo 'io (hawk), symbol of the chief, auku'u the night heron]
With respect, then, to ancestral Polynesian clan affinities in nature and akua, evidence exists that kinolau connections are still strong between East and West Polynesians, for clan relationships were not expected to prevail as they still do in the region between Tonga, Uvea, Samoa and Polynesian outliers in Melanesia, such as Tikopia in the Solomon Islands.
_,' 1
~
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1 IIiIll
I I I I I I I I I
Chants 5 - 7 Chant 5
Birth of Mammals, the Pig, Dog, Rat, and Bat
Ka Wa 'Elima
Prologue
481
o ho'omau i ke ahu 0 Polalouli o ka ull 'illuIi makamaka hou
0 kuhele ke au ia Kapokanokano
485
490
'lliull a ka hiwahiwa Polalouli Moe a wahine ia Kapokanokano o ke kanokano 0 ka ihu nuku 'ell honua E'eku i ka moku e kupu a pu'u E ho'opalipali (a)na ke kua Ho'opalipali ke alo 0 ke kama a pua'a i hanau Ho'ohale uka i ka nahelehele Ho'omaha i ka lo'ilo'i 0 Lo'iloa
o umi he au ka moku o umi he au ka 'aina

495
I I I I I I I I I I
500
Ka 'aina a Kapokanokano i noho ai Oliullu ke ala i rna'awe nei o ka rna'awe huIu hiwa 0 ka pua'a Hanau ka pua' a hiwahiwa i ke au Ke au a Kapokanokano i noho ai Moe a poe ia Polaloull Hanau ka po Fifth Age
481
485
Time goes on into night extremely dark Continues into density of dark night below Dark surfaces renew acquaintance again Dark skin of sacred black esteems Polaloull To mate with Kapokanokano in the very dark night Dark black the earth-digging snout Uprooting the district into hills Making cliffs in the back Making cliffs in the front Child of a pig born Creates from the bush a dwelling To repose in the fields of Lo'iloa
490
106
495
500
Tenfold the yield of the district Tenfold the tribute from the land Land where the Kapokanokano descendants lived A while, through which their tracks made a path, Faint tracks of the elders of the pig; Born the sacred black pig in the time When Kapokanokano's descendants lived, When night reposed in Polalouli The night gave birth.
Births
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505
510
515
520
525
Hanau Hanau Hanau Hanau Hanau Hanau Hanau Hanau Hanau Hanau Hanau Hanau Hanau Hanau Hanau Hanau Hanau Hanau Hanau Hanau Hanau Hanau Hanau Hanau Hanau Hanau Hanau Hanau
ke PO'owa'awa'a, he wa'awa'a kona ke Po'opahapaha, he pahapaha laha ke Po'ohiwahiwa, he hiwahiwa luna ke Po'ohaole, he haole kela ke Po'omahakea, he keakea ka 'ili ke Po'oapahu, he huluhulu kala ke Po'omeumeu, he meumeu kona ke Po'oauli, he uliuli kona ka Hewahewa, he hewahewa kona ka lawalawa, he lawalawa kona ka Ho'oipo, he ho'oipoipo kona ka Hulu, a he 'a'aia kona ka Hulupi'i, he pi'ipi'i kona ka Meleoli, he melamela kona ka Ha'upa, he ha'upa nuinui ka Hilahila, he hilahila kona ke Kenakena, he kenakena kona ka Luheluhe, he luheluhe kona ka Pi'i'awa'awa, he 'awa'awa kona ka Li'ili'i, he li'Ui'i kona ka Makuakua, he kuakuakona ka Halahala, he lei hala kona ka 'Ewe'ewe, he 'ewe'ewe kona ka Huelo-maewa, he aewe kona ka Hululiha, he lihelihe kona ka Pukaua, he kaua hope kona ka Mehe'ula, he 'ula'ula la ka Pu'uwelu, he weluwelu kona Born Born Born Born Born Born Born Born Born the head furrowed, his the strong; the head broad, his the proud; the shiny-black head, he was sacred black above; the white head, that was a foreigner; the white-faced, he was reserved for breeding; the receding forehead, he had sharp bristles; the flat-head, of dull disposition his; the dark-head, his were dark; the defective, his were flawed;
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..
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] ]
l 1 i
)
505
,:.
510
107
515
520
525
Born the strong, he had the competent; Born the affectionate, he had the more beloved; Born the hairy, his were vivid; Born the stiff-haired, his the ambitious; Born the melodious voice, his the idle; Born the heavy eater, he had big eaters; Born the shy, his the timid; Born the pessimist, his the nervous; Born the sagging, his the heavy; Born the sour, his the bitter; Born the small, his the tiny; Born the provider, his the dependable; Born the juvenile, a pandanus lei for him; Born the lineal descendant, for him the heirs; Born the end of the tail, of junior rank Born the lice-infested, his the infected; Born the champion, after him comes war; Born the ruddy, of reddish hair, red one(s), Born the straggler, of him the poor.
Epilogue
530
0 kama ia welu keia
o ululoa ka 'Aina 0 Mohala E ku'u mai ana i ka ipu makemake o makemake kini peleleu
535
0 me1e ke amo a Oma kini
Laha ai kama
Lo'iloa
A pili ka hanauna a Kapokanokano I ka po nei la-Po no.

530
535
Scarcely clothed is this one, Who as son of Lo'iloa extends Productive land into cultivated bloom, Letting in the calabash of want Satisfaction of increasing needs; Ripe yellow the carrying pole of Oma's descendants Generations closely related through Kapokanokano In the night now here-Still night
108
Chant 6
Ka Wa Eono
540
o kupukupu kahili 0 Kua-ka-mano 0 kuku ka mahimahi, 0 ka pihapiha kapu o ka holo (a)na kuwaluwalu ka linalina
Holi (a)na, ho'omaka, ho'omakamaka ka 'ai Ka 'ai ana ka pi'ipi'i wai Ka 'ai ana ka pi'ipi'i kai Ka henehene a lualua Noho po'opo'o ka 'iole makua Noho pupii ka 'iole li'ili'i o ka hulu ai malama Uku li'i Uku li'i
0 0
545
550
ka 'aina ka wai neiOa ha'ula
o mehe(u) ka 'aki'aki a o lihilihi kuku o pe'epe'e a uma

555
He 'iole ko uka, he 'iole ko kai He 'iole holo i ka uaua Hanau laua a ka Pohiolo Hanau laua a ka Pone'eaku He nene' e ka holo a ka 'iole uku He mahimahi ka lele a ka 'iole uku
560
565
He lalama i ka 'ili'ili Ka 'ili'lli hua 'ohi'a, hua 'ole 0 ka uka He pepe kama a ka po hiolo i hanau He lele kama a laua 0 ka pone'e aku o kama a uti a kama i ka po nei la Po no.
Sixth Age
540
545
Countless generations grew up as kinsmen Organized in farming, the quantity of law Running eight eight-fold the assessment. Requesting that taxing of the yield begin; Eating the gain from wetland cultivation, Eating the gain from salt pond aquaculture; On slopes and in hollow places The rat parent lives in furrows
109
! !
~.' Iii
550
555
560
565
Where little mice crowd together; Caretakers of seasons by moonlight; Small levies on land use, Small levies on water use; Bite marks left by brown creatures, Whiskered ones Crouched on their chests; A rat for the upland, a rat for the shore, A determined rat running tough. They two born in night declining; They two born in night moving away; Swift the running of a small rat, Dolphin-like leap the jump of a small rat To thieve at the rind, Mountain apple rind, the tree left bare; The spoil of children born in night's decline, A child of theirs leaping in the night departing, Children of darkness and children of night now here-Still night.
Chant 7
Ka Wa Ehiku
o kau ke anoano ia'u kualono

570 He He He He ano no ka po hane'e aku ano no ka po hane'e mai ano no ka po pihapiha ano no ka ha'iha'i
575
He He He He He He He He He
weliweli ka nu'u a ho'omoali we1iweli ka 'ai a ke'e koe koena weliweli a ka po hane'e aku 'ili'Uihia na ka po he'e mai 'ili(hia) 'ilio kama a ka po h(an)e'e aku 'ilio kama a ka po he'e mai 'ili '1'i, he 'ilio 'a'a 'ilio 'olohe na ka lohelohe 'ilio alana na ka 'a'alua
0
580
o mihi i ka anuanu, huluhulu 'ole o mihi i ka welawela i ke 'a'ahu 'ole

Hele wale i ke ala 0 Malama Kanaha'i a ka po i na kama
He manu ke ha'1
Pulepule
110
585
Mau ka uluulu aka welewele--a Mai ka nahu (a)na aka nenehe o Hula ka makani kona hoa o ke kaikaina mull 0 ka Lohe1ohe no Puka ka pe'ape'a lohelohe Puka ka pe'ape'a huluhulu Puka ka pe'ape'a manamana Puka ka pe'ape'a hane'e aku A ka po he'enalu mai i hanau Po no. Seventh Age Awe Awe Awe Awe Awe comes over me on the mountaintop of the night mOving away from me of the night moving toward me of the night completed of the breaking apart
]
II
I
59)
I I
570
J
I I I I
]
575 .
580
Dread of the oracle tower and sacrifice Dread of the offering and imperfect remains Dread of the night departing Terrified of night returning Dog child revered by night receding Dog child of the night returning A reddish-brown dog, a short-legged dog A hairless dog for the service A dog sacrifice for underground fires, An animal to offer up in prayer; Pity him in the cold, with no body hair, Pity him in the heat, with no covering Going alone on the moonlit path Among the youth who by night vanished From the tangle to the clearing From the stinging and the rustling Of the piercing wind his companion A younger brother of obedient ones; Descending came down crossing branches Came forth branches covered with down Came forth subdividing branches Came forth spreading branches growing out; Came forth the sleek bat Came forth the fuzzy bat Carne forth the winged bat Came forth the bat moving furtively away As the night labored to give birth; Only the night.
585
59)
(590)
111
Summary
Chants 5 - 7
Birth of Mammals As Night Declines
The fifth to eighth cantos depart from the structural framework of the previous four in that each is a single statement focusing on one animal at a time
in this order:
Canto Canto Canto Canto
5 6 7 8
Pig Rat Dog, Bat

Man
Taken together they target warm-blooded animals (mammals) who give birth to their young. The factor of taxonomy is of less importance than behavioral traits and social relationships due in some degree to domestication on one hand and genetic traits on the other. Physical traits are the result of selective breeding and heredity, with emphasis on character traits produced as much by training as by genetic heritage. This is particularly true of the pig, the subject of Canto 5 and the behavior of which is thematically an obvious analogy to the maka'ainana
(boa (aina)
in human society.
tenant farmer
All are still kinolau bodies of alma "'entering" (komo) into the whole of creation through multiple variation. [*Note: the human being is not born until Canto 8,
which is yet to be presented]. The kinolau akua are Lono (pig), Ku (dog), tOpe'a
(bat god of childbirth), and Kane (mankind). Cultural and sodal refinement, however, added to natural intelligence and physical ability, are the product resulting from the will or need to create from the wild an ordered dwelling place for secure and harmonious living. At what level of animal life will that improvement in nature take place? When the bird (manu) migrants and mo'o mud-dwellers (reptiles, turtles, lizards) inhabited the coast (kai) and streams (wai) into the uplands (uka), living as recent arrivals on what nature provides hunters and gatherers in rude conditions of a wild state, survival required that the newcomers do without civility of manners and below subsistence requirements for more elegant living:
112
I I I I I I I
"Shaking as they settle into mud Dust of earth the food to eat, To eat and settle, eat in silence, Eating like condemned kauwa outcasts, To eat in confusion their meals"
[Canto 4, line 523].
The economic development achieved at the apex of ancient night (Kapokanokano, Canto 5) before night begins to "decline" (biolo) toward dawn is characterized by the enterprise of the "pig" farmer. The pig's head carved in kukui wood marked the stone ahu markers of land sections within the districts (moku). strength and perseverance with which the pig, as a kinolau of Lono, god of The
I J
]
agriculture, "uproots" (teku) the earth and "walls" (ho'opalipali) terraces creates abundant yield "tenfold" what raw nature would otherwise produce from uncultivated land. The pig is symbolic of domestic civilization in himself and in his progeny,
no matter what their peculiar defects. The taro lo'i is the cornerstone of economic effort, the byproduct of which is an available surplus of wealth through animal husbandry: Dark black the earth-digging snout Uprooting the district into hills Making cliffs in the back Making cliffs in the front Child of a pig born Creates from the bush a dwelling To repose in the fields of Lo'iloa Tenfold the yield of the district Tenfold the tribute from the land. Into this environment of prodUctivity, however, in the sixth era "rons"
(holo) the rat, an obvious metaphor of the class of land managers (konohiki) who
I I I l 1
"eat" (ai),
tax the surplus wealth of the plantation. [Note: Hawaiian konohild is
cognate with Tongafiti, a clan in Rarotonga whose homeland was in the Lau group west of Tonga, from Tonga + Pia (Via) ].
Running eight eight-fold the assessment Requesting that taxing of the yield begin; Fating the gain from wetland cultivation; Eating the gain from salt pond aquaculture; On slopes and in hollow places The rat parent live in furrows 113
1 l
I I I I
Where little mice crowd together; Caretakers of seasons by moonlight; Small levies on land use, Small levies on water use. The rat is described as having an erratic disposition in that he takes small bites out of the mountain apple on the tree. The mountain apple (ohi'a tail is not a staple but wild fruit in season, the enjoyment of which is spoiled by the rat who eats from each fruit, never satisfying himself with one whole fruit. Nor is it in his nature to change, it has become hatitual to take the most of the best at every advantage and opportunity: Bite marks left by brown creatures, Whiskered ones Crouched on their chests; A rat for the upland, a rat for the shore, A determined rat running tough; The seventh canto wrestles with the problem of the tabu system and temple (heiau) sacrifices, the demands of law enforced by religion. It is one in which the poet enters with his audience, the persons to whom he is speaking, into active meditation on the experience of fear of the law, becoming the object and subject of human sacrifice. Dread of the oracle tower and sacrifice Dread of the offering and imperfect remains Dread of the night departing Terrified of night returning The dog is important here because dog sacrifices were ritual food for women
in society, pork being confined as men's food in the hale mua, while human
sacrifices were ritual food for gods. Dog sacrifices of the tolohe 'hairless' ones is a metaphor of human sacrifice, as the tolohe were wrestling combatants in the chiefs' armies. The dog as a companion of the dead conducts them into the afterlife. Dog child revered by night receding Dog child of the night returning A reddish-brown dog, a short-legged dog A hairless dog for the service A dog sacrifice for underground fires, An animal to offer up in prayer; 114
The position of the obseerver is now at the top of the mountain ridge (kualono) from which point the entire canopy of criss-crossed (pe'ape'a) branching
(manamana) growth of the forest covers the ground below. It symbolizes a place of
camouflage where nature affords a refuge for the hunted or the vulnerable. Pity him in the cold, with no body hair, Pity him in the heat, with no covering, Going alone on the moonlit path Among the youth who by night vanished From the tangle to the clearing From the stinging and the rustling Of the pierCing wind his companion A younger brother of obedient ones; The theme of plant and animal growth as "branching out" (pe'ape'a.,
manamana)
J I
] ]
]
"drooping down", "hanging" (lohe1ohe) as with fruit or rootlets, dense
fibrous cover (huluhulu), like human body hair, "forking" (pe'ape'a) and "branching" as with limbs, appendages, whether of branches, or wings, hands, feet (manamana), the vigorous sweep of the forest conceals the pe'ape'a native bat, a kinolau manifestation of the god of childbirth (tOpe'a) , whose flight through the forest goes undetected by those whose eyes are not adjusted to darkness. Came forth the sleek bat Came forth the fuzzy bat Came forth the winged bat Came for the bat moving furtively away As the night labored to give birth; Only the night. The bat presages foetal position of the human infant in its cocoon-like nocturnal sleeping position, attached, wings folded, dangling (lohe1ohe), hanging by its feet,"digits" (manamana),
In flight the bat binds its infant young to its bosom,
J I
] ]
holding it there with its feet, upper arms free to fly, symbolic of independence and ' strength of parental protection. The observer feels a kinship with this primitive place of verdure, knowing that under concealment of the forest canopy where few intruders venture, as the jungle has its own dangers, there 1s respite, however tentative, from the incursion of predatory human laws. This is the wao akua where gods are said to dwell and where wild creatures retreat.
115
Chants 8 - 10 Chant 8
595
Wa 'EwaIu - Wa 'Umi
The Birth of Mankind
Ka Wa 'EwaIu
A kama auli'i, auli'i anei o kama i ke au 0 ka po kinikini o kama i ke au 0 ka po he'enaIu mamao Hanau kanaka 0 mehelau Hanau kanaka ia Wai'ololi 0 ka wahine ia Wai'olola
fiX)
o kanaka i kukuku o kanaka i momoe

60S
Hanau ka po akua
Momoe laua i ka po mamao Ahinahina wale kanaka e kaka'i nei Eighth Age
595
From embryo the infant child has formed till now A child in the time forty-thousand times forty-thousand fold night(s) ago, The child in the time of night that passeq. afar Mankind born by generations; Born male for narrow waters, Female for broad waters; Born (in) the gods' night, Mankind to stand up Mankind to lie down, Lying down together in the night long ago; Grey-haired the men who led them here. Ha'ula'ula wale ka lae 0 ke akua Ha'ele'ele ko ke kanaka Hakeakea wale ka 'auwae Ho' omalina ke au ia ka po kinikini Ho'ola'ila'i mehe ka po he'enalu mamao I kapa'ia La'ila'i ilalla Hanau La'ila'i he wahine Hanau Ki'i he kane Hanau Kane he akua Hanau 0 Kanaloa, o ka he' e hau na we1a la Ao
116
610
615
Reddish the forehead of the god, Darkened that of the man, Bearded white the chin;
610
Calm the time of night forty-thousand times forty-thousand nights ago, Serenely calm the night that passed afar Was La'ila'i then called; Born La'ila'i a woman Born Ki'i a man Born Kane a god Born Kanaloa, the octopus (god), Through the striking heat (of) Daylight. Hanau ka pahu o Moanaliha Kawaoma'aukele ko laua hope mai
J
]
615
J
]
Kupolo-ll'lll-all'l-mua-o-lo'ipo
620
kona muli
0 ke kanaka olaloa 0 lau a lau ali'i o kupo, 0 kupo o kupa, 0 kupa, kupakuipa, ku--pa o kupa kupa, keke'e ka noho a ka wahine Born the surging (sea) Of Moanaliha Ka-wao-ma'aukele came after them
l
]
620
after hini A man whose long life sired many chiefs, four hundred and four hundred, To persist and persist To adz out, dub out, scoop, smooth over (with swivel adz) One side to another, changing the place where she lived
Kupolo-li'ill-all'l-mua-o-lo'lpo
1 J
]
o La'ila'i wahine
625
630
0 ka po he'e(nalu) mamao 0 La'Ua'i wahine (0) ka po kinikini Noho i kanaka 0 ka po kinikini Hanau 0 Hahapo'ele he wahine Hanau 0 Hapopo he wahine Hanau 0 Maila i kapa 0 Lopalapala 0 'Olohe kekahi inoa Noho i ka 'aina 0 Lua Kapa ai ia wahi 0 'Olohelohe Lua . 'Olohelohe kanehanau i ke ao 'Olohelohe ka wahine hanau i ke au
1
]
117
625
630
La'Ua'i woman serene in the night that slid away long ago, La'ila'i in the nights numbering forty thousand times forty thousand, lived with men of those countless nights ago Born Hahapo'ele, a girl Born Hapopo, a girl Born Mail a, called Lopalapala, 'Olohe was another name (for her) She lived in the land of Lua This place called 'Olohelohe Lua Man born naked in the world Woman born naked in that time Noho mai la ia Kane Hanau La'i'olo ia Kane Hanau Hapopo he wahine Hanau Po'ele-i, hanau Po'ele-'a Ko laua hope mai 0 Wehiloa Na lakou nei i hanau mai
Ka kikiki, ka makaka Ka nu'u muiona ka muimui ana
635
640
o kanaka lele wale,

Uaao.
kanaka nei la
635
When she first lived with Kane Born La'i'olo to Kane Born Hapopo a girl Born Po'ele-i, born Po'ele-a After them came Wehiloa By them were born More little ones rolling about Quietly, heartily feeding, As mankind arose, men here now It was day.
640
118
Chant 9
Ka Wa Eiwa
645
650
655
660
665
670
La'ila'i, 0 Ola'i-ku-honua 0 Wela, 0 Owe; 0 owa ka lani Oia wahine pi'ilani a pi'ilani no Pi'iaoa lani i ka nahelehele Onehenehe lele kulani ka honua o kama ho'i a Ki'i i 'o'ill rna ka 1010 Puka lele, lele pi'i ka lani Kau ka 'ornea ke aka 'ula ha'iha'ilona Kau i ka lae, he hua ulu 'i'i Kau i ka 'auwae, he huluhulu 'a Ka hanauna a ia wahine ho' opaha' oha' 0 Ka wahine no 'lliponi, no loko 0 'I'ipakalani No ka 'aunaki kuku wela ahi kanaka Oia wahine noho i Nu'umealani 'Aina a ka aoa i noho ai I hohole pahiwa ka lau koa He wahine kino paha' oha' 0 wale kela Me ia ia Ki'i, me ia ia Kane Moe wale ke au 0 ia kini Me ia ia Kane a ka po kinikini He kini ka mamo ka po inaina-u Oia no ke ho'i iluna o ka la'ala'au aoa 0 Nu'umea lani noho mai Ho'okauhua ilaila, ho'owa i ka honua Hanau Hahapo'ele ka wahine Hanau Hapopo ilaila Hanau 'Olohelohe i mull nei o ka 'apana hanauna ia wahine la Va ao-Ninth Age La'ila'i serene, 'Ola'ikuhonua, earth calm, placental bond between man and earth, In searing pain, moaning, the chiefess cries out, This woman of highest rank ascending to heaven, In the forest her agony sounds to the sky, The child of Ki'i appears at the center, Comes out uplifted into chiefly rank, Tinged red the foetal color signs are set Set on the forehead short infant hair, Set on the chin a hairy down, The generation of this mysterious woman, The woman of 'lliponi, skin purple-black, in 'I'ipakalani The nether firestick that fires human passion, This woman who lived in Nu'umealani, land where the chiefly poweer existed,
I I I J
]
J
]
] ]
] ",
645
650
:,',
655
119
660
665
670
She stripped the dark leaves of koa, This woman of awesome being, With Ki'i, then with Kane, With Kane through the immense night, When these generations slept together, That multiplied in the night descendants compatible wih each other, That became the senior line Of titled chiefs who lived in Nu'umealani, Who were conceived there, born alive on the earth Born Hahapo'ele, female, Born Hapopo, Born 'Olohelohe after them, On the maternal line of that generation, It was day-Chant 10
Ka Wa {Dml
o Maila, 0 La'ila'i ka paia o Kane a Kapokinikini ka pou, 0

675
Ki'i ka mahu
680
Hanau La'i'olo'olo i noho ia Kapapa Hanau Kamahaina he kane Hanau Kamamule he kane o Kamakalua he wahine o Po'e1e'i e holo, kama 0 O'e1e-a holo, kama o Wehi-wela-wehi-loa; Ho'i hou La'ila'i noho ia Kane Hanau 0 Ha'i he wahine Hanau 0 Hali'a he wahine Hanau Hakea he kane Hanau ka mu.lct, muka, mukekeke Muka, kukuku, kunenewa Moku, monu, mumule ana Mumule wale ana Kane i ka mule I mule, i ke'eo, i ka maua I ka wahine weweli wale Pe'e e Kane ia e ho'ohanau kama E ho'ohanau kama i kana keiki Ho'ole ka lam ia ia mull wale Ha'awi i ka {ape kapu ia Ki'l E Ki'i no ke moe ia ia Ha'ili Kane 1 ka mua, heleu wale Ha'ili 0 Ki'i 0 La'ila'i ka mull lae punia Pehi i ka pohaku hailuku ia Kane 0 kani ka pahu ke awa nei ka leo o ka'u ho'ailona ia, ka ka mull Hulihulili Kane moe mull ia mai la
685
6CX>
695
700
o ka ewe 0
kana mull i mull ai

120
Chants 11-12 Helu Papa
Genealogical Recitation
[Generation count starts at 1, increasing by 4; chant lines are every 5th line of Hawaiian text]
o
1
Kupolo-li'ili-alFi-mua-o-lo'ipo (k)
Ki'i (k) Kane Kanaloa
Place: Moanallha (sea)
La'ila'i (w), also called Ola'i-kuhonua
Place: Nu'umealani 1
2 Ki'i (k)
La'ila'i (w) La'i'olo'olo (w)

Kamahaina (k)
Kamamule (k) Kamakalua (w) Wehi-wela-wehi-Ioa

1 2
Kane (k)
La'ila'i (w) Ha'i (w) Hali'a (w) Hakea (k) Hali'a (w)
[25 years =
1 generation]
Kamahaina
[50 years ""
2 generations]
[Helu Papa commencing at generation 4, line 718 Kumullpo text; cosmic references, i.e. star identifications, chiefly names, rsidential or calendrical information as cosmic or geographic reference probability]
l I J 1 J 1 J :'. J
~.
3 4
718 720
Loaa
Le Kalawe Kulou Nau [*Sirius] Pulepule Nahu Pono Kalau Kulewa Pou Poulua [*Gemini] Pae Paeheunui Hewa Maku Wala Piha
8
725
'A a
12 15 16
730
20
735
Nakelea (w) Kanu Kamau Haliau Kale Hehe Moo Luke Pono'i Maina Kune Kalal Kukulukulu Ha'a'a Ki"eki'e Kulu Niau Kunewa Pihapiha
[75 years [100 years =
3 generations] 4 generations]
[latitude south, over Tahiti]
[*POll, pillar/zenith star]
l 1 1
123
24 740 28 745 32
36
750
40 755 44 760 48 765 52
56 58 60
770
Mu Nawai Wawa Kua'i Lu'u Mai Mai'a Lana Lanalana Pulu Puluka Pulukene Pulumakau Pulukea Nekue Nakai Kuleha 'Ike Mala Malama [moon] Eho Ehoaka [2nd moon] Ehoku [full moon] Keoma [Aldebaran] Kinohi Ponia Meua Meualua Ho'olana Ho'omeba Pula Kuamu Ko'u Meia Kawala HuH Loa'a Huhu
Makuma Manomano
Kuku Hele Hanebane 'A'anai Lu'ule'a Mai'a Paua Kilo Paepae Lepe'a Lelepe Lelekau Lelemau Umala Mahili Napo'o Maka 'Ao'ao Hui Puiki Pulama Pulanaia Malaia Haho'oili Muala Luka Mamau Maukele Ho'ohuli Memeha Kua Kuawa Ko'uko'u Pekau Mahuli 'Imi 'Oli'oH Le'awale
Manoa
['observe'] [temple ground] [Pe'a, Southern Cross; pole, South]
[zenith] [40 generations
1000 years]
[58 generations"? 1450 years} [60 generations - 1500 years]
775 64 780 68 785 72
Kini (40,000) Leha PUa Pua'ena Wela Maiko Maikokahi (1) Maikolua (2) Hilahila Kelau Palo Keala
Lauahi Mau
Maua
Ena 'Ena'ena Ahi Kulewa Kuakahi (1) Pahila Ho'ohila Lukau Kalaku Kea1a'u1a [dawn]
124
76
790
80 795
84 85 86 88
800
805 92 93 Belt/Orion Heamo* 94 Belt/Orion Heamokau Pu'ili Pu'ili'ili 810 96 Pu'iliaku Milky Way Mokukapewa* Milky Way Mokukai'a Piala 100 815 Kiarno Koikua Ko'iele Pa'ela 104 Keomo Hulimakani 820 Nanaikala* Kalawela 108 Kealakau (zenith) Kamau 'Opala 825 Hali 112 Haliluna Halimau Ralipau Nunua 830 116 Nananaka Oamio Omiomio Aila* 120 Ailamua 835 Ailakau Ailapau Manu* 124 Lilio Leheluhe 840
Piao Niau Launie Mono Hekau Ho'opa'a Kalama Helu Paila Halale Malie Ma'oki Kaiwi Kulea Makou Ia'u Iaka Makili
Nai'a Kekumu Huluhe Pa'a Kaili Ha (4) Kapala Namu Opuopu Malu Kalino Huluhe Iwia Kulia Kouli Mahea Meia Lulu Lou Makea Apomai Li'ili'i Heleihea Na'alo Naele Heleua Komo Keaho Kauhi Peleiomo Omo'omo Nanailuna Haipule Kslahuiwale Hoku Meu Wene* Halima Halilalo Ralelo Muakau Nene'e Lele'io Ololi Wiwini Kukala Heia Rele Kaiwi Hele'upa Makini Aina
I I
[80 generations = 2000 years = 4 (500)
J J
[86.4 generations
2160 generations]
J I
]
]
[Belt of Orion, equatorial stars = 2325 - 2350 yeaars]
Milky Way Milky Way (breaking apart) [100 generations = 2500 years] [103.6 generations = [104 generations (observe above) (observe sun; prayer) (15th, full moon) (Southern Cross) (4 x 5 = 20] 2592 years] 2600 years]
J
]
(*solar eclipse)
]Procyon, south]
1 I I :I
i:
!
~
125
I
"
IiiII
11 t
128 845 132
136
850
140 855 144 860 147 149 865 152
156
870
160 875 164 165 166 168 885

172
Kelemau Kaumau Kaukahi Mauka Ohi Ikamu Kalu Kalukalu Upo Upowao Pili Pilimau Kahale Kahale'ai* Lawai 'a Mauaka Wana* Wanawana Wanakaulani Wanamelu Kaulua* Wala'au Hanehane Hawane Heleau Hulimea Hulimua 'Ewa Omali Huelo Niolo Pilimai Keanu Ka'io Haluaka Kapuhi Ehio Kakai
Hinapu Puoho Ma'ele Kai Laulau Namu Moena Hilipo Na'o Naele 'Aiku Maumana Mua* Nu'u Ka'io Lehu Kala Wanakau Me1u Hulili Kaohi Eiaau Hahane* Kuamu Maiaku Aiko Newa 'Ewa'ewa Malima.li Kaka'i Eiaku Kona Peleau Pueo Kaolo Mula Emio Alaka'i
(hale-mua. men's eating house] (hale'ai, women's eating house; Nu'u, height place name) (rays of the sun) (sun, zenith)
(Gemini; Cpo generation 15; month name) [Gemini, north constellation, Twins] (Cp. Hanehene, generation 24)
(owl)
880
Amo* Amoaku*
Helemai Onaho Piliko'a Mahinahina Po'opo'o Omana Omana'io Mana'ina'i Huluemau Kaluli Nakino Nakinolua
Ko'iko'i
Kuwala Heleaku Keanali'i Ukuli'i Halepo'i Nawai Manamana Huluheu Malana'i Ka'alo Pau Kinohi Ewalu*
[Belt of Orion; 165 generations - 4125 [Cpo generation 93/94- - 2315-2350 yrs.]
[gentle east wind]
890 176
(eight)
126
180
895
184 900 188 905 192 193 194 910 196
200
915
204 920 208 925 212 930 216
220
935
224 940 228 945
Ukiki U11 Mele [Sirius] Lana'i Ha'o Pakaikai Moana Hulu He Makilo Naua Ua Peleu Mahina* (moon) Mahinale Mahinalea Pipika MaheIe* Kaohi Kona !ho Kula'a Kuamau'u Pahili Keia Maki'oi Helehele 'Aukai Moekau Huluau Meleme1e* Kumuniu Arnoi Kunewa Pahilo Napo'i Kulana Kaskau Holeha Pa'ani Lewa Pihaulu Kelewa'a Kakio Hulipena Moldweo Kapalama KapalamaJaroa Wikani Kapehi Hiwa Pano
Eau Uliuli* Melemele Po'i Au Puehu Hilo Makali Ho'eue Moi tUpa
Barna
stars near equator stars near equator [180 generations
4500 years]
Hamahuna Hina Ulukua Palemo Kuhinu Pu'unaue* Kaohiohi Konakona Pelu Maliu Holehole Halulu Luluka Meihiolo Pineha Milo He1emau Pulama Milokua Pilia Akua* Hulema Plli'aiku Ka'ale Nawa. Po'ipo'i Hulupehu Malana'opi Kukelemio Ho'iha Kinohili Hlliha Miko Pakala Kepo'oha Kepo'olimaha Kamakolu Kaluku'u Kahiwahiwa Kekaliholiho
[192 generations = 4540 years] [KaiokahinaU"i 1 (Tsunami 1] [Kahinali'i, Capella in Auriga] ('divide', move/add sums)
I I J I I I 1
]
[equatorial stars] [14th moon night]
I J 1
)
III
[steer canoe, navigate]
J 1
l
]
127
1
Iii
232
950 236
240
955
244 960
248 965 252 970 256 258 260 975
264 980 268 985 272
Opelau Mahilu Ho'olewa Kumau Papale Ie Haole Makua Leho Opikana Helemaka Kukahale Pohakukau Helua Komokomo PO'ele'ele Nuku'ele'ele Mama Hamama Kuemi Opiliwale Ahulimai Maikomo Hununu* Ho'olohe Kumaua Ko'iko'i Mau'awa Kelelua Mukana Mahili Kukona Kanawai Lohilohi Apikili Ho'omaku 'Olepe Kala Hulipau Makohi 'O'opuola Niuhuli Ohao
Nu'u* Lena*
276 900 Ahiahi Ahiahihia Ahiakane* Ahiakapoloa* Ahiakapokau Ahiakulumau Ahiakamake Ahiakaolu
Maha Kaene Waiau Kahaka Kukala Kuwahine Kaluakekane' Holomau Nahenahe Liko Hinaulu Hinamai Kalani Malie Ho'olua Papakele Papakapa Malele Kulua* Kapoulena* Mahinu'ele Pelemau Kamanu Nawaikaua Kulukaua Hau Kolokolo 'A' a Mahiopu Wili Naka Hapele Hapeleau Nohilo Nohalau Makau* Heleana Hulimakeau Hulimakele Nahalau Nakuli'i Nakumau Helemai
[4th moon night, waxing southwest] [Lena, Sirius; pou, zenith position, Tahiti] [Cpo Kahungunu (Maori tribe)
[Sirius, south; Cpo A'a, 8th generation 200 years; 258 generation = 6,450 years] Cpo Loaa, 3rd generation; 75 years; 58th generation, 1,450 years]
[Makau, 'fishhook', i.e., Scorpius, south]
Palemo*
Opihi Ounauna Wanaku Kikalapoloa Hapu'u Makani Kilau Honika
[nu'u, zenith] [Lena, Sirius, south; Palemo, in daylight] [27th night, waning moon, northwest] Dong night, i.e., winter]
280
995
128
284 1000
288 1005 292
1010 296
300
1015
304 1020 308 1025 312
Pohinakau Moulikaina Ho'oku Manaweulani Ho'omailu Mailu Polehua* Pu'ulele Hamohulu I'amama Kuinewa Holopulau Makanewanewa Melia Humuhumu* Ukianu Ukinala Ukikamau Ukilelewa Ukihihina Ho'opulu Nahiole Mukiki Kiola Mulemulea Kukawa
Kamio
1030 316
320
1035
324 1040 328 1045
Ho'omu Hailau Ho'omauke'a Pulune Kauaua Moeiho Manu'ala Kolealea Hilohilo Maluipo Awaia Ho'ohinu Eapu lalo Helau Heiaumana* Pulemo Kaukeo'a* Helemua Kale Ie Paepae* Keo'a Kapouhina* Kapouhinaha Ho'opi'opi'o
Hilahea Ho'omaka Nanana Laukunu Puluea Lehuane Keahulehua Noelo Noe'ula Noenoe Pilima'u'u Hinakona Helepuau Melemele* Palamau Nenue Ilimaka Keohoko Laumeki Nilea 'Olo'olohu Kealapi'i Makino Iaia Helelu Maika'iwa* Molemole Unauna . Pamakani Muli
Kahe
, I I J
.s
[*Antares in Scorpius; Cpo LehuaiLevuka]
[*Melemele, Sirius; south] [*Humuhumu, Southern Cross]
I J
]
[*lwa, Jupiter]
]
)
Wailuhi 'lmihia Kawele Kauwewe Hokelona Hoki'i Milo Ohouma Uluoha Makalewa Pi'ioha Ho'ohiwa Maluolua Hi'ilei'ia Kuainea Wamakona Limaauki Puameli Kuamaulu Hokua'ala Pi'onu'u*
J
]
[*hale mana, Heiau Ku] [put (on) rafters] [paepae, heiau enclosure] ['rafter( s)] [pou, pillar (of house) ] [Pi'onu'u, zenith transit]
, .a
...........
129
1050 336
340
1055
344 1060 348 1065 352 1070 356
Ho'opi'oaka Ho'olahalaha HO'omahilu Nanevva Nanawa'a Ho'okilo* Kumeheu Leleiluna Halekumu Halepaio Halemoena Haleluakini* Halekuamu Ha'iola Kalelemauliaka Ko'iniho Po'oku Hale'imiloea Pani'oni'o Kealakike'e Oiaku Huini
Pi'oanuenue* Pulau Makua Peleuwao'

Oma
[*rainbow]
Pilikamau Leleawa Mainahu Kimonaue Holio Ke'oke'o Mali'i Noio Lauhala Miloha Naku Paleamakau Hilohilo Liho Maiau Kaniho Naihu
[*ho'okilo, to obsezve]
[*haleluakini, temple house]
Explanatory note::
After 356 generations within which the Kai-a-Kahinali'l (1) tsunami occurs in generation 194 so that the homeland region was one of intense seismic and volcanic destIUction, the he1u papa redtation is interrupted with an arithmetical notation as part of the generation sequence. The sequence is presumed to be part of the he1u papa after La'ila'i, Kane, and Ki'i. However, the reason for it is not understood and King Kalakaua's Hale Naua society also found it confusing. It comes when a number like 354 (generation 354) in the number of days in a lunar year leading up to generation 365 [at Waiakea - Hepahuno (6)] is parallel to the tropic year [with an intercalation of 11.25 equals 354 days as 1 lunar year = 3 Mercury synodic cycles (116 x 3 = 348 days + 6 intercalary days = 354]. One Mercury synodic cycle is 116 days. Hilo (Mercury or star Procyon) as the name for the first crescent moon after new moon (Muku) is followed by Huia (Jupiter) 13.5 days before Kane moon at 27.3 nights in the lunation (sidereal). After the number 40 Hekaunano in the at generation 399, Kaiokahinali'l (2) which number coincides with Jupiter (= 399 days synodic revolution/cycle). 130
Segment of Arithmetical Notation in the Helu Papa [357 - 399]

[Generation No., continuing]
I I
<.
"
357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399
1075
1080
1085
1090
1095
1100
1105
1110
Pa Pana Panakahi Pa'ikekal ua PU'ukolukolu Napu'ueha Palimakahana Waiakea Kaeamauli Koko'iele Kaholoka'iwa* Kalelenohinalea Panakahiahinalea Panaikaluakahinalea Puukol uakukahinalea Napuuikahakahinalea Palimawaleahinalea Akahiakaea'akilolo Paluaakaea'akilolo Puukolukaea'akilolo Puaakahaa'akilolo Puulimakaeaakilolo Akahike'ewe Paluake'ewe Paukolu Puuhake'ewe Pulimake'ewe Waiakaeaka'ewe Kamauliaka'ewe Ko'ieleaka' ewe Kuaiwaaka'ewe Hanahuno Panakahikenahu Panaluakenahu Panakolukenahu Panahakenahu Lewelimakenah u Paakaeaakenahu Omaulikenahu Ko'ielehakenahu Kuaiwakelekenahu Hekaunano Papio
'Aiano Koliau Alia'oe Piliwale Heleiamai HO'okonokono Helemaia Hapahuno Eleiku* (north) Maumau Heoioi Aluaku (1) Helule (2) Painaina (3) Noakawalu (4) Piliamoa* (5) Manu (1) Lelekeamo ( 2) Kelekeleau (3) 'Umikaua (4) Mailo (5) Nihohoe (1) Paliiuka (2) Paliikai Makaimoimo (3) (4) Lauohokena (5) Piu (6) Nahinahi (7) Kameha'i Ulupo ( 8) (9) Newaiku (10) Puhemo (1) Lahilahi (2) Kaukeahu (3) 'Ulalena (4) Eiawale (5) Konukonu (6) UIi (7) Na'ina'i (8) Pilomoku (9) Nahae Welawela (10) Lo'ilo'i
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 (6) (7) [365.25 days = 1 tropic year] (8) [366 days = 1 leap year] 9 [*Iwa - Jupiter] (10) ( 11) ( 12) (13) (14) [*Pili, Scorpius] (15) [*Manu - Procyon] (16) [*Arno - Belt of Orion] (17) (18) (19) (20) [378 days =1 Saturn cycle] (21 ) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34) (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) (40) [399 days = 1 Jupiter cycle]
J J
I J l
]
l l
] ]
./
131
1 1 I l 3 l
.'
.
':)
I I I I I
Explanatory Note:
The Hekaunano formula at 40 generations is probably an adjustment of 365.25 days (tropic, solar year) to the Jupiter synodic cycle [ 399 days less 365.25 days in the tropic year = 33.25 days to add to the solar year]. This creates a calendar round to
correspond to planetary time closer to 400, and easier to do in the Hawaiian counting system of 4 in 10, thus:
1 1 1 1
1
kauna ka'au lau mano kini lehu
4 40 400 4,000 40,000 400,000
Jupiter revolves around the earth in twelve years and 4,400 days of 11 synodic revolutions (Jupiter) in that time to earth's 4,383 days [365.25 x 12 years around the sun].
=
earth
If this is the case then the Jupiter cycle could have been a
correlation with the moon at Hua = 13.5 days or half of a sidereallunation of 27.3 days (rather than the 29.5 day lunar month so as to correspond to the 354-day lunar year). The sidereal year of 12 months would then be [27.3 x 12
=
351] days, requiring
an intercalation of 3 days to equal a lunar year, or 14 days more (plus some hours) to equal the solar (tropical) year of 365.25 days. However, the "Kane" month
built on a 27.3-day lunation, gives Jupiter's postition at Hua (13.5 days) a half-month creating a sidereal year of 13 months
=
378 days [i.e., 351 + 27.3
378] which is one
synodic revolution of Saturn. That is to say, 399 Jupiter days would require a Saturn "year" with an intercalation of 21 days between the Ole nights (quarter moons)
in the Hawaiian month to also be used to correlate planetary cycles between
Mercury (at Hilo, first Hawaiian crescent after New Moon) with Jupiter at Hua (as a half sidereallunation) with third quarter moon and Saturn's 378-day synodic cycle. [ Saturn was Makulukulu (a brother of Sky Father, Wakea, whose relationship to Wakea has not yet been recited into the Kumulipo generations].
132
After the 400th generation and two Kai-a-Kahlnali'l tsunami, the recitation lists a chief of the ruling house Kupolo-li'li-ali'i-mua-o-lo'ipo {introduced in Canto 8 in the time of La'ila'i] as a lineage descending to Ali'ihonupu'u with the name
Kupololl'ili for the first time in 402 generations (= 10,050 years) after La'ila'i,
Ki'i, and Kane. The probability that it may be Tongan in origin is indicative in the
title of the royal house of Tonga as Kupou (Tupou) in generation 410

[continuing below]:
Resumption of the helu papa recitation:

399 400
J I I . . J
'.
Papio
1115
Lo'ilo'i
Kealo Kukamaka Auhe'e Ha'ihae Milio Hamunu Nai'a Pakau Hemolua Naio Kelekele Hapulu Hapulu Napulu Kuamo'o* Mo'onawe Helua Poiwa Nana* Nakulu Eiamae Lelehewa Kimopu Holi Kupolopa'uma Luli Makeamo 'lmo Lua Hulili Manu* Hulu Namaka Pulupili
Kai-o-KahinaU'i tsunami
[*Manu'a. Samoa]
] ]
403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416' 417 418 419 420
1120
1125
1130
1135
424
1140
428 1145
432
Manu'akele Kaunuka Maki'i Kupololl'111 Kupoka Kupokanaha Kupone'e Kupohaha Kupoko Kupo-e Kupou Kupolele Kupololo Kupolili Kuponakanaka Kupohilili Kupohalalu Kupohe1emai Kupokalalau Kupolahauma Kupoli'ili'i Kupolona'ana'a Kupolomaikau Kupolohelele Kupolopa'iuma Kupoloha'iha'i Kupolokeleau Kupolonaunau Kupoloahilo Kupolomakanui Kupolomaiana Kupolokahuli Kupololili Ku pololililili
J
]
[*Kupou, Tongan chiefly title] [*Kuamo'o, Milky Way] [=lwa, Jupiter] [*Nana, Gemini; Ha'a Ngana, Tongan clan]
[*Manu, Procyon]
133
1150 436 1155 440
444
1160
448 1165 452 1170 456
Kupololalala Kupolohalala Kupololuana Kupolola'lla'l Kupolola 'iolo * Kupolola'imai Kupolola'iaku Kupolohilihili Kupolomalimali Kupolo'ale Kupolo'imo Kupolokalili Kupolomene Kupolohulu Kupolohulilau Kupolohalimai Kupolokamana'o Kupolokeweka Kupolokulu Kupolonehea Kupolohaliu Kupolokunaku Kupolo'ololo Kupolo'ololi Polo Polohili Polokau Polopolo Polohamu Polonihi Poloha'iha'i Poloheihei Polohanu'ai Polomahhnahi Poloaku Polomai Eliakapolo Ekukukapolo Halimakapolo Ho'opoloiho Poloku Polokane Polohiwa Polomua Popolomea Popolohuamea Popolokai.'a Polonananana Polomakiawa Poloanewa Polohauhau
Naku Ahi Hoaka* Lelea Hanau Ilimai Ho'oilo* Makanalau Hulipumai Leleiluna Holo'oko'a Uliuli* Hiwauli Kinopu Makiao Makiaoea 'Ewa Lukona Eapa'ipa'i Hulihele Maliu* Uliau Kio'io Holeaku Nolu Kau Uli Hamu Nini Ha'iha'i* Hei Hanu'ai 'Ewa Kolo Malu'ape Pelepele Pua'a Pua'akane Uluea Hiamanu Paka Leleamia Halu Menea Miomio
Omo Lanaki
[*2nd moon, crescent waxing] [*daughter of La'ila'i and Ki'i] [*winter season]
[*Uliuli, equatoria stars].
[*Maliu, Spica in Virgo (Tahiti)]
1175 460 464 1180
[*Ha'iha'l, Milky Way, breaking up]
468 1185 472 1190 476 1195 480
[*storm cloud]
484
1200
Manahulu La'ohe Peleaku Nanale
134
486 1205
490 1210 494 1215 500
Polohehewa Polomehewa Poloula'a Poloahiwa Polo'ula Polowena Poloimu Polokakahia Polo'i Polo'i'i
Polohi~pa
504
1220
508 1225 512 1230 516 1235 520
Polohi -pakeke Polohi-pakaka Polohelehelelahiki Polopaukahiki Polohilele Poloahaumea. Poloahlluna Polokaumai Polokaulani Poloikamakani Poloikai Polokamehani Polomaumau Poloimauna Poloila'au Poloikanahele Poloikukulu Poloiho'omoe Poloihanahana Poloikahiau Poloikalua Poloahiko Polokaha Polohllima Pololoaiku Polomauli Polokokoiele Polokuaiwa Polohemo Polokina'u Poloki'i Pololi'i Polowaikaua Li'ili Li'iliauau Li'ilikamau Li'ilili'ili Li'ilihalula Li'ilimama 1 2 3 4 5 6
7
Huamua Hewa Makolu Hiwa 'Ula Wena Mohalu* Kanakau I'i Hipa Pepa Meao Lahiki Kahiki* Ka'ahiki
I ,I
[*Mohalu, Shaula in Scorpius; 12th moon]
I I I
[*Kahiki - Tahiti] [*Haumea, Aldebaran in Taurus]
Haumea.
Ahiluna Kaumai Kaulani Kamakani Ikai Kamehani* Maumau Mauna La'au Kanahele Kukulu Ho'omoe Hanahana
Ka~haiau
[*the breadfruit tree of Haumea]
J l J J
] ]
]
524
1240
8 9 10
528 1245
Luahiko Hiko Kaha lima Waiku Mauli Koele 'I'iwa Heme Nahunau Oli'Uoa Mano Halula Pomea Auau
Kamau
2 3 4 5 6
7
8 9
10
532 1250
Holiholi Nanaahu Hole Holehole
l
'~'-.
135
3 l i
--""
536
540
1255
544 1260 548 1265 552 1270 556
560
1275
564 1280 568 1285 572 1290 576
580
1295
584 1300
Li'ilimanu'a* U'ili'ihakahaka Li'iliha Li'ilihemoaku Li'ilikaumai Li'ia010 Li'ilipihapiha Li'ilinu'unu'u Li'ilihe1elima Li'iliau U'ilimiha Li'ilinania U'ilipe1u'a Li'ilimahimahi Li'ilikaliaka Li'ilimeleau Li'ilile01eo Li'ililimanu Li'ilikapili U'ilih010wa'a* Li'ilih010mau Li'ilika1e1e Li'ilikaili Li'ilipoipo Li'iliwalewa1e Li'ilihanahana Li'ilihuliana Li'iliwahipali Li'ilinohopali U'ilinohoana U'ilikauha1e Li'ilipulepule Li'ili-1a Li'ili-hou Li'ili-kaki'i Li'ili-kahuli Li'ili-hom01e Li'ili-pukaua Li'ili-lilolilo Li'ililanalana Li'ililanakila Li 'ilil ana-au Li'ilima1ana Li'iliahula Li'ilipukiu Li'ilipa1uku Li'ilima'ema'e Li'li'oki'oki Li'iali'ili'i Li'ikauli 'iIi 'i Li'ikamama Li'iamama
Pilimau Ho'ohene Iwiaku Lanikama 'Iliuli '010'010 Nu'unu'u He1elima Auli NoIun01u Haleakeaka Pu1uka Maluli Makauma Nahili P010a Popoko Po'imo'imo P01auwale Poilumai Poinanaia Nanana Nanaue Nahuila Meia Ku1aimoku Pihi Pili1au Ma'e1e'e1e Kauhale Palia Pule Halawai Leleipaoa Miliamau Kulana 'Iwa'iwa Luna Kaua Lilo Kila Kilaua Mana Lana Piko Hulikau Pakapaka Li'iIi'i Lilioma Manuke1e
Marna
[*-manu'a, Samoa]
[*nu'u, zenith]
[*-holowa'a, sail canoe]
[584 days, Venus synodic cycle]

[heiaultemp1e enclosure]
Paepae*
136
588 1305 592
1310 596
600 602
1315
Li'ipaepae Li'iumu Li'iluaki'i Li'iluakini* Li'imolohi Li'ikau'unahele Li'ia'upa Li'imuli'awa Li'inewaku Li'ihomali Li'ipulama Li'ipalama Li'iohinu Li'iomaka Ll'lpau*
Umu Ki'i* Kini* Lohi Nahele Upa Li'awa Newaku Mali Pulama Palama* 'Ohinu 'Omaka Olua Kanelwa*
[*Ki'i, image; Ki'i, ancestor; Cpo Tiki] [40,000] [-luakini, temple (Ku)]
I
]
:,"
"
]
[Palama, lama (ebony) fence, temple]
Kal-o-Kahlnall'l 3 tsunami 3 [Kai-o-Kahinali'i 3, generation 602] [Kai-o-Kahinali'i 2, generation 399] [Kai-o-Kahinali'i 1, generation 194]
Commencing of the Ali'! line of Chiefs
603 604 1320 608 1325 612
616 617
1330 1331 1332
'0 'A Ali'i Ali'ila'a Ali'iaka Ali'imau Ali'iali'i Ali'ipo'i Ali'ikono Ali'ipahu Ali'iume Ali'ihala Ali'iponi Ali'ilanahu Ali'ika'ea All'lhonupu'u Opu'upu'u
'0 Li'i La'a Aka*

Mau
['A, Sirius; Li'i, Pleiades] [La'a, Pegasus] [*Aka, Cpo Ata, island in Tonga] [Ali'i, chiefly title]
Ali'i* Pohea Mi'i Pahu 'Ume Hala Poniponi Kelenanahu Ka'eka'ea Hohonupu'u Ka'eahonu
I l l l l l
] ]
[Ali'ihonupu'u, Opu'upu'u, brothers]
[*Note: the line down to Wakea after the Pola'a tsunami (Kaiokahinali'i 4) survives on the 0pu'upu'u line. The Ali'ihonupu'u line continues until the time of Pola'a whereupon the ruling house of Kupolo-li'ili-mua-o-lo'ipo (Ali'ihonupu'u line) ends at the time of the Pola'a tsunami but continues on the Opu'upu'u line. The double list to follow includes Chant 12 Ka Wa VmikumaJua, with the descent line down from Opu'upu'u and La'aniha wahine].
1
]
137
All'bonupu'u Ali'ilehelehe Ali'imakolu Ali'inohouka 620 Ali'ihimuhani Ali'ileleiona 622 Ali'iwala'au Ali'ikuwala 624 Ali'ikomokomo Ali'iaku 626 Ali'inewa Ali'ikuhikuhi 628 Ali'ikilo Ali'ikiloloa 630 Ali'ikilopoko Ali'iemi Ali'ikolo Ali'ihelu 634 Ali'iheluone Ali'ipu'uone Ali'ikamanomano Ali' ih ukeakea 638 Ali'ipauku Ali'inana Ali'ikilokilo Ali'ikilol una 642 Ali'ikilolono* [Sirius] [1360] Ali'ikiloau Ali 'ikilohon ua Ali'ikilouli 646 Ali'ikilokai Ali'ikilonalu Ali'ikilohulu Ali'ikiloahu 650 Ali'ikilomakani Ali'ikiloola Ali'ikilohoku Ali'ikilomalama 654 Ali 'ikilomakali 'i Ali'ikilokau Ali'ikiloho'oilo
617
Kaeahonu 1546 Lehelehe Hinakolu Mauka 1550 Haui Lopiana Kukeleau Mana'a'ala Lupuhi 1558 lkuwa Mania Lahulahu Loa Pokopoko Anana 1560 'Arni'ami Lepau Lepeake Malamu Nahakea 1565 Ho'ouli Pololani Kalakala Huli Kelea 1570 Halululu Kalahai [Salafai] Kanamu Heanaipu 1575 Ho'owili 'Ume 'Ohi Pelapela Oheohe Malumalu 1580 Lipoa Kanulau Nahele Ho'opulu Kakeli'i 1585 Hulu 1587 Lono* [Sirius] 1587 Kea Papahuli Mo'olio 1590 Kilohi Anapu A-a'a [Sirius] Pehe
658
662
Ali'ikilona'au Ali'ika'anamalama Ali'ika'anaua Ali'ikilomo'o Ali'ikilokua Ali'ikiloalo Ali'ikilohope Ali'ikilomua
Opu'upu'U La'aniha Opu'upe Pepe Kapu'u Opu'umauna Opu'uhaha Leleiao* [*Jupiter] Opu'ukalaua Maukao Opu'uhanahana Kilokau Opu'uhamahamau Halalai Opu'ukalauli Makele Opu'ukalakea Opu'uele Opu'ukalalhiwa Opu'umakaua Opu'ukalalele Lelepau Maunanui Makelewa'a Maunane'e Hulipu Maunapapapa Kanaua Maunaha'aha'a Ha'alepo Maunahiolo Hane'ene'e Pu'ukahonua Lalohana Ha'akuku Wa!awa'a Ha'apipili Ha'amomoe Kanioi Ha'akauwila Lalomai Puanue Kepo'o Kauawana A-a'a [Sirius] Ho'oanu Pi'owai 'A'amoa Nananu'u [zenith] Makohilani Haulanuiakea Huku Mahikoha Hinaho'oka'ea O'opukoha Kumanaiea Ulunui Hawal'l [Savai'i] Kekihe-i Kekila'au Makuaikawaokapu lkawaoelilo Makaukau Hahalua Kalolomauna Kalolomoana Kalolopiko Kaloloa'a [Sirius] 'A'a Waka'au Kauwila Uhiuhi Palipali Palimoe Punalauka Punalakai Pihe'eluna Pihe'elalo Malana'opiopi Hikaulunui Malanaopiha-3 Pihaehae Hanau Kihala'aupoe he Wauke Hanau Ulu he Ulu Hanau ko laua muli'o Kepo'o* Kepo'o Halulu Oliua Kauikau Kikona Ka'imai Ho'opulupulu Auna Ho'olehu Lapa'i Kaul unokalani Kahele Ho'ouka Aluka Kanalu Hakihua
138
I
666 670
Mua Muapo Muahaka Mualele Muakaukeha Mmuahale Muahalekapu Muaanoano Muakekele Muahaipu Muakahiko Muawa'a Muapo'ipo'i Muakamalulu Muahele'i Muakohukohu Muakahukahu Muaoma Muanalu Muanaluhaki Muanalupopo'i Muanalukalohe Muanaluha'ikakala Mualala Muahaipu Muapule Muahanu'ala Muaikekele Muaipoipo Muakalaiki'i Muakawa'a Muaiopele Mualopola Muapali Muaho'opo Muaunu Muaha'i Mualupe Muakala Muawekea Muahilo Muakahu Muakahukahu Mua'ama'ama Muaahilo Muaamoa Muaale'ale'a Muainakalo Muaohupu Muaikauka Muaikamuka Muaikaunukukanaka Wanaku Haina Kulamau Hilipo Keanukapu La'apilo HO'ohali Naula Ipu
Kahiko
1595
1600
674
678
682
686
690
694
698
702
706
710
714
1605 Wa'awa'a Po'i Helenaku Kaukahi Lulu Mo'oleIo 1610 Kapili Kahu Anoano Nalu Poki'i 1615 Manaku Moku Ho'onahu 'Api'api :tvfahoa 1620 Ahia Mulemule 'Akia Lena* [Sirius] Auhuhu 1625 La'aumele La'ala'au Wahine Kikana Vi-a 1630 Kahuli 'Eli'eli MO'ODlO'O Kapua Lau 1635 Eiwa [9] Hiliahu Kaomi Auwe Olopule 1640 Ka'imai Kinika Niniha Niniahu Moemoe 1645 Mokukaha
Po'i Paepaemalanla Kaulana Pala'au N1ku'ono Pouhana Kaiwiloko Leua Ho'okahua Kulau Kapawaolani Manamanaokalea 'Auku'u Kakahiaka Kapoli Kimana Polohilani Kahilinaokalani Kapaia Kakai '0 'ill [So. Cross] Kapaeniho Kaupeku Ka'ope'ope [Pleiades] Nakia Ko'ele Huakalani Nu 'uko'i'uJa Kaiola Kalalomaiao Uupiter] Hakalaoa Kekoha Pipili Ka'ulamaokoke Ka'lakelemoana Hi'iklaula u Hainu'awa Laukohakoha Opalakalanl Opai(a)kuroulani Liahu Kanikumuhele Ho'opililani Oherookukalani Pilihona Ho'omahinukala La'iohopawa Kuliaimua La'aumenea Kiamanu Ho'opa'ilimua Nakukalani
Lenawale [Sirius] Kaumai Kaulalo Paweo Hopulani Hanaku Karnaka Ka'oiwi Ho'omalae Ku'iaeonaka Kaini'o Kaukaha Koha Ku'ua Ho'opumehana Kslimalimalimala u Kalanimakuaka'apu Hemua Ho'olawakua Manawahua Mohala 'Oke'a Kapua Kuka'ailani Ho'omaua Lohelau Kaunu'u'ula Meheaka [1468] Meheau Ho'oliu Kulukau Mahikona Ulukau'u Kapiko Ho'omau Hamaku 'Ulahuanu Ho'olilihia Kumukanlkeka 'a Kauikaiakea Kapohele-i Ho'omauolani Nawihi'oililani Kaukahoaka Mahinakea Paliho'orooe Kuaiwalono Ho'opi'alu Mahiliaka Pu'unaueakea Ho'opi'imoana Keaukealani
J
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139
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718
722
726
730
734
Muaokalele Muaokaha'iku Muaokahanu'u Muaokalani Muaman'laO Muanu'unu'u Muaokamoi Muaokaha'i Muaokeoma Huaokekahai Muaoka'0 liko Muaokapahu Muakahana Muaokahanai Muaokaipu Mua'umeumeke Muapo'i Muaahuliau Muaipapio Mualoiloi
Opilopilo Mehei'a Kamanuha'aha'a 1650 Leleamio Aumalani Kahakaua Holi Ha'eha'e [East] Mano 1655 Opelele Ehua Pili pili Hapoe Hunu 1660 Ohekele Pukapu Ponouli Lehiwa Keleauma 1665 Pohopoho Nanio Pae Pililauhea Manukoha Kanaia Naio Puhimaka Kalino Kalaniahu Poepoe
Naholokauihiku Pepepekaua Ho'omaopulani Kukulani Kukauhalela'a Kukaimukanaka Kukamokia Kuakahauli Kukamoi Kukaluakini Ho'opilimoena Ho'opailani Lohalohai Kelekaikaui Kanikania'ula Keleikanu 'ulani Kelekanu'u pia Kelelkapouli Kelemalamahiku HO'ohiolokalani Ho'opihpiha Ho'opalipali Mihikulani Maunaku HO'oholihae Pi'ipi'iwa'a Kakeiekaipu Nakai'a'awa Nanue Napolohi
Apoapoakea Puhiliakea Ahuahuakea Awekeau Waka'aumai HUiapale Hauli Lele'imo'imo Ho'oahu Pu'epu'e Kahiolo Mahikona Ia.uhohola Mokumokukalani Meimeikalani Palimaka Pihana Opi'opuaka Ku'uku'u Ho'opa1aha
[1454] Lo'imua 738 Lo'ikahi 740

Lo'ilua Lo'Ho'i Lo'ikalakala Lo'iloloi 1o'ilolohi Lo'inuilo'i Lo'ilo'ikaka 1o'iakama Lo'ilo'ipoe Lo'ilo'inui Lo'ipouli 1o'imia 1o'iapele 1o'iahemahema Lo'iakio 1o'iluluka 1o'lhamahamau Lo'I'010'010 Lo'ikolohonua LO'iipulau 1o'ianomeha Lo'ikinikini Lo'imanomano Lo'ito'imai Lo'ilo'ikapu Lo'ilo'ikala 10 'ilo 'inahu Lo'ilo'ipili
1670
744
1675
748
752
756
760
764
Hiloauama Uhuau Moku Leleiona Haikala Nakulu Kukala Hi'ipoi 010 Papa'a Hano Mahoe Kaloa Pokipoki Kinikahi HolioHo Alohi Aheaka Niao Wali
1680
1685
1690
1695
Ho'onu'anu'a Kuka'alani Poupehiwa Kalelewa'a Hinapahilani Naukelemoana Laulaulani Po'iao* [*Jupiter] Kuhimakani LonoaJa'aka'ika'i [Sirius] Ho'ohewahevva Ho'opalepale Milimilipo Miliho'opo KU'eku'emakaokalani 'Ohuku Po'opo'olani Heanalani Ka'iliokalani Kiloahipe'a [So.Cross] Ho'opomalama Kaikainakea Kunukunihia Mali'iluna Paniokaukea Pokaukahi Polomailani Nakao* [*Orion] Polohiua Heiheiao Kukukalani Pani'oni'o Ho'olepau Holoalani Nu'ualani Pahiolo Lanipahiolo Mukumukulani HO'omukulani Nevva'a Ho'onevva Kua'a'ala Lanukua'a'a'la Pilimeha-e Ho'opilimeha-e Niniaulani Maninikalani Kalaniku HO'onakuku Nahunahupuakea
140
D
"t
768
772
776 778 779
Lo'iahuahu Lo'ikulukulu LO'ipilipa Lo'ipilipili Lo'ihalalu Lo'ihalululu Lo'ilo'ilele Lo'ilo'ipa Lo'ipakeke Lo'ilo'ipo Lo'ilo'i pololo Lo'ipololo Lo'ikamakele
780 781 784
788
792
796
800
804
808 810 812 813
Lanipuke Kalolo* [*zenith] Ahukele 'O'malolo [So. Cross] Pi'oalani Pi'oalewa 1700 Miahulu Pahulu Minialani Ki'ihalani Kumakumalani Ho'ouna Ho' opili pilikane Pilikana Nu'akeaapaka Holiakea 1705 Palela'a Palikomokomo Palimoe Palialiku Paliho'olapa Palimau'ua Palipalihia Paliomahilo 1709 Hanau Pallku Paliha'i Hanau 01010 Ololonu'u Hamau 01010bonua Olalohana Hanau Kumubonua Haloiho Keleakaku Lo'ihiloa 1710 'OKane '0 Kanaloa (he tnau mahoe) '0 'Ahukai (he mull loa) Holehana Lahipoko Kapili Kealona'ina'i Lo'imanuwa Pauha Kawakupua Helea'eiluna Lo'ikalokalo Kaheka Kawakahiko Lo'i'ihiihi Kaha'ulala Pi'opi'o Kahikolupa Lo'ihilimau Lukaua Ho'okaukau 1715 Kahikoleikau Kupomakikaeleue Lo'imoemoe Ho'iloli Kahikoleiulu Lo'ipilopilo Kanemakaikaeleue Puapua Lo'iko'iko'i Kahikoleihonua Haakoakoaikeaukahonua Mahiapo Haakoakoalauleia Lo'iko'i'i'i Kaneiakoakahonua Kulukau Lo'iloloilo Kupo Lanikupo Kupe'e Lo'ilolo'Ho 1720 Nahaeikekaua Hane'eiluna Kealanu'u [zenith] Keakenui Lo'ilolokapu Laheamanu Kinana Kahianaki'iakea (1) Luanahinaki'ipapa (2) Lo'Halolo ( Haanahinaki'ipapa (4) Lo'ilo'inaka Pulelehu K luanahinaki'iakea Lo'ilo'ila Milimili' Limaanahinaki'iakea (5 Onoanahinaki'ipapa (6) Hikuanahinaki'iakea (7) Waluanahinakiipapa (8) Lo'ilo'ikope'a [S.Cross] Apoapoahi Pola (9) Lohanahanahinakiipapa Lo'Uo'iroanamana lwanahinaki'iakea Houpo [equator] 1727 Welaahilaninui Lo'ikuki'i ~ Kakiwi Lo'iimanini Kahikoluamea Kupulanakehau Polinahe Lo'ipukapuka Wakea Raumea Ipulau Lo'iomilu Papa Nahawiliea Lo'imiliapo 1730 Ro' ohokukalanl Ho'olaumiki 1730 Haloa (k) Lo'iomakana Palahalaha Lo'iokanaloa Hulikahiokeoma Lo'ioki'ik!'i Kahiliapoapo Lo'iihi'ikua Kaheihei Lo'iohi'ialo Hilipalahalaha Lo'iokanaha Apuwaiolika Lo'ikeluea Ohiohikahanu Lo'ipilihala Palakeaka Lo'iomalelewa'a [Kai-o-Kahinali 'i 1 Tsunami 11 (194) Mimika [Kai-o-Kahinali'i Lo'i'ele'ele 2 Tsunami 21 (399) Killka, hanau 0 [Kai-o-Kahinall'i 3 Tsunami 3] (602) Lo'ipo Pola'a [line 1530] [Kai-o-K.ah1nali'i 4 Tsunami 4] (813)
Waleho'oke Nohopali Nohinohi Mahealani Palimu Kahiona Lukama Kahikahi Waikeha Manini Hinalo Oamaamaku Lali'!
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Chants 11-13 Po'elua, the Second Night
Chant 11
[Line 1530J
Pola'a - Po'elua, the Second Night

Pola'a [Kai-o-Kahinali'i 4 Tsunami 4 in generation 813 of Ali'ihonupu'u]
1530
Hanau 0 Pola'a Hanau ka 'ino, hanau ke au Hanau ka pabupahu, ka pohaba Hanau ka haluku, ka haloke, ka nakulu, ka honua naueue Ho'iloli ke kai, pi'i ka mauna Ho'omu ka wai, pi'i kua a hale Pi'i konikonihia, pi'i na pou 0 Kanikawa Lele na ihe a Kauikaho Apu'epu'e ia Kanaloa, Kanikahoe;
1535
1538 1540
Hanau
Poelua i ke alo
Wakea
Hanau ka po'ino Hanau ka pomaika'i
Hanau ka moa i ke kua 0 Wakea Make Kupo}o-li'Ui-ali'i-mua-o-lo'i-po

Make ke au kaha 0 piko-ka-honua, 0 ia pukaua Hua na lau la nalo, nalo i ka poliolio-Born Born Born Born the Pola'a, sacred night, the storm, born the current, the thundering wave, the shattering night, devastation, destruction, rumbling, the earthquake;
The sea churned inside out, climbing the ridges, The sea silenced everthing, backing over houses, Resonating, vibrating, climbing the posts of Kanikawa, The spears of Kauikabo flew Ravaged Kanaloa, Kanikahoe, rattling canoe paddles; Born the second night on the front of Wakea, Born night of misfortune Born night of good fortune Born the titled moa lineage on the back of Wakea, Dead Kupolo-li'ili-ali'i -mua-o-lo'i-po Dead in the current at the navel of the earth, Prolific line of chiefs of the day past, that vanished into night just before dawn--
I
I I
commentary:
The survival of the remaining group comes from two lineages, that of Wakea, through the Kumuhonua lineage descending from Opu'upu'u, and Kumuhonua's brother Pallku, both of whom are ancestors of Wakea. Wakea descends from Ahukai through Kumuhonua and from Paliku line (brother of Kumuhonua) from whom other migration heroes descend: Laka (Rata), KlnUau (Tln1ra.u), Also signficant is Lalokona (Rarotonga) which suggests that the survivors knew of that location and were out of the tsunami danger zone.
(Kumuhonua line to Wakea) 779 Hanau PaUku Paliha'i Hanau 01010 Ololonu'u Hamau OloloholJua Olalohana Hanau Kumubonua Haloiho Keleakaku 1710 '0 Kane Lo'ihiloa '0 Kanaloa (he mau mahoe) 'Q 'Ahykai (he myli lQSll HQlchanSl Lahipoko Kapili Kealona'ina'i Lo'imanuwa Pauha Kawakupua Lo'ikalokalo Helea'eiluna Kaheka Kawakahiko Lo'i'ihiihi Kaha'ulala Kahikolupa Pi'opi'o Lukaua Lo'ihilimau Ho'okaukau 1715 Kahikoleikau Lo'imoemoe Kupomakikaeleue Ho'iloli Kahikolei ulu Lo'ipilopilo Kanemakaikaeleue Puapua Kahikoleihonua Lo'iko'iko'i Haakoakoaikeaukahonua Mahiapo Haakoakoalauleia Lo'iko'i'i'i Kaneiakoakahonua Kulukau Kupo Lanikupo Lo'iloloilo Kupe'e 1720 Nahaeikekaua Lo'Uolo'ilo Hane'eiluna Kea1anu'u [zenith] Keakenui Lo'ilolokapu Laheamanu Kahianaki'iakea (1) Luanahinaki'ipapa (2) Kinana Lo'ilalolo Pulelehu Keluanahinaki'iakea (2) Lo'ilo'inaka Haanahinaki'ipapa (4) (5) Onoanahinaki'ipapa (6) Milimili Limaanahinaki'iakea Lo'ilo'ila (7) Waluanahinaklipapa (8) Hikuanahinaki'iakea Lo'ilo'ikope'a [S.Cross] Apoapoahi (9) Lohanahanahinaklipapa Pola lwanahinaki'iakea Lo'ilo'imanamana Houpo [equator] 1727 We1aahilaninui Lo'ikuki'i <:::Me Kakiwi Kahikoluamea Lo'iimanini Kupulanakehau Polinahe Lo'ipukapuka Wakl:a Haumea Ipulay Lo'iamUy Eu.a Nahawiliea 1730 Lo'imiliapo Ho' ohokukalanl 1730 Haloa (k) Ho'olaumiki Lo'iomakana Lo'ikamakele Lali'i 1709
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780
781 784
788
792
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796
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.
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143
Ii'aikuhonua descent from Paliku to Wakea and Haumea

[For text: See Kumulipo Chant 14 Lines 1814-1847]: 780 Li'aikuhonua Keakahulihonua [Cpo Fulifonua (Tonga)] Kapapaialaka [Cpo Rata] Laka Lepu'ukahonua Kamo'oalewa Laweakeao Maluapo Upalu [Cpo Tlnlrau] Klnllauamano Kinilauewalu Halo Kamanookalani Kalanianoho Kamakaokalani Kahuaokalani Keohookalani Kamaookalani Kaleiokalani Kapu'ohiki Kalali'i Keaomele Keaoaoalani Malakupua Ha'ule Loa'a Namea Wale a Nananu'u Lalohana Lalokona Lalohoaniani [Cpo Rarotonga ] Honuapoiluna Honuailalo Pokinikini Polelehu Pomanomano Pohako'iko'i Kamoleokahonua Ke'a'aokahonua Paiaalani Kanikekoa Hemoku Pana'ina'i Makulu Hi'ona Milipomea Hanahanaiau Ho'okumukapo Ho'ao Lukahakona Niaulani Hanau '0 Kupulanakehau he wahine Hanau '0 Kulaniehu he kane Hanau '0 Ko'iaakalani Kupulanakehau (w) Kahiko (k) Hanau '0 Paupaniakea '0 Wakea no ia, '0 Lehu'ula, '0 Makulukulukalani (U'aikuhonua descent from Paliku to Haumea, wife of Wakea Chant 13 Lines 1735-1764 Paliku ... down to Pu'ukahonualani, born Li'aikuhonua and his brother, Ohomaila] [1755] Ohomaila Kehaukea Mohala Kahakulawaukelekele Kahokuke1emoana Mulinaha Laumiha (w) Kaha'ula (w) Kahakauakoko (w) Haumea(w) Honuakau Kualeikahu Lu'ukaualani Hinawiinonolo Hinawai'oki 'Ipo'i Kekahakualani Kubullbonua Kulani'ehu Kanaloa-akua (etc.)
784
788
792
794
798
802
[Cpo Fulifonua (Tonga)]
144
Chant 13 Ka Wa Umikumakolu (He Lala no ka Wa Umikumalua) The Paliku (brother of Kumuhonua) 1735
PalUcu ke kane Palika'a lakaunihau Nalaunu'u Kapapanuinuiauakea Kapapaku Kapapaluna 'Olekailuna Kapapanuialeka Kapapanuiikahulipali Kapapanuiakalaula Kapapaki'ilaula Kapapai'aoa Kapapauli
Line of Descent to Haumea
1740
1745
Paliha'i ka wahine Palihiolo Keaona Pu'ukahalelo Ka'ina'inakea Kapapamoe Kapapailalo Kapapapa'a Kapapahanauua Kapapa'ianapa Kapapaholahola Kapapaiakea Kapapapoukahi Kapapapoha
I I I I I
1749 1750
[Hanau] 0 Kapapa-paha ka mua, Ka-po-he'enalu mai kona hope nohol Ka-po-he'enalu ke kane Kamaulika'ina'ina ka wahine Kaho'okokohipapa Mehakuakoko Papa'iao Mauluikonanui Papahe'enalu Hanauna Hanau a iloko 0 Pu'ukahonualani 0 Ll'a11cuhonua, Honuakau ka wahine Ohomalla ke kane Kahaukea Kualeikahu Mohala Lu'ukaualani Kahakuiaweaukelekele Hinawainonolo Kahokuke1emoana Hinawai'oki Mulinaha 'Ipo'i
0
1754
kona mull mai,
Ohomalla
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21
1760
1761
Hanau
1765
Hanau Hanau Hanau
0 0 0
Laumiha he wahine, i noho ia Kekahakualani Kahaula he wahine, i noho ia Kuhulihonua Kahakauakoko he wahine, i noho ia Kulai'ehu
0
Haumea he wahine, i noho ia :Ka.naloa-akua
Hanau 0 Kukauakahi he kane i noho ia Kuaimehani he wahine Hanau 0 Kauahulihonua Hanau 0 Hinamanouluae he wahine Hanau 0 Huhune he wahine Hanau 0 Haunu'u he wahine 1770 Hanau 0 Haulani he wahine Hanau 0 Hikapuaanaiea he wahine, ike ia Haumea, o Haumea no ia o Haumea kino paha'oha'o, o Haumea kino papawalu 1775 o Haumea kino papalehu, 0 Haumea kino paparnano I manomano i ka lehulehu 0 na kino Ia Hikapuananaiea paumau rna ka lani Pa 'ill 0 ia wahine 0 Nu'umea
145
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'aina, 0 Nu'upapakini ka honua Laha Haumea ina mo'opuna 1780 Io Kio pale ka ma'i, ka' a ka 1010 o ia wahine hanau manawa i na keiki Hanau keiki puka ma ka 1010 o ia wahine no 0 'I'ilipo 0 Nu'umea I noho io Mulinaha
1761
o Nu'umea ka
1765
1770
1775
1776 1777 1778 1780
Born Laumiha, woman who lived with Kekahakualani Born Kahaula, woman who lived with Kuhulihonua, Born Kahakauakoko, woman who lived with Ku1ani'ehu, Born Haumea, a woman who lived with Kanaloa, god, Born Kukauakahi a man who lived with Kuaimehani, wife, Born Kauahulihonua, Born Hinamanoulua'e, female Born Huhune, female Born Haunu'u, female Born Haulani, female, Haumea was seen, was known (That) she was Haurnea, Haumea of mysterious body, Haumea of eight-fold body, Haumea of four-hundred-thousand-fo1d body, Haumea of four-thousand-fold body, Four-thousand-times-four-thousand, Until four-hundred-thousand-times-four-hundred-thousand-fold body, Until Hikapuanaiea the chiefess was struck upon the chest; Tattooed this woman of Nu'umea, Nu'umea the land, Nu'u-papa-kini the placenta (From which) spread the grandchildren of Haumea, Until with Kio the womb was delivered, the top of the brain turned, This woman whose children were born from the brain. Gave birth to children at the brain, This woman of 'I'ilipo of Nu'umea, Who lived with Mu1inaha
Hanau Laumiha hanau ma ka 1010 o Kahakauakoko hanau rna ka 1010 o Haumea 0 ua wahine 1a no ia Noho ia Kanaloa-akua o Kauakahi-akua no a ka 1010 1790 Ho' 01010 ka hanauna 0 ia wahine Ha'ae wale ka haunana 1010 o Papa-huli-honua o Papa-huli-lani o Papa-nui-hanau-moku o Papa i noho ia Wakea 1795 Hanau Ha'alolo ka wahine Hanau inaina ke ke'u Ho'opunini ia Papa e Wakea Kauoha i ka 1a i ka malama
1785
146
1800 1785
o ka po io Kane no muli nei 0 ka po io Hilo no mua la;

Born Laumiha, born at the brain Kahaula, female, born at the brain Kahakauakoko born in the caul; Haumea was the woman mentioned before, (Who) lived with Kanaloa-akua (It was) Kauakahi-akua at the brain; The generations from this woman born from the brain, Covered with birth fluid the descend~'1ts born from the brain, Papa-huli-honua Papa-huli-lani Pa pa -n ui -hana u -moku Great-Papa-giving-birth-to-lands, Papa who lived with Wakea Born Ha'alolo female; Born fault-finding vexation, Papa deceptively flattered by Wakea Ordering days of the month to be The night to Kane behind, The night to Hilo before; Kapu kipaepae ka hanu'u Ka hale io .Wakea i noho ai Kapu ka tai lani makua Kapu ka tape ka mane'one'o Kapu ka takia ka tawa'awa Kapu ka tauhuhu ka mulemulea Kapu ka tuhaloa no ke ola loa Kapu ka la'alo ka manewanewa Kapu ka haloa ku rna ka pe'a Kapu ia Haloa ulu hahaloa o lea lau 0 Haloa i ke ao la Pu--ka Tabu the pavement (before) the oracle tower, The home where Wakea lived, Tabu the food sacred to the elders; Tabu the uncooked tape taro Tabu the bitter takia plant Tabu the anesthetic tauhuhu plant Tabu the tuhaloa medicine plant for long life, Tabu the leaves spiralIng to the side of the taro stalk, Tabu the long stalk rising from the inner branching, Haloa the long-breathing stem of the lauloa taro planted, The leaf of Haloa in the sunlight of day there, Came forth--
J
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1790
1795
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1805
1810
1805
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147
Chants 11-12 Helu Papa
Genealogical Recitation
[Generation count starts at 1, increasing by 4; chant lines are every 5th line of Hawaiian text]
Kupolo-li'ili-ali'i-mua-o-Io'ipo (k) Ki'i (k) Kane Kanaloa La'ila'i
Place: Moanaliha (sea) (w), also called Ola'i-kuhonua
Place: Nu'umealani Ki'j (k) La'ila'i (w) La'i'olo'olo (w) Kamahaina (k) Kamamule (k) Kamakalua (w) Wehi-wela-wehi-Ioa Kane (k) La'ila'i (w) Ha'i (w) Hali'a (w) Hakea (k) Kamahaina Hali'a (w) [50 years [25 years
1 generation]
2 generations]
[Helu Papa commencing at generation 4, line 718 Kumulipo text; cosmic references, i.e. star identifications, chiefly names, rsidential or calendrical information as cosmic or geographic reference probability]
3 4
12
15 16
20
[Line count] Loa'a 718 Le Kalawe 720 Kulou Nau [*Sirius] 'A'a Pulepule 725 Nahu Pono Kalau Kulewa Pou Poulua [*Geminj] 730 Pae Paeheunui Hewa Maku 735 Wala Piha
3 generations] Nakelea (w) [75 years = 4 generations] Kanu [100 years = Kamau Haliau Kale [latitude south, over Tahiti] Hehe Mai Luke Pono'i Maina Kune Kalai [*Pou, pillar/zenith star] Kukulukulu Ha'a'a Ki"eki'e Kulu Niau Kunewa Pihapiha
120
24 740
28 745 32
750 36
40
755
44 760
48 765 52
770 56 58 60 775
64 780
68 785 72
Mu Nawai Wawa Kua'i Lu'u Mai Mai'a Lana Lanalana Pulu Puluka Pulukene Pulumakau Pulukea Nekue Nakai Kuleha 'Ike Mala Malama [mooh] Eho Ehoaka [2nd moon] Ehoku [full moon] Keoma [Aldebaran] Kinohi Ponia Meua Meualua Ho'olana Ho'omeha Pula Kuamu Ko'u Meia Kawala Huli Loa'a Huhu Makuma Manomano Kini (40,000) Leha Pua Pua'ena Wela Maiko Maikokahi (1) Maikolua (2) Hilahila Kelau Paio Keala
Kuku Hele Hanehane 'A'anai Lu'ule'a Mai'a Paua ['observe'] Kilo [temple ground] Paepae [Pe'a, Southern Cross; pole, South] Lepe'a Lelepe Lelekau Lelemau Umala Mahili Napo'o Maka 'Ao'ao [zenith] [40 generations = 1000 years] Hui Puiki Pulama Pulanaia Malaia Haho'oili Muala Luka Mamau Maukele Ho'ohuli Memeha Kua Kuawa Ko'uko'u Pekau Mahuli 'Imi 'Oli'oli [58 generations = 1450 years] Le'awale [60 generations - 1500 years] Manoa Lauahi Mau Maua Ena 'Ena'ena Ahi Kulewa Kuakahi (1) Pahila Ho'ohila Lukau Kalaku Keala'ula [dawn]
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121
~I III
~I
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790 76
80
795
84 85 86 88 90
800
805
92 93 Belt/Orion 94 Belt/Orion 810 96 98 Milky Way 99 Milky Way 100 815
104 820
108 825 112
830 116
120
835
840
128 845
Piao Niau Launie Mono Hekau Ho'opa'a Kalama Helu Paila Halale Malie Ma'oki Kaiwi Kulea Makou la'u laka Makili Heamo Heamokau PU'ili Pu'ili'iIi Pu'iliaku Mokukapewa Mokukai'a Pi'ala Kiamo Koikua Koi'ele Pa'ele Keomo Hulimakani Nanaikala Kalawela Kealakau (zenith) Kamau 'Opala Hali Haliluna Halimau Halipau Nunua Nananaka Oamio Omiomio Aila" Ailamua Ailakau Ailapau Manu" Lilio Leheluhe Kelemau Kaumau Kaukahi Mauka Ohi
Nai'a Kekumu Huluhe Pa'a Ka'ili [80 generations =2000 years = 4 (500) (4) Ha Kapala Namu Opuopu Malu Kalino Hulahe 986.4 generations= 2160 generations Iwi'a Kulia Koulu Mahea Meia Lulu [Belt of Orion, equatorial stars = 2325 -2350 years] Lou Makea Apomai Li'ili'i Heleihea Na'alo [Milky Way] Naele [Milky Way, breaking apart] [100 generations = 2500 years] Heleua Komo Keaho [103.6 generations = 2592 years] Kauhi [104 generations = 2600 years] Peleiomo Omoomo observe above Nanailuna obbsere sun; prayers Haipule Kalahuiwale Hoku (15th, full moon) Meu (Southern Cross) Wene" Halima (4 x 5 = 20) Halilalo Halelo Muakau Nene'e Lele'io Ololi Wiwini ("solar eclipse) Kukala Heia Hele Kaiwi ["Procyon, south] Helel'upa Makini Aina Hinapu Puoho Ma'ele Kai Laulau
122
J
132 850 136 lkamu Kalu Kalukalu Upo Upowao Pili Pilimau Kahale Kahale'ai* Lawai'a Mauaka Wana* Wanawana Wanakaulani Wanamelu Kaulua* Wala'au Hanehane Hawane Heleau Hulimea Hulimua 'Ewa Omali Huelo Niolo Pilimai Keanu Ka'io Haluaka Kapuhi Ehio Kakai
Amo* Amoaku*
140
855
144 860 147 149 865 152
870 156
160
875
164 165 166 168
Namu Moena Hilipo Na'o Naele 'Aiku Maumana Mua* Nu'u Ka'io Lehu Kala Wanakau Melu Hulili Kaohi Eiaau Hahane* Kuamu Maiaku Aiko Newa 'Ewa'ewa Malimali Kaka'i Eiaku Kona Peleau Pueo Kaolo Mula Emio Alaka'i
Ko'iko'i
1
]
(hale-mua, men's eating house] (hale'ai, women's eating house; Nu'u, height place name) (rays ot the sun) (sun, zenith) (Gemini; Cpo generation 15; month name) [Gemini, north constellation, Twins] (Cp. Hanehene, generation 24)
] ]
I I J
(owl)
J l
= =
880
885 172
890 176
Helemai Onaho Piliko'a Mahinahina Po 'opo '0 Omana Omana'io Mana'ina'i Huluemau Kaluli Nakino Nakinolua Llkiki
Uli
180
895
184 900
188
Mele [Sirius] Lana'i Ha'o Pakaikai Moana Hulu He Makilo
[Belt of Orion; 165 generations 4125 Kuwala [Cpo generation 93194 2315-2350 yrs.] Heleaku Keanali'i Ukuli'i Halepo'i Nawai Manamana Huluheu Malana'i [gentle east wind] Ka'alo Pau Kinohi Ewalu* (eight) Eau Uliuli* stars near equator Melemele stars near equator Po'i [180 generations 4500 years] Au Puehu Hilo Makali Ho'eue Mot
:t
]
J
)
l
<'
123
l I
I
905 192 193 194 910 196 Naua Ua Peleu Mahina* (moon) Mahinale Mahinalea Pipika Mahele* Kaohi Kona Iho Kula'a Kuamau'u Pahili Keia Maki'oi Helehele 'Aukai Moekau Huluau Melemele* Kumuniu Amoi Kunewa Pahilo Napo'i Kulana Kaskau Holeha Pa'ani Lewa Pihaulu Kelewa'a Kakio Hulipena Mokiweo Kapalama Kapalamalama Wikani Kapehi Hiwa Pano Opelau Mahilu Ho'olewa Kumau Papale Ie Haole Makua Leho Opikana Helemaka Kukahale Pohakukau Helua Komokomo Po'ele'ele 'Upa Hama Hamahuna Hina [192 generations = 4540 years) Ulukua Palemo [Kaiokahlnall'11 (Tsunami 1] [Kahinali'i, Capella in Auriga) Kuhinu Pu'unaue* ('divide', move/add sums) Kaohiohi Konakona Pelu Maliu Holehole Halulu Luluka Meihiolo Pineha Milo Helemau Pulama Milokua [equatorial stars) Pilia [14th moon night) Akua* Hulema Pili'aiku Ka'ale Nawa Po'ipo'i Hulupehu Malana'opi Kukelemio Ho'iha Kinohili [steer canoe, navigate) Hiliha Miko Pakala Kepo'oha Kepo'olimaha Kamakolu Kaluku'u Kahiwahiwa Kekaliholiho Maha Kaene Waiau Kahaka Kukala Kuwahine Kaluakekane' Holomau Nahenahe Liko Hinaulu Hinamai Kalani Malie Ho'olua
200
915
204 920
208 925 212
930 216
220
935
224 940
228 945 232
950 236
240
955
244 960
124
J
248 965 252 Nuku'ele'ele Mama Hamama Kuemi Opiliwale Ahulimai Maikomo Hununu* Ho'olohe Kumaua Ko'iko'i Mau'awa Kelelua Mukana Mahili Kukona Kanawai Lohilohi Apikili Ho'omaku 'Olepe Kala Hulipau Makohi 'O'opuola Niuhuli Ohao Nu'u* Lena* Ahiahi Ahiahihia Ahiakane* Ahiakapoloa* Ahiakapokau Ahiakulumau Ahiakamake Ahiakaolu Pohinakau Moulikaina Ho'oku Manaweulani Ho'omailu Mailu Polehua* Pu'ulele Hamohulu I'amama Kuinewa Holopulau Makanewanewa Melia Humuhumu* Ukianu Ukinala Ukikamau Ukilelewa Ukihihina Papakele Papakapa Malele Kulua* [4th moon night, waxing southwest] Kapoulena* [Lena, Sirius; pou, zenith position, Tahiti] Mahinu'ele Pelemau Kamanu [Cpo Kahungunu (Maori tribe) Nawaikaua Kulukaua Hau Kolokolo 'A'a [Sirius, south; Cpo A'a, 8th generation Mahiopu [200 years; 258 generation = 6,450 years] Wili Cpo Loaa, 3rd generation; 75 years; 58th Naka generation, 1,450 years] Hapele Hapeleau Nohilo Nohalau Makau* [Makau, 'fishhook', i.e., Scorpius, south] Heleana Hulimakeau Hulimakele Nahalau Nakuli'i Nakumau Helemai [nu'u, zenith] Palemo* [Lena, Sirius, south; Palemo, in dayUght] Opihi Ounauna Wanaku [27th night, waning moon, northwest] [long night, i.e., winter] Kikalapoloa Hapu'u Makani Kilau Honika Hilahea Ho'omaka Nanana Laukunu Puluea Lehuane Keahulehua [*Antares in Scorpius; Cpo Lehua/Levuka] Noelo Noe'ula Noenoe Pilima'u'u Hinakona Helepuau Melemele* [*Melemele, Sirius; south] Palamau [*Humuhumu, Southern Cross] Nenue llimaka Keohoko Laumeki Nilea
970 256 258 260 975
J J J
]
264 980
268 985 272
J I
"
276
990
280
995
284 1000
288 1005 292
1010 296
1 l l l J J
1 ill
300
1015
!
]
125
11
304
308
312
316
320
324
328
336
340
344
348
352
356
Ho'opulu 'Olo'olohu Nahiole Kealapi'i Makino Mukiki 1020 laia Kiola Mulemulea Helelu [*Iwa, Jupiter] Maika'iwa* Kukawa Kamio Molemole Ho'omu Unauna 1025 Hailau Pamakani Muli Ho'omauke'a Kahe Pulune Wailuhi Kauaua 'Imihia Moeiho 1030 Manu'ala Kawele Kauwewe Kolealea Hokelona Hilohilo Maluipo Hoki'i Milo Awaia 1035 Ho'ohinu Ohouma Eapu Uluoha lalo Makalewa Pi'ioha Helau [*hale mana, Heiau Ku] Ho'ohiwa Heiaumana* 1040 Pulemo Maluolua Hi'ilei'ia [put (on) rafters] Kaukeo'a* Kuainea Helemua Wamakona Kalele [Paepae, heiau enclosure] Paepae* Limaauki 1045 Keo'a ['rafter(s)] Puameli [pou, pillar (of house)] Kuamaulu Kapouhina* Hokua'ala Kapouhinaha [Pi'onu'u, zenith transit] Ho'opi'opi'o Pi'onu'u* [*rainbow] Ho'opi'oaka Pi'oanuenue* 1050 Ho'olahalaha Pulau Makua Ho'omahilu Nanewa Peleuwao' Nanawa'a Oma [*ho'okilo, to observe] Pilikamau Ho'okilo* 1055 Leleawa Kumeheu Mainahu Leleiluna Kimonaue Halekumu Halepaio Holio Halemoena Ke'oke'o 1060 [*haleluakini, temple house] Haleluakini* Mali'i Noio Halekuamu Ha'iola Lauhala Kalelemauliaka Miloha Ko'iniho Naku 1065 Po'oku Paleamakau Hale'imiloea Hilohilo Pani'oni'o Liho Kealakike'e Maiau Oiaku Kaniho 1070 Naihu Huini [*Interrupted recitation, Hekaunano Formula interpolation into the sequence of names]
126
I
Explanatory note:
After 356 generations within which the Kai-a-Kahinali'i (1) tsunami occurs in generation 194 so that the homeland region was one of intense seismic and volcanic destruction, the helu papa recitation is interrupted with an arithmetical notation as part of the generation sequence. The sequence is presumed to be part of the helu papa after La'ila'i, Kane, and Ki'i. However, the reason for it is not understood, and King Kalakaua's Hale Naua society also found it confusing. It comes when a number like 354 (generation 354) in the number of days in a lunar year leading up to generation 365 [at Waiakea - Hepahuno (6)] is parallel to the tropic year [with an intercalation of 11.25 equals 354 days as 1 lunar year = 3 Mercury synodic cycles (116 x 3 = 348 days + 6 intercalary days
=354].
One Mercury synodic cycle is 116 days.
Hilo (Mercury or
star Procyon) as the name for the first crescent moon after new moon (Muku) is followed by Hua (Jupiter) 13.5 days before Kane moon at 27.3 nights in the lunation (sidereal). with Jupiter (= 399 days synodic revolution). After the number 40 Hekaunano in the generation 399, Kaiokahinali'i (2) which number coincides
I I I J J I I J l
1 ]..
127
Segment of Arithmetical Notation in the Helu Papa [357 - 3991

[Generation No., continuing]
357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398
399
Pa Pana Panakahi 1075 Pa'ikekalua Pu'ukolukolu Napu'ueha Palimakahana Waiakea Kaeamauli 1080 Koko'iele Kaholoka'iwa* Kalelenohinalea Panakahiahinalea 1085 Panaikaluakahinalea Puukoluakukahinalea Napuuikahakahinalea Palimawaleahinalea Akahiakaea'akilolo 1090 Paluaakaea'akilolo Puukolukaea'akilolo Puaakahaa'akilolo Puulimakaeaakilolo Akahike'ewe Paluake'ewe 1095 Paukolu Puuhake'ewe Pulimake'ewe Waiakaeaka'ewe Kamauliaka'ewe 1100 Ko'ieleaka'ewe Kuaiwaaka'ewe Henahuno Panakahikenahu 1105 Panaluakenahu Panakolukenahu Panahakenahu Lewelimakenahu Paakaeaakenahu 1110 Omaulikenahu Ko'ielehakenahu Kuaiwakelekenahu Hekaunano Papio 1112 rUne count,Beckwith: p. 215]
'Aiano Koliau Alia'oe Piliwale Heleiamai Ho'okonokono Helemaia Hepahuno Eleiku* (East) Maumau Heoioi Aluaku (1 ) Helule Painaina (3) Noakawalu (4) Piliamoa* (5) Manu (1 ) Lelekeamo (2) Kelekeleau (3) 'Umikaua (4) Mailo (5) Nihohoe (1 ) Paliiuka Paliikai (2) (3) Makaimoimo Lauohokena (4) Piu (5) Nahinahi Kameha'i (7) (8) Ulupo (9) Newaiku (10) Puhemo (1 ) Lahilahi (2) Kaukeahu (3) 'Ulalena (4) Eiawale (5) Konukonu Uli (6) (7) Na'ina'i (8) Pilomoku (9) Nahae (10) Welawela Lo'ilo'i
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 (7) ( 9) (10) (11 ) (2) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (6) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31 ) (32) (33) (34) (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) (40) (6) [365.25 days = 1 tropic year] (8) [366 days 1 leap year] [*Iwa - Jupiter]
(12) [*PiIi, Scorpius] [*Manu - Procyon] [* Amo Belt of Orion]
[378 days =1 Saturn cycle]
(26)
[399 days
=1 Jupiter cycle]
128
Explanatory Note:
The Hekaunano formula at 40 generations is probably an adjustment of 365.25 days (tropic, solar year) to the Jupiter synodic cycle [ 399 days less 365.25 days in the tropic year solar year].
= 33.25 days to add to the
I I I
]
This creates a calendar round to correspond to planetary time closer to 400, and easier to do
in the Hawaiian counting system of 4 in 10, thus:
kauna ka'au lau mano kini lehu
= = = = = =
4 40 400 4,000 40,000 400,000
J
]
]
=earth around the sun].
If this
Jupiter revolves around the earth in twelve years and 4,400 days of 11 synodic revolutions (Jupiter) in that time to earth's 4,383 days [365.25 x 12 years
I
] ]
is the case then the Jupiter cycle could have been a correlation with the moon at Hua
=13.5 days or half of
a sidereallunation of 27.3 days (rather than the 29.5 day lunar month so as to correspond to the 354-day lunar year). The sidereal year of 12 months would then be [27.3 x 12
=351] days, requiring an intercalation of
3 days to equal a lunar year, or 14 days more (plus some hours) to equal the solar (tropical) year of 365.25 days. However, the "Kane" month built on a 27.3-day lunation, gives Jupiter's postition at Hua (13.5 days) a half-month creating a sidereal year of 13 months
=378 days [Le., 351 + 27.3 =378] which is one
synodic revolution of Saturn. That is to say, 399 Jupiter days would require a Saturn "year" with an intercalation of 21 days between the Ole nights (quarter moons) in the Hawaiian month to also be used to correlate planetary cycles between Mercury (at Hila, first Hawaiian crescent after New Moon) with Jupiter a Hua (as a half sidereal lunation) with third quarter moon and Saturn's 378-day synodic cycle. [ Saturn was
Makulukulu (a brother of Sky Father, Wakea, whose relationship to Wakea has not yet been recited into
]
]
1.
the Kumulipo generations].
iii
After the 400th generation and two Kai-a-Kahinali'i tsunami, the recitation
129
I I
I
lists a chief of the ruling house Kupolo-li'li-ali'i-mua~-lo'ipo {introduced in Canto 8 in the time of La'ila'i] as a lineage descending to AIi'ihonupu'u with the name KupoloU'ili for the first time in 402 generations (= 10,050 years) after La'iJa'i, Ki'i, and Kane. The probability that it may be Tongan in origin is indicative in the title of the royal house of Tonga as Kupou (Tupou) in generation 410.
[continuing below]:
Resumption of the helu papa recitation:

399 400
1115
403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416' 417 418 419 420
1120
1125
1130
1135
424 1140
428 1145 432 1150 436 1155 1155
440
Papio Manu'akeJe Kaunuka Maki'i Kupololi'ili Kupoka Kupokanaha Kupone'e Kupohaha Kupoko Kupo-e Kupou Kupolele Kupololo Ku pol iii Kuponakanaka Kupohilili Kupohalalu Kupohelemai Kupokalalau Kupolahauma Kupoli'iIi'i Kupolona'ana'a Kupolomaikau Kupolohelele Kupolopa'iuma Kupoloha'iha'i Kupolokeleau Kupolonaunau Kupoloahilo Kupolomakanui Kupolomaiana Kupolokahuli Kupololili Kupololililili Kupololalala KupolohalaJa Kupololuana Kupolo/a'i/a '; Kupolo/a ';0/0 * Kupolola'imai Kupolola'iaku Kupolohilihili Kupolomalimali Kupolo'ale
Lo'ilo'j Kai-o=Kahinall'l tsunami 2 [*Manu'a. Samoa] Kealo Kukamaka Auhe'e Ha'ihae Milio Hamunu Nai'a Pakau Hemolua Naio Kelekele [*Kupou, Tongan chiefly title] Hapulu Hapulu Napulu [*Kuamo'o, Milky Way] Kuamo'o* Mo'onawe Helua Poiwa [=Iwa, Jupiter] [*Nana, Gemini; Ha'a Ngana, Tongan clan] Nana* Nakulu Eiamae Lelehewa Kirnopu Holi Kupolopa'uma Luli Makeamo 'Imo Lua Hulili [*Manu, Procyon] Manu* Hulu Namaka Pulupili Naku Ahi Hoaka* [*2nd moon, crescent waxing] Lelea [*daughter of La'ila'j and Ki'l] Hanau llimai [*winter season] Ho'oilo* Makanalau Hulipumai Leleiluna
130
I
444 1160
448
1165 452
1170 456
Kupolo'imo Kupolokalili Kupolomene Kupolohulu Kupolohulilau Kupolohalimai Kupolokamana'o Kupolokeweka Kupolokulu Kupolonehea Kupolohaliu Kupolokunaku Kupolo'ololo Kupolo'ololi Polo Polohili Polokau Polopolo Polohamu Polonihi Poloha'iha'i Poloheihei Polohanu'ai Polomahimahi Poloaku Polomai Eliakapolo Ekukukapolo Halimakapolo Ho'opoloiho Poloku Polokane Polohiwa Polomua Popolomea Popolohuamea Popolokai'a Polonananana Polomakiawa Poloanewa Polohauhau Polohehewa Polomehewa Poloula'a Poloahiwa Polo'ula Polowena Poloimu Polokakahia Polo'i Polo'i'i Polohi-pa Polohi-pakeke Polohi-pakaka Polohelehelelahiki Polopaukahiki
Holo'oko'a Uliuli* Hiwauli Kinopu Makiao Makiaoea 'Ewa Lukona Eapa'ipa'i Hulihele Maliu* Uliau Kio'io Holeaku Nolu Kau
]
[*Uliuli, equatorial stars1.
J
]
[*Maliu, Spica in Virgo (Tahiti)1
460
1175
un
464
1180
468 1185 472
1190 476
480
1195
484 1200
486 1205 490
Hamu Nini [*Ha'iha'i, Milky Way, breaking up] Ha'iha'i* Hei Hanu'ai 'Ewa Kolo Malu'ape Pelepele Pua'a Pua'akane Uluea Hiamanu Paka Leleamia Halu Menea Miomio ['storm cloud] Omo Lanaki Manahulu La'ohe Peleaku Nanale Huamua Hewa Makolu Hiwa 'Ula Wena [*Mohalu, Shaula in Scorpius; 12th moon] Mohalu* Kanakau
J 1 l
]
1 l l J J 1 1
]
I'j
Hipa Pepa Meao Lahiki Kahiki* Ka'ahiki
1210 494
[*Kahiki - Tahiti]
500
1215
131
l l !
r"
I
504 1220 508 1225 512 1230 516
Polohilele Poloahaumea Poloahiluna Polokaumai Polokaulani Poloikamakani Poloikai Polokamehani Polomaumau Poloimauna Poloila'au Poloikanahele Poloikukulu Poloiho'omoe Poloihanahana Poloikahiau Poloikalua Poloahiko Polokaha Polohilima Pololoaiku Polomauli Polokokoiele Polokuaiwa Polohemo Polokina'u Poloki'i Pololi'i Polowaikaua U'iIi U'iliauau Li'ilikamau U'ilili'ili U'ilihalula U'ilimama Li'ilimanu'a" U'iJj'ihakahaka U'iliha U'ilihemoaku U'ilikaumai U'iaolo U'ilipihapiha U'ilinu'unu'u Li'ilihelelima Li'iliau Li'ilimiha Li'ilinania Li'ilipelu'a Li'ilimahimahi U'ilikaliaka Li'ilimeleau Li'ilileoleo . U'ililimanu U'ilikapili U'iliholowa'a*
Haumea
Ahiluna Kaumai Kaulani Kamakani Ikai Kamehani* Maumau Mauna La'au Kanahele Kukulu Ho'omoe Hanahana Ka-haiau
[*Haumea, Aldebaran in Taurus]
[*the breadfruit tree of Haumea]
520
1235
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9
524 1240 528 1245 532 1250 536
Luahiko Hiko Kaha Uma Waiku Mauli Koele 'I'iwa Hemo Oli'iloa Mano Halula Pomea Auau Kamau Holiholi Nanaahu Hole Holehole Pilimau Ho'ohene Iwiaku Lanikama 'Iliuli
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9
10
Nahunau
[*-Manu'a, Samoa]
540
1255
'010'010
Nu'unu'u Helelima Au Ii Nolunolu Haleakeaka Puluka Maluli Makauma Nahili Poloa Popoko Po'imo'imo Polauwale Poilumai ["nu'u, zenith]
544 1260 548 1265 552 1270
[*-holowa'a, sail canoe]
132
I
556 560 Li'iliholomau Poinanaia Li'ilikalele Nanana Li'ilikaili Nanaue Li'ilipoipo Nahuila 1275 Li'iliwalewale Meia Li'ilihanahana Kulaimoku Li'ilihuliana Pihi Li'iliwahipali Pililau Li'ilinohopali Ma'ele'ele 1280 Li'ilinohoana Kauhale Li'ilikauhale Palia Li'ilipulepule Pule Li'ili-Ia Halawai Li'iIi-hou Leleipaoa 1285 Li'ili-kaki'i Miliamau Li'iIi-kahuli Kulana Li 'i li-homoJe 'Iwa'iwa Li'ili-pukaua Luna Li'ili-lilolilo Kaua 1290 Li'ililanalana Lilo Li'ililanakila Kila Li'ililana-au Kilaua Mana Li'ilimalana Li'iliahula Lana 1295 Li'ilipukiu Piko Li'ilipaluku Hulikau Li'ilima'ema'e Pakapaka Li'li'oki'oki Li'ili'i Li'iali'iIi'i [584 days, Venus synodic cycle] Lilioma 1300 Li'ikauli'iIi'i Manukele Li'ikamama Mama U'iamama Paepae* [heiaultemple enclosure] Li'ipaepae Umu Li'iumu Ki'i* [*Ki'i, image; Ki'i, ancestor; Cpo Tiki] 1305 Li'iluaki'i Kini* [40,000] Li'iluakini* Lohi [-Iuakini, temple (Ku)] Li'imolohi Nahele Li'ikau'unahele Upa Li'ia'upa Li'awa 1310 Li'imuli'awa Newaku Li'inewaku Mali Li'ihomali Pulama Li'ipulama Palama* [Palama, lama (ebony) fence, temple] Li'ipalama 'Ohinu 1315 Li'iohinu 'Omaka Li'iomaka Olua 1317 Li'ipau* Kaneiwa* Kai-o-Kahinali'i 3 tsunami 3 [Line count, Beckwith: p. 220] [Kai-o-Kahinali'i 3, generation 6021 [Kai-o-Kahinali'i 2, generation 399] [Kai-o-Kahinali'i 1, generation 194]
] ]
564
568
] ] ]
572
576
580
584
588
592
l l l
] ]
596
600 602
133
Commencing of the AIi'i line of Chiefs
603 604 1320 608 1325 612 1330 1331 1332
616 617
'0 'A Ali'i Ali'ila'a Ali'iaka Ali'imau Ali'iali'i Ali'ipo'i Ali'ikono Ali'ipahu Ali'iume AIi'ihala Ali'iponi Ali'ilanahu Ali'ika'ea
AIi'ihonupu'u Opu'upu'u
'0 Li'i La'a Aka* Mau Ali'i* Pohea Mi'i Pahu 'Ume Hala Poniponi Kelenanahu Ka'eka'ea Hohonupu'u Ka'eahonu
['A, Sirius; Li'i, Pleiades] [La'a, Pegasus] [*Aka, Cpo Ata, island in Tonga] [Ali'i, chiefly title]
[AIi'ihonupu'u, Opu'upu'u, brothers]
[*Note: the line down to Wakea after the Pola'a tsunami (Kaiokahinali'i 4) survives on the Opu'upu'u line. The AIi'ihonupu'u line (below) continues until the time of Pola'a whereupon the ruling house of Kupolo-Ii'iIi-mua-o-lo'ipo
(AIi'ihonupu'u line) ends at the time of the Pola'a tsunami but continues
on the Opu'upu'u line. The double list to follow includes Chant 12 Ka Wa
'Umikumalua, with the descent line down from Opu'upu'u and La'aniha
wahine]. [generation count] [line count] 1332 Kaeahonu AIi'ilehelehe Lehelehe Ali'imakolu Hinakolu Ali'inohouka 1335 Mauka Ali'ihimuhani Haui Ali'ileleiona Lopiana Ali'iwala'au Kukeleau Ali'ikuwala Mana'a'ala Ali'ikomokomo 1340 Lupuhi AIi'iaku Ikuwa Ali'inewa Mania Ali'ikuhikuhi Lahulahu Ali'ikilo Loa Ali'ikiloloa 1345 Pokopoko Ali'ikilopoko Anana Ali'iemi 'Ami'ami Ali'ikolo Lepau Ali'ihelu Lepeake Ali'iheluone 1350 Malamu Ali'ipu'uone Nahakea Ali'ikamanomano Ho'ouli Ali'ihukeakea Pololani Ali'ipauku Kalakala Ali'inana 1355 Huli [line count]
617 620 622 624 626 628 630
AIi'honupu'u
1546
opu'upu'u
Opu'upe Opu'umauna Opu'uhaha Opu'ukalaua Opu'uhanahana Opu'uhamahamau Opu'ukalauli Opu'ukalakea Opu'ukalalhiwa Opu'ukalalele Maunanui Maunane'e Maunapapapa Maunaha'aha'a Maunahiolo Pu'ukahonua Ha'akuku Ha'apipili Kanioi Lalomai Puanue Kepo'o A-a'a [Sirius] Pi'owai
La'aniha Pepe Kapu'u Leleiao* [* Jupiter] Maukao Kilokau Halalai Makele Opu'uele Opu'umakaua Lelepau Makelewa'a Hulipu Kanaua Ha'alepo Hane'ene'e Lalohana Wa'awa'a Ha'amomoe Ha'akauwila Kauawana Ho'oanu 'A'amoa
1550
1558
1560
634
1565
638
134
I
642 [1360] 646 Ali'ikilokilo Ali'ikiloluna Ali'ikilolono" [Sirius] Ali'ikiloau Ali'ikilohonua 1360 AIi'ikiiouli AIi'ikilokai Ali'ikilonalu 1365 AIi'ikiiohulu Ali'ikiloahu Ali'ikilomakani Ali'ikiloola Ali'ikilohoku Ali'ikilomalama 1370 AIi'ikilomaka/i'i Ali'ikiiokau Ali'ikiloho'oilo Kelea 1570 Halululu Kalahai [Salatai] Kanamu Heanaipu Ho'owili 1575 'Ume 'Ohi Pelapela Oheohe 1580 Malumalu Lipoa Kanulau Nahele Ho'opulu Kakeli'i 1585 Hulu 1587 Nauanu'u [zenith] Makohilani Haulanuiakea Huku Mahikoha Hinaho'oka'ea O'opukoha Kumanaiea Hawai'i [Savai'i] Ulunui Kekihe-i Kekila'au Makuaikawaokapu fkawaoelilo Hahalua Makaukau Kalolomauna Kalolomoana Kalolopiko Kaloloa'a Waka'au 'A'a [Sirius] Uhiuhi Kauwila Palipali Palimoe Punalauka Punalakai Pihe'elalo Pihe'eluna Malana'opiopi Hikaulunui Pihaehae Malanaopiha-3 Hanau Kihala'aupoe he Wauke Hanau Ulu he Ulu Hanau ko laua muli'o Kepo'o" Kepo'o Halulu Oliua Kauikau Ka'imai Kikona Ho'opulupulu Auna Ho'olehu Lapa'i Kaulunokalani Kahele Ho'ouka Aluka Kanalu Hakihua Lenawale [Sirius] Po'i Paepaemalama Kaumai Kaulana Kaulalo Pala'au Paweo Niku'ono Hopulani Pouhana Hanaku Kamaka Kaiwiloko Ka'oiwi Leua Ho'okahua Ho'omalae Kulau Ku'iaeonaka Kapawaolani Kaini'o Manamanaokalea Kaukaha 'Auku'u Koha Kakahiaka Ku'ua Kapoli Ho'opumehana Kimana Kslimalimalimalau Polohilani Kalanimakuaka'apu Kahilinaokalani Hemua Kapaia Ho'olawakua Manawahua Kakai 'O'ili [So. Cross] Mohala Kapaeniho 'Oke'a Kapua Kaupeku Ka'ope'ope [Pleiades] Kuka'ailani Nakia Ho'omaua Ko'ele Lohelau Huakalani Kaunu'u'ula Nu'uko'j'ula Meheaka
] ] ]
650
J
]
654
658
662
Ali'ikilona'au Ali'ika'anamalama1375 AIi'ika'anaua Ali'ikilomo'o Ali'ikiiokua Ali'ikiioalo AIi'ikiiohope 1380 Ali'ikilomua Mua Muapo Muahaka Mualele 1385 Muakaukeha Mmuahale Muahalekapu Muaanoano Muakekele 1390 Muahaipu Muakahiko Muawa'a Muapo'ipo'i 1395 Muakamalulu Muahele'i Muakohukohu Muakahukahu Muaoma Muanalu 1400 Muanaluhaki Muanalupopo'i Muanalukalohe Muanaluha'ikakala Mualala 1405 Muahaipu Muapule Muahanu'ala Muaikekele
Lono" [Sirius] Kea PapahuU Mo'olio Kilohi Anapu A-a'a [Sirius] Pehe Wanaku Haina Kulamau Hilipo La'apilo Ho'ohali Naula Ipu
1587
1590
J l
666
1595
670
Keanukapu 1600
674
678
682
686
690
Kahiko Wa'awa'a Po'l Helenaku Kaukahi Lulu Mo'olelo Kapili Kahu Anoano Nalu Poki'i Manaku Moku Ho'onahu 'Api'api Mahoa Ahia Mulemule
1605
1 1 1 l
]
j
\
1610
1615
1620
135
1 J J l
1 II
694
698
702
706
710
Muaipoipo Muakalaiki'i Muakawa'a Muaiopele Mualopola Muapali Muaho'opo Muaunu Muaha'i Mualupe Muakala Muawekea Muahilo Muakahu Muakahukahu Mua'ama'ama Muaahilo Muaamoa Muaale'ale'a Muainakalo Muaohupu
1410
1415
1420
1425
1430
'Akia Lena* [Sirius] Auhuhu La'aumele La'ala'au Wahine Kikana Ui-a Kahuli 'EIi'eli Mo'omo'o Kapua Lau Eiwa [9] Hiliahu Kaomi Auwe Olopule Ka'imai Kinika Niniha
1625
1630
1635
1640
714
718
722
726
730
734
Muaikauka Muaikamuka Muaikaunukukanaka Muaokalele Muaokaha'iku 1435 Muaokahanu'u Muaokalani Muamamao Muanu'unu'u Muaokamoi 1440 Muaokaha'i Muaokeoma Huaokekahai Muaoka'oliko Muaokapahu 1445 Muakahana Muaokahanai Muaokaipu Mua'umeumeke Muapo'i 1450 Muaahuliau Muaipapio Mualoiloi Lo'imua Lo'ikahi Lo'ilua Lo'ilo'i Lo'ikalakala Lo'iloloi Lo'ilolohi Lo'inuilo'i Lo'ilo'ikaka Lo'iakama 1454 1455
Niniahu 1645 Moemoe Mokukaha Opilopilo Mehei'a Kamanuha'aha'a 1650 Leleamio Aumalani Kahakaua Holi Ha'eha'e [East] 1655 Mano Opelele Ehua Pilipili Hapoe Hunu Ohekele Pukapu Ponouli Lehiwa 1665 Keleauma Pohopoho Nanio Pae Pililauhea Manukoha Kanaia Naio Puhimaka Kalino Kalaniahu Poepoe
Kaiola Kalalomaiao [Jupiter] Hakalaoa Kekoha Pipili Ka'ulamaokoke Ka'iakelemoana Hi'iklaulau Hainu'awa Laukohakoha Opaiakalani Opai(a)kumulani Liahu Kanikumuhele Ho'opililani Ohemokukalani Pilihona Ho'omahinukala La'iohopawa Kuliaimua La'aumenea Ho'opiliha'i Kiamanu Ho'opa'ilimua Nakukalani Naholokauihiku Pepepekaua Ho'omaopulani Kukulani Kukauhalela'a Kukaimukanaka Kukamokia Kuakahauli Kukamoi Kukaluakini Ho'opilimoena Ho'opailani 1660 Lohalohai Kelekaikaui Kanikania'ula Keleikanu'ulani Kelekanu'upia KeleikapouIi Kelemalamahiku Ho'ohiolokalani Ho'opihapiha Ho'opalipali 1670 Mihikulani Maunaku Ho'oholihae Pi'ipi'iwa'a Kakelekaipu 1675 Nakai'a'awa Nanue Napolohi
Meheau Ho'oliu Kulukau Mahikona Ulukau'u Kapiko Ho'omau Hamaku 'Ulahuanu Ho'olilihia Kumukanikeka'a Kauikaiakea Kapohele-i Ho'omauolani Nawihi'oililani Kaukahoaka Mahinakea Paliho'omoe Kuaiwalono Ho'opi'alu Mahiliaka Holiliakea Pu'unaueakea Ho'opi'imoana Keaukealani Apoapoakea Puhiliakea Ahuahuakea Awekeau Waka'aumai Hiliapale Hauli Lele'imo'imo Ho'oahu Pu'epu'e Kahiolo Mahikona Lauhohola Mokumokukalani Meimeikalani Palimaka Pihana Opi'opuaka Ku'uku'u Ho'opalaha Ho'onu'anu'a Kuka'alani Poupehiwa Kalelewa'a Hinapahilani Naukelemauna Laulaulani Po'iao* [* Jupiter] Kuhimakani Lonoa'a'akaikai [Sirius]
738 740
1460
744
136
748
752
756
760
764
768
772
776 778 779
Lo'ilo'ipoe 1465 Lo'ilo'inui Lo'ipouli Lo'imia LO'iapele Lo'iahemahema 1470 Lo'iakio Lo'iluluka Lo'ihamahamau Lo'j'olo'olo Lo'ikolohonua 1475 Lo'iipulau Lo'ianomeha Lo'ikinikini Lo'imanomano Lo'ilo'imai 1480 Lo'ilo'ikapu Lo'ilo'ikala Lo'ilo'inahu Lo'ilo'ipili Lo'iahuahu 1485 Lo'ikulukulu Lo'ipilipa Lo'ipilipili Lo'ihalalu Lo'ihalululu Lo'ilo'ilele 1490 Lo'Uo'ipa Lo'ipakeke Lo'ilo'ipo Lo'ilo'ipololo 1495 Lo'ipololo Lo'ikamakele
Hiloauama Uhuau Moku Leleiona Haikala Nakulu Kukala Hi'ipoi
1680
1685
010
Papa'a Hano Mahoe Kaloa Pokipoki Kinikahi Holiolio Alohi Aheaka Niao Wali Waleho'oke Nohopali Nohinohi Mahealani Palimu Kahiona Lukama Kahikahi Waikeha Manini Hinalo Oamaamaku Lali';
1690
1695
1705
Ho'ohewahewa Mili mili po Ku'eku'emakaokalani Po'opo'olani Ka'iliokalani Ho'opomalama Kunukunihia Paniokaukea Polomailani Polohiua Kukukalanj Ho'olepau Nu'ualani Lanipahiolo Ho'omukulani Ho'onewa Lanukua'a'a'ia Ho'opilimeha-e Maninikalani Ho'onakuku Lanipuke Ahukele Pi'oalani 1700 Miahulu Minialani Kumakumalani Ho'opi/ipilikane Nu'akeaapaka Palela'a Palimoe Paliho'olapa Palipalihia
Ho'opalepale Miliho'opo 'Ohuku Heanalani Kiloahipe'a [So.Cross] Kaikainakea Mali'iluna Pokaukahi Nakao * [*Orion] Heiheiao Pan/'oni'o Holoalani Pahiolo Mukumukulani Newa'a Kua'a'ala Pilimeha-e Niniaulani Kalaniku Nahunahupuakea Kalolo* [*zenith] 'O'ilialolo [So. Cross] Pi'oalewa Pahulu Ki'ihalani Ho'ouna Pili kana Holiakea Palikomokomo Palialiku Palimau'ua Paliomahilo
I l J
]
)
1
)
l
]
1710
Hanau Pallku
Paliha'i
780
Lo'ihiloa
Keleakaku 1715
781
784
788
792
796
Lo'imanuwa Lo'ikalokalo 1500 Loi'ihiihi Lo'ihilimau Lo'imoemoe Lo'ipilopilo Lo'iko'iko'i 1505 Lo'iko'i'i'i Lo'Uoloilo Lo'Uolo'ilo Lo'Uolokapu Lo'ilalolo 1510 Lo'ilo'inaka Lo'ilo'ila Lo'ilo'ikope'a [S.Cross] Lo'ilo'imanamana Lo'ikuki'j Lo'iimaninJ 1515
Lahipoko Pauha Kaheka Pi'opi'o 1720 Ho'okaukau Ho'iloli Puapua Mahiapo Kulukau 1725 Kupe'e Kealanu'u [zenith] Kinana Pulelehu Milimili Apoapoahi 1730 Pola Houpo [equator] 1732 Kakiwi 1733
Olofonu'u Hanau 010/0 Olalohana Hamau Ololohonua Haloiho Hanau Kumuhonua '0 Kane '0 Kanaloa (he mau mahoe) Holehana '0 'Ahukai (he muli loa) Kealona'ina'i Kapili Helea'eiluna Kawakupua Kaha'ulala Kawakahiko Kahikolupa Lukaua Kahikoleikau Kupomakikaeleue Kanemakaikaeleue Kahikoleiulu Kahikoleihonua Haakoakoaikeaukahonua Kane;akoakahonua Haakoakoalauleia Lanikupo Kupo Hane'eiluna Nahaeikekaua Keakenui Laheamanu Kahianaki'iakea (1) Luanahinaki'ipapa (2) Koluanahinaki'iakea (3) Haanahinaki'ipapa Limaanahinaki'iakea (5) Onoanahinaki'ipap. Waluanahinakiipapa (8) Hikuanahinaki';akea (7) (9) Lohanahanahinakiipapa Iwanahinaki'iakea Owe Welaahilaninui Kupulanakehau Kahikoluamea
1
j
137
l l 1 l l l
,.
.
I
800
804
808 810 812 813
Haumea Lo'ipukapuka Polinahe 1734 Wakea Lo'iomilu Ipulau Papa Lo'imiliapo Nahawiliea Ho'ohokukalani 1734-35 Lo'iomakana Ho'olaumiki Haloa (k) 1734-36 Lo'iokanaloa 1520 Palahalaha Lo'ioki'iki'i Hulikahiokeoma Lo'iihi'ikua Kahiliapoapo Kaheihei Lo'iohi'ialo Lo'iokanaha Hilipalahalaha 1525 Apuwaiolika Lo'ikeluea Ohiohikahanu Lo'ipilihala Lo'iomalelewa'a 1 Tsunami 1] Palakeaka [Kai-o-Kahinali'i Lo'i'ele'ele Mimika [Kai-o-Kahinali'i 2 Tsunami 2] Lo'ipo Kilika, hanau 0 [Kai-o-Kahinali'i 3 Tsunami 3] Pola'a [line 1530 in Beckwith p.225] [Kai-o-Kahinall'l 4 Tsunami 4] (813)
(194) (399) (602)
138
Chants 11-13 Po'elua, the Second Night
I 1
]
Chant 11
[Line 1530]
Pola'a - Po'elua, the Second Night

Pola'a [Kai-o-Kahinali'i 4 Tsunami 4 in generation 813 of AIi'ihonupu'u]
1530
Hanau 0 Pola'a Hanau ka 'ino, hanau ke au Hanau ka pahupahu, ka pohaha Hanau ka haluku, ka haloke, ka nakulu, ka honua naueue Ho'iloli ke kai, pi'i ka mauna Ho'omu ka wai, pi'i kua a hale Pi'i konikonihia, pi'i na pou 0 Kanikawa Lele na ihe a Kauikaho Apu'epu'e ia Kanaloa, Kanikahoe;
1535
1538 1540
Hanau 0 Poelua i ke alo 0 Wakea Hanau ka po'ino Hanau ka pomaika'i Hanau ka moa i ke kua 0 Wakea Make Kupolo-Ii'iIi-ali'i-mua-o-lo'i-po Make ke au kaha 0 piko-ka-honua, 0 ia pukaua Hua na lau la nalo, nalo i ka poliolio--
J J
]
Born Born Born Born
the Pola'a, sacred night, the storm, born the current, the thundering wave, the shattering night, devastation, destruction, rumbling, the earthquake;
The sea churned inside out, climbing the ridges, The sea silenced everthing, backing over houses, Resonating, vibrating, climbing the posts of Kanikawa, The spears of Kauikaho flew Ravaged Kanaloa, Kanikahoe, rattling canoe paddles; Born the second night on the front of Wake a, Born night of misfortune Born night of good fortune Born the .titled moa lineage on the back of Wakea, Dead Kupolo-li'ili-ali'i-mua-o-Io'i-po Dead in the current at the navel of the earth, Prolific line of chiefs of the day past, that vanished into night just before dawn--
1
~
;1
139
Commentary:
The survival of the remaining group comes from two lineages, that of Wakea, through the
Kumuhonua lineage descending from Opu'upu'u, and Kumuhonua's brother Paliku, both of whom
are ancestors of Wakea. Wakea descends from Ahukai through Kumuhonua and from Paliku line (brother of Kumuhonua) from whom other migration heroes descend: Laka (Rata), Kinilau (Tinirau), out of the tsunami danger zone.
(Kumuhonua line to Wakea)
[Generation count] 779 Lo'ikamakele Lali'i [Line count] Hanau Pallku Paliha'i Hanau 01010 Ololonu'u Hamau Ololohonua Olalohana Hanay Kumuhonua Haloiho Keleakaku '0 Kane '0 Kanaloa (he mau mahoe) *'0 'Ahukal (he mull loa) Holehana Lahipoko Kealona'ina'i Kapili Pauha Kawakupua Helea'eiluna Kaheka Kawakahiko Kaha'ulala Pi'opi'o Kahikolupa Lukaua Ho'okaukau 1720 Kahikoleikau Kupomakikaeleue Ho'iloli Kahikoleiulu Kanemakaikaeleue Puapua Kahikoleihonua Haakoakoaikeaukahonua Mahiapo Haakoakoalauleia Kaneiakoakahonua Kulukau Kupo Lanikupo Kupe'e 1725 Nahaeikekaua Hane'eiluna Kealanu'u [zenith] Keakenui Laheamanu Kinana Kahianaki'iakea (1 ) Luanahinaki'ipapa Pulelehu Koluanahinaki'iakea (3) Haanahinaki'ipapa Milimili Limaanahinaki'iakea (5) Onoanahinaki'ipapa (6) Apoapoahi 1730 Hikuanahinaki'iakea (7) Waluanahinakiipapa (8) Pola Iwanahinaki'iakea (9) Lohanahanahinakiipapa Houpo [equator] Welaahilaninui Owe Kakiwi Kahikoluamea Kupulanakehau Polinahe 1734 Wakea Haumea Ipulau f.@R@ Nahawiliea 1734-35 Ho'ohokukalani Ho'olaumiki 1734-35 Haloa (k) 1710
Also
signficant is Lalokona (Rarotonga) which suggests that the survivors knew of that location and were
780
Lo'ihiloa
781
784
788
792
796
800
Lo'imanuwa Lo'ikalokalo Lo'i'ihiihi Lo'ihilimau Lo'imoemoe Lo'ipilopilo Lo'iko'iko'i Lo'iko'i'i'i Lo'iloloilo Lo'ilolo'ilo Lo'ilolokapu Lo'ilalolo Lo'ilo'inaka Lo'ilo'ila Lo'ilo'ikope'a [S.Cross] Lo'ilo'imanamana Lo'ikuki'i Lo'iimanini Lo'ipukapuka Lo'iomilu Lo'imiliapo Lo'iomakana
140
Chant 12 Ka Wa Umikumamalua
[Line count]
I J J
La'aniha ka wahine Pepe Kapu'u Leleiao Mauka-o
1546
1550
1555
1560
1565
1570
Opu'upu'u ke kane Opu'upe Opu'umauna Opu'uhaha Opu'ukalaua Opu'uhanahana Opu 'uhamahamau Opu'ukalauli Opu'ukalakea Opu'ukalahiwa Opu'ukalalele Maunanui Maunane'e Maunapapapa Maunaha'aha'a Maunahiolo Pu'ukahonua Ha'akuku Ha'apipili Kanioi Puanue Kepo'o A-'a'a Piowai Nauanu'u Ha'ulanuiiakea Mahikoha 'O'opukoha
Hawai'i
Kilokau Halalai Makele Opu'u'ele Opu'umakaua Lelepau Makelewa'a Hulipu Kanaua Ha'alepo' Hane'ene'e Lalohana Wa'awa'a Ha'amomoe Ha'akauwila Lalomai Kau-a-wana Ho'oanu 'A'amoa Makohilani Huku Hinaho'oka'ea Kumananaiea Kekila'au Ikawaoeli 10 Hahalua Kaloloamoana Kaloloa'a'a Waka'au Uhiuhi Palimoe Punalakai Pihe'elalo Hika'ulunui Pihaehae poe he Wauke
] ] ]
] ] ]
1575
1580
1585
Ulunui Kekihe-i Makuaikawaokapu Makaukau Kalolomauna Kalolopiko 'A'a Kauwila Palipali Punalauka Pihe'eluna Malana'opi'opi Malanaopiha-e Hanau Kihala'au Hanau 0 'Ulu he 'Ulu Hanau ko laua muli 0
141
1590
1595
1600
1605
1610
1615
1620
1625
1630
Kepo'o Oliua Kikona Ho'opulupulu Ho'olehu Ka'ulunokalani Ho'ouka Kanalu Po'i Paepaemalama Kaulana Pala'au Nuku'ono Pouhana Kaiwiloko Leua Ho'okahua Kuiau Kapawaolani Manamanaokalea 'Auku'u Kakahiaka Kapoli Kimana Polohilani Kahilinaokalani Kapaia Kakai 'O'ili Kapaeniho Kaupeku Ka'ope'ope Nakia Ko'ele Huakalani Nu'uko'i'ula Kaioia Kalalomaiao Hakalaoa Kekoha Pipili Ka'ulamaokoke Ka'ulakelemoana Hi'ikalaulau Hainu'awa Laukohakohai Opa'iakalani Opaikumulani
Halulu Kauikau Ka'imai Auna Lapa'i Kahele 'Aluka Hakihua Lenawale Kaumai Kaulalo Paweo Hopulani Hanaku Kamaka Ka'oiwi Ho'omalae Ku'iaeonaka Kaini'o Kaukaha Koha Ku'ua Ho'opumehana Kalimalimalimalau Kalanimakuaka'apu Hemua Ho'olawakua Manawahua Mohala 'Oke'a Kapua Kuka'ailani Ho'omaua Lohelau Kaunu'u'ula Meheaka Meheau Ho'oliu Kulukau Mahikona Ulukau'u Kapiko Ho'omau Hamaku 'Ulahuanu Ho'olilihia Kumukanikeka'a Kauikaiakea
142
1635
1640
1645
1650
1655
1660
1665
1670
1675
1680
Liahu Kanikumuhele Ho'opililani Ohemokukalani Pilihona Ho'omahinukala La'iohopawa Kuliaimua La'aumenea Ho'opiliha'i Kiamanu Ho'opa'ilimua Nakukalani Naholokauihiku Pepekaua Ho'omaopulani Kukulani Kukauhalela'a Kukaimukanaka Kukamokia Kukahauli Kukamoi Kukaluakini Ho'opilimoena Ho'opailani Lohalohai Kelekauikaui Kanikania'ula Keleikanu'ulani Keleikanu'upia Keleikapouli Kelemalamahiku Ho'ohiolokalani Ho'opihapiha Ho'opalipali Mihikulani Maunaku Ho'oholihae Pi'ipi'iwa'a Kakelekaipu I\lakiau'a'awa Nanue Napolohi. Ho'ohewahewa Milimilipo Ku'emakaokalani Po'opo'olani
Kapohele-i Ho'omauolani Nawihio'ililani Kauhoaka Mahinakea Paliho'omoe Kuaiwalono Ho'opi'alu Mahiliaka Holiliakea Pu'unaueakea Ho'opi'imoana Kaukealani 'Apo'apoakea Puhiliakea Ahuahuakea Awekeau Waka'aumai Hiliapale Hauli Lele'imo'imo Ho'oahu Pu'epu'e Kahiolo Mahikona Lauhohola Mokumokukalani Meimeikalani Palimaka Pihana Opi'opuaka Ku'uku'u Ho'opalaha Ho'onu'anu'a Kuka'alani Poupehiwa Kalelewa'a Hinapahilani Naukelemauna Laulaulani Po'iao Kuhimakani Lonoaakaikai Ho'opalepale Miliho'opo 'Ohuku Heanalani
J I I I J
] ]
J
)
]
l J J
-"'
1> r
] ]
143
3 1 J
~
,~~
II
1685
1690
1695
1700
1705
1710
1715
1720
1725
Kiloahipe'a Ka'iliokalani Kaikainakea Ho'oipomalama Mali'iluna Kunikunihia Pokaukahi Paniokaukea Nakao Polomailani Heiheiao Polohiua Pani'oni'o Kukukalani Holoalani HO'olepau Pahiolo Nu'ualani Mukumulani Lanipahiolo Newa'a Ho'omukulani Ho'onewa Kus'a'ala Pilimeha-e Laniku'a'a 'ala Niniaulani Ho'opilimeha-e Kalaniku Maninikalani Ho'onakuku Nahunahupuakea Lanipuke Kalolo Ahukele 'O'ilialolo Pi'oalani Pi'oalewa Pahulu Miahulu Minialani Ki'ihalani Kumakumalani Ho'oouna HO'opilipilikane Pilikana Holiakea Nu'akeapaka Palikomokomo Palela'a Palimoe Palialiku Paliho'olapa Palimau'ua Palipalihia Paliomahilo Hanau Paliku Hanau 01010 Ololonu'u Hanau Ololohonua Olalohana Hanau Kumuhonua Haloiho OKane (k) he mau mahoe o Kanaloa o Ahukai (ka muli loa) Holehana Kapili Kealona'ina'i Kawakupua Helea'eiluna Kawakahiko Kaha'ulaia Kahikolupa Lukaua Kahikoleikau Kupomaka'ika'eleue Kahikoleiulu Kanemakaika'eleue Kahikoleihonua Ha'ako'ako'aikeaukahonua Ha'ako'ako'alauleia Kaneiako'akahonua Kupo Lanikupo Nahaeikekaua Hane'eiluna Keakenui Laheamanu
144
11727
\1730
II
111734
Kahianaki'iakea (1) Luanahinaki'ipapa Kolunahinaki'iakea (3) Ha'anahinaki'ipapa (4] Umaanahinaki'iakea (5) Onoanahinaki'ipapa (6) Hikuanahinaki'iakeaa (7) Waluanahinaki'ipapa (8) Iwanahinaki'iakea (9) Lohanahanahinaki'ipapa (10) Welaahitaninui Owe Kahikoluamea Kupulanakehau Wakea i noho ia Haumea, ia Papa, ia Haohokakalani, hanau 0 Haloa o Haloano.
(2]
] ]
]: )1
l 1
]
)
]
]
.'
145
J l " a
Chant 13 Ka Wa Umikumakolu (He Lala no ka Wa Umikumalua) The Paliku (brother of Kumuhonua) Une of Descent to Haumea
[Line count] 1735 Pallku ke kane Palika'a lakaunihau Nalaunu'u Kapapanuinuiauakea 1740 Kapapaku Kapapaluna 'Olekailuna Kapapanuialeka Kapapanuiikahulipali 1745 KapapanuiakaJaula Kapapaki'ilaula Kapapaj'aoa Kapapauli 1749 1750 Paliha'i ka wahine Palihiolo Keaona Pu'ukahalelo Ka'ina'inakea Kapapamoe Kapapailalo Kapapapa'a Kapapahanauua Kapapa'janapa Kapapaholahola Kapapaiakea Kapapapoukahi Kapapapoha
[Hanau] 0 Kapapa-paha ka mua, Ka-po-he'enalu mai kona hope noho] Ka-po-he'enalu ke kane Kaho'okokohipapa Papa'jao Papahe'enalu Kamaulika'ina'jna ka wahine Mehakuakoko Mauluikonanui Hanauna
1754
Hanau a i1oko 0 PU'ukahonualani 0 U'sikuhonua, 0 kona muli mai, 0 Ohomsiia Ohomsila ke kane Kahaukea Mahala Kahakuiaweaukelekele Kahokukelemoana Mulinaha Honuakau ka wahine Kualeikahu Lu'ukaualani Hinawainonolo Hinawaj'oki '/po'i
1760
1761
1765
1no
1n5
Hanau 0 Laumiha he wahine, i noho ia KekahakuaJani Hanau 0 Kahaula he wahine, i noho ia Kuhulihonua Hanau 0 Kahakauakoko he wahine, i noho ia Kulai'ehu Hanau 0 Haumea he wahine, i noho ia Kanaloa-akua Hanau 0 Kukauakahi he kane i noho ia Kuaimehani he wahine Hanau 0 Kauahulihonua Hanau 0 Hinamanouluae he wahine Hanau 0 Huhune he wahine Hanau 0 Haunu'u he wahine Hanau 0 Haulani he wahine Hanau 0 Hikapuaanaiea he wahine, ike ia Haumea, o Haumea no ia o Haumea kino paha'oha'o, o Haumea kino papawalu 0 Haumea kino papalehu, 0 Haumea kino papamano I manomano i ka lehulehu 0 na kino la Hikapuananaiea paumau ma ka lani Pa 'iii 0 ia wahine 0 Nu'umea
146
1780
Nu'upapakini ka honua Laha Haumea i na mo'opuna 10 Kio pale ka ma'i, ka'a ka 1010 o ia wahine hanau manawa i na keiki Hanau keiki puka ma ka 1010 o ia wahine no 0 'I'ilipo 0 Nu'umea I noho io Mulinaha Born Laumiha, woman who lived with Kekahakualani Born Kahaula, woman who lived with Kuhulihonua, Born Kahakauakoko, woman who lived with Kulani'ehu, Born Haumea, a woman who lived with Kanaloa, god, Born Kukauakahi a man who lived with Kuaimehani, wife, Born Kauahulihonua, Born Hinamanoulua'e, female Born Huhune, female Born Haunu'u, female Born Haulani, female, Haumea was seen, was known (That) she was Haumea, Haumea of mysterious body, Haumea of eight-fold body, Haumea of four-hundred-thousand-fold body, Haumea of four-thousand-fold body, Four-thousand-times-four-thousand, Until four-hundred-thousand-times-four-hundred-thousand-fold body, Until Hikapuanaiea the chiefess was struck upon the chest; Tattooed this woman of Nu'umea, Nu'umea the land, Nu'u-papa-kini the placenta (From which) spread the grandchildren of Haumea, Until with Kio the womb was delivered, the top of the brain turned, This woman whose children were born from the brain. Gave birth to children at the brain, This woman of 'I'ilipo of Nu'umea, Who lived with Mulinaha
o Nu'umea ka 'aina, 0
I J
\
1761
1765
I I J
] ] ]
1770
1775
1776 1777 1778 1780
)
]
1785
o Kahakauakoko hanau ma ka 1010 o Haumea 0 ua wahine la no ia

Noho ia Kanaloa-akua
Hanau Laumiha hanau ma ka 1010
o Kauakahi-akua no a ka 1010
1790
1795
Ho'ololo ka hanauna 0 ia wahine Ha'ae wale ka haunana 1010 o Papa-huli-honua o Papa-huli-Iani o Papa-nui-hanau-moku Papa i noho ia Wakea Hanau Ha'alolo ka wahine Hanau inaina ke ke'u Ho'opunini ia Papa e Wakea Kauoha i ka la i ka malama
147
o ka po io Kane no muli nei

1800 1785
0 ka po io Hilo no mua la;

Born Laumiha, born at the brain Kahaula, female, born at the brain Kahakauakoko born in the caul; Haumea was the woman mentioned before, (Who) lived with Kanaloa-akua (It was) Kauakahi-akua at the brain; The generations from this woman born from the brain, Covered with birth fluid the descendants born from the brain, Papa-huli-honua Papa-huli-lani Papa-nui-hanau-moku Great-Papa-giving-birth-to-Iands, Papa who lived with Wakea Born Ha'alolo female; Born fault-finding vexation, Papa deceptively flattered by Wakea Ordering days of the month to be The night to Kane behind, The night to Hilo before; Kapu kipaepae ka hanu'u Ka hale io Wakea i noho ai Kapu ka 'ai lani makua Kapu ka 'ape ka mane'one'o Kapu ka 'akia ka 'awa'awa Kapu ka 'auhuhu ka mulemulea Kapu ka 'uhaloa no ke ola loa Kapu ka la'alo ka manewanewa Kapu ka haloa ku rna ka pe'a Kapu ia Haloa ulu hahaloa o ka lau 0 Haloa i ke ao la Pu--ka
1790
1795
1805
1810
1805
Tabu the. pavement (before) the oracle tower, The home where Wakea lived, Tabu the food sacred to the elders; Tabu the uncooked 'ape taro Tabu the bitter 'akia plant Tabu the anesthetic 'auhuhu plant Tabu the 'uhaloa medicine plant for long life, Tabu the leaves spiraling to the side of the taro stalk, Tabu the long stalk rising from the inner branching, Haloa the long-breathing stem of the lauloa taro planted, The leaf of Haloa in the sunlight of day there, Came forth--
148
1847 1850 1847
'0 Wakea no ia, 0 Lehu'ula, 0 Makulukulukalani o ko laua hope, 0 kanaka 'opeope nui Huihui a kau io Makall'i, pa'a Pa' a na hoku kau i ka lewa It was Wakea, Lehu(a)'ula, Makulukulu in the sky
Celestial Equator Antares in Scorpius (south) Saturn
l 1
;~
Their successor a man with many bundles on a carrying pole,

Pleiades + Perseus (north)
1849 1850 1851 Lewa Lewa Lewa Lewa
In the Pleiades cluster (in Taurus), fixed Fixed the courses of stars that swing through space; Ka'awela, lewa Kupoilaniua Ha'i aku, lewa Ha'i mai Kaha'i, lewa Kaha'iha'i Kaua, ka pu'uhoku Wahi-Iani-nui Swings Swings Swings s\<\ings
Ka'aweJa, swings Kupolaniua [Ka'awela,Mercury, Jupiter, or Venus] Ha'i away (from us), toward us Milky Way Kaba'i, swings Kaha'iha'i Milky Way (breaking up)
J l
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-
.--
Kaua, the star group Wahilaninui
l l
1855
Lewa Lewa Lewa Lewa
ka pua 0 ka lani, Kaulu-i-ha'i-mohai Puanene, ka hoku ha'i haku Nu'u, lewa Kaha'ilono Wainaku, lewa 'lkapa'a Swings Swings Swings Swings the flower of the sky, KauJu-i-ha'i-mohai (in Milky the Way) Puanene, the star that rules Nu'u, swings Kaha'iJono (zenith; Sirius (Lono),edge of Milky Way) Wainaku, swings 1kapa'a
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]
1859 1860
Lewa Lewa Lewa Lewa
Kiki'ula, lewa Keho' oea Pouhanu'u, lewa Ka'ili'ula Kapakapaka, lewa Mananalo Kona, lewa Wailea Swings Swings Swings Swings
(Vega in Lyra) Kiki'ula, swings Keho'oea Pouhanu'u, swings Ka'ili'ula Kapakapaka, swings MananaJo (Jupiter/Venus, disappearing phase) Kona, swings Wailea (Canopus; morning star, Venus/Jupiter).
149
I I I
1863 1865
Lewa ke Auhaku, lewa Ka-maka-unulau Lewa Hinalani, lewa Keoea Lewa Ka' aka' a, lewa Polo'ula Swings Canopus, swings Kamakaunulau Swings Hinalani, swings Keoea Swings Ka'aka'a, swings Polo'ula
(Vega in Lyra)
[Cpo Koro-takataka (Maori), Altair in Aquila, said 0 be on the border of the Milky Way; Cpo Ka'alolo, tutelary star of Ni'ihau, unidentified; Polo stars are 3 in a triangle, one of which was called Mulehu, (probably stars in Cygnus (Deneb) + Lyra + Altair in Aquila]
1866
Lewa Kanikania'ula, lewa Kauamea Lewa Kalalani, lewa Kekepue Lewa Ka'alolo, lewa Kaulana-a-ka-la Swings Kanikania'ula, swings Kauamea Swings Perseus and the Pleiades, swings Kekupue Swings Ka'alolo, swings Kaulana-a-ka-la
[Cpo Ka'alolo, -1010, Le., a star that transits the meridian; summer solstice sunset, kaulana-a-ka-la, at the mole mai in the direction of Nihoa abou the Tropic of Cancer].
0
Lehua,
1869
Lewa Hua, lewa 'Aua Lewa Lena, lewa Lanikuhana Lewa Ho'oleia, lewa Makeaupe'a Lewa Kaniha'alilo, lewa 'U'u Lewa 'A'a, lewa '01010 Lewa Kamaio, lewa Kaulualena Swings Swings Swings Swings Swings Jupiter, swings Betelgeuse Sirius, swings Lanikuhana Ho'oleia, swings the Southern Cross Kaniha'alilo, swings 'U'u Kamaio, swings Kaulualena
[Cpo -lena, Sirius; Kaulua, Gemini; stars in same hour circle]
1875
Lewa 0 Ihu-ku, lewa 0 Ihu-moa LewaPipa, lewa Ho'eu Lewa Malana, lewa Kaka'e Lewa Maliu, lewa lkilki Swings Swings Swings Swings Ihu-ku, swings Ihu-moa Pipa, swings Ho'eu Malana, swings Kaka'e Spica in Virgo, swings Regulus in Leo
150
1879
Lewa Lanakamalama, lewa Naua Lewa Welo, lewa lkiiki Lewa Ka'aona, lewa Hinaia'ele'ele Swings the floating moon, swings Naua Swings Welo [in the Belt of Orion], swings Regulus in Leo, Swings Ka'aona, swings Hinaia'ele'ele
[Cpo Onga (Tonga), the Magellanic Clouds]
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1882
Lewa Puanakau, lewa Le'ale'a Lewa Hikikauella, lewa Ka'elo Lewa Kapawa, lewa Hikikaulonomeha Swings Rigel in Orion, swings Arcturus (Hoku'le'a), Swings Hikikauelia, swings Ka'elo Swings Kapawa, swings Hikikaulonomeha
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1885
Lewa Hoku'ula, lewa Poloahilani Lewa Ka'awela, lewa Hanakalanai Lewa Uliuli, lewa Me1eme1e Swings Hoku'ula, swings Poloahilani Swings Venus (or Jupiter), swings Hanakalanai Swings the stars near the equator, to north and to south,
[Melemele, stars in Orion; also Southern Cross (Ponape), Antares (Pukapuka), Vega (Kapingamarangi), Orion's Belt (Tahiti), Sirius (Rarotonga), Venus and star~ in Lyra (Maori)
1888
Lewa Makali'i, lewa Nahuihui Lewa Kokoiki, lewa Humu Lewa Moha'i, lewa Kauluokaoka Swings the Pleiades, the great star cluster [+ Perseus] Swings Betelgeuse in Orion, swings Altair in Aquila Swings the Milky Way, swings Kauluokaoka
1
]
-
"
1891
Lewa Lewa Lewa Lewa
Kukui, lewa Konamaukuku Kamaile, lewa Kamaile-mua Kamaile-hope Hina-o-na-la'ilena Swings Swings Swings Swings Kukui, swings Konamaukuku Kamaile, swings Kamaile-mua Kamaile-hope Hina-o-na-la'ilena
1895
Lewa Na Hiku, lewa Hiku-kahi Lewa Hiku-alua, lewa Hiku-kolu

151
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1899
Lewa Lewa Lewa Lewa
Hilm-aha, lewa Hiku-lima Hiku-ono, lewa Hiku-pau Mahapili, lewa ka Huihui Na Kao Swings the Seven (stars in Ursa Majoris, Dubhe (the first to appear) Swings the Merak, the second, swings Phecda, the third, Swings Megrez, the fourth, swings Alioth, the fifth, Swings Mirak, the sixth, swings Alkaid the seventh, done; Swings Mahapili, swings the Pleiades, Swing the Belt and Sword in Orion.
1901
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Lu ka anoano Makali'i, anoano ka lani Lu ka anoano akua, he akua ka la Lau ka anoano a Hina, he walewale 0 Lonomuku Scattered the seeds of Makali'i, the Pleiades, seeding the sky, Scattered seeds of the god, the sun is a god, Scattered the seeds of Hina, afterbirth of Lonomuku, (Dark night of the moon, Muku)
1904 Ka 'ai a Hina-ia-ka-malama, 1905 I ki'i (i)a e Wakea a Kaiuli A kai ko'ako'a, kai ehuehu
Waka;
The food of Hina-in-the-moon, of Ho-(w)aka (Hoaka) Gotten by Wakea-(from)-the-deep-sea, A coral sea, foaming sea, Lana Hina-ia-ka-malama be ka Kaulia a'e i na wa'a, kapa 'ia Hina-ke-ka-ilaila, Lawe (i)a uka, puholuholu ia Hina-in-the-moon floated in the bailing gourd Hung up in canoes, called Hina-the-bailing-gourd there, Taken upshore, left swinging [i.e., finds level] 1910 Hanau ko'ako'a, hanau ka puhi Hanau ka inaina, hanau ka wana Hanau ka 'eleku, hanau ke 'a Kapa 'ia Hina-halako'a i laila Born the coral, born the eel Born sea urchin(s) in the coral, large sea urchin(s), Born the 'eleku rock, the 'a basalt rock, Called Hina-passing-coral there,
152
1915
'Ono Hina i ka 'ai, ki'i 0 Wake a Kukulu i ki'i a paepae Kukulu kala'ihi a lalani Hina craved food Wakea got it (for her), Set up images on the stone platform in rows, Set up rules of the chiefs, Ki'i Wakea moe ia Hina-kaweo'a Hanau ka moa, kau i ke kua 0 Wake a Wakea took Hina as wife Born the moa chief, hung at the back of Wakea
[Cpo moa, 'center', on meridian at night; moa, Southern Cross; Wakea, celestial equator, noon meridian in daylight; i.e., the 'mean day', from midnight at Kau to Awakea (Kau) to Kau. next midnight; Southern Cross on meridian, April, May, June.
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1920
'Alina ka moa, i ke kua 0 Wake a Lili Wake a, kahilihili Liti Wakea, inaina uluhua Papale i ka moa le1e i kaupaku o ka moa i kaupaku o ka moa i ka haku 0 ka anoano ia a Ka'eo'eo
E halakau nei i ka lewa
I
] ]
1925
Va lewa ka lani Va lewa ka honua I ka Nu'u no-1920 The moa scratched the back of Wakea; Wakea was jealous of the kahili waving over him, Angry and vexed, Warded off the moa that flew to the ridgepole, The moa was on the ridgepole [i.e. the ridgepole of the hut, kaupoku 0 ka hale]
[i.e., the meridian],
1 I
The moa was on the ridgepole, The moa was lord; 1925 The seeds had grown strong, Had perched up high in space, The space in the heavens, Above the earth, At the very zenith--
153
Chant 15 Ka Wa 'Umikumalima Regarding Haumea and Maui
Generations from Haumea to Maui
On the Paliku line Wakea descends from U'aikuhonua, and Haumea from li'aikuhonua's brother, Ohomaila. Their generations, however, do not coincide
with the Pola'a tsunami (4). Wakea is closer to that event by five or thirteen generations, and Haumea more distant by about twenty-four generations. Her identity as the mother of Wakea's children is treated as a woman who continues to regenerate or is reborn into her children and wives of chiefs descended from her. The chant connects Haumea to Papa, but given the distance between her generation and that of Wakea, Papahanaumoku is probably an earlier identity than Haumea. 1930
0 Haumea wahine
0 Nu'umea i Kukuiha'a Mehani, nu'u manoanoa 0 Kuaihe1ani i Paliuli Liholiho, 'ele'ele, panopano lani'ele
1935
Kamehanolani, 0 Kameha'ikana Kameha'ikana, akua 0 Kauakahi I ke 'oki nu'u i ke 'oki lani 0 Ha'iuli Ha'alele i ka houpo huu lili punalua, Kau i ka moku 0 Lua, 0 Ahu a Lua, noho i Wawau Wahine akua wahine 0 Makea o Haumea wahine 0 Kalihi 0 Ko' olau;
1940
Noho no i Kalihi i kapa i ka lihllihi 0 Laumiha Komo i ka 'ulu, he lulu ia o kino 'ulu, 0 pahu 'ulu, 0 lau 'ulu ia nei,
o
1945 1930
He lau kino 0 ia wahine 0 Haumea Haumea nui 'aiwaiwa; I 'aiwaiwa no Haumea i ka noho. Haumea, woman of Nu'umea in Kukuiha'a Of Mehan!, the high peaks of Kuaihelani in Paliuli, Choice sacred back (her) chiefly rank, deep sacred black the dark heaven of chiefs, The one alone in the sky, the single authority, Ka-meha-no-Iani, one in battle Ka--meha'i-kana, god of Kauakahl, 154
1935
Where the zenith (is) cut, where the dark sky breaks apart; (Her) rage toward her husband's other wife she left at the equator, (And) settled on the island of Lua ('Oahu), lived in Wawau, Goddess wife of Makea; Haumea, woman of Kalihi (of) Ko'olau (Who) lived in Kalihi on the border called Laumiha; (She) went into the breadfruit tree, became a breadfruit tree; Body of breadfruit, trunk and leaves, Of many bodies this woman, Haumea, Haumea of awesome mystery, (With) marvelous transforming powers while she lived. Nonoho i na mo'opuna I ka moemoe i na keiki Moe keiki ia Kau(a)kahi,
1940
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~
I...'
1945
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0
Kuaimehani ka wahine
1950
1955
Moe mo'opuna ia Kauahulihonua 0 Hulihonua ka wahine, Moe mo'opuna ia Haloa o Hinamanoulua'e ka wahine Moe mo'opuna ia Waia, 0 Huhune ka wahine Moe mo'opuna ia Hinanalo, 0 Haunu'u ka wahine Moe mo'opuna ia Nanakahili, 0 Haulani ka wahine, Moe mo'ouna ia Wailoa, 0 Hikopuaneiea ka wahine Hanau ia Kio, ike (i)a Haumea Living on in (her) descendants, Into marriages of children and grandchildren, Slept with on Kauakahi as Kua-i-mehani, wife; With grandson Kau-a-hulihonua, Hulihonua the wife, Slept with grandson, Haloa (As) Hina-mano-ulu-a'e, wife; With great=grandson Waia, as Huhuhe, wife; With great-great-grandson Hinanalo, as Haunu'u, wife With great-great-great-grandson Nanakahili, (as) Haulani, wife, With great-great-great-great-grandson, Wailoa, as Hikopua-neiea, wife, Until Kio was born, [Polaris, the pole star], Haumea was seen;
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'Ike cia '0 Haumea he pi'alu'alu He konahau, he konakona 1960 He 'awa'awa ina ka wahine 'Awa'awahia a mulemulea I haina, eu, ai'a, he wahine pi'i-ke-akea-e Ua pi'alu ke kua, pi'alu ke alo Ke'ehina ka umauma, pa hiolo NU'umea 155
1965
Nauau papa pa umauma 'ilio ka wahine Then was Haumea seen (as) one shriveled with age, As damp and cold as the south wind, Unsavory, a woman become Soured, embittered, Aloof and cunning, pallid, Sagging behind, wrinkled in front, Chest trampled, bosom of Nu'umea fallen, Breast that had suckled litters like a dog, this woman; Ia Kio laha na li'i Moe ia Kamoa i ka wahine 0 ka nahelehele Hanau '0 Ole ke kane, 0 Ha'i ka wahine Pupue ke kane Kamahele ka wahine Increasing the chiefs until Kio, (Kio) married Kamole, a woman of the jungle, Born Ole the husband, Ha'i the wife; Pupue husband, Kamahele wife
1970
Manaku Kahiko Lukahakona Luanu'u Ki'i Hanau '0 Ulu, hanau illu ke kane
'0
Hikoha'le Kaea KO'ulamaikalani Kawaoma'aukele Hinako'ula Nanaulu Kapunu'u ka wahine
1975
Born Ulu, born Nanaulu Ulu the husband, Kapunu'u the wife Nana Nanaie Nanaielani Waikalani Kuheleimoana
Konohiki
1980
Kapulani Kahaumokuleia Hinakina'u Kekauilani Mau'u[-puna] -a'aala [Cpo Tongafiti, titled chief, Rarotonga] Hakaululena
Mahu'ie
Waolena
Akalana
Hinakeahi
[Cpo Mahuike, god of fire, Tonga] [Cpo Taranga, father of the Maui, Tonga]
1985
Hanau Maui mua, hanau Mauiwaena Hanau Maui-kiki'i, Maui-a-ka-malo

156
19CXl
Akalana i humea HO'okauhua Hina-a-ke-ahi, hanau he moa He hua moa ke keiki a Hina i ho'okauhua tA'ohe ho'i he moa oa ka moe tana He moa ka ka hanau tana tAlala ke keiki, ninau Hina: tA'ohe ho'i he kanaka 0 ka moe tana he keiki ka, He keiki taiwaiwa na Hina-a-ke-ahi Ukiuki Kia(ti)-loa rna laua to Kia(i)-a-ka-poko to na kaikunane 0 Hina; to na kia( ti) telua iloko 0 ke ana ha Paio haka Maui, hina ua kia Kahe ka wai'ula i ka lae 0 Maui 0 kaua mua ia a Maui Born first Maui, born Maui in the middle, Born Maui-in-the-topknot, Maui-of-the-Ioincloth
[Stars in the Belt of Orion: (1) AI Mintaka, the lowet sstar in the Belt and the first to rise; (2) Al Nilam, the center, culminate about January 25; Mauiki'iki'i is not in the Belt but on the opposite horizon and is composed of stars primarily in Hercules north, Serpens and Sagittarius, south; (3) AI Nitak, lowest star in the Belt, follows the other two stars].
o ka malo 0
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1995
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20CX>
J l 1
1987
The loincloth that Akalana had put on, Hina-a-ke-ahi conceived, born a warrior bird, a moa, The egg of a moa the son Hina conceived, Not ever had she slept with a moa, A moa indeed she had borne; When the child crowed, Hina asked, ((How is this child born from sleeping with a man?" A child of awesome power the son of Hina-a-ke-ahi Guardians of the long and short posts of the house were peeved, They (who) were the brothers of Hina, Two pillars of the four sides measured; Maui wrestled (them) in combat, (and) those posts fell, Blood then flowed on the forehead of Maui, (In) the first of Maui's struggles; Ki'i i ka pu'awahia a Kane rna laua to Kanaloa
2001
o ka alua ia a Maui o kaua akolu ke ku'eku'e 0 ka'ahu'awa o kaua aha 0 ka tohe a Lame rna laua to Kanaloa o kaua aono 0
0 kaua alima 0 ka paehumu ka anu'u Nu(nu) Maui, ninau i ka makuakane, Ho' ole Hina, t A' ole au makua, 157
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Kalana 0 ka makua ia (Ono i ka ia'a na Hina-a-ke-ahi A'o i ka lawai'a, kena Hina-a-ke-ahi "E ki'i toe i ko makuakane Aia ilaila ke aho, ka makau o Manaia-ka-Iani 0 ka makau ia 0 ka lou (a)na 0 na moku e hui ka moana kahiko, Ki'i (a)na a alae nui a Hina Ke kaikuahine manu; o kaua ahiku (0) na ua a Maui o ke kupua eu nana i ho'olou Ke a, ka waha, ka 'opina 0 Pimoe o ka i'a (Aimoku e halulu ai ka moana Lilo Pimoe moe i kaina a Maui Ulu aloha 0 Mahanaulu'ehu o kama a Pimoe Lawena uka ai Maui i na i'a koe ka pewa I hO'ohalulu a'e Kane rna laua '0 Kanaloa, o kaua a hikilele 'iwa a Maui Ola Pimoe rna ka pewa Ola Mahaha'uluehu rna ka hi'u; Lilo HIna-ke-ka ia Pe'ape'a o kaua ho' olawa 'ia a Maui I waluhia ka maka 0 Pe'ape'a-mak.a-walu, Kikiki kaua ia Moemoe.
t
o ka malo 0
He got the black 'awa root of Kane and Kanaloa, (That) was the second contest of Maui's; The third was pulling up the tuft of sedge [to follow Hina in the underworld]; The fourth was the bamboo of Kane and Kanaloa; The fifth was the fenced platform of the temple ground; The sixth was that of the oracle tower; Maui scolded (Hina) when he asked about his father, Hina refused, (saying), "You have no father, The loincloth of Kalana is your father," Hina-a-ke-ahi (then) wanted to eat fish; Teaching him to fish, Hina--a-ke-ahi (then) commanded him: "Go (get) yur father, Overe there is the line and hook, Manaia-ka-Iani, that fishhook [Scorpius] For hooking up islands in ancient seas," (Then) get the Great-mudhen-of-Hina, (My) bird sister That was the seventh competition of Maui; The trickster demigod caught by hook The jaw, mouth, and gills of Pimoe, The island fish that tethered shook the seas; Pimoe caught fast on the line of Maui, (As) Mahanaulu'ehu's pity (for him) grew, Son of Pimoe, When the fish was carried ashore, except the tail;
158
Then (were) Kane and Kanaloa shaken, (By) the ninth shocking feat of Maui; Pimore lived again by the caudal fin, Mahanaulu'ehu by the tail, Hina-the-bailing-gourd lost to Pe'ape'a [Southern Cross] The bat god was Pe'ape'a, That was when Maui proved sufficient to the test, When the eyes of the Eight-Eyed Bat, Pe'ape'a-maka-walu, were gouged out; Moemoe knocked out in that bout; 2035 Kilika ke kaua a Maui i ka la I kipuka tahele a Maui lilo Makali'i ka la lilo ke kau ia Maui; Inu i ka wailena ma ke kuna 0 Kane ma laua '0 Kanaloa Then Maui battled the swift passing of the sun, With a lasso Maui (made), The winter seas of the Pleiades became the sun's, [Pleiades in the night sky between November and (declining) February] The summer solstice became Maui's [Hercules rising May, declining August] He drank the river water muddied by the freshwater eel Of Kane and Kanaloa;
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2040
o kaua i ka ho'upa'upa
Funi Hawai'i, puni Maui Puni Kaua'i, puni O'ahu I Kahalu'u ka 'ewe, i Waikane ka piko
2045
o Maui-a-ka-malo o ka ho'okala kupua 0

Hemoku no.
Ha'ule i Hakipu'u i Kualoa ka moku
He fought to exhaustion Around Hawai'i, around Maui, Around Kaua'i, around O'ahu; At Kahalu'u the placenta, at Waikane the navel cord, He died at Hakipu'u in Kualoa, Maui -of-the-Ioincloth. Amazing ancestor of the district, Of the island.
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159
Chant 16
2049
Ka Wa Urnikumaono
The Line of Chiefly Descent from Maui
Hinakealohaila ka wahine Maui ke kane [Stars in Hercules, Sagittarius, Ophiucus] Nanamaoa Kula'i Nanakua'e Kapawa* Heleipawa Hulumalailena [Sirius] [MUkyWay] 'Aikanaka Hinakapa'ikua Hinaho' opa' ia Keaukuhonua Kukuluhiokalani [*at Kukaniloko, Wahiawa] Ko' oko' okumaikalani Hinamaikalani Hina' aiakamalama
2050
2055
Hanau Puna i mua, 0 Hema, 0 Puna i mull, 'Aha'i Hema i ke 'ape'ula 0 Luamahaheau Hanau Kaha'i-nui-a-Hema Born Puna first, Hema, Puna the younger Hema went after the 'ape'ula red taro of Luamahaheau Born great Kaha'i, son of Hema 2060 Wahieloa ke kane Ho'olaukahili ka wahine Laka [Oraaka (Kapingamarangi), Pegasus] Hikawaolena Luanu'u (2) [zenith] Kapokulei'ula Kamea Popomaile Pohukaina Huahuakapolei Hua Popomaile Patinuikaikeanaina Manokalililani Huanuiekalala'ila'ikai Kapoea Paun uikuakaolokea Kapuho' okia Haho Kauwilai'anapu Palena Hikawainui* [Cpo Kumulipo Chant 1 line 264: "0 Hikawainui, 0 Hikawaina. .. Of Hikawainui, the strong current, of Hikawaina, the calm current"] Hanau Hanala'anui, hanau Hanala'aiki [Named for the Twins, Gemini, Castor and Pollux] Hanala'aiki* Kapukapu [*Hanala'aiki's line of descent to ruling chiefs of Maui] Mauiloa Kauhua Alau Moeikeana Kanunuokokuheli'i Keikauhale Lonomai [Sirius] Kolu Wakalana Kawai 'Aio Pula Kaheka Mailou Mapuleo Kama' eokalani Paukei Pa'inale'a Luakoa ke kane Hina'ao'apo ka wahine Kuhimau Kaumana
2065
2070
2075
2080
160
2085
Kamaluohua Loe Kahokuohua Kaka'e [brother of Kaka'alaneo] Kaulahea (1) Kahekili (1)
Kapu Waoha'akuna Hikakauwila Kapohanaupuni Kapohauola
2090
2095
2100
Hanau 0 Kawauka'ohele, 0 Kelea-nui-noho-ana-'api'api ka wahine Noho [Kelea] is Kalamakua Hanau La'ie1ohelohe, noho ia Pi'ilani, [hanau Pi'ikea] '0 Pi'ikea noho ia 'Umi, [hanau] '0 Kumalae-nui-a-'Umi Nona ka Pall haili kauwa Kumalaenui-a-'Umi ke kane, '0 Kumunuipuawale ka wahine Makua ke kane, ka wohi kukahi 0 ka moku Kapohelemai ka wahine, he wohl all'i kau, ka ho'ano '0 'I, ia 'I ka moku, ka haina kanaka Ke kaulana 'aina i Pakini Ka 'ohi'a ko, ke ku'ina 0 ka moku 0 Hawai'i Ia Ahu, ia Ahu-a-'I, ia Lono Ia Lono-i-ka-makahiki ho'i Born Kawauka'ohele, Ke1ea-nui-noho-ana-'api'api th wife Ke1ea lived with Kalamakua Born La'ie1ohe1ohe, lived with Pi'ilani, born Pi'ikea, Pi'ikea lived with 'Umi, born Kumalae-nui-a-'Umi, His the cliff cursing kauwa outcasts Kumalae-nui-a-'Umi husband, Kumunupuawale, wife; Makua the husband, the wohi kapu chief of the district Kapohe1emai, the wife, a wohi kapu chiefess, revered; 'I, to'I the district, the human sacrifice(s), The famous land of Pakini [heiau in Ka'u, Hawai'i]; The 'ohi'a ko rite of the temple, central to the island of Hawai'i, To Ahu, to Ahu-a-'I, to Lono, To Lono-i-ka-makahiki, indeed.
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] ]
1 l l
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]
[*Note: The tohi/a ko rite was performed in the luakini (heiau po'okanaka) to Ku; the wohi kapu was a right to chiefs to choose to perform either the kapu moe (prostration tabu) or the kapu noho (sitting tabu) when in the presence of a chief with a rank requiring the kapu moe; the 'I kapu in the last stanza is also the name of the chiefs of the name, usually of Ka'u district, ' 'kalanI, . 'I m akakooa, 1 'Ika' ] I.e., 'I mal pa a, etc.. HawalI,
161
'.~ ~
I
Chants 15-16 Genealogical Emphasis in Chants 15-:-16 The genealogical sequence from Haumea and Wakea [Chants 13-16] was meant (perhaps) to coordinate their common ancestry on the Opu'upu'u line of descent down through the brothers, Li'aikuhonua and Ohomaila. However, this period of time involves the migrations from south to north (to Hawai'i) in the time of two other brothers who come later, known to Hawaiians as Ulu and Nanaulu. They are also known to the Maori of New Zealand and Rarotonga as Ngunguru
Ngangana
(Hawai'i)]
and
(Rarotonga) or Uru
and Ngangana (Maori), sons of TIkI [[Cpo K!'1
connected with the Maui family of ruling chiefs in West Polynesia (Tonga,
Uvea, Samoa). What is, perhaps, most important to the Hawaiian kaka'ole1o, or pedigreekeepers entrusted at the courts of ruling chiefs with maintaining the he1u papa, was that the koihonua (genealogical chants) essentially preserve the older descent lines (maternal) although lacking survivors, as from La'ila'i and Ali'ihonupu'u, in addition to later descent lines, as from Haumea (Papa) and Hina during the time of active Polynesian migrations. Emphasis on Maw's life (as though he may have at one time been resident in these islands) associates him with O'ahu, locating him at Kahalu'u, Hakipu'u, and Kualoa in the Ko'olau district. Emphasis on Lono-i-ka-makahiki in the conduding
wa canto is to Maui and Hawai'i, since his father (Keawe-nui-a-'Umi) descended

from the twins, Hanala'anui Nanaulu migrations. The significance of the Ulu-Nanaulu migration period is the effect of crossing the equator, or when navigators and settlers move eastward, stretching the borders north (to Hawaii), east to Rapa Nui (Easter Island) and southwest to Aotearoa (New Zealand) while maintaining the entire record of ancestry, induding those of parents and children left behind in older homelands in he1u papa recitations, that is to say, without benefit of writing, strictly as oral tradition. (HawaFi) and Hanala'aiki (Maui), after the Ulu-
162
Recapitulation of Descent Lines to Successors (Dynastic Period) (1) (2)

(3)
Wakea to Ulu and Nanauiu Ulu to Maui (Dynastic Line to Kapi' olani) Dynastic Descent Lines (Kamehameha + Kalakaua)
[Nanaulu genealogy, continued; dates computed back from Kamehameha birthdate, 1740 A.D.]
I I J J
ca AD40 Wakea Papa AD65 Hoohokukalani AD65 Haloa Hinamanouluae 90 Waia Huhune 115 Hinanalo Haunuu
140 165 190 215 240 265 290 315 340 365 390 415 440 465 490 515 540 565 590 615 640 665 690 715 749 765 790 815 840 Nanakehili Wailoa Kio Ole Pupue Manaku Kahiko Lukahakona Luanu'u I Ki'i 2 ULU Nanailani. Waikulani Kuheleimoana Konohiki Wa'WeIla Akalana Maulakalana Nanamaoa Nanakaoko* Kapawa Heleipawa Hulumanailani Aikanaka HEMA Haulani
[Calculation: 25 years per generation]
[4 generations = 100 years (1 century)]
[8 generaions = 200 years]
[12 generations = 300 years]
ULU Nanaie Nanailani Waikulani Konohiki Wa'WeIla
[Migrations to Hawai'i] NANAULU 361 [16 generations = 400 years] [Cpo Ngana (Ra'a Ngana), Tongan title] Nanamea Pehekemana 461 [20 generations = 500 years]
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Akalana Pehekeula 511 [560 A.D. alignment date for Mauiakalana Kukaniloko; acc.Douglas Nanarnaoa Nanamua 561 Fernandez] Nanakaoko Nanaikeauhaku611 Kapawa [24 generations = 600 years] [*Nanakaoko, first chief born at Kukaniloko birth heiau] Heleipawa Keaoa 661 Hulumanailani 711 Aikanaka Hekumu [28 generations = 700 years] PUNAUa Uamaikalani Auanini Newalani Umalei 761
J
]
1 1
l
!i . '. iI
KAHA'I Wahleloa Laka Luanu'u 2
Kalai 811 [32 generations"" 800 years]
163
i i
865 890 915 940
Kamea Pohukaina Hua Pau
861 Lonohuanewa Malelewa'a Lonowahilani Hopoe 911 [36 generations 900 years] Pau
965 . Huanukalalailai 990 Paumakua 1015 Haho 1040 Palena 1065 1090 1115 1140 1165 1190 1215 1240 Hanala'anui Lanakawai La'au
961 Makalawena Paumakua 1011 Leleho'oma Moe(a)naimua [40 generations = 1000 years] Kekupahaikala 1061 Kumakaha Luahiwa 1111 Mawe.ke [44 generations == 1100 years]
PUI
Koa
Ahukai Mulieleali'i 1161 La' a Mo'ikeha 1186 La'amaikahiki Ho'okamali'i 1211 [1215 A.D. Magna Charta 1236 in Englsnd] Kahai [48 generations = 1200 years] Kuolono 1261 1265 Kanipahu Lauliala'a 1286 1290 Kalapana Mae10 Laulihewa 1311 1315 KahaimoeleaLaulihewa Kahuoi 1336 [1350 AD. migrations end] Kahuoi 1340 Kalaunuiohua [52 generations = 1300 years] 1365 Kuaiwa Puaakahuoi Puaakahuoi 1361 1390 Kahoukapu lCukahiaililani Kukahiaililani 1386 1415 Kauholanuimahu Mailikukahi Mailikukahi 1411 1440 Kihanuilulumoku Kalonaiki Kalonanui 1436 [56 generations = 1400 years) 1465 Liloa Piliwale Kalamakua 1461 Hakau Kukaniloko (m.Kelea) 1486 1490 'Umialiloa Kalaimanuia La'ielohelohe 1511 1515 Kealiiokaloa KaihikapuPi'ikea 1536 [60 generations = 1500 years] 1540 Kukailani Kakuhihewa Kumalaenuiaumi1561 Kaihikapu1586 [1607 Jamestown, Virginia] 1565 Makakauali'i Kauakahikua- Makua 1611 1590 lwikauikaua Kaneikauaiwi- 'I 1636 [1620 Plymouth Rock, Mass.] 1615 (Keakea1ani) [64 generations'" 1600 years] 1640 Keakealani Kalanikaulele-Ahu-a-'I 1661 Kapaihi-a-Ahu1686 1665 Keaweikekahi- 1690 Keeaumoku Keeaumoku Heulu 1711 1715 Keouakupuapaikaalaninui Keaweaheulu 1736 [68 generations = 1700 years: Wakea to Kamehameha] Kamehameha I Keohohiwa 1761 [Captain James Cook, 1778-79] 1740 Kamehameha 1* 1797 Liholiho (Kamehameha 2) Aikanaka 1786 1834 Kauikeaouli (Kamehameha 3) Keohokalole 1811 [1848 Great Mahele] 1836 Kapiolani (w) 1834 1836 Alexander Liholiho (Kamehameha 4) Kalakaua Ulluokalanl 1 83 8 [*Kamehameha's birthdate calculated according to age (79 years) given to Golovnin (Russian explorer) in 1819 befoe Kamehameha died). Ole Kukohou Kaniuhi
164
The Missing Luanu'u Helu Papa Text by David Malo The David Malo text of the Kumulipo (and the later Kuluwaimakal Kalanianaole version) was the first written text of the Kumulipo helu papa. The date
on the Malo manuscript is 1827, which means it was written down a year after the orthography of the Hawaiian language was settled in 1826, or five years before Lahainaluna Seminary was formally opened (1831). The complete Kumulipo papa
helu text contained the Luanu'u genealogy, which was not included in the earliest
published translations of the text. Malo's work was done before the Hale Naua sent by Kalakaua to Moloka'i retrieved the chants from the priests who used the knotted cord (hipu'u). When the texts were published, the Luanu'u segment was left out. However, until then the only Kumulipo records were Malo's he1u papa, which retains the Luanu'u text rendered below, with some attempts at translating the Luanu'u names.
[Ali'ihonupu'u] 693 694 Muaikekele Muaipoipo Mulemule 'Akia [Opu'upu'u] Nu'uko'i'ula
Kalola
Mehekea1a [1465] Meheau
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]
[David Malo text of Luanu'u, commencing at Kaioia] 694 695
Kaloia
Kahakukelemoana Hookaa Moae Kapaau Kaiwikoko Manakamoo Kapuu Kaiwa Nuupele Kaholomoku
Kaluanuuokoa
698
702
706
[luanu'u 'entire] Manaku Wahukanaka

Kaanuunuiikumamao
710
[luanu'u-great-stands-afar] Kopili Kaehoihaikala
Meheau Ka'aluna Nakaka Nahae Lana Kamaka Kaneilokahale Kalaumaumau Hakianapala Kauakia Haili Kamakamaka [friend, equal] Hooleia Kamoka Ka'a [move] Nonolo Kulia
, iI
....
165
714 716
720
Kaumihau Kaumihau Kaolokea Aukuu Keopulani Kapoukiaokalani Kookookalani Keki Ooohalakulani Kaahinakumauna Lopali
Kanoe
Anianikalani Anianikalani Laalaau Maihope Kamapele Ko'olani Mumu Kuhela

Paai
Kalulumakanui
KahiwalaIokona 724
728
732
736
Kahiwakaapu Kalolenanuialohai Puuaekahakumoana Kikimakaihao Keaupeakukoae Kaulakiaioelani Kakukuinanahua Amihakalani Weloka Mihikipua Lonokahokuemihaikalani Kahokumakaweloweloula Kalolomaiao Kalalomaiao
Lopali Lohana Kanae Keaka Kamoeaulani Kapaukulani Kaopuulani Ilikahonua Kaponihaikala Malualani Ulapunuakele Kaakakailani Hooleianoa Kapeakau
Kamakanewa
Kaukeaweula Kaumeheli Kupuaiekea Hooliu
(End David Malo text]
(reverting to generation 707 on the Kumuhonua line, David Malo text. continuing]:
708
715
720
725
Kamoleikama Onipua Kaukiukikaulanai Maiko Kelekaunuiakoha Kahauli Koiewe Kapaakelono . Klokoloula Kalohiali'i Mauikoi Kekoaenuihulumaemae Kekaiakeakoaehulumaemae Kaikikiapaananea Kauamuku Kahiwahewahe1ekohana Kamakanuanu Hekanulau Kaneneluoiawahi Kaulupeakamanu Hawiniwini
Hapuukama Ninio Kekahoakaulaokalani Kohalanikapu Kohalanikapu (?) Kahapoele Kalanikapu Kaihalakau Kololei Kapoleiula Hoakamapu Kaumanalani Kaihokuhoku Kanakalkaekea1onokamaka Kauna Halalaikaiamahia
Malona
Mapuu Kanaeleolaawaia Kaulala Kaleomalahea
166
I
730
Kakaileiohoaka Kekahaouuokalani Kahoukapuamehelani Kaulaihoae Hihikiekalaniil una Kukalokukalaniil una Kuokuhulikuwa Hikileleakau Kamualionuhi Pupuepapaokauwali Kalaniiluna [the sky above] Kaluanu'uikapohuikaekeeke [kuanu'u-at-night-with-bamboo-drummer(s) Kaoiliokamalama Kahaokamakelele Kahakupapalani Kaulaihoani Luanu'ukahiko [luanu'u 'ancient'] Kuokuma Kalanihaliua Kealaakai Maimaiikoloahaha Ailimanoano KahonuailaJo, hanau Kaluanu'u [earth below, born Luanu'u] Kanikuhekuhele [sounding to go]
735
740
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]
Luanu'ukiahunailokoihalepahuikeekanapule Haliilauhau [1 uanu 'u -pillar-hidden -in -drumhouse-corner-prayer-ritual] [spread hau leaves] Luanu'ukahunailokoimanakamo'o [luanu'u-priest-in-halemana-with-tapa] Luanu'uilokoiwaieaikahoaliiaulamaana [luanu'u-in-halewai'ea-kahoali'i-to-light-torch] Luanu'uiwahoinapahukapea [luanu'u-outside-drums-border] Kahakuili [apan-kuili-prayer-service] Kainaaha [lead -aha-cord-service] Alahoihoiaku [path-to-return] Kapukuokaio [law-abiding-to-stand] Kuhulukai [Ku-esteeemed-to-lead] Hoalaiaku [raise-up] Kumakalehua
[Ku~in-the-Iehua-flower]
745
Luanu'ukekainaoloaikealinapapa [luanu'u-Iead-oloa-tapa-Ievel] Kaluanu'ukuulalawaiaikaaoa [1 uan u'u-fish shrine-offering-place] Luanu'uheikuikamaloholau [lusnu'u-net/string-the-Ioincloth-house]

Luanuukuamukua~waekuilokanananu'u
[l uan u'u-silen t-speak-oracle-tower] Kaluanu'uhookaahikiilaloiwaiea [luanu'u-start-bind-below-hale-wai'ea
Papaikahonua [Papa-in-the-earth/level1 Papailaninei [Papa-in-the-sky-here] Komohanahale [enter-workhouse]
1 l
..
750
Kaluanu'uhookaahikiilaloiwaiea Kaluanuukapailunohoaaikeaanua [luanu'u-fence-people-sit] Kaluanuuhilinakaleleikaniopuka [luanu'u-Iean-altar-doorway]
167
Kaluanuulapauilaikahoaka [luanu'u-lightning-flash-first-crescent-moon] Kaluanuuowaikukaienohoanaikapoualo [luanu'u-shout-exchange-sitting-front-post]
Hooneeauwai [move-irrigation-waters] Hiiakapoukua [lift-back-pillar] Hiiakapoualo [lift-front-p ill ar] Kapoulanahua [post-float-Jupiter-13th moon] Waipunaea [spring-water] Kaokoikealookahakualaea [ahead-front-alaea (clay basin) lord] Holanapala [spread-pala-fern] Alaauaku [path-that-way] Alaaumai [path-this-way] Hauhaumaliemai [offering-quiet] Hikumakoi [seven-net-fishing] Akakailani [clear-sky] Haikimaileli'i [steme-maileli'i] Kakealamaiueleka [torchlight-clear-brush] Kaukalohalo [kalokalo informal prayer] Kaukaomea [upland of someone/thing] Kuikaipuai [place food calabash]
755
Kaluanuuohokuonoikahuina [luanu'u-at-inside-corner-of-house] Kaluanuuheikuikapouemanu l1uanu'u-net-post image-bird (Procyon)] Luan uuikukapahuluanianikalanikuo [luanu'u-drum-pit-reflect sky-stand there] Kaluanuukumakaiwaikailiilikipapaunu [luanu'u-stands-makaiwa-image pebbles-shrine] Luanuuimuakeahukanailokoikalananuumamao [luanu'u-altar-in-oracle-tower]
760
Luanuuikuaupalahoomoepuleikeahiahi [luanu'u-pala-fern-stalk-Iay-evening-prayer] Luanuuhoalapuleikawaanakakahiakaikaponiponi [luanu'u-raise-prayer-midmorning-dark] Kaluanuukieienohoanaiakahalehau [luanu'u-look into-sitting-in-wooden house] Kaluanuukaneikahalau [luanu'u-at-men's-work house] Kaluan uuikekaulanapawaikealaula [luanu 'u-float/level-dawn]
765
Luanuukanekanaloalolohonue [luanu'u-kane-kanaloa-zenith-turtle] Kaluanuualaohanaikeaomaliukalani [luanu'u-Iead-work-light-Spica/Virgo-in-sky] Luanuumakiiloheloheoheenohoanikalohaku [luanu'u-maki'ilohelohe-tapa-hanging] Luan uunakilolaniekiloanailalowaia [luan u'u-o bserve-sky-in-Lalowaia Luanuukapaiakuhialaeaenohoanaikeahupuaa [luanu'u-fern-direct-alaea rite-in-ahupua'a]
168
770
Kaluanuukupinaienohoanaikealopali [luanu 'u-wailing-si t-face-c1iff] Kaluanuuahaolinaikawalena [luanu'u-cord-space-Sirius] Kaluanuumouoleleaenohoanaimoanaliha [luanu'u-continues-leap-to-live-in-Moanaliha] Luanuukanehulikoahulihiakoaluahaku [luanu'u-male-turn over-coral-Luahaku] Kaluan uukanehoalani [luanu'u-Kanehoalani]
Leilekohahanamai [wear-wreath-alone] Kapauhinu [shining-tapa-cloth] Kaukaalei [the-wreathed-upland] Maeakekoaihaua [surface-coral-al tar] Hinaolomele [Hina-sounding-song] Neheoweowe [rustling-sound] Hsumakaeele [blurred-eyesight]
J
] ]
775
Kaluanuukuieoloonakekeilunakalaninei [luanu 'u -sounding-shaking-the-sky] Kaluanuukaponiolonoenohoikeahihiwa [luanu'u-dark-of-Lono-sits-in-sacred-darkness] Na laua i hanau mai kukulu 0 ka honua [By them born the compass of the earth]
777
Kukuluohonua [pillar-of-earth] Mawaenu'u [mid-zenith]

Punanana
Kukuluokalani [pillar-of-sky] Mawaelani [mid-sky] Punanailania Aeae Aoao Keaweawe Laaukaoko Kalewalewalani Kalewalewaho'omaku Hakuhai, na laua mai 0 Hui Hui Hoomalolo Kamehaikea Kamehaikupua Haikupua Kualolau Kaalaakekaa Lalowaiaala Poelua Huluhulumania Kamakouaala Hiaalaikawaakele Laumekiaula Hinalekai Alanamoana Loiaka Kapiola Nuukahili Naenaeala Waikuaala Kalauawaaala Nilehihiikaaiwalau
780 782 785
Ae Ao Keawe Laaukuku Kalewa Hopupalali laiala Iaiala Kahonuanei, na laua mai Auwaei Auwaeeleo. Auwaepane Auwaeeleo Auwaeku Auwaenoho Aku Anoho Pipilipili Moemoemomoe Aiai Kikoikikoi Hookukapakapakaua Kokohopuu Kumuhonua Kamoleokahonua Keaaokahonua Kamalele Panee Kokolo
l 1
790
795
169
Kawe1uokahonua Kahihiokahonua Kailiokahonua Kalalaokahonua Kalauokahonua Karnuokahonua
Keapo Kapea Nakaka Kalanimalu Maulukia Keoka
Ha'ikarnoku puka Kiipua Lohia Nakahunaokapo Nakahunaokeao Kahakui
hanau
'0
Ulunui ka wahine
800
Kiihaapola Lonae Kapoeleele Keaomailani Kahakulei
80S
810
815
Kahakumaanuu Uauanuu Lailakanal u Lailakahonua Mauukaakanalu Mauukaahonua Pokaakaakanalu Kaalakekaaaniekamakani o Nikuakuilunakalani He Kanewabineihoniakaukaa HemanonikukaalaneieLono Nalononakaukaniikahooipo Iakaniakeulakanimai Opuhekanakaoleloloalohaiaaka-lakiniaula Kaneluhonua Keokalele 0 Halamau 0 Halapia Kahaumaoia Kulolo 0 Halaaha 0 Halaoki ka wahine Kahaumaalarnea Nohonoho 0 Lauhalapuawa 0 Lauhalaliilii Kanuuneeneeaku Poele Hanau Mapunaiaala he wahine 0 Kuheleimoana ke kane Pokano No laila mai '0 Konohiki [End line from Hakuhai (w)] Kanuuneeneemai [line continuing from Kahonuanei (w)] Papahimaloeookekumu Kahihikaunoa Neeneeakuauokalau Wawaehaaipo Luanuukahunaimanakamoo [luanu'u-priest-power-tapa] Kaluanu'ukealahoailnuakeahukana [luanu'u-path-companion-before-altar-Kana] Mahai (w) [chief's retainer] Kawaohoomakua [space-ancestral]
Waialiimaomao Uaiokahonua Kuikaukala Kekumuokahonua Laloohilukekimoku Kumuhonua Puea Alealeapokii Nauelepokii Aaia Pu puliiliiana Kapumaola 0 Makuawale 0 Uihele
818
820
Luanuuhookalakupuailalowaia Hauekepue kana wahine Kaluanuukuhialaeimuahonualaikalanakuikawaihonaokawae [luanu'u-direct-alae-front-calm-earth-water-floats-down-the-divide [hidden-chiefess-his-wife] Kahiaanuumokoikualaaukawaomehawaii Ahakakai [oracle-tower-adz-cu t-tree-forest-Hawaii] [open-space-seaward.] [oracle-tower-cut-down-tree-forest-Hawai'i Kaluanuuohoehaoimuahonua'ula [luanu'u-call-strong-before-red-earth] Kuhananui kana wahine [stands-working-his-wife]
Kaluanuukuamukuawaawaekuilokokalananuu Kualanakila kana wahine [luanu'u-prays (kuamu and kuawa)-center-before-oracle-tower) [stands-victorious his wife]
825
Kaluanuunohonionioikapoukuaokapouomanu [luanu'u-sits-threshhold-back-Pou-o-Manu-post] Kaluanuumokuhaliikaneikalau [luanu'u-Mokuhali'i-Kane-i-ka-lau-forest-gods]
Lamalamakaio kana wahine [torchlight-seaward his wife] Hikimalino kana wahine [calm-approach-his-wife]
170
830
Na laua mai 0 Kukuihaa ke kahuna lapaau Hanau mai Kekiukuialii i kanu ia i ke alo 0 Papa Hanau mai ka la 0 Kapakukui lilo i kai, kiai kukui i uka Hanau hou mai Keki, hanau hou mai ka lama From them was Kukuiha'a the priest of healing Forn the chiefly kukui planted in the presence of Papa From the day of Kapakukui of the shore, kukui guarding the upland, Born again the day of the kukui-seed person of the shore that guards inland, Born again the 'I'i plant, born again the ebony tree Hanau Haapuaianeaa Hanau Ahulikaaala, he wahine oia ka i moe aku ia Kane o Hinamaileli('i) moe ia Kanaloa Born Haapuaianeaa Born Ahulikaaala, woman who slept with Kane Hinamaileli'i slept with Kanaloa
1
]
] ]
]
835
840
Hanau Wekewekewaleaku Hanau Wekewekewalemai Hanau Unahikawaleaku Hanau Unahikawalemai Hanau Holoholo Hanau Hooholiaponalo Na wahine nuku 0 ka Po Hanau Kaleleoi ka wahine weawea Hanau Mahikianaloa Keopumauu Kamauumakolukolu Weleapukapuka Okukeopu kana wahine Kamakuloa Kamakuloa Hooikala
845
]
835 Born Wekewekewaleaku Born Wekewekewalemai Born Unahikawaleaku Born Unahikawalemai Born Holoholo Born Hooholiaponalo Women (at) night's passage Born Kaleleoi, the woman (who) helps Born Mahikianaloa Born Mahikianaloa Keopumauu
171
840
,
.J
"
l:"
Okukeopu his wife Kamakuloa
845
Kamauumakolukolu Weleapukapuka
Kamakuloa Hooikala
BsG
Bss Bs6
0 Kumalaloa ke kane Hanau Kahoouaha, he wahine ia Hanau ka la kaolali lilo i kai Kiai ka mauu kuohohia i uka Hanau ka la 0 kapaku i kai Kiai ka mauu maniania i uka Hanau ka la 0 Kalipepeiao i kai Kiai kapu 0 keaalii i uka Hanau m.ai ko lakou hope he wahine, '0 Hai kona inoa '0 ia ka i moe aku ia Ole, na laua mai 0 Pupue '0 ia ke kanaka 0 kaili mai '0 Haloa, he kana 0 kuiamoo 0 Haloa
BsG
Bss Bs6
Kumalaloa the husband Born Kahoouaha, a woman Born the sun glistening as it goes into the sea The mature grass stands guard in the upland Born the sun overwhelmed by the sea The smooth grass guards upland Born the sun of Kalipepeiao at sea The a'ali'i plant stands sacred guard upland Born thir descendant a female, Ha'i by name, She slept with Ole, by them Pupue, The one whom Haloa had made (his) personal attendant.
[End David Malo Luanu'u text, replaced into Kumulipo helu papa J.
172
INTERPRETATIION Interpretation of the Arithmetical Notation in the Genealogical Count with the Kaiokahinali'i Tsunami as a Compass-Calendar Configuration One of the cosmic concerns appearing in the belu papa recitations is the name used for the tsunami over a long period: of time as the Kaiokabinall'i containing Hinali'i
I I J
for the star Capella in Auriga:
"... Beautifully shaped Aurigae, the charioteer, rides high in northern winter skies, dominated by brilliant Capella at the northwestern comer of the prominent pentagon that makes the figure. Almost immediately to the east lies a mid-second magnitude star, Menkalinan, at the northeast comer, the Arabic name meaning 'the shoulder of the rein-holder: Though the third brightest star in the clasic pentagon, Menkalinan carries Auriga's 'Beta' designation. The second brightest, Elnath, close to f1rst magnitude, connects Auriga with Taurus, and though it has the former name Gamma Aurigae, is more properly known as Beta Tauri, technically leaving Menkalinan second brightest in Auriga. As Polaris locates the north pole and Mlnta1ca. in
Orlan's Belt the celestial equator, Menkalinan locates the
~solstlt1al
colure'the great circle in the sky that passes througb both celestial poles and the summer and winter solstices. Menkalinan is a mere half-minute of arc (an
angle less than the eye can see) off the colure. Immediately south lies Theta Aurigae, which is even closer, a quarter of a minute away. A line
passed througb these stars to the south points at Betelgeuse in Orion, the summer solstice (the location of the Sun on the first day of summer) lying in Gemlni about half way between Tbeta and Betelgeuse ... "
[astro.uiuc.edul-kalerlsow/menkalinan.html; "The Constellations, From Jim Kaler's STARS Pages," p.l].
Tahitian Tahi'ari'i is cognate with Kahinali'i for Auriga which has other names in Polynesia: Matariki, Mata-tau-inoa, Fa'anui, and Taranga. Taranga from Kapingamarangi is Maui's father [Maui-tikitiki-a-Taranga], meaning that Maw was from Taranga's topknot (tikitiki). The topknot (tildtild) is hair of the head uncut
l l
~
I,:,'
and left on male children after the tonsure ceremony performed whereby the uncut portion was then allowed to grow for an individual's entire life. Braided and twisted
173
into a topknot it was skewered with a comb to hold it in place. In Hawaii it was a nine-ply braid of hair threaded through a whaletooth after death to form the lei
mho palaoa pendant, a symbol of rank and power (mana) passed down through the
line of noble chieftains and worn around the neck as protection.
The Kaiokahinali'i Generations in the Helu Papa:
192 193 194 399

400 601 602
Mahina* Mahinale Mahinalea Papio Manu 'akele*

(Cp. Manu'a, in Samoa)
Hina Ulukua
Palemo
moon
Kaiokahinalii 1 Kaiokahinalii 2
Lo'ilo'i Kealo Olua Kaneiwa '0 Li'i* la'a* Aka Mimika Kilika,
60S
Li'iomaka U'ipau '0 'A* Ali'i Ali'ila'a* Lo'i'ele'ele Lo'ipo
Kaiokahinali'i 3
Sirius/Pleiades Pegasus Pleiades/Pegasus
811
812
813
Pola'a
Kaiokahinali'i (1)
Kaiokahinali'i 4
was perhaps timed to the full moon at Palemo, which What is important, perhaps, is that at the As one is rising (sun) the other
means the moon is visible in daylight.
equinoxes the moon is 180 degrees opposite the sun. is setting (moon) in the morning. set before daylight:
This is a name for the moon when it was full and
" ...The next night, the fifteenth, had two names applied to it. If the moon set before daylight ke ao ana--it was called Hoku palemo, sinking star, but if when daylight came it was still above the horizon it was called Hoku ill, 'stranded star' [Malo, 1951: 32; italics mine]. 174
Kaiokahinali'i
ancestor, recalling
(2) occurs in connection with a place,
Manu'akele, as or as
I I I
.I
'I .'.,
Manu'a in Samoa, near Ofu and Ta'u east of Tutuila,
Rarotongan tradtion would place it, in 'Avaiki (Savai'i).
Pagopago (Tutuila) is at This
latitude S 14 degrees 18'50" at longitude W 170 degrees 45'25" west of Manu'a.
suggests that the first and second Kaiakahinali'i tsunamis happened in nuclear Polynesia, i.e., west of Tahiti. The third Kaiokahinali'i happens at the end of the line of Ll'i, a reminder of
Rigi in Gilbertese myth:

" ... Another sky-raiser in Gilbertese myth is the butterfly or worm, called R1g1 or Rikl. Rigi first raises the sky, then Nareau the Elder, or Ancient Spider, orders sand and water to mate. They produce the octopus, the eel, and Nareau the Younger, or Young Spider. Nareau the Younger then cuts off two of the legs of the octopus, who then has Riki help him lift the sky. From the great effort of raising the sky, Rild falls dead from exhaustion. A into sympathetic god comes along and picks up the pieces, flinging them the sky where they are now the Milky Way, Mata-Rigi, or Mata-Riki, 'Eyesof-Rigi ('Eyes of Riki') the worm. Nareau the Younger makes the sun and . moon with the eyes of his father, stars from his brain, rocks and stones from his flesh, and trees from his spine .. .A similar version from Nauru records that the god of thunder and lightning is Tabuerik., or 'Andent Spider' (Jupiter) who takes the form of an omnipotent bird and soars over chaos. During the this chaos sky lies prone upon the earth. The butterfly Rigl separates heaven and earth ... " [Johnson. 1981: 38]. The geography here matters as much as the sky, that ancestors who died in tsunamis left their tracks behind, so that we may know that the Gilbert Islands are north of Samoa. Manu'a is at latitude S 14 degrees, Nauru (Gilbert Is.) is at latitude Manu'akele does not exist
J J
)
J
] ]
N 0 degrees 26'00" a few minutes above the equator. anymore. It "moved off" (-kele).
Li'i as Ll'i-pau
with Kane as -iwa,
with Kane-iwa
before
'A
(Sirius)and Ll'i
(Pleiades)
another name for Jupiter, 175
may signify the moon as the 27th
! J
night (Kane) in one sidereal lunation (27.3 nights) (13.5) that period of time.
with Jupiter
(-Iwa)
at half
The sidereallunation differs from the synodic in that one
synodic revolution of the moon is 29.5 days from first crescent (Hilo) back to that
point,
whereas the sidereal lunation
month is measured by the transit of a given
star over the meridian until next
transit.
In the third tsunami event the Pleiades (Makali'i) and Pegasus (La'a) (north) are with Sirius 'A to the south. about October-November. and the Pleiades (Makali'i).
Hlnall'l Hlnall'l
Pegasus (La'a) is in the night sky over Hawai'i (Capella) in Auriga is north of Pegasus (La'a) means 'fall-of-U'i, which may involve the
achronycal risings and settings of Capella near the Tropic of Cancer N 23.5 degrees
(Ke Ala Polohiwa a Kane).
[See Chart, p. 179]
With a team of researchers on the island of Kaho'olawe at the vernal equinox of 1992 (March 20-23, 1992) this author went there to do a study of alignments of certain stone markers (ahu) to celestial phenomena. Notes from that visit to Pu'u
Moa'ulaiki at the site of Keaweiki Bell Rock (Aikupele) to the northwest have survived in the report presented to the Kaho'olawe Conveyance Commission: " ... (Pu'u Mo'a'ulaiki... Keaweiki Bell Rock (Aikupele) ...may be productive in other respects, such as probable alignment of Capella in
Aurigae with its reciprocal at Procyon (NW to SE)"
Tradition of Keawe-
iki Rock 'bell-stone' ... Sighting along the diagonal cleft in the rock produced
no significant data except that the diagonal alignment to the horizon points to the setting position of Capella in Auriga at 310 degrees NW so that the advantage from that alignment of the rock is to its reciprocal heading backsight to 139 degrees SW as the rising point of Procyon... " [Johnson, mss: 12]. For Hawaii (latitude N 21 degrees ) Capella (Auriga) is setting in the northwest after the sun about July 5th, at which time Antares (Scorpius) is rising above the horizon to the southeast in the evening [Bryan, E. J.: 1977],
176
The Hawaiian Decan (Anahulu) Week and the Gilbertese Told System and Capella (Hinali'i) in Auriga The Hawaiian decan week, anabulu, of 1O-days , are 3 anahulu to a 30-day lunar month (synodic lunation). This count of the anahulu week was figured into
the 36S-day tropical year of 36 decan weeks = 360 days plus an interaction of 5.25 days. These 36 ten-day ttweek(s)" were also used in a configuration of a ttdiamond" shape of two isosceles triangles joined at their base, called a told tadz' (ko'i tadz' [Hawaii], as in the so-called ttdiamond" rock in Kukaniloko birth heiau in Helemano, O'ahu.
In the Gilbert Islands each decan of ten days was marked with a pebble for 36
I I i J I
star positions,
rising and setting (azimuths)
along the perimeter facing the
horizon through 365 days of the sun's motion north/south in a tropic year. As a parallel to that tradition, the Hawaiian tradition at Kukaniloko birth heiau requests that 36 "chiefs" be present when the chiefess was ready to give birth to the ruling chief since the time of Nanakaoko, grandson of Maui, about the sixth century
A.D.
Maybe the "chiefs" were 36 star positions, 18 to each side, between latitude N
to latitude S 23.5 degrees
I J I I
23.5 degrees (Ke Ala Polohiwa a Kane, Tropic of Cancer)

(Ke Ala Polohiwa a Kanaloa. Tropic of Capricorn),
this distance between latitudes
representing about 47 degrees, or half of the sun's north/south (= 94 degrees). At Kukaniloko the sun transits the zenith twice iD. the year at latitude N 21.21 degrees between May and July. As on Moloka'i, where the Pleiades was observed to move ahead by a month, from April-May to May-June, the star positions along the horizon corresponding to the pebble decan positions in the Gilbertese triangle would have been checked now and then.
toki
tadz'
The movement would be slight,
about a degree in 200 years. In Tahiti, these positions were checked and measured in the spaces between forked sticks placed along stone temple walls. To these changes
,
II
177
the priests could adjust their navigation star compass whenever needed and also determine the rate at which such stars move in and out of position. The Hawaiian anahulu week was thus a decan of ten days, with three such
anahulu
in a synodic lunation
(29.5-30 days). It was used to compute the Sothic
cycle in Egyptian calendrical reckoning as 1,460 days = 1 Sothic cycle = 4 tropic years (of 365 days = 12 synodic lunar months), thus: (a) (b) (c)
48 synodic lunations 1392 (+24) 1,416 days = 4 lunar years 1,460 days = 1 Sothic cycle 1,460 days = 1 Sothic cycle 1.460 days = 1 Sothic cycle 5,840 days = 10 Venus synodic
=
50 synodic lunations = 1450 + 10 54 sidereallunations

= =
1458 (+ 2) 365 (x 4)
(d)
(e)
4 tropic (solar) years
4 Sothic cycles of 1,460 days
(f)
10 Venus synodic cycles of 584 days = 5,840 days
4 tropic years
In this arrangement, then, the "diamond" (told) 'adz' configuration was not only a calendar but also a star compass adjusted to horizon positions of rising/setting (azimuth) stars. It could be used to clock calendar and compass and to time the sun's Below is a chart illustrating
course into 94 degrees in 365.25 days of the tropic year.
the 36 ten-day week and the corresponding rising/setting (achronycal) horizon stars. It is adjusted to the summer solstice position of Capella (Kahlnall'l)
in
Auriga
setting NW at 6:00 p.m June 21, 1992 (Latitude.. ".Pu'u Moa'ulaiki is adjusted to
about 335 degrees NW (or 25 degrees west of north as the correcponding degree of compensation... The setting azimuth of Capella 310 degrees NW is a 50-degree compensation (perhaps)
to
the
amplitude of the sun (?), or was Capella on the axis tilt at 335 degrees NW in the past (?)" ... The diagram shows the reciprocal of that bearing (310 d NW) as 138 d SE Procyon rising Dohnson, 1993: 13].
178
The Hawaiian Deean Weeks and Horizon Star Positions (Azimuths)

IAchronycal risings and settings: before sunrise (6:00 a.m.) and after sunset (6:00 p.m.) '[Note abbreviations: d (degree); n (north); ne (northeast); s (south); se (southeast);r setting]. N 23.5 d. Auriga, Belt Orion (r); Nunki (s) sw 19 Betelgeuse (r) Vega (s) nw 20 Gemini, Sirius Vega (s) nw 21 Gemini, Procyon, Sirius (r) Cygnus (s) nw Cygnus (s) nw Achernar s, sw Scheat (s) Algenib (s) 22 Procyon (r) 23 Dubhe (r) n 25 Regulus (r) 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 36 Denebola (r) Denebola (r)
=
rising, s
Vega (r) Vega (r) ne libra (r) se
Capella (s) Belt Orion (s)
solstice sun 18 17 16 15 14
13
June 21
Antares (r) se Capella (s) nw Hercules (r) ne Aldebaran (s) nw Pleiades (s) nw Corona B (r) neCanopus (s) sw Arcturus (r) neHamal (s) nw Spica (r) ne Alkaid Cassiopeia (s) nw Al Gienah + Al Chiba (r) se Algenib (s) Denebola (r) Alpheratz (s) nw Dipper (r) ne Markab (s) nw Regulus (r) ne Deneb (w) nw Dubhe (r) ne Fomalhaut (s) Cygnus (s) nw Altair (s) nw Pollux (r) ne) Altair (s) nw Castor (r) ne Vega (s) nw
I
June 19 June 29 June9 July 9 May 30 July 19 May 20 July 29 May 10 Aug Apr 30 Aug 18 Apr 20 Aug 28 Apr 10 Sept 7 Mar 31 Sept 17 Mar 21 Sept 27 Mar 11 Oct 7 Mar 1 Feb 9 Oct 17 Nov 6 Feb 19 Oct 27 Jan 30 Nov 16 Jan 20 Nov 26 Jan 10 Dec 6 Dec 31 Dec 16
J J
24Alphard(r)sw Deneb Fomalhaut Dipper(r) n Scheat,Markab (s)
12
11
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Gienah (r) seAlpheratz (s) nw Corvus(r) se Cassiopeia (s) nw Spica (r) se Hamal (s) nw Arcturus (r)Cassiopeia (s) nw Corona B (r) neCanopus (s) S Hercules(r) nePleiades (s) nw Antares (r) sw Auriga (s) nw Capella to Sirius S 23.5 d.
35 Hercules(r)ne Aldebaran, Orion
Orion Belt (r) Nunki (s) solstice sun(r)6:00 AM Dec.21KanaloaVega,Antares(r) [Orion Belt, Equator) solstice sun (r) 6:00 AM
Kanaloa
It is significant that the year in Babylonia and Egypt was detennined by the position of Auriga in relation to the moon at vernal equinox, when Auriga 'fell'
(hina) at sunset in 1700 B.C. [Denderah (Egypt) zodiac, temple of Ptah; Memphis, 5200
I l
B.C.]. it was after a period of 3,500 years. [Allen, 1963:87].
At that time the
Austronesian-speaking ancestors of Polynesians were not yet living in the culture area of Samoa (1500 B.C.) or Tonga, 1100 B.C.
179
Chart of Achronycal Risings and Settings: Kahinali'i (Auriga):January 1, May 18, June 21, July 3, (1998) [For Latitude N 23.5 d.].
Jan 1 NW 6:00 am Capella hina (x) Jan 1 NW 6:00 am Capella May 18 NE 6:00 am Capella
visible short period before setting at sunrise

hina ex) visible short period before sunrise
heliacal rising
hina ex)
before sunset visible; invisible in daylight
June 18 NW 6:00 am The Kids he1iacal setting visible short period after sunset June 21 ex) NW 6:00 pm Capella heliacal setting hina (x visible short period after sunset July 3 NW 6:00 pm Auriga heliacal setting hina ex) July 10 NW 6:00 pm Capella Nov 18 NE 6:00 p.rn.. Capella Dec 21 (x) meridian Capella heliacal setting evening rise
visible short period after sunset
sets before sunset, invisible period of visibility through night
post-meridian decline
The schedule of Auriga's rising and setting horizon positions between 500 B.c. and 1500 A.D. were made available in Anthony Aveni's studies of Mexican temple alighnments from which he tabulated the significant dates to mark the appearance and disappearance of bright stars. The follOwing events are for the period 500 B.C. to 1500 AD. of Capella's cycle [Aveni,1980: 115-116, Table 10, from latitude, 21 degrees north]:
1. The first day on which a star is visible rising in the east before sunrise:
500 B.C. (Zero) 500 A.D. 1000 AD. 1500 AD.
April 27 MayS May 13 May 22 May 30
180
2.
The last day on which a star is visible setting in the west after sunset: 500 B.C. (Zero) 500 AD. 1000 AD. 1500 AD. May 1 May 9 May 18 May 26 June 4
3.
The first day on which a star is visible rising in the east after sunset: 500 B.C. (Zero) 500 AD. 1000 AD. 1500 AD. October 7 October 15 October 24 November 2 November 11
4.
The first day on which a star is visible setting in the west before sunrise: 500 B.C. (Zero) 500 AD. 1000 AD. 1500 AD. November 14 November 23 December 1 December 10 December 19
I J I I I J J J
] ]
From the foregOing data the following deductions may be made: (a-b) Period 1: Capella was absent from the sky for an average of 157-158 days.
1. 500 B.c.
- 1 AD. April 27 - October 7
(157 days) (157 days) (157 days) (158 days).
2. 1 AD. - 500 AD. May 9 - October15 3. 500 - 1000 AD. May18 - October 24
J l
)
4. 1000-1500 AD. May 26 - November 2 (c-d) Period 2:
Capella was absent from the sky for an average of 162-164 days. November 15 - April 26 November 24 - May 4 November 30 - May 12 December 9 - May 21 December 19 - May 30 181 (163 days) (162 days) (164 days) (164 days) (165 days)
1. 500 B.C.
2. (Zero) 3. 500 AD. 4. 1000 AD 5. 1500 AD.
We may then adjust those findings to the Kai sequence from the cycle above.
Kahinali'i (Capella in Auriga)
(a) Kai
[Mahinalea-Palemo. Heliacal rising of Capella. ( Observed from N. Latitude 21 degrees, about the latitude of Kukaniloko Heiau, Central O'ahu, and Kualoa Pu'uhonua; and Ka'ena Point ):
0
Kahina1i'j (1)
May 1500 A.D. 4:29 a.m. Capella is observed rising in the east before sunrise on May 19th vanishing into daylight about June 1st. (b) Kai 0 Kahina1i'j (2) [papio-Lo'ilo'i]. June 1 - July 3rd. (Invisible about 58 days). Capella rises after the sun, is invisible through the day until it is seen setting above the western horizon at sunset, July 3rd. Capella goes out of sight about July 9th; by July 19 the whole constellation has I fallen' into the sea (kai ). c) Kai
0
Kahinali'j (3) [Li'ipau-Kaneiwa July 3 - October 31.
Capella is in a long period of invisibility for about 119 days, returning to the evening sky about November 1st. d) Kai
0
Kahinali'j (4) [Lo'ipo- Pola'a. [Capella is invisible about 51 days;
Auriga for about 52 days]. Capella is now in its night-long cycle from evening to morning, rising , in the east at sunset behind the Pleiades. Auriga transits the meridian
about midnight on the December solstice [Le., the Makali'i period for November] The constellation of Auriga is above the hOrizon, setting after the sun about the June solstice. The first star in the constellation to set is inviSible about June 23rd; El Nath about June 27th, while Capella and the two stars trailing behind remain as Capella exits the night sky.
182
I
The Kai-o-Kahinali'i cycle was probably tallied into Canto 11 as part of the sidereal notation to target days when the sun was: a) Firstly, on meridian through all of the islands in the archipelago from south (Hawaii, latitude 19 degrees north) to north (Nihoa, latitude 23.5 degrees north); b) Secondly, in the zenith at noon on the latitude of all of the major islands in the archipelago, especially those inhabited, from Hawaii to Kaua'i, between May and July; The focus of the generation count at Mahina, Mahinale, Mahinalea, and Palemo for Kai-a-Kahinali'l (1), about full moon due east is a supportive factor for that conclusion, however, there were adjustments for wayfmding to the south, and for the moment that possibility has not yet been factored in. The corresponding date, also, is another factor: May 19th. The sun has begun to enter into Hawaii's latitude (Kalae, South Point) about May 15th from the south. About May 20th the sun is at the latitude of Kawaihae (latitude north 20 degrees). About May 21st it is at the latitude of central O'ahu (Kualoa, Kukaniloko), and from May 31st to June 2nd at the latitude of Ni'ihau and Kaua'i until the solstice day at the latitude of Nihoa (23.5 degrees north). At these times the sun is at noon, leau lea la 1 lea lola, in the zenith. Perhaps, when the moon was full and visible setting opposite the solstice sun on the day that Capella was about to transit the meridian at winter solstice (December 20-22), as it does now, the moon may then have been at its highest standstill at the latitude of Nihoa. These may be factored into the arithmetical notation section of the helu papa between generation 358 - 399 [see intra. p. 124], and it will also apply to the recitation from generation 1 - 194, between Kane and Mahinale'a.
I ', I
'~
J J
]
]
III
I,"
',:,'
183
II
1 .'
Recapitulation and Summary

1.
2.
3. 4.
Kai Kai Kai Kai
0 0 0 0
Kahinali'i I: Kahinali'i 2: Kahinali'i 3: Kahinali'i 4:

0
Loa' a to Palemo Papio to Lo'ilo'i Li'ipau to Kaneiwa Pola'a
194 399 602 813
generations generations generations generations
Each Kai
Kahinali'i sequence is no more than 203 to 211 generations apart.
The time table of the precession would give to Beta and Gamma Aurigae rising before Capella a position in the vernal equinox in the approximate hour circle with Orion between 4,500 and 4000 B.C. Another name for the Belt of Orion is 'Iwa, which
constellation is another IBird Pillar' on the equator. Capella would have been in the hour circle with E1 Nath and Aldebaran in Taurus at the vernal equinox between
3,000 and 2200 B.C., just about the time the Malayo-Polynesian tanged adz was invented along coastal Southeast Asia. Nevertheless, we cannot be certain of this on deduction alone, so that it requires a calendric approach to the arithmetical fonnula between generations 366 and 399-400 based on a more appropriate calendric approach, rather than 20-25 years per generation count. A more succinct allowance for calendric possibilites would be the synodic (29.5) and sidereal lunations (27.3) since the Hawaiian moon calendar assigned the first and third quarter moons to Ole (north/south) for meridian transits of stars and to Kane (Tropic of Cancer) at 27.3 count within the sidereal lunations as to the planet Jupiter (Hua) at 13.5 days (half the sidereallunation).
To test this understanding requires looking at the so-called "fall" (bina)
of
Capella in Auriga in another cosmic context, which develops over several millenia, rather than one year [Data acc. Ciotti, Joseph re: declination of Capella precessed between
2100 A.D. and 14,000 B.C., 185 -187].
After this data has been examined and analyzed, the
arithmetical notation may require readjustment to that cosmic view].
184
Declination of Capella precessed between 2100 AD and 14,000 BC computed using Starry Night Pro
NB: accompanying star maps for Lat 0 Long 180 (780 km east of Tarawa, Kiribati)
Year 2100 AD 2000 AD 1900 AD 1800 AD 1700 AD 1600 AD 1500 AD 1400 AD 1300 AD 1200 AD 1100 AD 1000 AD 900 AD 800 AD 700 AD 600 AD 500 AD 400 AD 300 AD 200 AD 100 AD 1 AD 100 Be 200 Be 300 Be 400 Be 500 Be 600 Be 700 Be 800 Be 900 Be
Midnight Transit Date Dec 12 Dec 10 Dec 9 Dec 7 Dec 5 Dec 3 Nov 21 Nov 20 Nov 19 Nov 18 Nov 17 Nov 16 Nov 15 Nov 14 Nov 13 Nov 12 Nov 11 Nov 10 Nov9 Nov 8 Nov 8 Nov 7 !\Iov 6 Nov 5 Nov4 Nov 4 Nov 3 Nov 2 Nov 1 Nov 1 Oct 31
Declination 46 OS' 46 00' 45 54' 45 37' 45 38' 45 29' 45 19' 45 08' 44 56' 44 42' 44 28' 44 13' 43 57' 43 41' 43 23' 43 04' 42 45' 42 24' 42 04' 41 42' 41 19' 40 57' 40 33' 40 08' 39 43' 39 18' 38 51' 38 25' 37 57' 37 29' 37 01'
Year 1000 Be 1100 Be 1200 Be 1300 Be 1400 Be 1500 Be 1600 Be 1700 Be 1800 Be 1900 Be 2000 Be 2100 Be 2200 Be 2300 Be 2400 Be 2500 Be 2600 Be 2700 Be 2800 Be 2900 Be 3000 Be 3100 Be 3200 Be 3300 Be 3400 Be 3500 Be 3600 Be 3700 Be 3800 Be 3900 Be 4000 Be 4100 Be 4200 Be 4300 Be 4400 Be 4500 Be 4600 Be 4700 Be 4800 Be
Midnight Transit Date Oct 30 Oct 29 Oct 29 Oct 28 Oct 27 Oct 27 Oct 26 Oct 25 Oct 25 Oct 24 Oct 23 Oct 23 Oct 22 Oct 22 Oct 21 Oct 20 Oct 20 Oct 19 Oct 19 Oct 18 Oct 18 Oct 17 Oct 16 Oct 16 Oct 16 Oct 15 Oct 15 Oct 14 Oct 13 Oct 13 Oct 13 Oct 12 Oct 12 Oct 11 Oct 11 Oct 10 Oct 10 Oct 9 Oct 9
Declination 36'" 32' 36 03' 35 34' 35 04' 34 33' 34 03' 33 32' 33 00' 0 32 29' 31 57' 31 25' 30 53' 30 20' 29 47' 29 15' 28 42' 28 09' 27 36' 27 02' 26 29' 25 56' 25 22' 24 47' 24 15' 23 42' 23 08' 22 35' 22 02' 21 29' 20 55' 20 23' 19 50' 19 17' 18 44' 18 12' 17 40' 17 08' 16 36' 16 04'
I
Midnight Transit Date Oct 8 Oct 8 Oct 7 Oct 7 Oct 6 Oct 6 Oct 5 Oct 5 Oct 4 Oct 4 Oct 3 Oct 3 Oct 3 Oct 2 Oct 2 Oct 1 Oct 1 Sep 30 Sep 30 Sep 29 Sep 29 Sep 28 Sep 28 Sep 27 Sep 27 Sep 26 Sep 25 Sep 25 Sep 24 Sep 24 Sep 23 Sep 23 Sep 22 Sep 22 Sep 21 Sep 20 Sep 20 Sep 19
I. .
Year 4900 Be 5000 Be 5100 Be 5200 Be 5300 Be 5400 Be 5500 Be 5600 Be 5700 Be 5800 Be 5900 Be 6000 Be 6100 Be 6200 Be 6300 Be 6400 Be 6500 Be 6600 Be 6700 Be 6800 Be 6900 Be 7000 Be 7100 Be 7200 Be 7300 Be 7400 Be 7500 Be 7600 Be 7700 Be 7800 Be 7900 Be 8000 Be 8100 Be 8200 Be 8300 Be 8400 Be 8500 Be 8600 Be
Oecl ination 0 15 33 1 0 15 02 1 0 14 31 1 0 14 01 1 0 13 31 1 0 13 01 1 0 12 31 1 0 12 02 1 11 0 33 1 11 0 05 1 0 10 37' 10 09 1 gO 421 gO 151 SO 49 1 SO 23 1 7 51' 7 32 1 7 01' 6 43 1 6 19 1 S 56 1 S 33 1 5 111 4 50 1 4 28 1 4 08 1 3 48 1 3 29 1 3 10 1 2 51 1 2 34 1 2 16 1 2 001 1 45 1 1 29 1 1 151 1 01 1
I J I
]
)
J J
]
I l J
1 J
]
Year 8700 Be 8800 Be 8900 Be 9000 Be 9100 Be 9200 Be 9300 Be 9400 Be 9500 Be 9600 Be 9700 Be 9800 Be 9900 Be 10,000 Be 10,100 Be 10,200 Be 10,300 Be 10,400 Be 10,500 Be 10,600 Be 10,700 Be 10,800 Be 10,900 Be 11,000 Be 11,100 Be 11,200 Be 11,300 Be 11,400 Be 11,500 Be 11,600 Be 11,700 Be 11,800 Be 11,900 Be 12,000 Be 12,100 Be 12,200 Be 12,300 Be 12,400 Be 12,500 Be
Midnight Transit Date Sep 19 Sep 18 Sep 18 Sep 17 Sep 16 Sep 16 Sep 15 Sep 14 Sep 14 Sep 13 Sep 13 Sep 12 Sep 11 Sep 11 Sep 10 Sep 10 Sep 9 Sep 8 Sep 8 Sep 7 Sep 7 Sep 6 Sep 5 Sep 5 Sep 4 Sep 4 Sep 3 Sep 2 Sep 2 Sep 1 Aug 31 Aug 31 Aug 30 Aug 30 Aug 29 Aug 28 Aug 28 Aug 27 Aug 26
Declination 0 48' 0 40' 0 24' 0 13' 0 03' _0 06' _0 15' _0 23' _0 30' -0 37' _0 43' _0 47' _0 52' _0 55' _0 58' -1 00' -1 01' -1 01' -1 01' -1 00' _0 58' _0 55' _0 51' _0 47' _0 42' _0 36' _0 30' _0 23' -0 14' _0 06' 0 04' 0 14' 0 25' 0 37' 0 50' 1 02' 1 16' 1 30' 1 46'
Year 12,600 Be 12,700 Be 12,800 Be 12,900 Be 13,000 Be 13,100 Be 13,200 Be 13,300 Be 13,400 Be 13,500 Be 13,600 Be 13,700 Be 13,800 Be 13,900 Be 14,000 Be
Midnight Tran sit Date Aug 26 Aug 25 Aug 25 Aug 24 Aug 23 Aug 23 Aug 22 Aug 21 Aug 21 Aug 20 Aug 20 Aug 19 Aug 19 Aug 18 Aug 18
Declination 2Q 06' 2 18' 2 36' 2 53' 3 12' 3 31' 3 51' 4 11' 4 32' 4 54' 5 16' 5 38' 6 02' 6 26' 6 50'
190
Reconsidering the Generation Count to Coordinate A.D. and B.C. Dates
The events of the tsunami floods (Kaiakahinali'i) may also reflect that same possibility of deriving the distance back in time when they may have occurred, whether before or after the major Polynesian migrations out of West into East Polynesia. The approximate time for the Kaiakahinali'i events may be seen since the time of Pola'a in the fifth century A.D. after Wakea's generation [before
Kamehameha] : 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
Laka (migration) Wahieloa ( " ) ( " ) Kaha'i ( . ) Hema (on Maui) Aikanaka
Hulumanailani Heleipawa (on O'ahu) Kapawa Nanakaoko (Kukaniloko) Nanakulei Nanamaoa Mauiakalana (Hakipu'u) Akalana (Tonga) Wawena Konohiki (Tongafiti) Kuheleimoana Waikulani Nanailani
850 825 800 775 750 725 700 675 650 625 600 575 550 525 500 475 450 425
930 910 890 870 850 830 810 790 770 750 730 710 690 670 650 630 610 590
43
44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53
55 56 57 58 59 60
54 Pola'a (Kaiakahinalii 4)Nanaie Loipo Ulu + Nanaulu (migrations)

Lo'i'ele'ele Lo'iomalelewa'a Lo'ipilihala Lo'iikeluea Lo'ikanaha Ki'i (2) Luanu'u (1) Lukahakona Kahiko Manaku
400 A.D.
375 350 325 300 275 250 -4700 -4725
570 A.D.
550 530 510 490 470 450 -3570 -3590
256Ali'i 257 '0 N '0 Li'i
258 Li'ipau (Kaiokahinali'i 3)

259 Li'iomaka 260 Li'iohinu 261 Li'ipalama 445 Kaunuka 446 Manu'akele (Samoa) 447/401 Papio [Kaiokahinali'i 2] -9425
-4750
-4775 -4800 -4825
-3610
-3630 -3650 -3670
B.C.
-9450
-9375 -7350 -9400 -7370 -7390 B.C. 10025 years from -7410
400
Hekaunano
KamahainaILa'ila'i 10000 (25 years,acending)
[447 generations counted backward from Kamehameha are 4001399 generations forward from La'ila'i (zerO) and Kamahaina at(1) to Papio [Kaiakahinali'i 2] for 401 generations forward from Kamaha'ina at (1) and La'ila'i at zero generation].
I J I I I
191
198 197 196 195 194 193 192
Kona (Tonga)
Kaohi Mahele Pipika
Mahinalea +Palemo [Kaiokahinali'i 1]

Mahinale Mahina
-11550 4950 -14725 -11570 4925 -14750 4900 -11590 -14775 4875 -11610 -14800 -14825 B.C -11630 B.Cs 4850 -14850 -14875 -11650 -11670 4825 4775
What becomes fairly apparent in the distance between tsunami (Kai-aka-hinali'i) events are these periods: Kaiakahinali'i (4) is two to four centuries past the millenium B.C. (Age of Aries to Age of Pisces, i.e., which just ended in 2000 A.D., and the previous tsunami ages are about 3000 to 4000 years apart, using the 25-/20- year period as such. Between the first Kaiakahinali'i event dated about 14,825 B.C. and the second at 9,425 B.C. are 5400 years, and for the 20-year per generation count, from 11,630 to 7390 B.C some 4250 years, or a difference of 600 years until the third "fall" (hina) into the "sea" (Kai) of Li'i, the chiefly house of Li'i ending in the 258th generation. The same is also observed for the end of the house of Ali'ihonupu'u in the Po/a'a (Kai- 4) of postmillenium age (400 A.D.-S70 A.D). Polynesia: Kona Noticeable as well are the names of significant homelands in
i.e., Tonga (Kai- 1), Manu'ake/e in Samoa (Kai 2), whereas the end of the house of
Li'i just before the beginning of the titled AIi'i chiefs concerns the "fall" of the famous sky-raising Gilbertese hero, Rigi. Rigi fell from the sky after raising it, whereupon someone hurled his remains into the Milky Way, or "sea" (Kai) where his "eyes" (mata-) may still be seen shining in the Pleiades (Matarigi:;;
Matariki> Makali'l) within the constellation of Taurus to this day. So also neaby is the constellation Auriga
(Kaiakahinali'i with star Capella (Hinali'i) commemorating the effort of Rigi (Li'i) to raise the sky. Noticeable is the pattern of timing events through accumulation of generations leading to the compelling suggestion that the generation count is a device for timing celestial events with ancestors and homelands before the Polynesians ever settled where they are now located. How far can that memory be traced as believable several ten-thousands of years into the distant past, suggesting familiarity with the cycle, perhaps, of the precession of equinoxes, if an event is dateable between 11,630 A.D. and 14,825 B.C., such as the "fall" (hina) of Capella in Auriga in the Milky Way as though events were ancestors. convincing is that perception? How
192
In order to understand how the Capella in Auriga precession may help appreciating the incredible length of heJu papa recitations of Hawaiian ancestry, the Capella events between 2100 AD. and 14,000 B. C. are reexamined in relation to high numbers in cosmic measurements, as in sidereal lunations and latitude determination in rituals and generation counts ["Declination of Capella
precessed ... computed using Starry Hight Pro, ace. Joseph Ciotti, Windward Community College, May, 2008. see intra. p. 185-189].
Declination of Capella precession between 2000 AD. and 10, SOO B.C.
Year 200SA.D. 1750 A.D. 025 A.D. 600 AD.
Midnigbt Traosit Dat~ Dec. 10
Declination 46 degrees 00'
Generation
Kamehameha Wakea
Nov. 12 Nov. 10
43 degrees 04' 42 degrees 24' Pola'a (Kaiakahinalii 4) 22 degrees 35' 16 degrees 04' U'ipau (Kaiakahinall'l 3) 2581602
400 A.D. 400 A.O.-570 A.D. -3600 - 4S00 B.C. -3610 - 4750 B.C -7300 B.C. -7400 B.C. -7500 B.C. -9400 B.C. -9500 B.C. -9600 B.C. -9425 -7450-9550 B.C.
54
Oct. 1S Oct. 9
Sep.27 Sep.26 Sep.25 Sep.14 Sep.14 Sep.13
4 degrees 50' 4 degrees 2S' 4 degrees OS' -0 degrees 23' -0 degrees 30' -0 degrees 37' Papio {Kalakahinall'i 2) PapiolLo'ilo'i 447 399
-10200 B.C. -10700 B.C. -10800 B.C. -10229 - 10773 B.C.
Sep.10 Sep. 7 Sep.6
-1 degree 00' -0 degree 58' -0 degrees 55' Mahinalea +Palemo 194 (Kaiakahinali'j 1)
, I I J I
"
193
An interesting explanation of the effects of obliquity of the ecliptic was taken from a website program explaining how the moon has two motions, one of which circles the earth in the opposite direction between two consecutive new moons while moving daily over the earth as do other celestial bodies, from east to west every day?
"... The paints where the Moon's monthly path and the ecliptic intersect are called the Moon's Nodes. The intersection point where the Moon's orbit is traveling from south to north is called the Moon's North Node, or the Dragon's Head, and the intersection point where the Moon's orbit is traveling from north to south is called the Moon's South Node, or the Dragon's Tail. The Moon's Nodes travel backwards (retrograde) against the order of the Zodiac signs over an 18.6 year period. This is called the Nodal Cycle. There is another significant solar/lunar period which occurs every 19 years within hours known as the Metonic Cyle when the Sun and Moon repeat the same phase, e.g. New Moon, First Quarter, Full Moon, Last Quarter or any phase in between, and when they fall roughly within the same degrees of the Zodiac. The Lunar Standstill seasons coincide with a time period of roughly 18 and a half years to 19 years and observing the Moon can be of interest for a good 18 months around these standstill seasons ... "... Every month the Moon will reach its lowest or highest declination, roughly 5 degrees beyond the ecliptic path. Also every month, the Moon will reach its minimum
declination at 18 degrees north or south ...

..... During the winter months the Full Moon culminates higher and higher in the sky until
it reaches its maximum height through the year at the full moon nearest the winter solstice. In the summer
months the Full Moon culminates lower and lower in the sky until it reaches its lowest position above the visible horizon
at the Full Moon nearest the summer solstice ... [emphasis mine].
..... Over an 18.6 to 19 year period, the Full Moons nearest the solstices swing much like a pendulum. In 2005 and 2006 these Full Moons will be at their highest and lowest poSitions in the sky over this approximately 19 year period, reaching declination 28 degrees +- (north/south). Also the First and Last Quarter Moons around the time of the equinoxes can be seen at their highest and lowest declinations" Tropic of Cancer 23.5 degrees N Full Moon at Major Lunar Standstill 28 degrees N Full Moon at Minor Lunar Standstill 18 degrees S]
[Elliott, Jean, "Lunar Standstills"; www.worldastrology.net; See also, intra, p. 237-238, "Obliquity of Ecliptic and Latitude of the Tropics," acc: Meeus, Giesen]:
194
I
High Numbers in Ancient Hawaiian Measurement and Azimuth Observations Since the time of the Hale Naua's struggle to interpret the arithmetic (Hekaunano formula) in the cosmogonic genealogies, it continues to nag at any translator to understand what the priests were doing How may the sets of 25 (5 sets of 5) in 40 rather than
J
I.
with a double set of numbers within the recitation.
50 decans to generation 399 from La'ila'i at zero be understood, or counting La'ila'i's generation at 1, thus 400 = 40 (10)s in the old system (4 x 2 = 8 + 2 = 10, or 5 X 2 = 10)? "Hawaiian computation was based on ten, but "four is assumed as the lowest class of collection of numbers, and the classes proceed in a regular scale upwards from 4 to 400,000 increasing by ten, thus: Aha kahi 'Umi kauna 'Umi kanaha 'Umi lau 'Umi mano 'Umi kini therefore 4 units are ten 4's ten 40's ten 400's ten 4000's ten 40,OOO's 50 = 60 = 70 = 80 100 600 10,000 1 kauna 4 1 kanaha 40 - 1 ka'au 1 lau 400 1 mano 4,000 1 kini 40,000 1 lehu 400,000 kanaha me ka 'umi akahi kanaha me ka 'iwakalua akahi kanaha me ke kanakolu akahi kanaha me ka 'umi 'ekolu elua kanaha 'elua kanaha me ka 'iwakalua ho'okahi lau a me na kanaha 'elima 'elua mano me na lau 'elima
1 . it
l
]
= = = =
"Any number may be easily reduced from English to Hawaiian computation by dividing by 4, and vice versa by multiplying by 4; thus: 846,278 divided by 4
= 211,562 or 2 lehu, 1 kini, 1 mano, 5 lau, 6 kanaha, and 2 kauna ...

assuming it as the basis of classification"
The Hawaiians agree with most other nations in making much use of the number 10; but the use of the number 4 seems to be peculiar; -Computation,''Hawaiian Spectator, Vol. 2, 1839: 91-94]: (32; acc: Rev. Ephraim Clark, in Johnson, Rubellite K. 1981: 34; "Hawaiian Method of
"The worship of four as a sacred number found supreme expression in Pythagorean numerology. The Pythagoreans regarded even numbers as soluble, therefore ephemeral, feminine, pertaining to the earthly; odd numbers as indissoluble, masculine, partaking of celestial nature, but the even Pythagorean prayer to the 'holy fourfoldness', which represented the primary elements, was recited as follows: number four The stood for justice "because it was the first perfect square, the produce of equa/s... (33)
195
"Bless us, divine number, thou who generatest gods and men! 0 holy, holy tetraktys, thou that containest the root and source of the jeternally flowing creation! For the divine number begins with the profound, pure unity until it comes to the h four; then it begets the mother of all, the all-comprising, the all-bounding, the first-born, the never-swerving, the never-tiring holy ten, the keyholder of all. .. " (34) "The 'holy ten' was derived by adding the cardinal numbers one through four to each other: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4
[Johnson. 1981 :34-35].
=10.
Thus it was that Pythagoras who
remarked:
"'See, what you thought to be four was really ten and a complete triangle and our password'"
The correlation of 4 (kauna
=4 x 1;
ka'au
=4 x 10, etc.)
to 5 (lima
=5 x 1) in the decimal system
and decan set of 10 using 4 digits x 2 = 8 + 2 = 10, means that 'in a set of 10 digits of two hands using the older system, each digit was worth 1/4 fraction in 8 digits
= (4 x 2 ) + 2 (thumbs) =10, or each digit was
worth 1/5 fraction in 5 x 2 hands (lima) equals 10. How old is this system of counting? Probably as old a the Egyptian nilometer or ruler in which 1 palm was equal to 8 digits of 114 each =( 8 +2 = 10) or 1 hand was equal to 10 digits of 1/5 each
=10.
The hieroglyph of one palm with 4 fingers was equal to 8, and
one hand with five fingers was equal to 10. If the sun measures about a quarter of a degree per day (daylight + night) along the horizon between the tropics it seems to us now to travel 365.25 days in 360 degrees of the ecliptic (earth around the sun in one year) using 94 degrees total in the tropics (between latitudes). What reason, then, for two sets of numbers between generation 357 and 399, one inside the other, with two generations at zero, and "1" starts at 359 to 399 in 40 generations, with another set of fives, at 373 (Manu), 378
(Nihohoe), 383 (Piu) to 388 (Puhemo
=10) until 398 (Hekaunano =10) at 30 =1 synodic
lunation + 1 = 399 (Jupiter synodic cycle) + 1 = 400 (Papio/Lo'ilo'i)?
-9425 -7450-9550 B.C.
Papio {Kaiakahinali'i 2) PapiolLo'ilo'i
447
399
196
[Hekaunano Interpolation]
357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399
1075
1080
1085
1090
1095
1100
1105
1110
Pa Pana Panakahi Pa'ikekalua Pu'ukolukolu Napu'ueha Palimakahana Waiakea Kaeamauli Koko'iele Kaholoka'iwa* Kalelenohinalea Panakahiahinalea Panaikaluakahinalea Puukoluakukahinalea Napuuikahakahinalea Palimawaleahinalea Akahiakaea'akilolo Paluaakaea'akilolo Puukolukaea'akilolo Puaakahaa'akilolo Puulimakaeaakilolo Akahike'ewe Paluake'ewe Paukolu Puuhake'ewe Pulimake'ewe Waiakaeaka'ewe Kamauliaka'ewe Ko'ieleaka'ewe Kuaiwaaka'ewe Hanahuno Panakahikenahu Panaluakenahu Panakolukenahu Panahakenahu Lewelimakenahu Paakaeaakenahu Omaulikenahu Ko'ielehakenahu Kuaiwakelekenahu Hekaunano Papio
'Aiano Koliau Alia'oe Piliwale Heleiamai Ho'okonokono Helemaia Hapahuno Eleiku* (north) Maumau Heoioi Aluaku (1 ) Helule Painaina (3) Noakawalu Piliamoa* (4) (5) Manu (1 ) Lelekeamo (2) Kelekeleau 'Umikaua (3) (4) Mailo (5) Nihohoe (1 ) Paliiuka (2) Paliikai Makaimoimo (3) (4) Lauohokena (5) Piu Nahinahi Kameha'i (7) Ulupo (8) (9) Newaiku Puhemo (10) (1 ) Lahilahi Kaukeahu (2) 'Ulalena (3) Eiawale (4) (5) Konukonu (6) Uli (7) Na'ina'i (8) Pilomoku Nahae (9) Welawela (10) Lo'ilo'i
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 (6) (7) [365.25 days = 1 tropic year] (8) [366 days = 1 leap year] 9 [*Iwa - Jupiter] (10) (11 ) (2) (12) (13) (14) [*Pili, Scorpius] (15) [*Manu - Procyon] (16) [*Amo - Belt of Orion] (17) (18) (19) (20) [378 days =1 Saturn cycle] (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (6) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31 ) (32) (33) (34) (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) (40) [399 days = 1 Jupiter cycle]
I J I I I J
] ]
":
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]
~
~,
]
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Possible coordination (I.e., horizon positions of stars and their zenith positions) with island locations by latitude in the compass circle of azimuths per generation (as in the Micronesian toki configuration as a compass of the motion of the sun in the tropics) which may identify those points in a track that both sun and moon make north/ south in one year per the earth's rotation which daily moves west to east, suggests ancestors as generations within the purview of helu papa recitations, that are also positions (latitudes) of known locations, such as Manu'a (Samoa), Lalokona (Rarotonga)
1 iii
and Kupou (Tonga), inclusive of Li'i (Gilbert Is., i.e, the tradition of sky-raiser Rigi)].
197
l
.!II
.~
Ii
Latitude
Longitude (W)
N 28 d 13' 15" N 25 N 25 N 23 N 23 42'14" 42' 14" 35' 18"
Midway Gardiner Laysan Is. Necker Is. 161 Kaua'i Q'ahu (Ka'ena Point) Moloka'i (La'au POint) Lana'i (Kaumalapau) Maui (Kahului) Hawai'i (Kalae) Guam (Mariana Is.) Marshall Is. Fanning Is. Nauru (Gilbert Is.) Nuku Hiva (Marquesas) Tongareva (Penrhyn Is.) Fatu Hiva (Marquesas) Apia (Samoa) Pape'ete (Tahitinui) Vava'u (Tonga) Viti Levu (Fiji) Marokau (Tuamotu) Rarotonga (Cook Is.) Tongatabu (Tonga) Cape Brett (NZealand)
77 d 21' 30"E 168 171 164 159 158 157 00' 52"E 44' 06"E 40' 32"E 24' 18"E 16' 55"E 18' 28"E
OS' 50" Nihoa Is.
58'47"E [June/solstice]
N 22 13' 55' N 21 N 21 34' 39" 06' 18"
N 20 47' 02" N 20 54' 10" N 18 54' 55" N 13 27' 30" N N N S S 9 28' 00" 3 54' 30" 0 26' 00" 8 55' 13" 8 55' 15"
156 59' 45"E 156 28' 21"E 155 41' 03"E 144 39 35"W
170 16' 08"W 159 23' 50 E 166 23'30" W [Equator] 138 39' 20" 158 07' OO"E 138 39' 20" E 171 48' 60"W 149 34' 24" E 179 59' 12"W 178 41' 20"W 142 14' 00" E 159 47' 00" E 175 12' OO"W 172 38' 40" W E
S 10 32' 00" S 13 49' 60" S 17 32' 14" S 18 39' 00" S 18 08' 10" S 18 00' 00" S 21 S 21 12' 01" 08' 00"
S 23 05' 00 S 35 11' 24"
198
The foregoing is the navigable area in the Pacific where Kumulipo generations are within degrees of time and locations within calendar and compass. Between generation 359 and 399, two synodic
cycles of planets appear, as 378 for one Saturn (Maku/uku/u, brother of Wakea) and 399 for one Jupiter synodic revolution around the sun. Does the Hekaunano segment demonstrate voyaging achievments of Pacific islanders to instill pride in the achievements and heritage between ancestors and descendants of the prevailing society, or were they (perhaps) more interested in handing down the system of understanding how to measure the effects of consistent cosmic rhythms of change over several thousand years to be able to remember them (or recover them at some future time, such as now)?
Somewhere in the recollections of Polynesian navigators, there were nine identified ngana
('ana) or tauira stars, from tau- i-ra, meaning to 'put' (tau) to the 'sun' (Ia),
Hawaiian priests carried
feather-tipped tufted reed wands while others passed down wooden kauila staffs which were, like whale ivory pendants, extremely valuable property of priestly families. These are treated these days as art objects with intense supernatural power (mana), but like measuring cords once used, they are no longer understood to the generations since the temples were no longer constructed after November 1819 (overthrow of the 'ai kapu kanawa/).
The only measuring device that has a functional tradition encoded in riddles surrounding its use is that of the rope-stretching god, Kana, whose mother, Hina, rejected him at birth so that grandmother Uli in Hilo (Hawaii) saved him by rescuing him from the clump of cane where Hina had thrown him and put hilT in a calabash of water where he grew, according to legend, a fathom a day for forty days but no more than 400 fathoms. Kana's life is dramatized between his father's home in Hilo, Hawai'i and Ha'upu,
Moloka'i where his mother, Hina, was taken by high chief Kaupe'epe'ekauila after abducting her away from Hakalanileo, district chief of Hilo. Kana's grandmother, Llli, sister of the sky god Wakea and Manu'e
(god of the underworld), sent Kana with Kana's brother, Niheu, to bring Hina home to Hilo from Moloka'i's tall sea cliffs on the northern side of the island. However, Niheu falls from Haupu after the koles plover bird (symbolic of the ancient Hawaiian navigation priesthood) pecks at the strands of hair on his head where the physical power he has comes from his long hair. Kana then employed all of his kupua
demigod bodies (kino/au) to stretch himself until he was no larger than a spider's web, one of his forms:
199
Huki e lele iluna ke kua Oloka'u Ke kaulu pali lala hale 0 Kaunuohua E ho'olikelike ana elike me Ahumauna, Me ke kihi lala peahi 0 Haupu, I paia e ka honu nui kua e'a'e'a. Maea ke kanaka i ke kaunu a ka moe I ke kaomi lima a ka ipo i Keiu-a '0 ka'u ipo no ia 0 ke aloha, ko'u me'eme'e no ia 0 ka meahou. E ala e, e ala e Kolea E ala e UliIi, e ala e Ahike'ehiale Na kaikaina manu 0 Keolo'ewa, E hele 'oukou a ha'i aku i ka Haku Kaikuana 0 'oukou He me'eme'e nei la no ka moe E mana ana i ka 'aina Ko ke 'ano he 'auhe'e, I ke koa 0 ku 'Aiwa'awa'a He koa na Hina i hanau,
Hanau a'e Kana he kino kaula, He kae'e kowaU 'awe pumai'a, Punawelewele na kino 0 Kana,
Hanai a Uli a ka ihupu, A ka ihu nana, a ka ho'onana '0 ka 'ilio hae '0 ka mano hae, Auwe! Alia e! Ha'a nei mauna ka moe a Moi, a ke Kahuna mana.
The rising back of 'Oloka'u lifts the eyes The cliff ledges branch into the house of Kaunuohua So much like Ahumauna, heaped mountain, And corner flippers of Haupu Walled by the great turtle of patterned back, Made erect like a man at lovemaking Gripped by the sweetheart at Keiu-a My sweetheart beloved is he, My favorite new interest. Awake, arise, rise up, 0 Golden Plover, Awake, 0 Wandering Tattler, awake, Ahike'ehiale, Bird brothers of Keolo'ewa, Please go and tell the Chief, Your older brother, Who likes to sleep-Spreading toward the island In the manner of a fleet, Is a warrior of Ku-aiwa'awa'a, A warrior born of Hina,
200
Born was Kana of rope body, Of kowali cordage, of the fiber of the banana stalk, Of the spider's web are the bodies of Kana .. Raised by Llli to be the snarling nose Of the dog and snapping shark. Oh, wait! Low is the mountain In the repose of the king and the powerful priest [Beringer, 1921].
When Ha'upu fortress was finally reached, and Kana and I\liheu were ready to take Hina back to Hilo, she refused to go home, saying how much she had come to appreciate
Kaupe'epe'ekauila, who, with his gentle patience and respect for her dignity had won the heart of the chiefess. All that is remembered of Kana now is that he had large, staring eyes, and wherever he stepped to stretch himself from one island to another, one finds there a petroglyph etched into rock of his kapua'i, or measuring 'foot'. These are sometimes found chiseled into rock petroglyphs as direction markers
I J J J I J
pointing the way one should go across pahoehoe lava fields.
J
I
]
! 1
201
"rhe Kana fathom (anana) measurement
A fathom (anana) is measured from the midpoint of the clavicle outward to the tips of the fingers of both arms, or twice an 'iwilei, or a yard of 36 inches. So a fathom of Kana should be about 72 inche~ long and 400 of these are his stretching limit equal to 400 days. Let us consider him as a rule of measure
from the north to south increasing by a fathom a day. It can be seen in two ways.
(1) If you divide those 72 inches in half, two sides of his rope measured 36 inches, so that length exists somewhere along the horizon, probably, as you count the days over a period of time north, until the sun turns back in the other direction, (from where you started) and so forth;
(2) Or, we consider one of the measuring cords, the aha hele honua used to determine the area within the sacred space of the ancient Hawaiian temples for every part of the grounds, walls, houses, post images. It was used to measure and to align (probably) those items to the sun's position as it moved north/south throughout the year and easVwest (diurnal motion) between rising/setting (Le., including position at the zenith) azimuths.
The aha hele honua measuring cord was based on the measure of half the fathom of two outstretched arms, Le., by the iwilei measure which was twice the cubit (kano) , referred to in Hawaiian Bible translations from ancient Hebrew (Old Testament) and Greek (New Testament) as the kubita (kana) equal to 18 inches per cubit, so we are told:
"n. 1. The two bones of the lower arm of the two bones of the lower leg. 2. a cubit in measure." [Andrews, Lorrin, A Dictionary of the Hawaiian Language [1836 "A Vocabulary of Words in the Hawaiian Language," in 1865, "A Dictionary of the Hawaiian Language", revised by Henry Hodges Parker in 1915; 1922 edition:
p.2621
202
It is assumed that the kubita, the length of which is not found in dictionary entries, would be equivalent to the Biblical cubit of about 18 inches, measured from the elbow to the end of the middle finger, whereas the iwilei was twice that meaure from the midpoint of the clavicle outward. The fathom (anana) was twice the iwilei, answering to linear measures introduced in translating the Bible into Hawaiian. The radius of the arm in the cubit measure would have been taught in mission schools between 1831- 1839 (Lahainaluna Seminary) [i.e., 1839, first complete translation of the Baibala Hemalele ]. The only trouble with those cubit measures in the Old Testament is that they are from several Meditteranean measures, which we may settle for in this discussion, generally speaking, by these dictionary entries, indicatil1g that the measurements vary from 17 to 22 inches, quoting from Meditteranean and Indo-European definitions:
, I J I I
t
"Cubit. n. An ancient unit of linear measure, originally equal to the length of the
forearm from the tip of the middle finger to the elbow. or from 17 to 22 inches:
{American Heritage Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1987: 416] ... [Middle English cubite, from Latin cubitum ,cubit, elbow].
"Cubit. n. 2. A measure of length, in its origin, the length of the forearm to the exremity of the middle finger; in English measure, 18 inches [45.72 cm] The ancient Egyptian cubit was. 20.7 inches (52.5 cm, and the ancient Roman 17.5 inches (44.36.cm). The usual cubit of the ancient Greeks is stated to have been 18.22 inches (46.29 cm) and of the Hebrews 17.58 inches (44.65 cm). The cubit is also known as the hath in India, covid in the East, coda in Spain, hasta in the ancient Hindu system." [Webster's New International Dictionary, 1959: 640].
Summarizing, then, the information thus far:
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]
inches of that If within
The Kana fathom (72 inches) was based on the iwilei (yard) measure of 2 cubits (kana) from the elbow to the middle finger of about 18 inches. So how convenient is that unit of division, as of the cubit of 18 inches related to the fathom measure (Kana
=72 inches), if we assign every 2 or 3
ruler as one space or unit along the horizon by which to measure the sun's north/south motion.
those two yards we observed the rising and setting stars (tauira) in their rising and setting positions also at the horizon, would we know in which space they belonged and marked those positions along the sun's 180-degree course between the tropics, annually.
203
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The arithmetical notation at the 400th position (Kaiakahinalii 2) becomes half of the BOOth generation around the time of Wakea and Pola'a, or as 37-40 more than the 36 (decan) generations between Panakahi (360) and Hekaunanol + Kaiakahinali'i (399-400). Whatever the division
of the Kana cord to contain nine places for the tauira azimuths (cp. Hawaiian kauila) of first magnitude stars for navigation, the ruler would not have been less than 36 spaces in 72 inches. The anahulu count in the toki (Micronesia) configuration of the compass/calendar for Kana between the solstices by forties:
[Kana and Anahulu and Ko'i (Toki) count]:

[south to north]:
(zero) December 21 : 1BO S. Tropic of Capricorn (solstice) 1. (10) 2. (20) 3. (30) 4. (40) 5. (50) 6, (60) 7. (70) B. (BO) 9. (90) December 31 January 10 January 20 January 30 February 9 February 19 March 1 March 11 March 21
=1 month =2 months =3 months
(zero) 10. (100) [1] 11. (110) March 31 April 10
090 E
Equator (Vernal Equinox)
12. (120)
13. (130) 14. (140) 15.(150)
April 20
April 30
=4 months =5 months =6 months
May 10 (latitude 19 N) May 20
16. (160)
17. (170)
May 30
June 9 June 19
1B.(1BO)
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I
(zero)
19. (190) 20. (200) 21, (210) June 29 Ju/y9 July 19 July 29 August 8 August 18 August 28 September 7 September 17 360 N. Tropic of Cancer (solstice) June 20-22
= 7 months
22. (220)
23. (230) 24. (240) 25. (250) 26. (260) 27. (270)
= 8 months.
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]
=9 months
(zero) 090 E Equator September 21 (equinox)

28. (280) 29. (290) 30. (300) 31. (310) 32. (320) 33. (330) 34. (340) 35. (350) 36. (360) 37. (370) 38. (380) 39. (390) 40. (400) September 27 October 7 October 17 October 27 November 6 November 26 December 6 December 16 December 21 (zero) 180 S December 26 January 5 January 15 January 25
=10 months =11 months = 12 months solstice =5 days

Tropic of Capricorn
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The Kana limit of 40 to 400 was reached at the first 'fall' of Kahinali'i at generation 399-400. If the generation count was in number of days, then the number belongs to the Jupiter synodic cycle. If this is so, then the generation count between Kane, La'ila'i, Ki'i and Pola'alWakea into 800 - 814 generations means that the genealogists were counting generations, per the arithmetical notation interspersed between generation 357 and 400 (Kaiakahinali'i 2), as one generation per day or one Kana measure of 40, between winter solstice (December 21) and perihelion (January) so that every 354 to 399 generations holds synodic lunar and sidereal numbers between Saturn (378) and Jupiter (Hua, Iwa
399), or anomalistic periods (Le., perihelion in January, aphelion in July),
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A probable correlation between the anahulu (10 days) count with Kana (fathom = 1 day) within the toki compass/calendar configuration (36 x 10 = 360) and Jupiter's synodic cycle (399 days + 1 intercalary day = 400) allows for the sidereal year (365.25 days = 1 tropic year and 354 days of the lunar year + 11.25 days intercalation) within the Hekaunano formula, i.e.,the planetary synodic cycle of
Jupiter's revolution with Capella in Auriga (Kaiakahinali'i) as 4 Capella tsunami in 400 (Kana) generations, the measure of which contains sidereal numbers, i.e. 54, 216, 432, and 2160, notation [27 + 1/3 days = 1 sidereallunation]: as found in sidereal
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40
Kana fathom Kana Kana Kana Kana Kana Kana Kana Kana Kana = Kana = Kana = Kana fathoms=
6 feet = 12 = 18 = 24 = 30 = 36 = 42 = 48 = 54 = 60 feet = 120 = 180 = 240 = = 2400
= 144 = 216 = 288 = 360 = 432 = 504 = 576 = 648 = 720 inches 1440
2160
2880 = 3600
72 inches = 1 day = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 6 = 7 = 8 = 9 = 10 days = 20 = 30 = 40 days = 400 days
400 Kana fathoms
399 days = 1 Jupiter synodic cycle = 399 + 1 intercalary day = 400 days 378 days = 1 Saturn synodic cycle = 378 + 21 days = 3rd quarter moon 365.25" = 1 tropic year 354 = 1 lunar year + 11.25 days intercation = 1 tropic year 118 days x 3 = 354 = 3 Mercury synodic cycles 351 days + 14 days intercalation = 1 lunar year = 1 sidereal year
206
The number of sidereallunations in a sidereal year are 13 = 351 days + 14.25 intercalary days = 365.25 days = 1 tropic year, thus: [Sidereallunations): (1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11 ) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31 ) (32) 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3
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]
=
:::
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
54 days 81 + 1 = 82 108 135 162 + 2 = 164 189 216 243 + 3 = 246 270 297 324 + 4 = 328 351 [1 sidereal year] [1 Saturn synodic cycle] 378 405 + 5 = 410 432 459 486 + 6 = 492 513 540 567 + 7 = 574 594 621 (33) 27 +1/3 = 891 + 11= 902 648+8= 656 (34) 27 +1/3 = 918 675 (35) 27 +1/3 = 945 702 (36) 27 +1/3 = 972 + 12 = 984 729 + 9 = 738 (37) 27 +1/3 = 999 [3 Jupiter snc] 756 [2 Saturn snc] (38) 27 +1/3 = 1026 783 (39) 27 +1/3 = 1053 + 13 = 1066 810 + 10 = 820 837 (40) 27 +1/3 = 1080 864. etc. (41) 27 +1./3 = 1107 *(42) 27 +1/3 = 1134 + 14=1148
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[42 sidereallunations
=1134 days =3 Saturn synodic cycles =(Hekaunano]
This was probably why the Kahoali'i rite in the Ku heiau (po'okanaka) required 40 ka'a; akua
hulu manu feather images and 40 kahu ka'a; carriers in theKahoali'; circular procession. After the end of
three years, carrying an extra month in the 41st lunation (sidereal) was an attempt at correlation between the lunar, tropic (solar) and sidereal (star) years:
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36 anahulu (36 x 2.5 (synodic) [3 tropic years] = 1095.75 days 40 x 271/3 (sidereallunation) = 1080 days + 15.75 = 1095.75
41 x 271/3
42 x 27 1/3
= 1107 days = 1134 days =3 Saturn synodic
In ritual time, 120 days (4 months) were assigned to the makahiki season in honor of Lono free of temple attendance. The other 240 days (8 months) in honor of Ku, Kane, and Kanaloa were active
temple attendance days assigned to males in the society, obligating them to perform temple duties in observance of the tabu pule periods, of which there were four in nine days of seven kapu kauila nights for worship of Ku, Hua, Kanaloa, and Kane totalling 56 kapu kaui/a nights in 72 tabu pule days in a year. What this means is that the men went to temple 56 days actual ritual time in the eight-month temple period (240 days) although in the calendar, the pule period was spread over 72 kapu kaui/a nights in the year.
(1 )
Kutabu
Hilo Hoaka Kukahi Kulua Mohalu (Shaula) Hua Akua Olepau (3rd quarter) Kaloa 1 Kaloa 2 Kane Lono Mauli
set in the evening
lifted in the morning set in the evening lifted in the morning set in the evening lifted in the morning set in the evening lifted in the morning
(2)
Hua tabu (Jupiter)
(3)
Ka(na)loa
(4)
Kane
There were four tabu pule periods in one month, nine kapu kauila nights in the tabu pule periods as: Hilo (1) Hoaka (2), Kukahi (3), Mohalu (4), Hua (5), Olepau (6), Kaloa-ku-kahi (7), Kane (8), Lono (9), or 9 x 8 months
= 72 nights in the tabu pule of 240 days in the eight-
month tabu pule period. However,
there were only 56 total tabu nights in the kapu kauila ritual attendance required, amounting to Ku (2 and 1/2 days), Hua (1 and 1/2); Kanaloa (1 and 1/2), and Kane (1 and 1/2) = 7 days in 8 months = 56 days' ritual attendance in one year, leaving aside the makahiki period of 120 days free (noa) of temple services.
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I
The Rope of Maui: Snaring the Sun at Haleakala, Maui, Stars in Hercules, Scorpius, and Orion
Kana's fathom was not the only rope of cosmic significance in Hawaiian tradition. The other rope of cosmic significance belonged to the culture hero, MauL Maui the culture hero, made another kind of rope, Like Kana he lived with the womenfolk of his
family. Their home was in Kahakuloa on the windward northwest side of East Maui, across the isthmus far away from Haleakala. Hina, his mother, found that the sun went too quickly over the island so that her
I I I
tapa cloth would not dry at a certain time in the year. So Maui decided to make the sun slow down. When he asked Hina what kind of rope could be used to tie down the sun, she told him to braid one from her hair, which in those days would have been a nine-ply braid, very thin. When the rope made
of Hina's hair was ready he climbed up the slope of the mountain where the crater of Haleakala stands 10,000 feet high above the central isthmus of the island. On the western flank of the upland slope of
Makawao-Kula area he found a wiliwili tree to which he could tie sixteen legs of the sun.
Then Maui battled the swift passing of the sun, With a lasso Maui (made), The winter seas of the Pleiades became the sun's, [Pleiades in the night sky between November and declining February] The summer became Maui's; [Hercules rising May, declining August]. [Kumulipo, lines 2035 - 2038] If the sun had sixteen legs to go 180 degrees of daylight from east to west in a day at the latitude of Haleakala on Maui [N 20 d 54' 10" Maui (Kahului)] one leg would have measured 11.25 degrees as longitude is to right ascension, or what navigators call "hour circles" (15 degrees per hour x 24 = 360 degrees per day). [* 180 degrees divided by 16 == 11.25 degrees] If this is the case, then the sun would have
been overhead moving from east to west at that parallel of latitude when Maui lassoed each of his sixteen legs, one at a time.
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209
[Latitude
N 20d 54' 10"
Maui (Kahului) Longitude

17
156 d 28' 21"
Vega (r) ne Belt Orion (s) Hercules (r) ne Aldebaran (s) nw
16
June9 July 9 20 Gemini, Sirius Vega (s) nw May 30 July 19 21 Gemini, Procyon, Sirius (r)
The list above is the approximate latitude of Halekala for the sun to journey in one day over the whole of the earth compared to the anahulu periods between May and July when the sun goes
north/south, ever so slowly than 180 degrees in a day (Le., diurnal motion, as of the earth on its own axis).
E. H. Bryan's chapter, "When the Sun Casts no Shadow" [Bryan, 1955:41] gives that data for the time
between 1954 and 1966 when the sun was in the zenith of Maui in May, about the latitude of Haleakala on May 24th moving from south to north. Sometime in July, the sun would again be in the zenith of
Haleakala, moving from north to south. The sun appears to move more slowly in the winter months in the southern hemisphere between November and January. In January the earth is at perihelion closest to the sun; in July, at aphelion,
farthest from the sun. A line drawn between these extremes of the ecliptic is called its major axis (January - July), and minor axis (April - October). The moon, likewise, is at perigee when closest to earth; at
apogee when farthest away. We may surmise that Maui was with Hina worrying about her wet tapa cloth when the sun was moving more slowly and daylight hours were shorter in the wintertime up north. Kumulipo version, snaring of the sun at Haleakala was the last of Maui's deeds before his death. Far more intriguing, then, is the Kumulipo statement, ''The summer became Maui's",connecting him to earth-fishing. Maui's snaring of the sun at Haleakala came after he had first hooked the island fish Pimoe east of Kahikinui, closer to 'Alenuihaha Channel (between Maui and Hawai'i): Over there is the line and hook, Manaia-ka-Iani, that fishhook [Scorpius] For hooking up islands in ancient seas," (Then) get the Great-mudhen-of-Hina, (My) bird sister In the
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That was the seventh competition of Maui, The trickster demigod caught by hook The jaw, mouth, and gills of Pimoe, The island fish that tethered shook the seas Pimoe caught fast on the line of Maui, (As) Mahanaulu'ehu's pity (for him) grew, Son of Pimoe, When the fish was carried ashore,except the tail; Then (were) Kane and Kanaloa shaken, (By) the ninth shocking feat of Maui; Pimoe lived again by the caudal fin, Mahanaulu'ehu by the tail, Hina-the-bailing-gourd lost to Pe'ape'a [Southern Cross] The bat god was Pe'ape'a That was when Maui proved sufficient to the test, When the eyes of the Eight-Eyed Bat, Pe'ape'a-maka-walu, were gouged out; Moemoe knocked out in that bout;
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That is to
The main body of Maui as a group of stars is in Hercules with Ophiucus below and Aquila and Cygnus to his side, while Scorpius (Ka Makau nui a Maui) is below in the swirl ofthe Milky Way.
say, Maui in Hercules and Ophiucus and Scorpius to the south are in the same hour circle to bring up the earth-fish (Pimoe , Maui; Te-ika-a-Maui, New Zealand) from below, while brothers Maui-mua and Mauiwaena are in the "canoe" (Orion's Belt) at the equator across the sea and sky on the opposite horizon. Maui-tikitiki-a-Taranga carries his father's name Taranga , which is Capella in Auriga on Kapingamarangi, a Polynesian outlier in the east Caroline Islands [Micronesia]. Fishhook", Ka-makau-nui-a-Maui" (*in Manaiakalani, Milky Way), In May, as "Maui's appears to the
Scorpius,
southeast in the evening, Auriga (Taranga) is about to set in the northwest. Maui's brothers in the Belt of Orion are in the same hour circle with Auriga but on the equator. To the south of Hercules in the pole is the Southern Cross with "fish" names, one of which is Sumu (Samoa; Humuhumu. Hawai'i) 'triggerfish' and the other, Kopeka - Peka (Kope'a, Pea, Hawai'i) 'rayfish', 'stingray', batfish, lying in the Milky Way, and another fish, a shark, Kaitangata ('Aikanaka, Hawaii) lying in the Milky Way, which is not Pimoe that Maui did fish up with his brothers' help. The fish breaks up into the several islands in the Hawaiian paemoku archipelago. By June Orion's stars are not visible at night nor is Capella in Auriga.. In August Maui's stars in
I ...:. ....
Hercules and Ophiucus are in the zenith and on meridian (Hawaii) with Scorpius to the south before declining in September. Hercules sets in November as the Pleiades appear on the opposite horizon
]
"1 . (.
211
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' .... i
northeast and the Belt of Orion beneath Auriga in December. The hook (Ka-makau-nui-a-Maw) will be on the eastern horizon again in the evening in May. About November 26th at 6:00 a.m. Hercules (eastern horizon) rose with the morning sun as the Pleiades set (western horizon). The Pleiades year had already begun about November 22nd. About December 6th at 6:00 a.m. Hercules (eastern horizon) rose with the morning sun as Aldebaran [Hyades in Taurus] and Orion (equator) set.. In sixteen decan weeks, 160 days after winter solstice, Hercules is observed rising in the
northeast at 6:00 p.m. as Capella [Auriga] sets in the northwest about May 30th. The sun is passing swiftly at this time on its northerly course 16 decan weeks after slow sun November to January, when Hercules is in the daylight. It would seem, then, that the time most conducive to hauling up the big ulua fish would be in the winter months.
[*Note: For easier recall the following chart of achronycal risings, settings of horizon stars is provided on pages 261-262 intra or the Orion precession].
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: I
~,
N 23.5 d.
[Achronycal risings and settings: before sunrise (6:00 a.m.) and after sunset (6:00 p.m.) [Note abbreviations: d (degree); n (north); ne (northeast); s (south); se (southeast);r ::: rising, S::: setting].
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]
Vega (s) m
Vega (r) Antares (r) se Vega (r) ne
Capella (s) Capella (s) nw Belt Orion (s)
solstice sun 18 17 16 15 14 13
June 21 KaneAuriga,Belt Orion(r); Nunki (s) sw June 19 June 29 June May30 May 20 19 Betelgeuse (r) 20 Vega (s) nw
9 July 9 July 19 July 29 21 22 23 24
Gemini, Sirius
Hercules (r) ne Aldebaran (s) nw Libra (r) se Corona B (r) ne Arcturus (r) ne Spica (r) ne Pleiades (s) nw Canopus (s) sw Hamal (s) nw CaSSiopeia (s) nw
Gemini, Procyon, Sirius (r) Procyon (r) Dubhe (r) n Cygnus (s) nw Cygnus (s) nw
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May 10 Al1g Apr 30 12 11 Aug 18 Apr 20 Apr 10
Alphard(r)sw Deneb Fomalhaut 25 26 Regulus (r) Achernar s
Aug 28 Sept7
AI Gienah + AI Chiba (r) se Alkaid Denebola (r) Dipper (r) ne Algenib (s) Alpheratz (s) nw Markab (s) nw 7 Regulus (r) ne Deneb (w) nw Dubhe (r) ne Fomalhaut (s) Cygnus (s) nw Altair (s) nw Pollux (r) ne) Altair (s) nw Castor (r) ne Vega (s) nw Orion Belt (r)Nunki (s) solstice sun(r) 2 6 5 10 9 8
Dipper(r) n Scheat,Markab (s Scheat (s) Algenib (s)
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]
Mar 31 Mar 21 Mar11 Mar 1 Feb 19 Feb 9 4 Jan 30 3 Jan 20
Sept 17 27 Sept 27 28 Oct 729 Oct 17 30 31 32 33 34
Denebola (r) Denebola (r)
Gienah (r) seAlpheratz (s) nw Corvus(r) se Cassiopeia (s) nw Spica (r) se Hamal (s) nw
Oct 27
Nov 6 Nov 16 Nov 26
Arcturus (r)Cassiopeia (s) nw Corona B (r) ne Canopus (s) S Hercules(r)nePleiades (s) nw 35 Hercules(r)ne Aldebaran, Or
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]
Jan 10 Dec 31
Dec 6 36
Dec 16
Antares (r) swAurlga(s) nw
6:00AM
Dec.21 Kanaloa Vega, Antares(r) Capella to S 23.5 d.
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]
Sirius [Orion Belt, Equator) solstice sun (r) 6:00 AM _ _ _ _ _K.ua!i!ln~aill/o.!!.a
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The Canoe of Maui [Belt of Orion] in the Celestial Equator

In the 612-line name chant Ka /noa 0 Kua/i'i [Fornander, 1969: 3801 for the chief of O'ahu, Kuali'i, in the 17th century, the opening subject is Maui's fishing up of the ulua makele island fish with the
'alae mUd-hen as bait on the fishhook (Manaiakalani, Ka-makau-nui-o-Maui, Scorpius):

He elele kii na Maui Kii aku ia Kane ma Laua 0 Kanaloa, ia Kauakahi, Loaa 0 Maliu. Hano mai a hai a hai i ka puu Hai a holona ka puu 0 Kalani Ka Makau nui 0 Maui, Manaiakalani, Kona aho, hilo honua ke kaa Hau hia amoamo Kauiki; Hania Kamalama, Ka maunu ka Alae a Hina, Wahia ka papa ia Laka, Ahaino ilalo ia Kea, Ai mai ka ia, 0 ka ulua makele, Luaehu kama a Pi moe, e Kalani e ...
A messenger sent by Maui to bring, To bring Kane and his company, (Him) and Kanaloa, and (to bring) Kauakahi, (Him) and Maliu [Spica in Virgo]. To praise and to offer, to offer up prayer, To offer and decree the fortune of the chief. The great fishhook of Maui, Manaiaka/ani, (And) its line, naturally twisted is the string that ties the hook. Engulfed is lofty Kauwiki, (Where) Hanaiakamalama (dwelt), The bait was the A/ae of Hina, Let down upon Hawaii, The sacred tangle, the painful death, Seizing upon the foundation of the earth, Floating up to the surface of the sea. (But) Hina hid the wing of the alae, Broken up was the table of Laka, Carried away below (was the bait) to Kea; The fishes ate it, the Ulua of the deep muddy places ...
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Maui: Kane: Kanaloa: Kauakahi:
stars in Hercules, Ophiucus, Sagittarius, Aquila, Lyra Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn unidentified [Cpo Hatutahi (Maori), Canopus; Au-tahi, A-tu-tahi, Tu-tahi] [Cpo Mariua (Tahiti), Spica in Virgo]. Scorpius and its "line" [Scorpius lies in the Milky Way] unidentified; [Cp., 'Bird with a broken wing'; probably Sirius, Procyon, and Canopus (Kapingamarangi);
Maliu: Manaiakalani: Ka Alae nui a Maui:
Manu (Sirius) + Ti Pekau i ngake 'The wing in the south' (Procyon) + Ti Pakau i Ngeiho (Canopus), i.e., one wing is broken [Johnson, 1975: 125]. Hina: Laka:
ohi'amoon [Probably connected to the central post image, Ku-kalaka, that becomes the Pou 0 Manu and Mo'l on the Ku heiau; Wakea, celestial equator [Cpo Ka'ulua, Sirius, or Kaulua, Mahanakaulua, Gemini].
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Kea: Ulua:
Is the ulua crevally fish in Gemini (or Sirius) on the opposite side of the hour circle in which Hercules and Scorpius [Maui] are situated? How could Maui catch so elusive a fish, having to hoist it up with Scorpius, Manaia-ka-Iani, the fishline, through the swirling Ka Wai Ola a Kane (Milky Way, also called
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]
Kai-Tangata, a shark or reptile, Te-moko-'ai-'ata, or Taranga.) until it reaches Gemini (Kaulua) 180
degrees away to the north side (or Sirius to the south) of the celestial compass?
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Left out in the Kumulipo sequence of Maui's deeds is the lifting of the sky, or what Tongans call the
Ha'amonga-a-Maui,
"Burden-of-Maui"
symbolized structurally in the
trilithon of that name
on
Tongatapu.
The Ha'amonga is the Belt of Orion where three Maui paddlers straddle the equator, one in
the middle and two on either side [Velt, Kik, Stars Over Tonga, 1990:86]. In some versions of sky-lifting Maui used a pole, or stars in Te Tao-o-Maui [Pukapuka, Cook Is.], a black nebula near Scorpius, and those in Taki-piki-tolu (Piscis Australis) [Beaglehole, 1938: 348].
In the very distant past, the shoulders of Hercules (Maui) held up the north pole for about 4,000 years, between 10,000 and 6,000 B.C., and since then his stars have moved farther down from a once higher position in 8000 years. The Belt of Orion has also moved in relation to the celestial equator, or
215
how does one understand the astronomer's brief explanation of another motion that takes 4,000 years to happen: "The celestial equator now passes through the Belt, but was 12 degrees below it 4000 years ago" [Allen, 1963: 316] The motion is the cycle (precession of the equinoxes) and the celestial equator,
(Ke Ala i ka Piko
o Wakea) and how these behave through a 26,000-year period due to changes in the obliquity of the eCliptic "caused by precession and nutation", viz:
"... [4.77 Obliquity of the ecliptic]
The obliquity of the ecliptic is
the angle between the plane of the eCliptic and the celestial equator, or the angle between the axis of rotation of the Earth and the pole of its orbit. It is responsible for the seasons. The obliquity of the ecliptic of the Earth is
now
about 23 degrees 26' (year 2000 23 d 26'34"). It varies from 21 d 55' to 28 d 18'. It is caused by precession and nutation. The
precession is caused mainly by the gravitational pull of the Sun and the Moon on the equatorial bulge of the Earth, 43 km diameter than pole to pole. Other planets have a small effect but in the opposite direction so the total effect is called the general precession, with a decrease of about 50 arc seconds per year, about 1 degree every 72 years. These gravitational pulls constitute a torque so that the axis of the Earth traces a circle in the sky like a wobbling spinning top. The axis completes a circle in 25,800 years. Nutation is a periodic oscillation of the axis of the Earth caused by the relative changing positions of the Sun, moon and Earth ...... the 'great hunter' contains three bright stars in
a line, the 'Orion's Belt ... [UNAst1. www.uq.edu.au/... School...Science... Lessons/ UNAst1.html.; See also intra, p. 237-238].
These are difficult words for most humans to understand, young and old alike. Textbooks say that the ecliptic is the "great circle formed by the intersection of the plane of the earth's orbit with the celestial sphere, or the apparent annual path of the sun in the heavens" [American College Dictionary, 1950: 381]. The precession of the equinoxes in each sidereal year is found in the apparent motion of
the sun in the ecliptic. Due to the orbit of the earth around the sun on its own axis of rotation, a complete
216
precession of the equinoxes requires between 21,600
to 25,920 years to return to a beginning which
involves the gradual change allowing 10 zodiacal constellations to occupy the First Point of Aries (090 d. E) at the vernal equinox (March) for 21,600 years and two more for 12 zodiacal constellations to complete 25,920 years of precession, i.e., 12 zodiacal signs in astrology [* See intra, the chapter on "Understanding of
the Universe in World History": (1) "Important Dates in Human History Coordinated with Celestial Events].
However, societies with no zodiacal signs and calendrics may reduce, increase, or totally ignore all of them. Descriptions of this movement about the poles of the earth compare it to a "wobble" of the earth as it tips its (several) axes from a point on a polar circle above (north) to "draw" another circle at the pole below (south). This may be easier to understand by looking at an American Indian teepee, its several poles arranged so that each axis creates an inverted cone to be covered on the outside for protection from rain, snow, cold, wind, while on the circular ground within the axial polar supports, each pole points to a side opposite the swirl ofaxials outside, as though the teepee's "ribs" describe revolving circles opposite their poles, akin to the ribs of an umbrella when opened to divert rain from entering the space below. When unused the umbrella folds its own tent. How does that impression fit the motion of constellations on either side of the equator where Maui's brothers sit in their canoe [Belt of Orion]? If the celestial
I I I I I I I
I I
equator,
Ke Ala i ka Pika a
Wakea, was 12 degrees below Orion's Belt
4000 years ag, it has apparently moved back where it is So, where do the brothers go when
now since it moved away from that position thousands of years ago.
their canoe in the Belt of Orion goes through 26,000 years of the precession (of equinoxes). The star AI Mintaka (delta Orionis, first to appear east, and highest of the three), Alnilam [epsilon Orionis, middle star], and Alnitak (xi Orionis, last to appear, lowest in the Belt], which a Tongarevan storytellerlinformant on Penrhyn Island in the Northern Cook Islands called them in order "First Maui, Second Maui, and Third Maui", while another called them "Maui-mua (front), Maui-waena (middle) and Maui-hope (back). If their positions have shifted away from the equator, how far from their present
position have they gone before? In the earliest clay figures in pottery drawn of Orion in the Caucasus (Europe bordering on Asia),
Orion or Warion the Giant has a small triangular head and three fingers on either side of his belly, six
fingers pointing inward toward his navel, while in the Hawaiian heiau temple many thousands or years
217
I I I I I I I I I I
later, the main post image of Ku-kl!l-ohi'a-/aka representing pou, or center). 'pillar' stars (or gods)
at central position within the makaiwa has three fingers on either side of his 'opu
images
(pu,
How ancient is that design, if the image occupying central position before the temple altar
(kuahu) faced north/south or east/west within the male (kane) quarter, i.e., the quarter of the earth's
compass between 90 to 180 degrees. or half of the inner circle of the temple ground, while to the west and the opposite quarter, the space was considered female?
[Note: To understand or to see how Maui's stars in Orion were affected by precession and the obliquity of the eclipic, astronomer Joseph Ciotti has obliged queries that this motion (Maui-mua, Maui-waena, Mauihope) in the Belt of Orion be projected on the dome of the planetarium at Windward Community College in Kaneohe, O'ahu. The following tabulation resulting from his demonstration of the 4500-year motion descending, and 2500 years presently ascending is found on pages 261-262, intra].
The total time involved in this projection is 7000 years. The motion of the Belt (of Orion) stars descending south to 25 degrees 44 minutes (A/nitak), the lowest of the three, and the center (A/nilam) to 25 degrees 31 minutes while the most northerly (A/mintaka) was at 25 degrees 7 minutes, puts the Belt of Orion at 25 degrees below zero latitude and thus at its lowest point 2 degrees 24 minutes below what is now the Tropic of Capricorn at south latitude 23.5 degrees. Constellations farther north may have moved nearer or farther away from where they' have been in the 2000 years when Wakea and Papa lived near the turn of the previous millenia. Eight-hundred
thirteen generations from La'ila'i is about 20,325 years since she as first mother and Ki'i had son Kamahaina in the Eighth Wa so that one wa would have been about 2,614 years' time. If the kahuna had known that the Belt of Orion moved up and down below and back to the equator, did his ancestors synchronize past time to gauge present and future time, if at all they did observe that the equatorial constellation (Belt of Orion) did move away and back to the equator but not further north? The evidence in the Kumulipo generation count suggests the kahuna knew it (Belt of Orion as Maui's brothers) did occupy another level below the equator where it had been for a long period of time. The burden of proof has to be demonstrated, if by simple arithmetic children can understand when they look out there and see the Maui brothers on opposite sides of the horizon, Maui pulling up the line (Scorpius in the Milky Way) while his brothers in the canoe (Belt of Orion) haul up the "fish", or land from the bottom of the sea. The following precession chart supplies a clear rate at which the Belt of Orion
moved up from below the equator, as from -25 degrees 44 minutes (AI Nitak) to -0 degrees 18 minutes
218
(Mintaka) between 4500 B. C and 2000 A.D. Polynesians would have been able to perceive the motion, slow as it may have been over 2,500 years between 1500 B.C. (Samoa) and 350 A.D. (Hawaii) during their active period of voyaging and settlement between West and East Polynesia and across the equator from south to north.
219
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I
Hawaiian Lunar Calendar with the Tokl/Anahulu Decan-week Count

270 d. W 258 d. W ofS 246 d. 234 d. 222 d 210d Muku Hilo Hoaka Kukahi Kulua Kukolu sero 1 2 3 4 5 (moonset, west; sun moving southward) (waxing moon first crescnet; Mercury, or Procyon) (<cause-shadow) Ku-l; Ku, god of the east; HIna, goddesf of the west Ku-2 Ku-3 [5 Ku temple days, imposed on the night of Hilo and lifted on the morning of Kulua, called the "Tabu of Ku"] Ku-4, pau ("finished") Ole-l (moon in the south at sunset; lighted half facing west); waxing gibbous moon. Ole-2 First quarter moon; terminator straight. Ole-2 Ole-3 Ole-4; end gibbous moon FIRST DECAN WEEK = 1 ANAHULU - 10 DAYS "hidden", i.e., no crescent arches; rounding moon HUA TABU period begins; imposed at night, lifted morning of Akua: Shaula in Scorpius. Ju pi ter; half-sIdereal lunatlon ( 13 .5 ) Sun rising in the east at sunset; "god" HUA TABU, lifted on the morning of Akua Full moon; "star" moon sets before daylight; "sinking star" Hoku iIi; "stranded star", visible in daylight "drop", i.e., thin crescent; waxing gibbous moon La'au-l "la' au" , plant, i.e. planting night La'au-2 La'au-finish; end planting nights SECOND DECAN WEEK = 2 ANAHULU - 20 DAYS Ole-l Ole-2 Third quarter moon; in south at sunrise; Ole-2; Third quarter moon; terminator straight Ole-3; waning crescent, visible be foe sunrise
198 d. SW 186 d. SW 180 d. S 174 d. E ofS 162 d. SE 150 d. SE

138 d. 126d.
Kupau Olekukahi Olekulua Olekulua Olekukolu Olepau
6 7 8 8 9 10
Huna Mohalu HUA Akua HOKU Hoku palemo Mahealani Kulu La'aukukahi La'aukulua La'aupau
11 12
114 d. E of S 102 d. 90 d
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
78d.NofE 66d. 54 d. NE 42 d. 30 d. 18 d. NE 6 d. NE 000 d. N 354 d. W of N 342 d NW 330d NW 318d NW 306 d NW 294d. NW 282 d. N ofW 270 d. W
Olekukahi Olekulua Olekulua Olepau Kaloakukahi Kaloakulua Kaloapau Kane Lono Mauli Muku
21 22 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Kaloa-l; Tabu of Kanaloa, imposed night of Olepau Kaloa-2 Tabu lifted morning of Kaloa-2 Kaloa-3 Finish (Kanaloa tabu) Kane - 1 siderea11unatlon; Kane tabu imposed Lono, god of the year; star Sirius "spirit" (of moon goddess Hina, in Wai Ola a Kane, Milky Way) 29.5-30 New Moon [1 synodic lunatlon] THIRD DECAN WEEK = 3 ANAHULU ~ 30 DAYS
272
The intricate association of planetary cycles and meridian transits of stars during the ritual schedule (tabu pule of 9 nights/days in the Ku heiau, luakini
po'okanaka) conducted over 240 days through 8 months of the calendar year were
I I I I
]
]
imposed
for 56 nights ritually assigned to Ku, Kane, and Kanaloa,
less the
remaining 120-day annual tax-collecting period of months called the makahiki, in honor of the go,! of agriculture, Lono-i-ka-makahiki (Lono-in-the-year). During the
120-day Lonoiklmakahiki festival the year was calculated by beginning the synodic period with the Pleiades (in Taurus) on the first new moon after the evening rise of Ma..ka1J'J (Pleiades) in November (Le., the Pleiades are visible all night). This differs from the observation of MakalJ'J
solstice
at the tJme of the June
on Butaritari:( i.e., achronycal, azimuth before full daylight) : "The northern solstice was determined by the appearance of the Pleiades, at about 5 a.m., approximately 22 degrees above the eastern horizon. This takes place, in point of fact, in the neighborhood of the 25th of June, the true date of the solstice being 22nd June ...While the sun was at his northern solstice, he was said to have mounted upon his Buatarawa of the north." [intra, p. 264, acc. Grimble, 1922: 197-205].
In this attempt here to employ the assigned cubit measurements of the bale
J J
] ] ]
waJ'ea to check the length of the measuring cord, one's effort involves more than
observing the daily march of the sun across the world through daylight (east-west) or between north and south (i.e., along the horizon). This is understood within the context of the ritual checking the aha he1e
honua
on the fourth night of the moon, Kulua, after placing
the
Nanahua,
"observe/watch-Jupiter" post by the bale mana, the side of the bale wal'ea.
or sacred house behind and to
These rituals seem to check time according to moon,
stars, and planets. The name of the hale mana, perhaps the most sacred house on the temple ground (kahua) is evidently derived from Tahitian fare manaba, derived in tum from the Gilbertese (Micronesian) maneaba house structure.
J
l l
]
273
The moon nights Kukahi (3rd moon night) for the Nanahua ("observe Hua [Jupiter]) post and Kulua (4th moon night) after new moon 270 degrees west puts the moon going south from 246 to 222 degrees south of west in March-April (Nana) when the sun is moving north. Naming of the 12th moon for Shaula (Moba.lu) in Scorpius (Manaia-ka-makau-nui-a-Maui) and the 13th (Hua) placement of temple post images (Pou), as for the Pou
0
for Jupiter
suggests
Manu (Procyon) bearing
names for identified stars and planets into a more complicated kind of luni-solar clock. The posting of Nanahua at the hale mana for Jupiter may be the reason for stretching the cord between midnight and morning of Kulua, when sunrise would be another twelve degrees of the moon's movement south of west (222 d SW). The
moon night of Hua (Jupiter) is after Ole nights when the moon shifts position from 186 degrees west of south to 174 degrees east of south and northeast
13th moon night before the
(Hua), when the moon on that night (Hua) is at 114 degrees one-half the sidereal lunation (27.3 days).
east of south, or in position at
To summarize this understanding of the sidereal lunation as a "star" month calculation built into the synodic lunation as a"moon" month, these are coordinated
with planetary cycles as well as the sun's motion in relation to the earth's rotation (diurnal) viewed throughout the year along horizon azimuths (lua) at sunrize and sunset (achronycal). (1) The sidereal lunation is at the halfway point when Jupiter (Hua) is
either a morning (CIao, Hoku Ao) or evening star when another guiding star would have already transited the meridian at midnight as the moon was farthest
south ( Olekulua - Olepau at 186 degrees south to 174 degrees east of south).
I I I
274
Azimuths of (achronycal)
horizon stars
appearing befoe sunrise and near sunset
around the entire compass circuit of the unlimited horizon would also The sidereal aspect of
have been noted in order to keep track of all star positions.
the clock is that which argues for reconsideration of the Kana cord in relation to the aha hele honua measuring cord for the sun's north/south limits, or how that also may explain how and why how Maui's rope to snare the sun effected the way in which the sun seems to slow down around the tropic limit (winter solstice in Hawaii) south in December from east to west and then northward.
Data on the sun's azimuths of sunrise and sunset has been charted for
1()(x)
AD. as viewed from the latitude of Tarawa (Gilbert Islands) near the equator. The full chart was prepared to illustrate changes relevant for the time when
Polynesians were still voyaging between Hawaii and ancient homelands below the equator. Tarawa's latitude is about 10 degrees above the equator, or 10 degrees below the latitude of O'ahu (Honolulu). For the sun going north, as viewed near the
equator, the vernal equinox seems to have occurred about March 14th in 1(x)() A.D.
[prepared by Joseph Ciotti, Windward Community College, O'abu, 2008 A.D. from Starry Night Pro Plus, the entire list is included here, pages 278ff to indicate the sun's north/south motion].
I I I I I I I I J
]
Date
Sunrise Azimuth
change in Azimuth
Sunset Azimuth
change in Azimuth
12=Mar 13-Mar 14-Mar IS-Mar 16-Mar
90.90
9050 90.10
-0.38 -0.40 -0.40 -0.38 -0.40
269.30 269.70 270.10 270.48 270.88
038 0.40 0.40 038 0.40
89.72 89.32
J I
]
275
I I
Between vernal equinox and summer solstice of that year [1000 A.D.] the sun would have been observed for the 3-decan week period between June 1st and June 30th approaching the latitude of Nihoa (23.5 d N Tropic of Capricorn) from the position of an observer on Tarawa near the equator as follows:
Date
Sunrise Azimuth 66.43 66.43 66.45 66.47 66.50 66.53 66.58 66.67 66.68 66.75 66.82 66.90 67.00 67.17 67.27
change in Azimuth 0.00 -0.02 -0.02 -0.03 -0.03 -0.05 -0.08 -0.02 -0.07 -0.07 -0.08 -0.10 -0.07 -0.10 -0.10
Date
Sunrise Azimuth 66.43 66.43 66.45 66.47 66.48 66.52 66.57 66.62 66.67 66.72 66.78 66.87 66.95 67.03 67.13
change in Azimuth 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.10
15 lun 14lun 13 lun 12 lun 11 lun 10lun 9 lun 8lun 7 lun 6lun 5 lun 4lun 3 lun 2 lun 1 lun
16 lun 17 lun 18 lun 19 lun 20 lun 21 lun 22 lun 23 lun 24 lun 25 lun 26 lun 27 lun 28 lun 29 lun 30 lun
(sun moVing north): Date Sunset Azimuth 293.57 293.57 change in Azimuth 0.00 0.00 Sunset Azimuth 293.57 293.57 change in Azimuth 0.00 0.00
Date
15 lun 14lun
16 lun 17 lun
(sun moving north): 13 lun 293,55 12 lun 293.53 11 lun 293.52 293.48 10 lun 293.43 9lun 293.40 8lun 293.33 7 lun 293.28 6lun 293.22 5 lun 4lun 293.13 293.07 3 lun 293.97 2 lun 1 lun 292.88
Q..Q.2.
(sun moving south): 293.55 18 11m 19 lUll 20 lun 21 lun 22 lun 23 lun 24lun 25 lun 26 lun 27 lun 29 lun 30 lun 293,52 293.50 293.45 293.42 293.37 293.30 293.25 293.17 293.10 292.92 292.82
::U...Q..2.
.a.m.
0.05 0.03 0.07 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.10 0.08 0.10
0.02
=illll
-0.02 -0.05 -0.03 -0.05 -0.07 -0.05 -0.08 -0.07 -0.10 -0.10
276
The azimuths for the autumnal equinox (September) and winter solstice sun (December) record these positions toward the end of that year::
(sun moving south at autumn equinox, September, 1000 A.D.):
16 Sept 17 Sept 9 Dec 10 Dec 11 Dec 12 Dec l3 Dec 14 Dec 15 Q~~ 16 De~
1ZD~
89.65 90.05 1l3.43 113.47 113.52 1l3.53 113.55 113.57 113.57 113.57 113.57
0.40 0.40 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.02 QJ1Q
16 Sept 17 Sept 9 Dec 10 Dec 11 Dec 12 Dec 13 Dec 14 Dec 15 Qec 16 Qec
270.15 269.75 246.55 246.52 246.48 246.45 246.43 246.43 246.43 246.43
-0.40 -0.40 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.02 QJ1Q QJ1Q
Q..QQ
QJ1Q
(Sun moving north from winter solstice limit, December)

20 Dec 19 Dec 18 Dec 17 Dec 113.48 113.52 113.53 113.57 -0.03 -0.02 -0.03 20 Dec 19 Dec 18 Dec 17 Dec 246.48 246.50 246.50 246.45 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.02
Jl.OO
[Full chart in following]
I I J I I J J I J I
)
J
]
J
)
277
J 1
Azinluth of Sunrise & Sunset 1000 AD Latitude: a (Equator)

(generated with Starry Night Pro Plus)
Date
Sunrise Azimuth
change In
Azimuth
Sunset Azimuth
change in
Azimuth
1-Jan 2-Jan 3-Jan 4-Jan 5-Jan 6-Jan 7-Jan . 8-Jan 9-Jan 10-Jan ll-Jan 12-Jan 13-Jan 14-Jan 15-Jan 16-Jan 17-Jan 18-Jan 19-Jan 20-Jan 21-Jan 22-Jan 23-Jan 24-Jan 25-Jan 26-Jan 27-Jan 28-Jan 29-Jan 30-Jan 31-Jan 1-Feb 2-Feb 3-Feb 4-Feb 5-Feb 6-Feb
112.55 112.42 112.28 112.13 111.98 111.83 111.67 111.50 111.32 111.13 110.93 110.73 110.53 110.32 110.10 109.88 109.65 109.42 109.17 108.93 108.67 108.42 108.15 107.88 107.60 107.32 107.05 106.75 106.47 106.17 105.85 105.55 105.23 104.92 104.60 104.27 103.95
-0.13 -0.13 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.17 -0.17 -0.18 -0.18 -0.20 -0.20 -0.20 -0.22 -0.22 -0.22 -0.23 -0.23 -0.25 -0.23 -0.27 -0.25 -0.27 -0.27 -0.28 -0.28 -0.27 -0.30 -0.28 -0.30 -0.32 -0.30 -0.32 -0.32 -0.32 -0.33 -0.32
247.52 247.65 247.78 247.93 248.08 248.25 248.42 248.60 248.78 248.97 249.17 249.37 249.57 249.78 250.00 250.23 250.47 250.70 250.95 251.20 251.45 251.72 251.98 252.25 252.53 252.82 253.10 253.40 253.70 254.00 254.30 254.62 254.92 255.25 255.57 255.90 256.22
0.13 0.13 0.15 0.15 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.32 0.30 0.33 0.32 0.33 0.32
7-Feb 8-Feb 9-Feb 10-Feb ll-Feb 12-Feb 13-Feb 14-Feb 15-Feb 16-Feb 17-Feb 18-Feb 19-Feb 20-Feb 21-Feb 22-Feb 23-Feb 24-Feb 25-Feb 26-Feb 27-Feb 28-Feb 29-Feb l-Mar 2-Mar 3-Mar 4-Mar 5-Mar 6-Mar 7-Mar 8-Mar 9-Mar 10-Mar ll-Mar 12-Mar 13-Mar 14-Mar 15-Mar 16-Mar 17-Mar 18-Mar 19-Mar 20-Mar 21-Mar 22-Mar 23-Mar 24-Mar 25-Mar 26-Mar
103.62 103.28 102.93 102.62 102.25 101.90 101.55 101.20 100.83 100.47 100.12 99.75 99.38 99.00 98.63 98.27 97.88 97.50 97.12 96.75 96.37 95.98 95.58 95.20 94.82 94.43 94.03 93.65 93.25 92.87 92.47 92.07 91.68 91.28 90.90 90.50 90.10 89.72 89.32 88.93 88.53 88.15 87.75 87.37 86.98 86.58 86.20 85.82 85.43
-0.33 -0.33 -0.35 -0.32 -0.37 -0.35 -0.35 -0.35 -0.37 -0.37 -0.35 -0.37 -0.37 -0.38 -0.37 -0.37 -0.38 -0.38 -0.38 -0.37 -0.38 -0.38 -0.40 -0.38 -0.38 -0.38 -0.40 -0.38 -0.40 -0.38 -0.40 -0.40 -0.38 -0.40 -0.38 -0.40 -0.40 -0.38 -0.40 -0.38 -0.40 -0.38 -0.40 -0.38 -0.38 -0.40 -0.38 -0.38 -0.38
256.55 256.90 257.23 257.58 257.93 258.28 258.63 258.98 259.35 259.72 260.07 260.43 260.80 261.18 261.55 261.93 262.30 262.68 263.07 263.45 263.83 264.22 264.60 265.00 265.38 265.77 266.17 266.55 266.95 267.33 267.73 268.12 268.52 268.92 269.30 269.70 270.10 270.48 270.88 271.27 271.67 272.05 272.45 272.83 273.22 273.62 274.00 274.38 274.77
0.33 0.35 0.33 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.37 0.37 0.35 0.37 0.37 0.38 0.37 0.38 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.40 0.38 0.38 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.38 0.38 0.40 0.38 0.38 0.38
I J I
J J I I J
"
J
]I
!
<,
I ! I f J 1
,-
27-Mar 28-Mar 29-Mar 30-Mar 31-Mar l-Apr 2-Apr 3-Apr 4-Apr 5-Apr 6-Apr 7-Apr 8-Apr 9-Apr 10-Apr ll-Apr 12-Apr 13-Apr 14-Apr 15-Apr 16-Apr 17-Apr 18-Apr 19-Apr 20-Apr 21-Apr 22-Apr 23-Apr 24-Apr 25-Apr 26-Apr 27-Apr 28-Apr 29-Apr 30-Apr l-May 2-May 3-May 4-May 5-May 6-May 7-May 8-May 9-May 10-May ll-May 12-May 13-May 14-May
85.05 84.67 84.28 83.90 83.53 83.15 82.78 82.42 82.03 81.67 81.30 80.95 80.58 80.22 79.87 79.22 79.17 78.82 78.48 78.13 77.80 77.47 77.13 76.82 76.48 76.17 75.85 75.53 75.22 74.93 74.63 74.33 74.03 73.75 73.47 73.18 72.92 72.65 72.37 72.12 71.85 71.60 71.37 71.12 70.88 70.65 70.43 70.22 70.00
-0.38 -0.38 -0.38 -0.38 -0.37 -0.38 -0.37 -0.37 -0.38 -0.37 -0.37 -0.35 -0.37 -0.37 . -0.35 -0.65 -0.05 -0.35 -0.33 -0.35 -0.33 -0.33 -0.33 -0.32 -0.33 -0.32 -0.32 -0.32 -0.32 -0.28 -0.30 -0.30 -0.30 -0.28 -0.28 -0.28 -0.27 -0.27 -0.28 -0.25 -0.27 -0.25 -0.23 -0.25 -0.23 -0.23 -0.22 -0.22 -0.22
275.15 275.53 275.90 276.28 276.67 277.03 277.40 277.78 278.15 278.52 278.88 279.23 279.60 279.95 280.30 280.65 281.00 281.35 281.68 282.03 282.37 282.70 283.03 283.35 283.67 284.00 284.30 284.62 284.92 285.23 285.53 285.82 286.12 286.40 286.68 286.95 287.23 287.50 287.75 288.02 288.27 288.52 288.77 289.00 289.23 289.47 289.68 289.90 290.10
0.38 0.38 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.35 0.37 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.33 0.35 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.33 0.30 0.32 0.30 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.30 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.20
15-May 16-May 17-May 18-May 19-May 20-May 21-May 22-May 23-May 24-May 25-May 26-May 27-May 28-May 29-May 30-May 31-May 1-Jun 2-Jun 3-Jun 4-Jan 5-Jun 6-Jun 7-Jun 8-Jun 9-Jun 10-Jan ll-Jun 12-Jun 13-Jun 14-Jun 15-Jun 16-Jun 17-Jun 18-Jun 19-Jun 20-Jun 21-Jun 22-Jun 23-Jun 24-Jun 25-Jun 26-Jun 27-Jun 28-Jun 29-Jun 30-Jun 1-Jul 2-Jul
69.78 69.58 69.38 69.20 69.02 68.83 68.67 68.50 68.33 68.18 68.03 67.88 67.75 67.63 67.50 67.38 67.27 67.17 67.07 67.00 66.90 66.82 66.75 66.68 66.67 66.58 66.53 66.50 66.47 66.45 66.43 66.43 66.43 66.43 66.45 66.47 66.48 66.52 66.57 66.62 66.67 66.72 66.78 66.87 66.95 67.03 67.13 67.23 67.33
-0.22 -0.20 -0.20 -0.18 -0.18 -0.18 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.13 -0.12 -0.13 -0.12 -0.12 -0.10 -0.10 -0.07 -0.10 -0.08 -0.07 -0.07 -0.02 -0.08 -0.05 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 -0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.10
290.32 290.52 290.70 290.90 291.08 291.25 291.42 291.58 291.75 291.90 292.03 292.18 292.32 292.43 292.57 292.67 292.78 292.88 293.97 293.07 293.13 293.22 293.28 293.33 293.40 293.43 293.48 293.52 293.53 293.55 293.57 293.57 293.57 293.57 293.55 293.52 293.50 293.45 293.42 293.37 293.30 293.25 293.17 293.10 293.02 292.92 292.82 292.72 292.62
0.22 0.20 0.18 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.10 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.10 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.07 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.02 -0.03 -0.02 -0.05 -0.03 -0.05 -0.07 -0.05 -0.08 -0.07 -0.08 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10
I I I I I I I I J I
f
"
J
I
.I
'I
J J J
I I I
3-Jul 4-Jul 5-Jul 6-Jul 7-Jul 8-Jul 9-Jul 10-Jul ll-Jul 12-Jul 13-Jul 14-Jul 15-Jul 16-Jul 17-Jul 18-Jul 19-Jul 20-Jul 21-Jul 22-Jul 23-Jul 24-Jul 25-Jul 26-Jul 27-Jul 28-Jul 29-Jul 30-Jul 31-Jul 1-Aug 2-Aug 3-Aug 4-Aug 5-Aug 6-Aug 7-Aug 8-Aug 9-Aug la-Aug ll-Aug 12-Aug 13-Aug 14-Aug 15-Aug 16-Aug 17-Aug 18-Aug 19-Aug 20-Aug
67.45 67.57 67.70 67.83 67.97 68.12 68.27 68.43 68.60 68.77 68.93 69.12 69.32 69.50 69.70 69.92 70.13 70.35 70.55 70.80 71.03 71.27 71.52 71.77 72.02 72.27 72.53 72.80 73.08 73.37 73.65 73.93 74.22 74.52 74.82 75.13 75.43 75.75 76.07 76.38 76.70 77.03 77.37 77.68 78.03 78.38 78.72 79.07 79.42
0.12 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.15 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.20 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.20 0.25 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.30 0.30 0.32 0.30 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.35 0.35 0.33 0.35 0.35
292.48 292.37 292.23 292.10 291.95 291.82 291.65 291.48 291.32 291.15 290.97 290.78 290.58 290.40 290.18 289.98 289.77 289.55 289.32 289.08 288.85 288.62 288.37 288.12 287.87 287.60 287.33 287.05 286.78 286.50 286.22 285.92 285.63 285.33 285.03 284.72 284.42 284.10 283.78 283.45 283.13 282.80 282.47 282.13 281.78 281.45 281.10 280.75 280.40
-0.13 -0.12 -0.13 -0.13 -0.15 -0.13 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.18 -0.18 -0.20 -0.18 -0.22 -0.20 -0.22 -0.22 -0.23 -0.23 -0.23 -0.23 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.27 -0.27 -0.28 -0.27 -0.28 -0.28 -0.30 -0.28 -0.30 -0.30 -0.32 -0.30 -0.32 -0.32 -0.33 -0.32 -0.33 -0.33 -0.33 -0.35 -0.33 -0.35 -0.35 -0.35
21-Aug 22-Aug 23-Aug 24-Aug 25-Aug 26-Aug 27-Aug 28-Aug 29-Aug 30-Aug 31-Aug l-Sep 2-Sep 3-Sep 4-Sep 5-Sep 6-Sep 7-Sep 8-Sep 9-Sep 10-Sep l1-Sep 12-Sep 13-Sep 14-Sep 15-Sep 16-Sep 17-Sep 18-Sep 19-5ep 20-Sep 21-Sep 22-Sep 23-Sep 24-Sep 25-Sep 26-Sep 27-Sep 28-Sep 29-Sep 30-Sep i-Oct 2-0ct 3-0ct 4-0ct 5-0ct 6-0ct 7-0ct 8-0ct
79.77 80.13 80.48 80.85 81.22 81.58 81.95 82.32 82.68 83.07 83.43 83.82 84.20 84.58 84.97 85.35 85.73 86.12 86.52 86.90 87.30 87.68 88.08 88.47 88.87 89.25 89.65 90.05 90.45 90.83 91.23 91.63 92.02 . 92.42 92.82 93.20 93.60 94.00 94.38 94.78 95.17 95.55 95.95 96.33 96.72 97.10 97.48 97.87 98.25
0.35 0.37 0.35 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.38 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.38 0.38 0.40 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38
280.05 279.70 279.33 278.97 278.60 278.23 277.87 277.50 277.12 276.75 276.37 275.98 275.62 275.23 274.83 274.45 274.07 273.68 273.28 272.90 272.52 272.12 271.72 271.33 270.93 270.55 270.15 269.75 269.35 268.97 268.57 268.17 267.78 267.38 266.98 266.60 266.20 265.80 265.42 265.02 264.63 264.25 263.87 263.47 263.08 262.70 262.32 261.95 261.57
-0.35 -0.35 -0.37 -0.37 -0.37 -0.37 -0.37 -0.37 -0.38 -0.37 -0.38 -0.38 -0.37 -0.38 -0.40 -0.38 -0.38 -0.38 -0.40 -0.38 -0.38 -0.40 -0.40 -0.38 -0.40 -0.38 -0.40 -0.40 -0.40 -0.38 -0.40 -0.40 -0.38 -0.40 -0.40 -0.38 -0.40 -0.40 -0.38 -0.40 -0.38 -0.38 -0.38 -0.40 -0.38 -0.38 -0.38 -0.37 -0.38
1 ! I J I I I I I I I I I I I I
I ! i
9-0ct 10-0ct 11-0ct 12-0ct 13-0ct 14-0ct 15-0ct 16-0ct 17-0ct 18-0ct
19~Oct
20-0ct 21-0ct 22-0ct 23-0ct 24-0ct 25-0ct 26-0ct 27-0ct 28-0ct 29-0ct 30-0ct 31-0ct 1-Nov 2-Nov 3-Nov 4-Nov 5-Nov 6-Nov 7-Nov 8-Nov 9-Nov 10-Nov 11-Nov 12-Nov 13-Nov 14-Nov 15-Nov 16-Nov 17-Nov 18-Nov 19-Nov 20-Nov 21-Nov 22-Nov 23-Nov 24-Nov 25-Nov 26-Nov
98.62 99.00 99.35 99.73 100.10 100.47 100.82 101.18 101.55 101.90 102.25 102.60 102.93 103.28 103.62 103.95 104.28 104.60 104.93 105.25 105.57 105.87 106.17 106.47 106.77 107.07 107.35 107.63 107.90 108.17 108.43 108.70 108.95 109.20 109.43 109.67 109.90 110.13 110.35 110.55 110.77 110.95 111.15 111.33 111.52 111.68 111.85 112.00 112.15
0.37 0.38 0.35 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.35 0.37 0.37 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.33 0.35 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.22 0.18 0.20 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.15 0.15
261.20 260.82 260.45 260.08 259.72 259.35 258.98 258.63 258.28 257.92 257.58 257.23 256.90 256.55 256.22 255.88 255.55 255.23 254.92 254.60 254.28 253.98 253.67 253.38 253.08 252.80 252.52 252.23 251.97 251. 70 251.43 251.18 250.93 250.68 250.45 250.22 249.98 249.77 249.55 249.33 249.13 248.95 248.75 248.57 248.40 248.23 248.07 247.92 247.77
-0.37 -0.38 -0.37 -0.37 -0.37 -0.37 -0.37 -0.35 -0.35 -0.37 -0.33 -0.35 -0.33 -0.35 -0.33 -0.33 -0.33 -0.32 -0.32 -0.32 -0.32 -0.30 -0.32 -0.28 -0.30 -0.28 -0.28 -0.28 -0.27 -0.27 -0.27 -0.25 -0.25 -0.25 -0.23 -0.23 -0.23 -0.22 -0.22 -0.22 -0.20 -0.18 -0.20 -0.18 -0.17 -0.17 -0.17 -0.15 -0.15
27-Nov 28-Nov 29-Nov 30-Nov 1-Dec 2-Dec 3-Dec 4-Dec 5-Dec 6-Dec 7-Dec 8-Dec 9-Dec 10-Dec 11-Dec 12-Dec 13-Dec 14-Dec 15-Dec 16-Dec 17-Dec 18-Dec 19-Dec 20-Dec 21-Dec 22-Dec 23-Dec 24-Dec 25-Dec 26-Dec 27-Dec 28-Dec 29-Dec 30-Dec 31-Dec
112.30 112.43 112.57 112.68 112.80 112.90 113.00 113.10 113.17 113.25 113.32 113.38 113.43 113.47 113.52 113.53 113.55 113.57 113.57 113.57 113.57 113.53 113.52 113.48 113.43 113.38 113.32 113.25 113.18 113.10 113.00 112.92 112.82 112.70 112.58
0.15 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.03 -0.02 -0.03 -0.05 -0.05 -0.07 -0.07 -0.07 -0.08 -0.10 -0.08 -0.10 -0.12 -0.12
247.63 247.50 247.38 247.25 247.15 247.05 246.95 246.87 246.78 246.72 246.65 246.60 246.55 246.52 246.48 246.45 246.43 246.43 246.43 246.43 246.45 246.47 246.50 246.55 246.58 246.65 246.70 246.78 246.85 246.95 247.03 247.13 247.25 247.37. 247.481
-0.13 -0.13 -0.12 -0.13 -0.10 -0.10 -0.10 -0.08 -0.08 -0.07 -0.07 -0.05 -0.05 -0.03 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.07 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.10 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.12
I J J J J J J I
]
1Ii
"~~
l 1 J
]
I l l
I I I I I I I
Statement of Theory and Defense: The Hekaunano Arithmetical Notation of One Sidereal Day as One Sidereal Generation in the Sidereal Year or as an Analog to Time in the Precession of Equinoxes cumulative to 800 generations of the Kumulipo He1u Papa (Koihonua Mele Ho'ola'a Ali'i). It is through coordination between synodic and sidereal lunations in the ecliptic of the anomalistic year (perihelion in January to aphelion in July back to perihelion) or the tropic year (from one solstice back to the same solstice, north or south, covering 94 degrees between declinations 23.5 degrees N/S) that the
Hekaunano numbers become more obviously a cumulative sidereal formula for the
precession of equinoxes
between La'ila'i and Wakea's generations (800 - 815). [To
assist recall the information pertinent here is repeated below]:
Y.e..a.r
2008 AD.
1750 A.D. 025 A.D.
Midni~ht
Transit Date Dec. 10
Declination 46 degrees 00'
Generation
Kamehameha Wakea
600 A.D.
Nov. 12
43 degrees 04' 42 degrees 24' Pola'a (Kaiakahinalii 4) 22 degrees 35' 16 degrees 04'
Nov. 10 400 A.D. 400 A.D.-570 A.D. -3600 - 4800 B.c.

Oct. 18 Oct. 9
S4
-3610 - 4750
B.C
Sep.27 Sep.26 Sep.25 Sep.14 Sep.14 Sep.13
Li'ipau
(Kaiakahinali'i 3) 258/602
-7300 B.C. -7400 B.C. -7500 B.C. -9400 B.C. -9500 B.C. -9600 B.C. -9475 -7450-9550 B.C.
4 degrees 50' 4 degrees 28' 4 degrees 08' -0 degrees 23' -0 degrees 30' -0 degrees 37' Papio {Kaiakahinali'i 2) Papio/Lo'Uo'i
447 399
286
-10200 B.c. -10700 B.C. -10800 B.c.
Sep.l0 Sep.7 Sep.6
-1 degree 00' -0 degree 58' -0 degrees 55'
-10229 - 10773 B.C.
Mahinalea +Palem.o (Kaiakahinali'i 1 )
I I I
194
The 1998 calendric data repeated below for Auriga's visible and invisible periods during the year readjusts the the pattern of Auriga's annual cycle to more recent times:
Kahinali'i (Auriga): May 18 NE 6:00 am June 18 NW 6:00 am June 18 Juiy 10 (1998) [For Latitude N 23.5 d.]. hina (x) 1 beforesunsetvisible;invisible in daylight visible short period after sunset hina (x) 2 visible short period after sunset visible short period after sunset sets before sunset, invisible visible short period before setting at sunrise hina (x) 3 visible short period before sunrise period of visibility through night hina (x) 4 post-meridian decline
Capella heliacal rising The Kids heliacal setting
June 21 (x) NW 6:00 pm Capella heliacal setting July 3 NW 6:00 pm July 10NW 6:00 pm Jan 1 Jan 1 NW 6:00 am NW 6:00 am Auriga heliacal setting Capella heliacal setting Capella Capella Capella evening rise meridian Capella
Nov 1 8 NE 6:00 p.m. Dec 21 (x)
I I I J I I I
I I I I I I
In addition to the Capella in Auriga (Kaiakahinali'i) factor,
(Hua) Jupiter is
assigned a position at
114 degrees east of south in the unchanged Hawaiian for the position of the
compass/ calendar since pre-European contact times, as

Nanabua
post image (Pou)
representing a "pillar" (pou 'post') or zenith star the moon continued to
when the sun in March (Nana) was moving north, as revolve east and northward in the direction of sunrise.
How does that position for
Hua as Jupiter frozen at 114 d N E into the lunar calendar for every month of every year since it occupied 114 degrees east of south at some time continue unchanged?
287
Or, we may ask today's kahuna how Jupiter's position would be realigned to
the obliquity of the ecliptic now to one more degree and a half farther northeast, perhaps, than where it continues to remain iconic in the surviving native Hawaiian calendar of many generations past? Better still, what is the evidence needed to
demonstrate why Jupiter would continue to occupy position 399 in the generation count of Hekaunano as it is still programmed for recitation in the present at 2008 A.D.? How would the ancient Hawaiians now help us answer our question here as to how they determined that the position of the ]Vanahua post at the hale mana should be placed at 114 degrees SE to mark the half-way pOint of the sidereal month (Kane moon at 27.3 days) which could be extended more than 12 months, to 13 and even to 14, as indicated in the most recent translation of the Mo7oku 7 auhau Elua
Malcolm Naea. 2004: p.90 (English translation of the Hawaiian text)]: [Chun.
" ...The transcriber of the Second Genealogical Succession has shown that there are fourteen months (pauloal) [in year (puni)]. You and our very last descendants already know of the accuracy of the calendar of our ancestors through their calculations of the mnths, from the time of the Holaniku. It was reduced to eleven calendar months ... [names of 11 months] ... "...This was the most recent [traditional] calendar. There had been twelve generations of this race since the time that calendar above had been used, that is the calendar from Pua'aiki until the time of Kamehameha I, the calendar we use was introduced... " Solstice sunrise azimuths of December 1000 A.D. lie near the compass point of the 13th moon for Hua (Jupiter) at 113.57 degrees east [acc. Ciotti, [*refer to page 277,
intra]
for 1000 A.D],
The moon compass/calendar below that information allows
about 12 degrees (from new moon back to new moon) per day for 30 days (synodic lunation) [ace. Johnson]:
288
(Sunrise azimuths, 1000 A.D.) 15 Dec 113.57 16 Dec 113.57 17 Dec 113.57 [Compass positions 270d. W 258 d. S ofW 216 d. SW 234 d. 222 d. 210 d. 198 d. 186 d. SW 180 d. S 174 d. E ofS 162 d. 150 d.
138 d. 126 d 114 d SE 102 S ofE 90 d. E 78 d. N ofE 66 d. NE 54 d. 42 d. 30 d.
=
15 Dec 16 Dec
246.43 246.43
270 degrees west, position of new moon, evening] Muku Hilo Hoaka Kukahi Kulua Kukolu Kupau Olekukahi Olekulua Olekukolu Olekukolu Olepau 29.51zero [newmoon] 1 2 3
4
(1) (2) (3)

( 4) (1)
l I
)
5 6 7
8
(2)
( 2)
8
9
(3) (4)
10
11 12 13 [1/2 sidereallunationl 14 15 [full moon] 16 17 18 19 20
Huna Mohalu (Shaula in Scorpius) Hua (Jupiter) Akua Hoku Mahealani Kulu La'aukukahi (1) La'aukulua (2) La'aupau (3) Olekukahi Olekulua Olekulua Olepau Kaloakukahi Kaloakulua Kaloapau
Kane
18 d. E of N 6 d. EofN OOOd. N 348. WofN 336 dNW 324d 312 d. 300 d. NofW 288 d 276d 270d.
(1) (2) (2) (3)

(1)
21 22
22
23 24 25 26 27 [1 sidereallunation] 28 29 29.5 [1 synodic lunation]
J I I I J J
(2) (3)
Lono Mauli Muku
With regard, then, to the segment of the he1u papa recitation of Kumulipo generations containing the Hekaunano enumeration with zero positions at Pa and Pana positions, beginning count (1) Panakahi at generation 359 approximates the pOSition of the sun at the tropic standstills (generation 357 and 358), beginning the count at position (1) Panakahi (generation 359), which provides for an intercalation
289
J
1.;
ill
I I I I I I I I
of a day to 360 degrees of the ecliptic, allowing the possibility for extending. a 13th sidereal month (351 days) to 378 days (one synodic revolution of Saturn, Makulukulu, brother of Sky Father Wakea on meridian at noon) or another 21 days to first quarter moon to accommodate the 399-400th generation (counted as "days" in Hekaunano) so that generation 359 may be an aligned to the solstices at 360 d N or S (readjusting the sidereal analog from generation 351 to 399/400 (351 = 13 sidereal lunations), allowing 14 sidereal lunations = 351 + 27.3
=
378.3 days = 1 synodic revolution of
Saturn, and another quarter moon of 20.1 days = 399 (Jupiter synodic cycle) + 1 day = 400 [Kana]. bringing the quarter moon around to Olepau (waning third-quarter, north - northwest). The chart below (Hekaunano) is an attempt to coordinate the
calendar round between the solstices [acc. Johnson].

354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 Kealakikek,e' e Oiaku Huini Pa Pana Panakahi Paikekalua Puukolukolu Napuueha Palimakahana Waiakea Maiau N/S d. Liho Naihu Aiano Koliau Alia'oe Piliwale Heleiamai Hookonokono Helemaia Hepahuno 20.25 20.50 20.75 21.0 21.25 21.50 21.75 22.0 22.25 22.50 22.75
= = = = = = =
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
9 Dec. 10 Dec. 11 Dec. 12 Dec. 13 Dec. 14 Dec. 15 Dec. 16 Dec. 17 Dec. 18 Dec. 19 Dec.
21 Dec. 22 Dec. 23 Dec. 24 Dec. 25 Dec. 26 Dec. 27 Dec. 28 Dec. 29 Dec. 30 Dec. 31 Dec. 1 Jan 3 4 5 6 7 8 Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan
9 Tun
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun
l.6..S
366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377
Kaeamauli
=--J..
=10 =11 = 12 = 13 = 14 = 15 = 16 = 17 = 18 = 19
=
Elelk:u
Maumau Heoioi Aluaku Helule Painaina Noakawalu Piliamoa Manu Lelekeamo Kelekeleao 'Umikaua Mailo Paliiuka Paliikai Makaimoimo Lauohokena Piu Nahinahi
2..3.....5 [solstices]
22.75 22.50 22.25 22.0 21.75 21.50 21.25 21.0 20.75 20.50 20.25 20.0
I
20 Dec 20
I:un
Kokoiele = 8 Kaholokaiwa = 9 Kalelenohinalea Panakahiahinalea Panaikaluakahinalea Puukoluakukahinalea Napuukahakahinalea Palimawaleahinalea Akahiakaea' akilo 10 Paluaakaea'akilolo Puukolukaea'akilolo Puuhakaha'akilolo Akahike' ewe Paluake'ewe Paukolu Puuhake'ewe Pulimake'ewe Waiakaeaka'ewe
21 Jun 22 Jun 23 Jun 24 Jun 25 Jun 26 Jun 27 Jun 28 Jun 29 Jun 30 Jun 1Jul 2 Jul
.3.1..8
379 380 381 382 383 384
EUl.1.11makaeaakllo1o-
20 Nlhohoe
21
19 ZS [318 SATURN] 2 Jan

19.50 19.25 19.0 18.75 18.50 18.25
3 Tul
4 Jul 5 Jul 6 Jul 7 Jul 8 Jul 9 Jul
= 22 = 23 = 24 = 25 = 26
290
385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400
Kamauliakaewe = 27 Koieleakaewe = 28 Kuaiwaakaewe = 29 Henahuno = 30 Panakahikenahu = 31 Panaluakenahu = 32 Panakolukenahu = 33 Panahakenahu = 34 Lewelimakenahu = 35 Paakaeaakenahu =36 Omaulikenahu = 37 Ko'ielekenahu = 38 Kuaiwakelekenahu =39 Hekaunano =40 Papio [Kaiakahlnall1 2 Manu'akele =42
..
Kameha'i Ulupo Newaiku Puhemo Lahilahi Kaukeahu Ulalena Eiawale Konukonu Uli Nainai Pilomoku Nahae Welawela 41Lo'Uo'i Kelao
18.0 91an 17.75 101an 17.50 111an 17.25 121an 17.0 131an 16.75 141an 16.50 151an 16.25 161an 16.0 171an 15.75 181an 15.50 191an 15.25 20 Jan 15.0 211an 14.75 22 Jan 14.50 [399 jUPITER]23 jan 14.25 241an
10 luI 11 luI 12 luI 131u1 14 luI 15 luI 16 luI 17 luI 18 luI 19 luI 20 Jul 21 luI 22 luI 23 luI 24 juI 25 luI
I J
J I
354 - number of days in a lunar year (synodic lunations) 378 - number of days in a Saturn synodic cycle 399 - number of days in a Jupiter synodic cycle
If the cord of Kana and the aha hele honua may be coordinated through moon
calendar and solarI sidereal time considerations, the axis of alignments, such as that for the hale mana and the hale wai'ea,
the lengtb of the bale wa.l'ea.,
J J I I
]
laid out either east-west or north-south,
as the length (2 cubits = 36 inches may be How would those
compared to one-half
the Kana fathom of 72 inches.
proportions fit into the compass drcuit of direction and time oriented to sun, moon, stars, and planets (i.e. Jupiter) as 180 degrees of the diurnal motion of the sun for 12 hours of daylight (as we would consider that time now - Maui's 16-1eg sun) or 180 to 360 degrees of annual time caused (as we would explain that length now) by rotation of the earth upon its own axis and the revolution of the earth around the sun for one year as the ecliptic.
If these were plotted out along a stable ruler or staff so as to comprise
180
degrees of time, position (direction),
then such a measure would mete out (perhaps)

to half
5 degrees for every 2 inches of Kana's rope by cutting the measure
(72
divided by 2 = 36 x 5 degrees = 180 degrees, of the sun's reach over the earth between sunrise and sunset (Maui's lasso = 1/2 diurnal time of the earth's rotation) and the year between the tropic limits (annual revolution of earth around the sun seen as
J J J J J 1
291
iwilei yard
(36 inches) so that 16 "legs" of 11.25 degrees per leg would be :
16 x 11.25 degrees = 180 degrees of the sun's diurnal length over the earth between sunrise and sunset (Maui's lasso one night).
=
1/2
the earth's rotation through one day plus
This would equal the measure for the length of the hale wai'ea as twice
the cubit (kano) of 18 inches. The year between the tropic limits (annual revolution of earth around the sun seen as apparent motion north/south) of 180 degrees condensed into 18 inches of the
cubit width (kana
=
length from elbow end of the middle finger) laid N/S of the
bale wai'ea corresponds to the rope of Kana for the sun's northlsouth motion.
The hale wai'ea sacred house (36 inches length by 18 inches width by 18 inches height, as one iwilei by one kano \-Vidth by one kano height) was the structure in
the Ku heiau where the kahuna nui and the ali'i nui measured out the aha he1e
honua
(Le., rope to go the earth) at midnight on night of Kulua, or fourth night of
the moon, with no other worshippers present. The resulting segments for Kana's rope travel along the width of the hale wai'ea north/south would create 18 one-inch segments in the 90-degree space (= 90 days of the three-monthtoki measure in three months time between the equator and the tropic limit at 23.5 degrees north). Each one-inch segment of the rope would
correspond to 5 degrees of latitude: 18 inches x 5 degrees = 90 degrees (equator to Tropic of Cancer, 23.5 degrees N). That is to say, the time to measure the sun's course up from the equator using the Kana fathom measure may be easier to do about the vernal equinox (Le., Nana, March-April, during the faster period of the sun's motion about the
minor axis (April to October) of the ecliptic, whereas the sun's slow period between November-February is harder to see from the latitude of Hawaii about 20 degrees N.
292
"-.,
The cubit measure for Kana's rope as a companion to Maui's lasso to go the same distance adjusted from east to west as the movement of the sun in one day at one-half the fathom (anana), whereby 180 degrees of daylight in 2 cubits would equal 5
=
degrees per inch (5 degrees x 36 inches
180 degrees), thus allowing the hale wai'ea
to be oriented east/west as well as south/north. Since the measurement per the Ku heiau ceremonies according to the Hawaiian ritual calendar [see pages 374-377 intra) was used when aha he1e honua was "stretched" at the hale wai'ea on the night of Kulua in the month of Nana
(March-April), then the ceremony does suggest a time before or close to the vernal equinox when the sun's position is close to or at the equator. We note in the following charts that the sun moves over the equator for three
" days at zero degrees latitude.
As the sun proceeds beyond that section of sky along
the horizon the people living at each tropic latitude experience the event of zenith transit of the sun as though they were at the equator, where the time of daylight equals the time of night. So does Kana grow the same apparent fathom a day between 23.5 degrees every day from the southern solstice limit (Ke Ala Polohiwa a Kanaloa ) December 21st (or thereabouts) to 23.5 degrees North for 47 degrees in 180 days or 185.25 days in two halves of the year totalling 94 degrees in 365.25 days (tropic
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year).
All, then, that needs to be known is the rate at which the sun reaches one degree of latitude in 47 degrees of its north/south course for one-fourth of the year, or ninety days in one direction, as from March-April (Nana) to June-July (Ka'aona) for six months, which inspires the told ('adz', triangle) diagram (Micronesia). If
the sun moves 25.3 degrees of latitude in 90 days to the latitude of Nihoa Island, then 25.3 degrees of distance in latitude is divisible by 90 days, or about .261 degrees movement per day.
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How would that distance be noted on a rope 72 inches in length if it grew for 40 days to 2,280 inches? It grew, then, no more than 72 inches a day to represent .261 degrees per day because in the tropics Kana grew the same length by day when the length of the day equalled the length of the night, or 36 inches of daylight in the calabash of water in which his grandmother placed him, and another 36 inches at night. What escapes us is how the ancient Hawaiians decided on one anana fathom per day as the length of the Kana cord? The answer may lie in the association between Kana and his mother, Hina, who was named for the moon, and that Hina was raised by her mother, 1Tli, goddess of the ancient kahuna priest. In other words, involved observed. Her name means 'to tie, as a cord lli, kali/. the motion of the moon versus the course of the sun are
in the coordination of time and distance as several motions are to be Principally, the motion of the moon to count days (ao) as "nights" (po) in
ancient Hawaiian precontact language.
That is to say, 29.5 days as one synodic cycle
of the moon (synodic lunation) and 27.3 days as another kind of month (sidereal lunation) were both used to reckon the days of the sun's motion north and south, whereas "daylight"
(ao)
doesn't count "days" (la)
without the time of night for
one "day" (po) of the Hawaiian month. As the rope of Kana grew .261 degrees per day, that portion of 23.5 degrees of latitude between the time he started grOwing about the vernal equinox (MarchApril), then 40 days later, as the sun moved away from the equator, would have
counted as .261 degrees x 40 = lOA degrees in 40 days, or 20.8 degrees in 80 days, and for another 10 days (Le., told count = 90 days) would add another 2.6 degrees
(.261 x 10) for 2304 degrees N.
(Cp. 90 days x .261 degrees
23049 degrees, or
nearly 23.5 degrees N latitude).
294
Insofar, then, as the 400 fathom limit of the Kana rope is, therefore, another facet to reconsider, the number of fathoms per day would drag out the tropical year beyond the 365.25 days for another 34.75 days, a greater year beyond the 399-day synodic cycle of Jupiter. That involves another look at world cultures which synodic cycles. Jupiter figures in the naming of the 13th day of the month as Hua (Jupiter), or half the period of the sidereal lunar month (27.3 days = Kane night), so that the Hua post (pou) in the heiau evidently placed Jupiter's position at that compass point east of south in the moon's compass circuit. ancient Hawaiian calendric reckoning. The moon moves about 12 degrees per day from west to east. By the 13th day of
Hua. the moon has passed first quarter (180 degrees south) to -66 degrees,
I I I
made note of planetary
The 13.5 night of Hua is a stable feature of
or 2 days
away from the equator (-090 degrees east). That means that the additional 34.75 days for a Jupiter "year" requiring
another lunar month of 29.5 days and 5.2S days more to reach the 399th day for Jupiter and another .75 or 3/4 of another day to reach the 4OO-day limit (Kana)
creates a 13 th and 14th monthly period. It is interesting to find that other world calendars, such as the Maya (Mexico) kept track of planetary synodic cycles, if this is what the Hekaunano formula in the Kumulipo genealogical sequence was attempting to achieve in the Kumulipo generation count. To quote Gary Stasiuk on the Jupiter conjunctions with Saturn, for example:
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"... [I]n every 60 year period (59.55 years to be exact) a 'great conjunction' occurs near or slightly displaced from the point of origin. While successive 'great conjunction' are about 117 degrees apart, the vertices of successive
*trigons move approximately 360 - (117 x 3) = 9 degrees farther eastward
in this same period. We can see that it takes 40 'great conjunctions' to return to our initial starting point (9 degrees x 40 = 360 degrees).
[* trigon: " ...Any conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn is called a 'great conjunction' ...
Three successive 'great conjunctions' form a triangle called a 'Trigon'].
" The elapsed time counted by proceeding from conjunction to conjunction and back to the origin is thus 40 times 20 years = 800 years, or more precisely, 794.25 years. This represents one-third of a 'rotation' of the initial trigon. Similarly, the elapsed time counted by proceeding from trigon to trigon, continuing around the zodiacal circle and back to the original starting point is 40 x 60 years = 2,400 years. A more accurate value for the actual elapsed time is 2,382 years ... " " Successive great conjunctions of Jupiter and Saturn will remain in one triplicity about 200 years (10 successive conjunctions). In other words, it will take 800 years or 40 successive great conjunctions to pass through four triplicities. However, in order for all the great conjunctions to return, the cycle must be repeated two more times, for a total of 2400 years ... " [http://home.comcast.net/ garrstasiuk/MagLhtml; "The Magi's Star", December 1, 2008, page 3;
296
For ease of recall the previous statement is here repeated concerning the 14month calendar also used in ancient Hawaii [repeated from page 288, intra]:
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"... How would the ancient Hawaiians now help us answer our question here as to how they determined that the position of the Nanahua post at the hale mana should be placed at 114 degrees SE to mark the half-way point of the sidereal month (Kane moon at 27.3 days) which could be extended more than 12 months, to 13 and even to 14, as indicated in the most recent translation of the
Mo'oku'auhau Elua [Chun, Malcolm Naea, 2004: p.90 (English translation of p.lOO
Hawaiian text)]:
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" ...The transcriber of the Second Genealogical Succession has shown that there are fourteen months (pauloa7) [in year (puni)]. You and our very last descendants already know of the accuracy of the calendar of our ancestors through their calculations of the mnths, from the time of the Holaniku. It was reduced to eleven calendar months ... [names of 11 months] .. "...This was the most recent [traditional] calendar. There had been twelve generations of this race since the time that calendar above had been used, that is the calendar from Pua'aiki until the time of (Kamehameha I, the calendar we use was introduced). We will now return to the correct lines of this epic.) ... " "...Solstice sunrise azimuths of December 1000 A.D. lie near the compass point of the 13th moon for Hua (Jupiter) at 113.57 degrees east [acc. Ciotti, [*refer
to page 277, intra] for 1000 A.D],
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297
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Sidereal Numbers Applied to the Genealogical Arithmetic

If we are thinking like the kahuna of ancient times, we would
coordinate
the synodic lunar month (synodic lunation) with the sidereal lunation, or to that which we were accustomed to watching, such as the time between one new moon and the next, or between one quarter moon and the next (so as to mark the transit of a given star over the local meridian).
If we continued to watch the moon as a
synodic lunation for twelve months, we would be short of the tropic year by 11.25 days. We may let the remainder accumulate for three years until we had 33.75 days by which to intercalate a full lunar month and have a few days more [3.75] to spare. That is close enough to the 40 days (i.e., Kana intercalation) in the decan system for an additional month (= 399 - 400 days). Did the ancient kahuna resolve the accumulation of sidereal lunations by counting in fours until ten fours of them were.40 sidereal lunations in 1,080 days?
If he did, then this is how he may have simplified coordination between 40
sidereallunations and three tropic years of 1080 days: 4 siderea1lunations= 8 " " 10 " " 16 " " = 20 " " 108 216 270
432
540
=-
40 sidereal lunatlons
80 100 160 200 " " " " " " " "
1080
2160 2700
= =
4320
5400
The numbers 40, 80, 200, 400, 800 are reminiscent of the 40 to 80 ka'ai gods carried in the Kahoali'i rite on the Ku heiau luakini with equivalent pig and dog sacrifices offered, amounting to 40, 80, 400, 800, or 120, 160, 240, etc. during a 21 to 26-day ritual.
298
The danger in using this short cut is that, eventually, the basis for the correction, as of the synodic to the sidereal to the tropic years may ritualize into fonnulae, rather than knOwing the basic reason for the cumulative numbers and where to stop. Eventually all that remained would be the ritual form and requirements minus the abstract reasoning behind the formulae, as the understanding retreats until erased. The heiau could be built or consecrated only in the period between the vernal equinox and summer solstice, March to June, when the sun was on its northerly course. The 40th sidereal lunation formula in the decan system may have helped the kahuna to supply the 13th intercalary month approximately every three years, but this would have been merely ideal. Yet astronomer E. H. Bryan Jr., former curator of collections at the Bishop Museum thought they may have done more than that [1955: 46]: " ...The Hawaiian Kilo-hoku doubtless discovered this 'Metollic cycle' in the same way Meton had, by trying to make the month fit the year." Greek philosopher Meton in the 5th century B.C. is remembered for the
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Metonic cycle, in which a thirteenth intercalary month is added so that in a period of 19 years, seven have 13 months, and 12 years have 12 months The thirteenth month
in the Metonic cycle was added after the 3rd ,5th, 8th, 11th, 13th, 16th, and 19th
l J J I
years. What may be the critical factor here, reconsidering the genealogical
recitation (helu papa) in the Kumulipo with the possibility of sidereal reckoning of "years" in "generations" of ancestors, is the placement of the Pleiades (Makali'i) in the first canto (Wa Akahi) with the moon.
I
299
About November 26th at 6:00 a.m. Hercules (eastern horizon), one of the Maui constellations, rose with the morning sun as the Pleiades set (western horizon). The Pleiades year had already begun about November 22nd. About December 6th at 6:00 a.m. Hercules (eastern horizon) rose with the morning sun as Aldebaran [Hyades in Taurus] and Orion (equator) set. In sixteen decan weeks, 160 days after winter solstice, Hercules was observed rising in the northeast at 6:00 p.m. as Capella [Auriga] set in the northwest about May 30th. The sun is passing swiftly at this time on its northerly course 16 decan
weeks after slow sun November to January, when Hercules is in the daylight.
Are these the sixteen legs of the sun, the decan weeks of 160 to 180 days
in the half-year after winter solstice, allowing for two more decans in November-
December when Hercules was rising with the morning sun [November 26 to December 6]? It would make some sense. If there are 36 decan weeks in a year, and the sun was observed against stars, then cumulative numbers built on decans increase as in tropic years, allowing for a five-day remainder, thusly:
[Decans] [Tropic Years]
( 1) (2) (3) ( 4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

(9)
(10) (11) (12) (13) (14)
36 72 108 144 180 216 252 288 324 360 396 432 468 504
360 days 720 1080 1440 1800 2160 2520 2880 3240 3600 3960 4320 4680 5040
365 730 1095 1460 1825 2190 2555 2920 3285 3650 4015 4380 4745 5110
300
(15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28 (29) (30) (31) (32)
540 576 612 648 684 720 756 792 828
5400 5760 6120 6480 6840 7200 7560 7920 8280
5475
5840
6205 6570 6935 7300 7665 8030 8395
864
SO)
8640
~
8760
9125
9490
936 972 1008 1044 1080 1116 1152
9360 9720 10,080 10,440 10,800 11,160 11,520
9855 10,220 10,585 10,950 11,315
11,680
employed in the
The decan system is well-known for Egypt, where it was
Sothic cycle, as in the "small' (360 days) and "great" years (365 days) to 5840 days in 4 Sothic cycles of 16 tropic years thousands of years ago. This makes the tropic year and decan system the ideal calendrical coordinate for the sun, Venus synodic, and Sothic (Sirius) cycles, as 5,840 days are 10 synodic cycles of Venus. No matter how prominent or obvious these correlations may be for the summing up, there are no clues that Hawaiian decan (anahulu) system. Another "sixteen" that becomes a 432-day calendar round is the sidereal lunation count, by which 16 sidereallunations (months) are 432 days, thusly: Venus synodic cycles were figured into the
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[Sidereallunations]:
(1)
(2)
27
27
(3)
(4) (5) (6)
(7)
(8) (9)
(10)
27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
+ 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3
54 days 81 + 1 = 82
= = = =
108
135 162 + 2 = 164 189
216
243 +3 = 246 270
301
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(11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32)
27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
+ 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 = + 1/3 = + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 =
297 324+4 =328 351 378 405 +5 =410 432 459 486+6 =492 513 540 567+7 =574 594 621 648+8= 656 675 702+6= 708 729+9= 738 756 783 810+ 10 =820 837 864
It reminds us of the calendar round in India with multiples of 432, which Joseph Campbell also noted [The Mythic Image, 1974: 143]:
1,200 x 360 = 432,000 human years 2,400x360 = 864,000" " 3,600x360 = 1,296,CXXl" " 4,800x360 = 1,728,CXXl" " 12,000 divine = 4,320,000" 1 Great Mahayuga
H~rtha
von Dechend and Giorgio Santillana noted the same calendar round
[1969: 161] in several world systems, Greek, Scandinavian, Indic:
" .. .It is known that in the final battle of the gods, the massed legions on the side of 'order' are the dead warriors, the 'Einherier' who once fell in combat on earth and who have been transferred by the Valkyries to reside with Odin in Val halla--a theme much rehearsed in heroic poetry. Says the Grirnnismal (23):
302
" ... 'Five hundred gates and forty more--are in the mighty building of Valhalla--eight hundred 'Einherier' come out of each one gate--on the time they go out on defence against the Wolf' ...That makes 432,000 in all, a number of significance from of old ... for it is also the number of syllables in the Rig-veda. But it goes back to the basic figure 10,800, the number of stanzas in the Rigveda (40 syllables to a stanza) which ... together with 108, occurs insistently in Indian tradition. 10,800 is also the number given by Heraclitus for the duration of the Aion, according to Censorinus (De die natali 18), whereas Berossos made the BabylOnian Great year to last 432,000 years. Again, 10,800 is the number of bricks of the Indian fire-altar (Agni-cayana) ... " ...To quibble away such a coinc dence,' says Schroder, 'or to ascribe it to chance, is in my opinion to drive skepticism beyond its limits. Shall one add Angkor to the list? It has five gates, and to each of them leads a road, bridging over that water ditch which surrounds the whole place. Each of these roads is bordered by a row of huge stone figures, 108 per avenue, 54 on each side, altogher 540 statues of Deva and Asura, and each row carries a huge Naga serpent with nine heads ... " Consider: every sixteen sidereal months equals 432 days, thus: 16 months 32
48
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"... This number must have had a very ancient meaning,
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432 days
864
1296 + 16
1312
So intent were we on the cycle of 432 that we missed the 40th siderea1lunation of 1,080 days L1ess the accumulating fraction of 113 day] in three tropic years [1095.75 days].
If we are thinking like the kahuna of ancient times, we would
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coordinate
to
this with the synodic lunar month, the one to which we were accustomed watching, as one new moon to next [Muku back to Muku ].
303
To recapitulate: if we continued to watch this moon for twelve months, we would be short of the tropic year by 11.25 days. We may let the remainder
accumulate for three years until we had 33.75 days by which to intercalate a full lunar month and have a few days more [3.75] to spare. That is close enough to the 40 days in the decan system for an additional intercalary month.
In reconsideration, therefore,
of all of the interpretive data thus far
presented in defense of usirig sidereal and synodic cycles to count the generations, of which there are 800 to 814 between La'ila'i (generation 1) and Wakea (generation 814), there still lingers a sense of doubt regarding the ability of ancient Hawaiians to factor in several thousands years of the precession of equinoxes to 26,000 years or so. This lingering doubt will continue because the Polynesians and their indigenous system of reckoning, including language geneSis and settlement history puts them in the West Polynesian homeland around 1500 B.C. (carbon date for Samoa) and 1100 B.C. (La Pita pottery date for Tonga), which precludes any rational basis for ability to calculate the preces sion of equinoxes for dates before 1500 B.C. It may be possible
that Polynesians may have understood the rates of change, and priest-navigators could extrapolate the preces sion length for the ecliptic and star azimuths that move northward and southward, such as the Belt of Orion and Capella in Auriga. To take a conservative position, then, considering that acceptable settlement dates in Polynesia and Polynesian observation of the changes in their own universe since that time, evidence as presented suggests how that data justifies a more
conservative viewpoint regarding the generation count.
For example,
the data on Capella's "fall" (hina) may be recognized
as
pertinent to a period between 9475 and 7390 B.C. when
Capella's declination was
below the equator between 9400 and 9600 B,C. [see intra, pages 185-213]:
304
Date 9600 B.C. 9500 B.C. 9400 B.c.
Meridian transit September 13 September 14 September 14
Declination -0 degrees 37 minutes S -0 degrees 30 minutes S

-0 degrees 23 minutes S
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[Capella is within 23 to 37 minutes of arc south of the equator]
7300 B.C. 7400 B.C.
September 27 September 26
4 degrees 50 minutes N 4 degrees 28 minutes N
[Capella is 4 degrees north of the equator, i.e austral equinox]
1500 B.C. 900 B.C.
October 27 October 31
34 degrees 03 minutes N 37 degrees 01 minute N
400 AD.
500 AD.
November 10 November 11 '
42 degrees 24 minutes N 42 degrees 45 minutes N
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If the months of change in declination show that Capella moved through four
months, then four such
"falls" per year between 96(X) B.C. and 500 AD. may be
factored into the interpretation of time as that of meridian transits moving away from the austral equinox (September 20-22) around the equator and Capella's
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present declination north of the Tropic of Cancer (Ke Ala Polohiwa a Kane).
If the period between the months of October and November are reminiscent
of the time between Polynesian settlement in Samoa (1500 B.C.) and Hawaii (350 A.D.) [see intra, pages 187 to 185, backward], then Capella's declination at midnight transit
dates show that for the month of September, Capella was at -0 degrees 06 minutes in 11,600 B.C. below the equator on September the first, remaining in that month until 30 September until 6500 B.C. , declination at 7 degrees 32 minutes for 5000 years.
305
I
The period for the month of October is 6500 B.c. October 1,declination at 7 degrees 32 minutes N., remaining in October until
9CX)
B.C., which means that
Polynesian priest-navigators would have been aware of the shift of Capella's meridian transit in 800 B.C. to November, declination at 37 degrees 29 minutes N. The period is 5,700 years. After Wakea's probable date of 1 A.D. or thereabouts, another shift took place when Capella transited the meridian (kaupoku or 300 years
0
ka hale)
on December 3, 1600 A.D.,
after 1350 A.D, when voyaging no longer took place between Hawaii
and the Tahitian homeland south of the equator. From that point in time the priests may have been able to extrapolate the rate at which Capella's cycle could be deduced, but the need to know 5,700 years' is unlikely. Between 1500 B.C. (Samoa
carbon date) and 1350 A.D. (Great Fleet), 2,850 years would be more likely. Insofar as the Kana measure ( fathom a day" of 6 feet
=
72 inches for 40 to 400
days) however, may be pertinent to native Hawaiian knowledge of how the sun's apparent course north and south to approximate one Jupiter synodic cycle of 399 days to integrate the Hekaunano segment into the Kumulipo generation count, may be found in the basic evidence
measurements of the birthstone diamond rock at
Kukaniloko birth heiau in central O'ahu called the Kane-Lono Rock. To quote Major Harry Kurth who made the first observations of the "diamond rock" inside the birth temple, built in the time of Nanakaoko (grandson of
Maui, circa 6th century A.D.) in that regard:
"I believe that I have discovered an ancient Hawaiian Observatory and mUlti-purpose sidereal star navigation compss ("stone canoe") and training site that is more sophisticated than any so far recorded in the Pacific area and that may rank with Stonehenge and other similar sites in functions and complexity when fully analyzed ...listed in 'Sites of O'ahu', 1978, as 'Kukaniloko, Birthplace of Alii' -Site 218 ...
306
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the above kinds, most ingeniously diversified. It is probable that the famous quippus, a system of knots, whereby the records of the ancient Peruvian empire are said to have been kept, were a similar, and perhaps not much more comprehensive mode of reckoning dates and associating names with historical events" [Tyerman, Daniel and George Bennet, Voyages and Travels Round the World
between the Years 1821 and 1829, London: 119].
The quotation above from Tyennan and Bennet is the only description of the Hawaiian knotted cord. Although cords as such have survived, the system of However, the
counting the knots and other markers along the length has not.
length of 400 to SOO fathoms is like Kana's rope which grew a fathom a day. The curiosity regarding the hipu'u is if it has any relation to the Peruvian quipu ? Are knotted cords on either side of the Pacific rim isolated unrelated artifacts, or is nineteenth century scholar Lacouperie vindicated in inferring that these
(
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]
artifacts are from the same source? Lacouperie's work on the distribution of knotted cords is found in a book
entitled Beginnings of Writing in Central and Eastern Asia, or Notes on 450 Embryo-Writings
and Scripts (1894)].
Under "Embryo Writings", subtitled "Objects", Used Singly, Strung Together, Fastened on Sticks or Strings, and "Fixed, Carved or Drawn" , the subject of knotted cords is largely about the Tibetan systems, followed by another group of topics under "Signs," symbolical or conventional, with many subtopics under which are netted beans (wampum in North America), and "knotted cords" (like the QJrlppus of Peru), then "notched sticks", and "marks on stones, like cup-marks, lines, of all sorts". A French orientalist, Lacouperie's emphaSis, perhaps, when he began his work, was on Asia. His first comment was that knotted cords (kwas) were
originally used in Tibet. By kwas are meant the system of Pakwa or Pakua diagrams of the I-Ching, called Batquol in Vietnamese. The image of the batquoi is 313
1
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an eight-sided figure with a yin-yang symbol, white and black, in the center of eight segments with three lines (trigram.s) each of different lengths and combinations (hexagrams), each trigram representing 15 degrees per 24lines in the 360 degree octagon. [Note: The Babylonian clock is 24 hours with 3 segments of 15 degrees each for one hour per segment equal to 60 minutes] The total number does not exceed 256, or the number sixteen squared. The figure derives from a more ancient metaphor or analogy of the "bat" as
kwa.
This kwa, however, becomes the *mpekwa proto-form in Austronesian for
'bat', from which is derived Polynesian
peka and
Hawaiian pe'a 'bat', as in
Pe'apea-maka-walu, the 'Eight-Eyed Bat' that
Maui eliminated because it had
abducted the moon.

As a particular artifact by itself, the knotted cord in Hawaii and the other in
Peru seem related in function and form, although difficult to relate in their number operations. Lacouperie was convinced, however, about the cord coming from the
Pacific to South America, from west to east, through Polynesia: " ... Polynesia was the way through which apparently the custom of knotted cord records reached the new world. The remarkable instance of dissemination we have to quote further on about the Easter Island inscriptions is highly suggestive of such a fact. It is by the Peruvians that the cord system of mnemonics was carried to the greatest perfection and the name of quip pus they gave to them might be taken as a generic appellative for the system" [Lacouperie, 1894: 14-15].
On closer
examination the theory snags on the problem of unrelated
languages.
Linguists are interested in cognate languages and the syntax and
structure that connect them, not etymological or philological probabilities even though their science did not begin until after the late 19th century school of comparative philology that included Max Muller, Theodore Benfey, and scholars like 314
Lacouperie who considered literature and folklore as well as languages. "...The single most important breakthrough in understanding quipus remains that of Leland Locke, who, in 1912, demonstrated that the quipus he studied were evidently not language, but purely numerical in nature. He also discovered that
they used a dedmal counting system of a positional nature, and that the concept of zero was present" [Conklin, 1982: 263]. [*Note:
The old Hawaiian counting system was decimal using place value and assumption of the zero position]. For other support we must then go to the verbs associated with the "tying" of "knots". Assuming that tying knots applies
to
other kinds of artifacts and tools, we
should examine these in the context of fiber technology, words for hand-tied or hand-woven textiles, basketry, and netted fabrics (Le., fishnets, mesh-making), and pyrotechnology, because cordage was used in making fire. It is in the process of tying, not in number words, that the same distribution pattern emerges that was graphed for the extent of 'cotton' (Gossypium spp.) in the Indo-Pacific as used in cordage, cloth, and tinder [See Johnson and Decker, 1980]. ]. Let us consider the most widely-distributed form as it appears over the IndoPacific area, between Central/South America and Southeast Asia [*Note: Use of the question mark (7) is for the hamza/glottal stop; small /cl is for Ich/ affricate as in '/ch/air'; /1\1 is a schwa;
I I I I I I I !
]
I
]
J
]
,
iii
315
J
i I
1 III
I I I I I
Central/South America
Proto-Amerindian: [Matteson, et al.1972:77] *p?ali 'rope' -pri? 'to roll, as rope' *p7al [(7) = harnza, glottal]
Mayan/Chipaya (Bolivia): [Olson, 1965:35] Mayan Proto-Mayan Chipaya MayalYungaiChipayan[Stark 1972: 134, 124] Yunga Uru-Chipaya Chipaya Proto-Aztecan
[Lyle, 1978: 262-279]
pari 'string, not well- twisted' *bal 'string' bal (a) 'to make rope, to twist cord'
pal 'twisted string' pari (to spin thread) bal 'to roll up something' *puuli 'to tie'
Southeast Asia (Austroaslatlc and Austronesian)

Austroasiatic [Headley, 1976:463] Proto Central North Bahnaric Proto ]eh-Halan Mnong Brou Pacoh Serting Proto-Chamic Chamic Austro-Thai [Benedict, 1975:257] *bray 'thread' bray 'thread' brai prai 'bandage' parai bri mrai 'thread, silk' phray 'thread, silk' *(m)p(r,l)ali(s) 'cord, string, (reconstructed form)
The distribution of the foregoing forms, with bilabial voiced /b-/ and voiceless /p-/ initial stops (+ / -ri!, / - ali/, / -alai (Central/South
~erica)
'rope, string, to
make/twist cord, to spin thread, to rollup (as cord)' in Proto-Amerindian, ProtoMayan, Yunga and bilabial voiced /b-/ and voiceless /p-/ or nasal /m-/ (+ -ril, /-
316
rail or I-aliI
(Southeast Asia)
in Austroasiatic
and Austronesian
(Proto-
Charnicl Austro-Thai) is interesting since they straddle the extremes of the Pacific
rim, but they do not exist alone for the technology of weaving/cordage.
Cpo Hawaiian
mali mamali mali malina
'to tie, as bait to hook' 'to tie' 'string' 'to splice, as rope'
I I I I I
Proto-Charnic
mrai 'thread, silk'
Another related set of forms prefixed by initial voiced Ij-I and voiceless I c-I affricates before the stems 1- aliI, Indonesia)
I-all, I-alahl , I-alin! (India, Southeast Asia, 1- ari/, I-alii, I-anil reappear in
further reflected as It- I plus
the Americas north as c7 all
(Zuni, Penutlan) 'to stretch' (as cord, weaving) and
ts'alan
(Mayan, of southeast Chiapas, Mexico) 'tied' (in which the affricate has
been glottalized). Consider the sets:
J I I
Amerindian
Tojo Labal [Supple: 68-174] (Southeastern Chiapas, Mexico) Zuni, Penutian [Newman, 1964:10] (California) Aymara (Bolivia) [La Barre: 87, 117] ts7alan lalan cali 'tied'
'to stretch'
tad. 'small c1oth,shawl'
tahli 'measurement, four fingerswide; width of hand' Muskhogean [Swanton: 66] (Natchez in Mississippi, Louisiana) tal Shuswap (Salish) [Thompson, 1974: 23] (Oregon, northwest) Coeur d'Alene [Reichard, 10:95; 11:55] (Oregon, northwest) tal
tar tan tanu tanut
'to weave'
'stretch, extend' 'to stretch out, extend, as hand' 'be taut' 'arrayed in a line' 'be tight' 'clothes fit tight'
317
I I
Paco-Tacanan [Suarez, 1973:153] (Macro-Quechua)
tani tan tar taal tar ar
'to tie'
Coeur d'Alene [Thompson, 1974: 22-28] Kalispil Chipewyan [Li: 131.] (Alberta, Canada)
'untie, loosen' 'untie, loosen' 'to untie a knot'
Indo-Aryan/lndo-European
Nepali [Turner] tari (f) 'to tie (derived from Persian tar ) tare 'having a string, wire, band' tare 'to tie' tan 'warp, loom' tani 'stretching' tannu 'to pull, tighten'
tana 'stretching
[*Note: Cpo Kana (Hawai'i), stretching rope god] Sanskrit [Monier-Williams] Sanskri t [Turner] tan tan 'to spin out, to weave' 'cord, string'
tani 'a string with which garments are tied' tali 'a string (ear ornament) [from Ii 'to join, unite', loanword from Pali, lpi, lyi: lpinati, lyinati 'to join'] 'to stretch' tan cord' [from tan 'to stretch' tanaka' tanika tan ti 'cord, string' [from tan 'cord, string'tantu] tanti (f) tantu (m) 'cord, string' 'cord, thread'
Sanskri t [Monier-Williams]
Pali [Turner] Nepali [Turner]
sutari
'string, rope' sut 'fibre, twine, string' sutli 'string, cord, strand, twine' sutlo 'piece of string, twine, gauze' *syu- 'to bind, sew, [*su- in Gennanic . *saumaz, 318
Proto-Indo-European
English seam] English suture 'process of joining, by sewing; material used, the line so fonned' [from Latin sutura .
Austronesian
[Oceanic] Marshallese [Abo et. ai.,1976:84] jalinlin jaljal jali 'string' 'lossen, unwind' 'kind of basket'
Indonesian [Dempwolff] Borneo Lawangan Dusun, Tamuan Chamic [Headley: 465] (Southeast Asia) Malay
zalah / djala/ 'fishnet' zarin ' 'hunting net' jala 'fishnet'
jal 'net' ciel (from jala) jala 'net'
I I , I l I ! I
~
] ]
Austroaslatic
Sedang [Headley: 465] Bahnar Jeh Halang Stieng, Koho Vietnamese Bonda (Assam) cea jal jar jal j:al chai jali 'net' " " " " "
l
]
.,
Dravidian (India)
Tamil [Burrow/Emeneau]
centiravar (caliyan) jada, jeda
'weavers'
Kannada Te1ugu
'a weaver belonging to the Lingavanta sect' jendra. dendra 'a caste of weavers' jade, jadye 'weaver, spider' cali 'sieve'
] ]
Indo-Aryan
Nepali [Turner] Marathi Orissa Nepali jal jale jala jali tari 'snare' 'net' 'net' 'network' 'to tie [derived from Persian tar]
] ]
)
319
Persian [+ Arabic]
tare angkabut 'spider's web' angkabut 'spider'
Austronesian (Western)
[Indonesian] Proto-Austronesian [Blust, 1976:47] Malay Sea Dayak
*zari *talig(i)
'cord' 'cord' 'rope, string'
tali
tali " " tasi, nasi 'to make twine' nali 'to make rope'
(Philippines) [Reid, 1971] Bilaan Tagalog Bisayan (Formosan) [Stanley, mss.] tali tali itali itala tali 'string' 'string' 'to tie, to join' 'to tie, to join' 'rope'
Tibeto-Burman
Chinese [Wieger: 284, 525-26; 538, 549, 560; (numbers = tone)
li (2) liao (2) lei (3) lien (2) li (4) li (4) p'u (3) ta (2)
(Chinese, continued);:
'rope, cable' 'to bind, wrap' 'to bind, tie' 'to connect, join' 'astronomy, calendar' annual cycle' 'chronicle, register, catalogue' 'a knot'
Austronesian (Oceanic)
[Micronesian] Woleaian [Sohn, 1976] Chamorro [Topping] Yap Ponape feotagiy 'string'
faatali 'tie with string' tali 'rope, string' tal 'rope, string' saal 'rope, cord'
320
[Melanesian] Espiritu Santo [Codrington, 1974] Leper's Island Maralana vetali 'banana string' votali vetal vetel ve'el ndali
"
"
" "
Fiji [Polynesian] Tongan [Churchward] Maori [Williams, 1971]
'rope, string'
putalinga'plantain' 'cordage plant' tari 'to plait, to weave' tari 'sieve; noose for catching birds' tari -kakariki '4-strand cord' tari-karakia '8-strand cord' ri 'to tie' ripeka 'to tie across' Ripeka ro nipe'a lipe'a nipu'u lipu'u niki'i hiki'i hikiki'i muki'i
Ii
J J I J
]
Tuamotu [Stimson] Hawaiian [Puku'i-Elbert]
'Southern Cross' 'cord' 'to tie across' 'to tie across' 'to tie (knots) 'to tie (knots) 'to tie' 'to tie' 'to tie' 'to tie'
J l
'to lace (as shoes)' kali 'string, long vine, spindle, roll' kalina'long vine, as of sweetpotato'
mali 'to tie, as bait to hook' mamali 'to tie' mali 'string' malina 'to splice, as rope' lino 'to weave. twist, braid, tie' lino 'taut' lio 'tight, taut' malo 'tight, taut' malo 'taut, firm, straight, as a cord' malo'e1o'e 'taut, firm., as a rope' Maori roi roiroi 'knot, bond' 'bind, tie up'
1 1
321
Austronesian (Western)
[Borneo] Ulkit Kajaman [Indo-China] Atjinese Roglai taraki talei taloe talo?i 'rope, string' 'rope, string' 'rope, string' 'rope, string'
Austroasiatic
Sakai Bahnar [Benedict, 1976:13, 26-27] Khasi [Rabel-Heyman, 1973:1024] sAroi, SA roy 'string' talei 'cord'
tllay-suwali 'rope for plough'
Dravidian
Tamil talai 'fastening cord, rope' talayam 'bonds, fetters' irai 'thread' inai 'to tie' gurai, guray'to tie, roll up' tali 'fetters, foot-rope for climbing palm trees' 'fetters, foot-rope for climbing palm trees'
Bonda Desia Marathi Tulu Marathi Telugu
tala
netari 'weaver' neta-purugu 'spider' neta 'weaving' dohtana 'to bind, tie; weave a fishtrap' doh'nai 'to bind, tie' " dossali neh'nai " "
((
Gondi Kuwi
Tamil
Kol ari an
ney 'to weave' neyi 'a web' neyuni 'to weave, as a spider' pinai 'to be joined' punai ney 'to weave'
322
Austroasiatic
Vietnamese Thai Nicobarese Semang
Thai
nhen
'spider'
nen' pyng 'to be :fIrmly tied, securely tied, tightly' hen den nang nangan 'web'
1 l l
]
'rope' (for climbing a tree with tied ankles)
nang-nang 'snare, net' puglang puglanga apuglanga 'to be folded'
Bonda (Assam)
1
I.' I
"
Austronesian
Proto-Malay Tonga banang 'yarn, thread' lalanga to weave' lalanga-a-Matuku 'mat' rope, of boat, masts, sails, alanga oars; tackle, tacking, rigging, gear' lalanga raranga ranga 'weave, plait'
!
]
Samoa Maori Rarotonga
'weave, plait' 'to weave, plait; to braid, as in matmaking' raranga, rangaranga, rangaranga'i 'plaited' nanai kupenga nanai lanalana ulana nananana nonanona tingkilaga tangkalaga?ang 'spider' 'cobweb' 'spider, Great Spider 'plait, as mat' 'spider' 'spider; ant' 'spider' spider'
Easter Island Hawaiian
Barito Dyak (Borneo)
Indo-Aryan
Sanskrit kilanga kilinga (kulay-a) vunang 'mat' 'mat' 'web, tissue, mat' 'weaving'
l l l
Prakrit
323
l J
We note that forms with mb-, mp-, b- , p- and m- + -rai, -ray -ri for 'rope' and 'string' [Le. pa li, pal-, bal-, and brai, prai, pri, etc.] tend to favor the Atlantic side of Central and South America and the Pacific side of Southeast ASia
(Austroaslatic) at the beginning of the listing [see page 208, intra].
The forms on
the Pacific side of Central and South America favor the affricates [ tsa'lan, cali] and those the begin with ta- + -1, -n, -li-, etc., as in tali, tal-, tan- generally found in Oceania, India, Southeast Asia [Austronesian, Austroasiatic, Indo-European,
Dravidian] . Hawaiian has both: ka- + -H and ma- + H 'to tie' 'thread, cord', including the range of bases -Ii, -lino, -lina, -lo'e, -10 prefixed by ma-, probably from causatives ka- and ma- + base. Difficult to ignore is the form in Mexico, ts'alan ,alan similar
to
'tied' which seems
[Austronesian] forms for weaving (langa, lana), as of the mat sail (la,
from layar [Indonesian]), and west Austronesian forms zalah 'net'. Forms tsa-, dj-, and ca- + -li are represented in:
(1) Indo-Aryan (Nepali):
jale 'snare', tare 'to tie [from Persian tar 'to tie'] (ace. Turner) cali 'sieve, caliyan 'weavers' cea 'net' jal cai (chai) 'net' djala, djali 'net' jala
(2) Dravidian (Telugu, Tamil): (3) Austroasiatic (Sedang) (Bahnar) (Vietnamese) (4) Austronesian (west) (Indonesia) (Malay, Borneo) (5) Austronesian (Oceanic) [Micronesian] : Marshallese Ponape [Cpo Amerindian: Columbian/Colville and Coeur d'Alene
jaljal 'untie, 'loosen' saal 'rope, cord'

tar 'untie,loosen'
324
(6) Amerindian: [Mexico] Tojo Labal [California] Zuni ts?alan 'tied' cali 'to stretch'
hel
,
~
"
J I
Compare the Hawaiian word for 'snare' Vietnamese Dravidian Nepali Hawaii Tuamotu
with:
eai (ehai) 'net' cali 'sieve', jale 'snare' hei fai 'net, snare, stratagem' 'eat's cradle, string figure 'eat's cradle, string figure'
The contact or source area for Amerindian b- and p- forms appears to be Southeast Asia [Austroasiatic], favoring a route between the Indo-Pacific and the Atlantic, around Africa; the j-, t-,
C-,
I :, I I J
ts- forms argue trans-Pacific influence.
The b-,
p- br-, pr- forms may be of an earlier period. Subtle features are prefixes, such as /su-/
+ ri [Indo-European]; /ve-/ or
/vo-/ + (ta) + -ri or - Ii [Melanesian]; /ne-/ + (ta) + -ri or -li [Indo-European, Dravidian], and /ne(y)/ or /nal-/ + (ta) or (-nang) [Dravidian, Austroasiatic], and
I
I.'
/na-/ + -di or - si [West Austronesian and Melanesian (Fijian)]. The forms sutarl [Indo-Aryan (Nepali) and suture same source as Hawaiian ka11 'to tie, as string'. (English) are from the
;I
,~ I
.'
In New Zealand native Maori speak. less about spider tracks along the celestial grid net and more about "baskets" (kete), using the analogy from weaving:
" ... Hence it was he (Tane) brought forth the stars. There were four baskets (or receptacles) into which the stars were gathered, and their names are as follows: Haruru, Taiaroa, Maemae, and Whiriwhiri. When he placed the stars in these baskets the following karakia (or incantation) was recited ...of each basket:
J i" l
-ci.;
325
Haruru te rangi i runga Ka toto taku kete tapu He whetu tukua k.i te rangi Io e, ko tana tama i wehea e ... Resounds the heavens above My sacred basket reaches out To spread the stars in heaven o Io! his son, where is he? Maemae and Taiaroa from the stars, Behold my basket with its pendulous end Tis a basket to enclose the miraculous, Behold my basket with the pendulous end, Even from Hawaiki, Behold my basket with the pendulous end, Containing the seed of the stars Behold my basket with the pendulous end... "
[Best, Elsdon. 1921: 2S9-26l.].
It is this "basket" (kete) or woven container of "seeds of the stars" that is a 'compass' denoted by the term kavelnga, implying woven basketry.
Polynesian
Tuamotuan
[Stimson]
kavei kaye kavekave makave
'to lash with fine cords 'the thread of a fringe' 'ends, strands, threads, fibres of a cord, belt, or mat' 'a fibre, strand; composed of several fibres'
Hawaiian
rna'awe 'ula 'red cord, as of the road in the sky to the west, as of Kanaloa (octopus god, as of wind compass and banana fiber) 'awe 'awe'awe 'awe'awe 'strand, thread' 'tentacles (as of banana plant, octopus' 'runners, as on vine' 'tendril' (= 'ave) "long hairs, as on dog's tail' to weave' twined weaving' to ha'avai 'cane, banana' [i.e., plantain fiber]
Tuamotuan Tahitian
kaye ave mave tavai
Samoan {Milner] Tuamotuan Marquesan

[Dordillon]
'avei 'strap, cord' vavai, kavai 'a variety of running vine' ha'avai haha'avai 'cotton' 'cotton' 326
]
Tongan Proto-Aus tronesian
[Dempwolff]
vavae tcotton,kapok' vavae kona tmilkweed' *labay (-bar) tyarn, thread'
Austroasiatic
Old Khmer [Cambodia] Modern Khmer Laotian Vietnamese Muong Vietnamese Thai canhvay cangva:y say fay fay tskein' tskein' tcord, wire'
J J I
vai tcloth, material, fabric, cotton cloth' vai, (b)vay 'cloth' *h/\ pay, pay, lay cloth' phaafay tcotton, cotton fabric' pujfaaj tcotton fiber. cotton wool' fai tcotton' (Gossypium spp.)
Amerindian
Inca (Peru) Atakapa-Chitimacha
I 1
yay
away
wari' wayi
'cloth' tspider web' tto weave' 'to weave'
l J 1
327
1
III
Reconsideration of the Toki (Gilbertese) Diagram and the Kana (Hawaiian Cord) Traditions with Heiau Ceremonies
Let the question then be raised again: " If the kahuna had known that the Belt of Orion moved up and down below and back to the equator, when did his ancestors begin to synchronize past time to gauge present and future time?" During the revolution of the earth around the sun, which is not how humans see that motion, the "fast" period of the sun is about when it appears to move through what is called the "minor axis" of the ecliptic, between April and October which shadow clocks record as the "analemma" of the sun between the equinoxes and solstices, while the "slow" period of the sun is at the time of the solstice limits.
"",analemma, n. A graduated scale, in the shape of a figure eight, indicating the sun's declination and the equation of time for every day of the year, jusually found on sundials and globes. [Latin, a sundial, from Greek ana/emma, a support, from analambanein, to take up, restore ... [American Heritage Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary,
1967: 69]
The analemma of the sun was probably seen on the lauhala mat in the Hawaiian house which had oval openings up high through the walls from which spots of light cast on the mat below would draw the analemma figure eight called the "grin" (O/e'o/e J carved into the figure-eight open mouths of "grinning" k;'; akua images. The exposed tongue (Ie/a) which is a warlike pose in the faces of the carved
images is a different aspect more often described than the 'o/e'o/e "grin". More through the myths of Maui and Kana do we recognize how Polynesian groups conveyed an impression of the obliquity of the ecliptic, as through the motion of Maui's fishermen, his brothers, in the Belt of Orion 180 degrees across from him [Hercules + Ophiucus, etc.] on the eastern or western horizon, or how they treated the period of the sun's apparent motion, which we know to exist when the sun moves through daylight at this latitude over various islands between the solstice limits of Kane (Ke
A/a P%h/wa a Kane) north at Nlhoa (23.5 d. N latitude) and below the equator (Ka Piko 0 ka Honua) where it seems to stop (Ke A/a P%hiwa a Kana/oa) , i.e., the tropic solstice limit,
before we notice it moving again back to where the ancestors would have watched it thousands of years
231
I
ago, or as we continue to do now. If we are watching this movement along the eastern and western horizon of sun azimuiths per day, we tally how many days it takes the sun to move from one daily point of sunrise or sunset (Le., azimuth) until the next time we check it, as the kahuna apparently did every decan week for 30 days in one month, or 3 decan weeks, i.e. on its apparent track north/south.
11 .. I
We have to remember that in counting days we count them calendrically not as "sun" days but as "moon" days in ancient Hawaiian thought, and we seldom notice how habitual we are in taking our understanding of time in that way for granted. For example, today's sun azimuths are for this date, May May is a moon
I I I I I
]
29th, 2008 as though they are the same on every other day in the year, which is not so.
month in the western calendar we use now to place outselves into today's time zone for life in Honolulu. Little do we care what either one of those celestial lights is doing, sun or moon, on the horizon or transiting our zenith, because we have a clock telling us what time it is by day or night, nor do we watch shadows or the direction in which they lie from overhead telephone poles as we walk by, nor do we observe when dots of light on the lauhala mat coming from up high through a ceiling portal tells us the sun's analemma has crossed over sometime in April to the other side of the floor. It may seem difficult to time the sun's tropical course periodically if we have no system of keeping count with ancient measurements of sun, moon, star and planetary time, or how the ancients' expected Kumulipo generations to help later generations understand how Maui and Kana "roped" the sun with different lengths of cord on separate courses? Did Maui bother to measure the sixteen legs of the sun he tied to a wiliwili tree on the western slopes of Haleakala? We need only remember that if he did, it was only the sun's diurnal motion for one day at this latitude, but he did it to slow down the motion of the sun miles away where Kanaloa resides at 23.5 degrees south
(Ke A/a P%hiwa a Kana/oa, Tropic of Capricorn). We still have
J I
to solve the other riddle of Kana's rope which grew 400 days longer by one day after Jupiter finished one synodic revolution around the sun.
232
Recapitulation:
"... If the sun measures a quarter of a degree per day along the horizon between stops (solstices) it will voyage 365.25 degrees in 360 days ... " [intra, p. 231] .
..... So let us then consider the fathom. A fathom is measured from the midpoint of the chest outward to the tips of the fingers, or twice an 'iwi/ei, or a yard of 36 inches. "... So a fathom of Kana is 72 inches long and 400 of these are his stretching limit equal to 400 days ... "... Let us consider him as a rule of measure (as of the sun's course) from north to south as a fathom a day. "... That means that if you divide those 72 inches in half, two sides of his rope measured 36 inches. ...... The arithmetical notation at the 400th position (Kaiaka-hinalii 2) becomes half of the BOOth generation around the time of Wakea and Pola'a, or as 37-40 more than the 36 (decan) generations between Panakahi (360) and Hekaunanol + Kaiakahinali'i (399-400). There are no other clues nor instructions as to how these measurements or numbers were placed into knotted cords (hipu'u) for numbering while chanting generations, nor are there any units of measure demonstrating how they were applied to temple structures. The so-called "diamond" rock at Kukaniloko
allows varied interpretations for its chosen position in the open isthmus between two mountain ranges in central O'ahu, but the only physical diagram used to demonstrate how it may have been used is from the Gilbertese tok; as two adze blades joined back to back forming two triangles with apices pointing north and south. The following tok; diagram illustrates how that geometric design was used. ..... Stars used for calendar computation based on the ten-day week, the anahulu, expanded into a month of three anahulu, irrespective of the lunar calendar, and 36-anahulu year
(makahikl) may well have belonged to a system commonly employed for keeping track of time and
fo
apportioning space into a sidereal compass.
"A similar method of computation is found in the Gilbert Islands (Micronesia). The sun was said to pass through 36 "stations" each year. These "stations" were computed in 10-day intervals
233
J
but were not named for star positions. The apparent movement of the sun to the northward and southward of the equator was carefully noted on Butaritari: 'The northern solstice was determined by the appearance of the Pleiades, at about 5 a.m., approximately 22 degrees above the eastern horizon. This takes place, in point of fact, in the neighborhood of the 25th of June, the true date of the solstice being 22nd June ... While the sun was at his northern solstice, he was said to have mounted upon his Buatarawa of the north ... "From Buatarawa of the north, the sun's journey down the eastern horizon was plotte
J J I I
,
II
into stages of 10 days each. On every tenth morning, he was said to arrive at a new station, which was known by name to the navigator ... "... From the southern point again the sun was said to proceed, by nine stages of ten days each, up the western horizon until he again reached the Kaitara, or equinoctial. .. "... The western Kaitara, or vernal equinox, was also checked by a supplementary observation of the star Antares just before dawn ... that is to say, when Antares is about 9-12 degrees past the meridian at 5 a.m .... and so from the Bike ni Kaitara northward up the western horizon, the sun's stations were counted as before, the last period of ten days being shortened or lengthened as the case might demand, when an observation of the Pleiades (in the morning once more), indicated that the luminary had returned to his original starting-point, the Buatarawa meang... "... From Kaitara (Autumnal Equinox), the days were counted off in nine periods of ten. On the tenth day of the last period, the sun was said to have reached its southern
toki, or limit... In theory, at this point and thereafter
J J J
]
I
] ]
until his arrival once more in the north, the
observation checking his position was made at sunset instead of sunrise. "... The following is a sketch of the diagram made by Biria of sticks and pebbles laid on the floor, to illustrate the principles set forth above. The sticks represent the horizon, the pebbles the ten day stages, to which I have appended the names enumerated by my informant. The circles after the number 1-36 represent the pebbles ... " [Grimble, Arthur, 1922: 197-2051
,
I
)
1
.
., .
234
l 1
..... But in practice, the winter solstice was calculated, not by an evening the Pleiades, but simply by the count of ninety days from equinox ...
consultation
of
the time of the autumnal
Na n uri ni kamaraia Ba ni karawa Bike n rianaua Te nana ni matangi Bike ni koro Bike mananga Bike Mauna Bike ni kariakaio Bike ni kaitara Te menimaere Te ai maremare Bike n taria Te raruru Aba neneaki Abatebo Te kibokibo Te kakai Abataratara
Meang (North) 36_ 1 Buatarawa meang 35_ 2_ Abatiku 34_ 3_ Nangi ni bwebwe 33_ 4_ Bike n te aitao 32_ 5_ Bike n uruaki 31 6_ Bike ni bora 30_ 7_ Bike rutu 29_ 8_ Bike ni kabanei Equinoctial 9_Makaiao 28_ 27_ 10_Abatei 26_ 11 Abaitirake 25_ 12_ Animwemwe 24_ 13_ Te take 23_ 14_ Bikeni baraitoa 22_ 15 Ababururu 21 16_ Te bike n wari 20_ 17_ Bike raroa 19_ 18 Bike ni kanenei-an!
Maiaki (south)
Significant is the statement that the sun's horizon azimuths were not done without taking note of star azimuths and star transits of the meridian at those horizon positions at the same time. As such, the pattern of observation is reminiscent of sidereal lunar calendrics coordinated into annual solar (tropic) time in the year between the equinoxes and solstices. With respect, then, to what is ancestral also to Polynesia from which these observations were transferred to this society during and since active periods of voyaging between north and south, these remain preserved in two contexts: heiau temple structure and the ritual calendar, such as the use of the measuring cord, aha he/e
honua
in the hale wai'ea ritual ceremony in the month of Nana
(Gemini), March-April, about the time of the vernal equinox (sun moving north across the equator) and when the minor axis of the plane of the ecliptic cuts across the celestial equator (Ke Ala i ka Piko
0
Wakea) due to the tilt of the axis of earth (5-degree angle of the obliquity of the ecliptic). [See page 257 intra].
235
The Ha/e Waiea and the Aha Hele Honua Measuring Cord
"".The fourth house, called the Hale Waiea, was a small one between the Hale Umu and the Hale Pahu. It was twice the length of the distance from fingertip to elbow in length, its height and breadth being half that measure. Two images stood before it on either side of the opening, and the king and kahuna conducted their 'aha services at the right side of the opening, in the dark of the night before the birds began to twitter."
[I'i, 1959: 35, 39]
If the hale wai'ea dimensions are to be considered here, since the sacred house was built into temple architecture aligned either north/south (length) or east-west (length) to half the Kana fathom, i.e., 2 cubits of about 18 inches 18 inches,
=36 inches,
and width and height to 1 cubit
= 18 inches, or 36 by 18 by
what would the difference be using the aha he/e honua measuring cord at night or early
morning while the Milky Way was visible, or why was it done at that time? The ritual schedule described by David Malo is summarized below showing how the aha hele
I I J I I J i
]
honua was measured before the hale wai'ea in front of the oracle tower (anu'u) and posted wooden
images, some stationed before the hale wai'ea, others near entrances and exits, and one major post near the hale mana (Nanahua). On the evening of the moon Kukahi, foundations of the hale mana: "... That evening they measured off the foundation of the house (mana) and determined where it should stand, where should be its rear, its front, and its gables. A post was then planted at the back of the mana, directly opposite its door of entrance ... The ensuing night, stakes were driven to mark the four corner posts of the mana, after which the king and the priest went to carry the measuring line (e ka'i i ka aha hele honua) ...When the prayer was over, the kahuna stooped down and took the end of the line in his hands ... Then he ran from that stake to the next and gave the line a turn about the stake, then to did the same thing there; thence he returned and rejoined the prayer had been made ... " the next and king at the spot where the third from new moon (Muku) the builders measured the
236
[*On the night of Kulua, the next night] ........ When the Milky Way was
visible
and the sky became clear overhead, ...Then the king and the high priest went in to the house, the waiea, and were there together by themselves to conduct the service" [Malo, 1951: 166].
So far as is known the kahuna and the high chief performed the "stretching of the cord ceremony" in the hale wai'ea, but nothing is known of how that was done nor which proportions of the house were used, except for the statement by John Papa I'i regarding the dimensions of the hale wai'ea :
..... The fourth house, called the Hale Wai'ea, was a small one between the Hale Umu [earth-oven cookhouse] and the Hale Pahu [drumhouse]. It was twice the length of the distance from
fingertip to elbow in length, its height and breadth being half that measure" [I'i, 1983: 34-35].
The 'aha he/e honua was also the lashing used on voyaging canoes for tying the canoe float ('ama) to the 'iako connectives which were in turn lashed to the hull (wa'a). The fore and aft parts of the
ama were termed kapua'i meaning 'foot', as of the measuring foot, so that crossing the equator (ka piko o ka honua, terrestrial equator) was "trampling" (ke'ehl) over the "diaphragm" (houpo) of Kane" (equator).
[*Note: The measuring foot is a kapua';, the walking foot, a wawae].
The ritual schedule for the time of the year when ceremonies on the temple were concluded is summarized below.
[* Note that the time of year is extremely important, March-April, about the time of the vernal equinox which concerns the sun's position moving north across the equator at zero compass and latitude; see also the Appendix, "Hawaiian Moon, Names of the Hawaiian Nights" for illustrated observations taken of the moon's shapes through one lunation].
237
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Orion: precession between 2500 AD and 4500 based on StarryN Pro (Joe Ciotti)
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7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1S 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23. 24 2S 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 3S 36 37 3.8 39 40 41 42 43 44
Year 2500 AD 2400 AD 2300 AD 2200 AD 2100 AD 2000 AD 1900 AD 1800 AD 1700 AD 1600 AD 1500 AD 1400 AD 1300 AD 1200 AD 1100 AD 1000 AD 900 AD 800 AD 700 AD 600 AD 500 AD 400 AD 300 AD 200 AD 100AD 1 AD 100 BC 200 BC 300BC 400 BC 500 BC 600BC 700 BC 800 BC Year 900 BC 1000 BC 1100 BC
Alnitak -1 "52' -1'51' -1'51' -1 "53' -, 54' -1' 57' -1 " 58' -23' -28' -2 '14' -2 '20' -2 "27' -2'34' -2'42' -2" 51' -3 "" -3"' 1' -3" 22' -3 "34' -3" 47' 3"59' -4 "13' -4" 28' -4' 43' -4" 59' -5 "15' -5" 32' -5" 49' -6"7' -6" 26' -6" 46' -7" 6' -7"27' -7' 48' Alnltak -8"9' -8" 32' -8" 54'
EQ~atorial Declination Alnilam~ Mlntaka -0"7' -1 "4' -0'7' -1' 4' -0"9' -1 "5' -1 "7' -0"'" -1 9' -0"14' -1 12' -0' 18' -, 16' -0'22' -1 20' -0"27' -1 26' -0'34' -0' 40' -1 "32' -1 38' -0' 47' -1 46' -0" 56' -1 54' -1 " 4' -1 " 14' -2' 3' -1 24' -2" 13' -2' 23' -1 "35' -1" 47' -2" 34' -, "59' -2' 46' -2 "12' -2" 58' I -2" 26' -3 "'" -2" 40' -3" 25' -2' 55' -3" 39' -3" 55' -3 "'1' -3" 27' -4"10' :.-4" 27' -3" 27' -4" 43' -4 "2' ! -5" l' -4 "20' -5 "19' -4" 39' -5" 38' -4" 58' -5" 58' -5 "'8' -6" 18' -5"39' -6"0' -6" 38' -6' 59' -6"22' -7"21' -6" 44' Eh uato ria I Declination Alnflam Mlntaka -7"7' -7" 43' -7"30' -8"6' -8" 29' -7" 54'
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45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87
1200 Be 1300 Be 1400 Be 1500 Be 1600 Be 1700 Be 1800 Be 1900 Be 2000 Be 2100 Be 2200 Be 2300 Be 2400 Be 2500 Be 2600 Be 2700 Be 2800 Be 2900 Be 3000 Be 3100 Be 3200 Be 3300 Be 3400 Be 3500 Be 3600 Be 3700 Be 3800 Be 3900 Be 4000 Be 4100 Be 4200 Be 4300 Be 4400 Be 4500 Be
-9' 17' -9' 42' -10' 6' -10'31' -10' 56' -11'22' -11 '48' -12'14' -12' 42' -13' 9' -13'37' -14' 6' -14' 34' -15' 3' -15'33' -16' 2' -16'33' -17' 3' -17' 34' -18' 5' -18'36' -19' 8' . -19' 40' -20' 12' -20' 45' -21 ' 17' -21 'SO' -22' 23' -22' 56' -23' 29' -24' 3' -24' 36' -25 '1 0' -25' 44'
C -8' 53' -9 '18' -9' 42' -10' 8' -10'34' -11 '0' -1 1 '27' -1 1 ' 54' -12'21' -12' SO' -13'18' -13'47' -14' 16' -14' 45' -15'15' -15'45' -16' 16' -16'47' -17'18' -17' 49' -18'21' -18'53' -19' 25' -19' 57' -20' 30' -21 '3' -21 '36' -22 '9' . -22' 42' -23'16' -23' 49' -24' 23' -24' 57' -25' 31 '
-8 '18' -8' 43' -9'9' -9' 35' -10'1' -10'26' -10' 55' -11'22' -1 1 ' SO' -12' 19' -12' 48' -13' 17' -13' 46' -14 '16' -14'47' -15'17' -15' 48' -16' 19' -16' SO' -17'22' -1 T 54' -18'26' -18' 59' -19'31' -20' 4' -20' 37' -21 ' 11 ' -21' 44' -22 '17' -22'51' -23' 25' -23' 59' -24' 33' -25 '7'
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Number Symbolism of Sixteen in the Kumulipo Frame of Time: The Octopus and Spider
The number sixteen for the total
wa in the Kumulipo division of seven wa
for "night" (Po) plus nine for "day" (Ao) clocking one day time set to the Pleiades and moon in November.
(In Hawaiian thought, odd numbers are male and
even
numbers are female). Seven and nine, male numbers, are sixteen; eight and eight, female numbers, are sixteen. The clock factors rotation of earth's axis from diurnal (daily) time into sidereal time (annual) with the Pleiades (November) and the moon's revolution into lunar (monthly) time for seven wa and the sun between the eighth and sixteenth as solar, or tropic, time. Only one night until morning happens between the first
and the seventh wa, so in terms of the genealogical framework of time, the eighth to the sixteenth wa is the time between La.'ila'i (with Ki'i and Kane) to Wakea and the generations descending from him after Pola'a (Kaiakahinali'i 4). or the eighth to
sixteenth wa, some 800 generations of Polynesian ancestors are born between the eleventh and fourteenth generations. In the fifteenth and Sixteenth, the ancestry belongs to the Maui, or "titled Moa" chiefs, which in Hawaiian generation counts would be approximately the sixth century A.D. [*Note: the Maui epic in Tonga may
readjust the origin of the Moa earlier for the Maui family and titled chiefs in West Polynesia].
An interesting shape of the clock to contemplate is the square, rather than
the circle, of time. Other polygons may develop, but "quartered" into four parts:
the ancient Hawaiian clock was
two 1db1 "corner(s)" on the opposite "comers" of
evening and moming, and two pill "close to" (midnight and sunrise) on the quarters between the ldbl, thus:
328
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

(f) (g)
(h) (i)
6:00 p.m. 9:00 p.m. 12:00 p.m. 3:00 a.m. 6:00 a.m. 9:00-12:00a.m. 12:00 a.m. 3:00-6:0Op.m. 6:00 p.m.
Kihi (corner, evening) Pili aumoe (close to midnight) Aumoe, Kau (midnight) Pili puka (close to sunrise) Kihi puka (corner, sunrise) Kakahiaka (morning) Kau, awakea (noon) 'Auinala (afternoon) Kihi (corner, evening)
The mid-points are at noon and midnight, as two Kau1 a reference to the position overhead, when the sun is on meridian (kau ka 1a 1 ka 10101 "the sun stands over the brain") between May and July in the Hawaiian archipelago. The
I I I I I J I
use of this clock indicates a comprehension of the "mean day", measured from one
Kau back to Kau, as from midnight back to midnight or noon to noon, so that time
on either side is equally one-half of a day no matter how long daylight may be in any given season, short days and long nights, or long days and short nights. "The appearance of man occurs in the eighth wa at the midpoint of the Po and Ao, so that sixteen is the sum of eight doubled and also the sum of seven (Po) and nine (Ao) wa.. The use of the numbers eight and sixteen in the compasses of Southeast ASia, Oceania, and India attests to the antiquity of their origins. The Malay compass is subdivided into eight primary segments and those in turn into three parts, allowing each sub-division to equal lS degrees. There were eight additional points at the intermediate spaces totalling sixteen points to the compass ... " "The antiquity of assodating the numbers 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 with geometric dividing of the circle into a square or polygon of several Sides, Le., of situating a diagram of a cube, square, or polygon into the compass circle can be appreciated by observing symbolic diagrams of the universe in Southeast and Indian configurations ...
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I
II
"In Tibet...Buddhist tradition developed under the influence of doctrines strongly imbued with Hindu .. .idea(s): .. for example, in the beautiful temp1eceiling from the holy city of Lb.asa ...a perfect yantra diagam appears ...The
II
329
personification in the center is the primal, eternal ... Radiating from him to the four quarters and the four points between the four doubles ...represented as contained within the heart of the cosmic flower. This, in tum, is set within the square sanctuary, and to each of the four quarters stands a meticulously pictured door... the outermost rim of the lotus of the created universe is represented as a gigantic corolla of sixty-four vari-colored petals ... In the design on the temple ceiling of Lhasa, eight vajras encircle the central buddha, sixteen the eight emanations, and thirty-two the outer rim. of the
cosmic Lotus... "
"A pattern of increasing the powers of 4 in the number schemes of divination may be observed in the I Ching trigrams and hexagrams by which the "regular (or primary) lineal figures were 8 ...which are multiplied, in each, till they amounted to 64" (269) This number, 64, or the cube of 4 and square of 8, is a number also expressed in the fractions of the Egyptian com measure hieroglyph which ad up to 63/64 (1/2 + 1/4+ 118+ 1/16 + 1/32 + 1164 and was diagrammed as the "sound eye" of Horus. The eyes of Horus, the falcon god of the sun, represented the sun and moon. (27) The total number of combinations in the I Ching trigrams and hexagrams is 256 (16 square = 256 = 4 to the 4th power) which is comparable to the total number of possible number combinations in bwe divination. B w e divination is practiced in the Caroline Islands (Micronesia): a coconut leaf is knotted into pairs of number combinations. There are 16 named pairs and 256 combinations" (28). "There is a suggestion in the fonnulaic use of 4, 8, 16,32, 64 and 256 of the shape of the square and cube within the Circle, a diagram of the structure of the universe which has been a powerful symbol of sacredness in Old World religions ...The quartering of the structure of the Kumulipo wa into fours may then be regarded as corresponding to a four-cornered (ldhl) shape of time as well as the quartering of space into the four quadrants of the compass... Following the emergence of man and and gods in the great Ao, the history of man unfolds genealogically through recounted historical periods so the gods, the migrations, and the heroic chieftains who settled Hawaii before the time of Ka'Iimamao, whose birth was celebrated in the concluding sixteenth wa. Uohnson 1981 p. 32-34]
330
I
Lacouperie had already looked at these schemata while curating Babylonian and Oriental curiosities among which were 450 embryo writings within which he c1assifed knotted cords and notched sticks.
" ... 'In the highest antiquity knotted cords were used for the administration of government. In subsequent ages the sages substituted for these, writing by notches ... [and] we find it in a section of the above appendix [of the I Ching] ... "...These symbolical marks, made of lines, broken or entire, are now arranged, on a basis of eight sets of three, in sixty-four rows of six, or double-three, each of which is placed at the head of a chapter of the above book. They are in my opinion, nothing else than a survival of the notches formerly made on the eIght arrows of dIvination (emphasis mine) ... " ... The eight wands, or arrows of fate, are marked on many Babylonian cylinders as held in the hand of Marduk or of Istar" [Note 1 p. 19];
[Lacouperie, 1894: 14-15].
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]
In this last statement Lacouperie gave a clue

planets Jupiter [Marduk] and Venus [Istar]
connecting the kwas
to the
in the eight-wand divination scheme
farther west of China. How many wa are in the kwa(s) of Pekapeka-mata-varu, his name would have been pronounced, *Mbeka ... *Mpekwa eight [(Tuamotu) peka].
if at one time
1
]
'bat' or the number
Radial (pe'a) shapes in the Kumulipo appeared very early

The iuku- in
at the birth of the coral polyp (iukuko'ako'a) in the first canto.

ukuko'ako'a is an eight-segmented radial creature.
Some coral animals make called 'spider' (puna)
hexagonal homes.
Octocorallians make octagons and are
corals. The sea cucumber (weli) also has a radial opening through which it takes food. We are aware that most of these are kinolau bodies of the god of the compass,
331
Kanaloa, whose form is the octopus (pe'a) but Pe'ape'amakawalu
lEight-eyed
Bat'with whom Maui struggles to recover Hina takes on a demoniacal persona.
Not until Maui has recovered Hina from the lair of Pe'ape'amakawalu does he attempt to snare the sun, and not until he has successfully tied it down toward the end of the year does he "drink the yellow-water (wailena) of the freshwater eel" (kuna). Radial constellations in the sky that come to mind are the Southern Cross
[Tape.ka (Tuamotu), Kape'a (Hawaii),
and 4-sided squares, the "gills" (gapi) of the [Kapingamarangi]. A name for the
"eel" (-na,
lah), or "square" of Pegasus
Southern Cross is Ripeka criss-cross.
[fuamotu], meaning to (tie across', as on a transverse,
This name pe'a inspired
inquiry into words for tying and weaving cross-
shapes and knotting. It seemed a proper direction to take because Moloka'i kahuna had unreeled the verses of the Kumulipo from the knotted cord (bipu'u).
If there were eight wands in the Babylonian kwas, there are sixteen in the
Kumulipo wa. To have the time equal, the halves must be even, as eight, but in the
whole of time, odd numbers add up to even. In the I Ching system, the hexagrams are built on the trigrams of the odd number three, the square of which is nine, so that on either side of the day or night, seven wa and nine wa add up to the two halves of sixteen, i.e., doubling the female number eight. What compass was Maui using? He was using the octopus compass but the
earlier one of Hina was a boar compass, used not by navigators, "birds", but by farmers. How many meanings does this line have in the Hawaiian language?
Hanau ka Pe'a, hanau ka Lupe
(1) (2) (3)
Born the stingray, born the spotted eagle ray, Born the octopus Born the bat
332
I
( 4)
(6) (7) (8)
Born Born Born Born
the eight the forked branches the bird, born the kite the sail
Pe'ape'a mananlana Kela i ka lani 0 kani rna Perplexed, many branched Are births of the high chiefs ...
[Kumulipo]
I ka mauna 0 Pe'ape'amakawalu 'Ewalu ka maka 0 ke keiki pua'a 0 Hina On the mountain of Pe'ape'amakawalu Eight are the eyes of the boar child of Hina '
[pomander, 1974: VI: 3: 517]
To Kamapua'a, hog-child of Hina, grandmother Kamaunu-a-niho sang: "Be on the watch [Hina] , (Be alert) The eyes of the hog, They glance to heaven, And glance to the mountain Tbe son of Hlna is a bog with eigbt eyes. By Hina are you, By Kahiki'ula By Kahikilei. You are Lono-iki You are Lono-nui My eyes, my face, My beloved (grandchild), OLono e. You are Hiwahiwa (sacred black) The anointed with oil [hamohanlo] The face of the god That appears [o'ili] in the sky, Season of fruits, heavenly season, When skies are covered with black cloud You are the man Born in the uplands of Kaliuwa'a,
Having eigbt feet, Having forty toes.
[Fornander: V:II:314-317]
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333
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The Malay compass, the navigator's tool, harnessing
winds and stars, is
subdivided into eight primary segments and those in turn into three parts,
allowing each subdivision to equal 15 degrees.
\Ve've seen this design
before, as the I Ching divination schemata and the Babylonian clock. There were eight additional points at the intermediate spaces totalling sixteen points to the compass ... "occasionally formed for technical purposes, by placing the word samata, literally an 'eye' (mata) , but here expressing a point of the compass between primary terms, as Barat samata Utara, west northwest [Crawfurd, 1820:I:311]. Polynesian matangi 'wind', uses the Malay compound for 'compass', as of
winds [angin 'wind' + mata 'eye']. The wind compass of Polynesia visualized eight basic wind directions forming na k.ai 'ewalu 'eight seas (Hawaii), a reference to the spaces (kai, maka) in the quartered compass of cardinal points [kukulu], as of the "house" (hale) of god, sacred space. The antiquity of associating the numbers 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 with
geom~tric
dividing of the circle into a square (or polygon) of several sides, i.e. of situating a diagram of a cube, square, or pologyon into the compass circle, can be appreciated by observing the symbolic diagrams of the universe in Southeast Asian and Indian configurations. The Thai word gkoon chaun (from Sanskrit and PaU) is assigned to eight cardinal points and eight elepants: tot 'ten' (from Sanskrit) is assigned to a compass of four cardinal and four intermediate points, adding a zenith and nadir. The use of elephants to mark the compass has an origin in Hindu mythology and symbolism of the creation of the universe: " ... When Garuda ... the golden-winged sun-bird, came into existence at the beginning of time, the elephants also were born. The moment the celestial bird broke from its egg, the divine elephant that was to become the mount of Indra.. .Airavata... was the flISt divine elephant to proceed from the eggshell
334
in the right hand of Brahma; he was followed by seven more males. From the shell in Brahma's left then appeared eight female elephants. " ...The sixteen constituted eight couples, and became the ancestors of all elephants, both in heaven and in earth. They became also the Dig-Gajas, or 'elephants' (gaja) of the directions of space (dik). 'They support the universe at the four quarters and four points between ... " [Zimmer, 1947:13]. The elephant is a symbol of the strength and force of monsoon storms that blow across the Indian Ocean and China Sea. From May to September the summer monsoon blows from the southwest, with heavy squalls and thunderstorms heavier than the winter monsoon when the winds blow toward the southeast., from October to April. Skies are generally clear during this season, and there is relatively little rain [Bowditch, Nathaniel [1958: 799-800]. In Hawaii, this uprooting force of the rainy season is symbolized by the boar incarnation, Kamapua'a, of the storm god, 1ono; in this shape of the storm and rain had eight eyes. The basic octagon or eight radial
I J
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i
god (Lono-nui-noho-i-ka-wai)
shape of both the coral and the spider radiates ultimately as kinolau of Kanaloa, the
I
]
aleua
whose dominant form is that of the octopus wind and star compass
to .eight
primary directions.
The eight-segmented compass diagram extends into the sky as
the spider's web (punawelewele): " ... Fornander supplies yet another name for the celestial equator, Ke Alaula a ke Ku'uku'u" 'the brigbt road of the spIder (1878: 127). However, Makemson holds the view that the expression refers to the ecliptic, since "the path of the spider refers to the spiralling motion of the sun northward and southward during the year." [Akerblom, 1968: 15, 375]. The Polynesian compass of eight legs of the octopus and spider, combining both in a correlation of sea and sky space division is found in Easter Island tradition. Heyerdahl mentions the migration of chief Hotu Matu'a to Rapa Nui which he named Te Pito 0 te Henua, 'the Navel of the Earth, with a description of the road plan of the village according to the web of the spider: 335
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"Another ancient local legend collected by Thomson, and known as the Apai, had a corresponding hint. This text was recited independently from a written tablet by two old Easter Islanders, and translated into English by Salmon. Between two unintelligible sections of text, 'supposed to have been written in some ancient language: 'When the island was first created and became known to our forefathers, the land was crossed with roads beautifully paved with flat stones. The stones were laid close together so artistically that no rough edges were exposed. Coffee trees (?) were growing close together along the borders of the road, that met overhead, and the branches were laced together like muscles ...
' ...Heke was the builder of these roads, and it was he, who sat in the place of honor in the middle where the roads branched away in every direction. These roads were cunningly contrived to represent the plan of the web of the grey and black-pointed spIder, and no man could discover the beginning or the end thereof... " [Heyerdahl, 1961:1: 35]. Heke (Easter Island), cognate of He'e (Hawaii) is the octopus, related to Pe'e
or form of the creator god Tangaroa of Samoa. A description of the house of the octopus god Fe'e in Samoa was described by Stair:
"0 Ie Pale a Ie Pe'e (the Temple of the Fe'e), the war-god of A'ana, Upolu ... the famous [ale ma'a, or stone house of the god. The large blocks of coral, requiring several men to lift them, were scattered about the temple, and which the god had carried up from the reef single-handed... '0 lenei le fale, 0 le Fe'e' (Here is the house of Fe'e) .....We found twelve or thirteen of the smaller stone posts still standing ... [Stair, 1894: 241-243].
The Samoan octopus god, Pe 'e, floating on a piece of coral, was brought to Manu'a by Tangaloa. On Manu'a Fe'e became the father of two girls, Sina-sa'u-mani and Sasa'umani. Sina-sa'u-mani married the Tui-Manu'a Tagaloa-a-Vi, and
Sasa'umani moved to Savai'i where she married a chief of Gaga'e-malae on the west coast. The impreSSion given by Manu'a tradition is that Fe'e came from the same homeland (Pulotu) as Savea Si'uleo. Legend reports that after the departure of Fe'e, Savea Si'uleo ruled over the underworld with his hosts of aitu [Kramer, 1902: 1:8:957]
336
Savai'i traditions locate the entrance to the underworld toward Pulotu and to
Sa-Ie-fe'e , an old name for Samoa, at Fafa on the west coast of Savai'i near
I l
Falealupo. Sa-Ie-fe'e was so named "because the family of Fe'e , the octopus, ruled there" [Ibid: 79]. 'Upolu traditions trace the origin of Fe'e to Savai'i and Manu'a:
"In the land where Tagaloa sleeps From the house of the cuttlefish and the sleeping place of the crayfish (Fe'efa'apuga) Came the aitu from Manu'a" [Kramer, 1902: I: 6: 284].
The Samoan idea of the octopus god holding up the sky has a parallel in the Tahitian tradition of the 'spotted octopus' deity, Tumu-ra'l-fenua: became land and it was firm, tbe great octopus, "When land
J I I
]
Tumu-ra'l-fenua .. held on; one
arm was south; one arm was north; one arm was east; and another arm was west; they held the sky down against the earth" [Henry, 1971: 338] . The Samoan identification of Ti'iti'i (= Maui-tildtild-a-Taranga) as the slayer of the octopus god Fe'e is confirmed in Ra'iatean legend: "There was a tradition here that the sky originally lay flat upon the face of the earth and ocean, being held down by the legs of a huge cuttlefish. But, at a certain time, a man named Maui dived to the bottom of the sea, and grappling with the monster, utterly dismembered. him; whereupon the sky flew up, and expanded into its beautiful convexity, resting on the hOrizon, and having the vertical sun as its keystone" [Tyermann and Bennet, 1831: 138]. The death of the Tahitian octopus Tumu-ra'i-fenua resulted in the formation of Tubua'i, one of the Austral Islands: "Tu conjured death upon the great Octopus holding the sky to the earth, but it did not die by his agency ...Then Rua-tupua-nui ...conjured death upon the great octopus ... caused the great octopus Tumu-ra'i-fenua... to die ...The arms of the great octopus, Tumu-ra'i-fenua... became detached from the sky, and they fell away south ... tbe great octopus became land, which is Tubua'i" [Henry,
1971: 404-405].
J
] ] ] ]
l
]
]
337
The Tongan octopus god Feke was important to the Ha'apai group as god of the Tui Ha'a Ngana, called Haelefeke, represented as a white or brown species. Feke as a place name stipulates tracts of land in Ha'apai on Niniva, Lofanga, and Lifuka islands [Gifford, 1923: 64]
In
the sky the spider radials and transverse patterns become another When the migration hero Tahaki rescues his father, Rema, from
dominant figure:
demon captors, the father sings: The child remain behind at Ravaiki, alas The father had vanished in Kororupo, alas The father was brought to the point of death by the goblin myriads of Matuauru, alas Ho, wonderful is the son. The celestial spider, Tukutuku-raho-nui, Great Spider, then made a net, and Tahaki sang: Spread--the net is spread, It is spread in the World-of-Night, A mighty net belonging to Tahaki, Filled till it bellies out above, . Till it sags down below.
[Stimson, 1937: 88].
This net (koko) in the Hawaiian tradition of the navigation gourd was a mesh of squares, with a grid numbering twenty-four to thirty-six spaces (maka), called na
maka
0
'Alihi (the eyes of 'Alihi). [ace. Theodore Kelsey]. Below the rim of the gourd,
securing the mesh to the rim,
was a red cord of 'olona twine called the 'Alibi,
corresponding to the name of Tahaki's loyal cousin and helper, Karihi , who assisted Tahaki in reaching the sky world [Kelsey, in Johnson 1975: 150-152].
On. the gourd
itself, a line was drawn in by burning (pyrogravure) showing the meridian between the North Star (Polaris) and the Southern Cross (indicating the meridian). Tahaki's birth, like that of Maui, was in a West Polynesian homeland, and the place where Hema (Serna) was 'caught by the 'A'aia' was in Kahiki-west, or Viti (Fiji)
In the Ulu genealogy, Kaha'i appears in the ninth generation after MauL
338
c.308 A.D.illu 333 Nanaie 358 Nanailani 383 Waik ulani 408 Kuheleimoana 433 Konohiki 458 Wawena (k) 483 Akalana 508. Maulakalana 533 Nanamaoa 558 Nanakulei 583 Nanakaoko 608 KapawalHeleipawa 633 Heleipawa 658 Hulumanailani 683 Aikanaka (k) 708 . Hema 733 .Kaha'l
Kapunu'u Kahaumokuleia Hinakina'u Kekauilani Mapunaiaala Hikaul ulena Hinamahuia Hinakawe'a Hlnakealohalla Hinaikapa'ikua Kahaukuhonua Kahihiokalani Kookookumai-kalani (w) Hinamaikalani Hinahanaiakamalama Ulumahahoa Hlnauluohl'a
13
14
15
16 17 18 19
20
21
22 23 24
25
26 Zl 28
29
30.
Although most ethnography studies doubt that the Hawaiian "navigation gourd" ever existed or was ever an instrument actually for celestial navigation, as claimed in migration legends, Tahaki) was the net which bears the name of Karim (cousin of
0
].;
.,
the supporting red cord, lallhl , the 'eyes of Karihi', na maka
IAllhl, in the tradition of the gourd as a parallel to the net of Tahaki fashioned by
J
]
Tukutuku-raho-nui 'Great Spider'
(Tahiti).
So sang the Hawaiian bards of the
exploits of Tahaki (Kaha'i) and Karihi ('Alihi): Holo Hema i Kahiki, ki'i i ke 'ape 'ula Lo'a'a Hema, lilo i ka 'A'aia Ha'ule i Kahiki, i Kapakapakaua Waiho ai i illu-paupau.
'0 ke anuenue ke ala 0 Kaha'i Pi'i Kaha'i, koi Kaha'i He Kaha'i ke Ko'i'ula a Kane Hlhla 1 na maka 0 'Allhl A'e Kaha'i i ke anaha He anaha ke kanaka, ka wa'a I luna 0 Hanaiakamalama '0 ke ala ia i 'imi ai i ka makua 0 Kaha'i o hele a i ka moana wehiwehi A halulu i Hale-kumu-kalani Ui mai kini 0 ke akua Ninau '0 Kane '0 Kanaloa He aha kau huaka'i nui
339
J J J J J
I I I I I
E Kaha'i, i hiki mai ail I 'imi mai au i ka Hema Aia ia Kahiki, aia i Ulu-paupau Aia i ka 'A'aia, haha mau 'ia a Kane Loa'a aku i kukulu 0 Kahiki. Hema went to Tahiti to fetch the red 'ape taro, Hema was caught by the 'A'aia bird He fell dead in Tahiti, in Kapakapakaua, He rests in illu-paupau. The rain bow is the pathway of Kaha'i Kaha'i arose, Kaha'i bestirred himself, Kaha'i pass onto the floating cloud of Ksne, Perplexed were the eyes of 'Alibi Kaha'i passed on to the glancing light, The glancing light (on) men and canoes, Above was Hanaiakamalama (moon), That is the road to see the father of Kaha'i Go on over the deep blue ocean And shake the foundations of heaven, Inquiring are the retainers of gods, Kane and Kanaloa are asking, For what purpose is your large traveling party, o Kaha'i, that has come hither? I am seeking for Hema, There in Kahiki, there in illupaupau dThere (with) the 'A'aia constantly breathed upon by Kane, Reaching to the farthest ends of Kahiki.
[Pomander, 1969: II: 16-18]
So far, however, the Hawaiian navigation gourd or calabash has not inspired the credibility accorded, instead, to the wind calabash of La'amaomao (lp u-
makani-o-La 'amaomao) who came to Hawai'i with the Mo'ikeha migration from
Tahiti, about the eighth century A.D. 350a.d.*Nanaulu 400 Nanamea 425 Pehekeula 450 Pehekemana 475 Nanamua 500 Nanaikeauhaku 525 Keaoa 5SO Hekumu 575 Umalei 6C() Kalai Ulukou Puia Uluae Nanahapa Nanahope Elehu Waohala Kumukoa Umaumanana Laikapa
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21
22
340
625 650 675 700 725 750

775
Malelewaa Hopoe Makalawena Leihooma Keku pahaikala Mulielealii Moikeha
Pililohai Hauananaia Kouihouhouia Hapuu Maihikea Wehelani Henaulua
23
24
25
26 27 28
29
That the gourd was encased in basketry in Hawaii is clear in the case of the wind calabash of La'amaomao, but the Unu
0
Lono shrine, as the Jpu
Lono god
image in the hale mua men's eating house, was suspended from a net (koko) , reminiscent of the net ('upena) that went across the sky in the Kaha'i story. The chant to this gourd sang: "The gourd is placed in position; a shapely gourd it is; Plucked is the gourd; it is cut open, The core within is cut up and emptied out, The gourd is this great world; Its cover the heavens of Kuakini, Thrust it into the netting; Attach it to the rainbow for a handle! Within this gourd from the cavern of Muaiku, calabash of explosive wind-squalls-Tin the serene star shines down, Take hold of it and it crouches, Take hold of it and it displays itself at Vava'u; Conf'rrm this and make it sacred, wholly sacred, 0 Lono! Bind it securely there." [Malo, 1951: 89]. Often ignored but present in the tradition of the Jpu
0
Lono is a small note:
" ...This image had suspended from its neck a gourd, ipu which was perforated to receive a wooden bail" [Ibid.:88].
This means that the larger gourd of Lono, the unu (shrine), also carried the
J J
! l
)
lea
bailing cup, gourd symbol of the goddess Hina-ke-lea, canoe-bailer form of the
moon (goddess) Uohnson, 1989: 50].

Ka 'ai a Hina-ia-ka-malama, I ki'i (i)a e Wakea a Kaiuli A kai ko'ako'a, kai ehuehu
0
Waka;
341
The food of Hina-in-the-moon, of Ho-(w)aka (Hoaka) Gotten by Wakea-(from)-the-deep-sea, A coral sea, foaming sea, Lana Hina-ia-ka-malama he ka Kaulia a'e i na wa'a, kapa 'ia Hina-ke-ka ilaila, Lawe (i)a uka, puholuholu ia Hina-in-the-moon floated in the balling gourd calabash Hung up in canoes, called Hina-the-balling-gourd tbere, Taken upshore, left swinging [i.e, finds level]
[Kumulipo]
The Ipu-makani-a-La'amaomao wind calabash is, in part, derived from the Malay word for 'compass', mata an gin , 'eye of the wind' (angin). The standard
Polynesian wind compass had eight 'eyes' (maka) or as many as thirty-two wind directions ('Aitutaki, Cook Islands).
Hina-ke-ka , the bailing gourd, is not the wind compass (Jpu-makani-a-
La 'amaomao).
Rather, it was a reflecting mirror or an instrument used as a plumb The Nganaboa calabash carried by_ Rata (Iaka) was thrown
bob or water level.
out into the sea ahead of the canoe. Both were, apparently, the same type of gourd of which Tuamotuans sing:
Oh, my calabash! Blown toward me by the wind, My calabash rolls over and over on the toppling waves. It is my diviner, Giver of the ancient wisdom of the stars, Oh, my calabash! Bringing me a brother's life-saving love, My calabash turns over and over onthe crested waves. It is the flrst of my sacred possessions to be borne hither by my side, Drifting into my welcoming hands. Oh, my sacred calabash! Reveal1ng the wisdom of the stars!
[Stimson, 1957: 75].
342
In the tradition of Kuapaka'a who received the wind gourd Ipu
la'amaomao
J I
from his mother (La'amaomao) on Kaua'i,
he was told that in ancient times
la'amaomao, on the voyage with Mo'ikeha, would call the winds into his gourd calabash when they were too strong, or summon them forth out of the ipu when the seas were dead calm. Yet, when Mo'ikeha, in his old age, sent Kila, his youngest son, to Tahiti to get another son (or nephew), La 'amaikahiki, the returning crew doing all of the navigation for Kila. The navigator who had come north with Mo'ikeha and who knew the way back to Tahiti rose before morning sunrise to observe Sirius on the horizon in the direction of Tahiti and to take that bearing from the azimuth (lua) to which the La'amaomao was not in
l
I. :I
canoe would return. When he was satisfied that they had the necessary information required to make landfall, they left in the morning, using Sirius as guiding star
(Hoku ho'okelewa 'a, 'star navigating-canoe').
On Mo'ikeha's original voyage
north, the story goes: "One early morning at dawn, just at the rise of the star Sirius (ka hoku ho'okelewa'a) Mo'ikeha boarded his double canoe, taking with him all his attendants and followers, and set out from Tahiti. From that mom until sunrise (mai ia wana'ao a puka ka la), when they first beheld Hilo all went well, whereupon Kamahu'alele stood up and prayed by way of a mele their voyage hither." [Fomander: N: 126].
On the return voyage by Kila on behalf of his father Mo'ikeha to bring La'a-
]
;a
I.".
maikahiki up to Hawai'i, the story goes: "When the men who were to accompany Kila were ready, Mo'ikeha took the priests who were versed in the study of the heavens and ordered them to see if the chiefs journey would be undertaken in safety. After studying the sky the priests announced that the chief could take the journey in safety. But not wishing to take any risk, Wanahili, one of the priests, was selected to accompany him, thus making eleven in the company all told... "
l
]
343
" ... In the dawn of the day advised by the priests as the proper time to
undertake the voyage, just as the star Sirlus1 (ka baku bo'okeJe-wa1a)1 Kila set sail for O'ahu" [Fornander, 1974:N: 122-123]. It wasn't until four to five centuries later after the time of Mo'ikeha that the wind calabash was bequeathed to Kuapaka'a by his mother, who also carried the name of her ancestor, La'amaomao, after her birth in Kapa'a, Puna district, Kaua'i: "When La'amaomao finished talking, she opened the cover of a large gourd (ipu nui) and drew out a certain small gourd (ipu hokeo u'uku) which bad been woven tIghtly with 'Ie (Freyc1netIa) cord with a cover (po'l) on top." " ... 'I give this gourd to you, as its name was your grandmother's name and mine also, and within it are her bones. When she was alive, all of the winds of this archipelago were her servants, beneath a marvelous power which she received, and she gathered all of the winds into this gourd, and they are still in this gourd until now, and their names were committed to her memory, those from Hawaii to Ka'ula, and when there was no wind, she would remove the cover and call the wind, and the wind would then blow, and when the cover was replaced the wind would cease, and this gourd was famous as the 'Wind Calabash of La'amaomao'." [Nakuina, Ku-a-Paka'a, untranslated mss].
The Rarotongan
account of the wind calabash of La'amaomao finds a parallel in the tradition of the wind god,
Raka-maomaol
whereas
in Samoa
La'amaomao was a war god. In the tradition of Rata, the wizard Nganahoa combats the demons of the sea in a floating calabash called a "red gourd" ('ue kura) from which he divines their approach and continues to warn the doubting Rata.
Nganahoa, a wizard who flies kites, applies to Rata to go with him on his voyaging canoe to find Vahieroa. Rata considers him useless and leaves without him, but
Nganahoa follows him on a large gourd floating on the sea:
344
At the time that the canoe sailed away there were only eleven men on board. The canoe sailed on until the land was out of sight, when the crew descried a large gourd floating on the surface of the sea. The crew threw Ngana'oa and his gourd overboard, and left him to his fate (as they though t) ."
U
" ...The canoe proceeded on its voyage, and had sailed on for some distance when the crew noticed another gourd floating on the ocean; they at once cried out, tThe is our tue-kura floating on the sea.' Rata heard them and called out, 'Pick it up.' They did so, and when they opened it they were again confronted by the glistening eyes of Nganaboa" [(no author), "The
Rarotongan Version of the Story of Rata," Journal of the Polynesian Society Vol. 9 (1910): 142-168].
' I I
~:.:
Nganahoa is like the bailing calabash HiD.a-ke-ka (Tuamotus) Nganahoa

in Rarotonga is a character prominent in the Rata story. Rata (Laka), grandson of
Tahaki, voyages to find his father, Vahieroa
(Wahie1oa). A peculiar attribute of
,
.I
J J
Nganahoa is that when the bailing calabash was brought aboard the canoe, all that was seen inside were the staring eyes of the wizard as
Aldebaran which, in Taurus,
is the ancient guide forstar- and wind-watchers on deserts and oceans. In Hawaii Nganahoa is the name of the phallic rock on Moloka'i, Ka Ule
Uun IAldebaran' in Micronesia.
0
Nanahoa" or Ul or
Aldebaran was one of "four royal stars"
in
Persian astronomy S()(X) years ago, marking the vernal equinox [Allen, 1963: 383-385;
Gleadow, 1969: 218; Johnson, 1975: 122].
]
345
I I I I
Comparative Study of Sky Father Traditions in Polynesia
The Sky Father of European mythology was Jupiter as the Morning Star: Sanskrit Greek Spanish English Dyaus Zeus Dios Day Pitar Pater Padre Father
The "Day Father" of Hawaiian mythology is Wakea at noon, Awakea. and reckoning the "day" (la, ao) from one kau (noon or midnight) back to that kau,
or the "mean day" which is the same time even when daylight hours are longer or shorter during the year. The noon hour om Mangareva in the Austral Islands is also
avatea,. The prevailing idea of Atea connects him to the sky as the wide expanse of
light in space. As a place name in Polynesia, the island of Ra'iatea in the northern Society Islands keeps his name on location everyday, as it also does on Nomuka in Ha'apai, Tonga where Langiatea is a tomb in Atea's name. In Hawai'i Wakea is an ancestor of the senior line of Hawaiian ruling chiefs and a famous cave in Kona, Hawai'i is
Laniakea.
The farther east along Polynesian migration routes, so it seems, the
more important Atea becomes in the descent lines of ruling chiefs, favoring the junior line of chiefs in the Austral Islands (Mangareva). Particularly of interest is the connections with West Polynesian heroes of the migrations, such as Tinirau: The Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary by another 19th century scholar, Edward Tregear, mentions that Atea was the son of Varimatetakere of Vatea married Papa and
MangaIa, that Atea's brother was Tlnlrau of Enuakura.
had Tangaroa and Rongo, who were twIns. The family lived in Aitutald and
Atiu (in Avatea). [Tregear, Edward. Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary 1969:28-29].
Marquesan accounts favor Tane as the brother of Atea.
346
(1)
Marquesas
(Ua Pou)
Tiu-uka (northwind above) lived with Tiu-ao (northwind below) and the child was called Te Papa (Rock); Pipi'i-te-Huati lived with Te Papa. The child bomwas called Atea. Tane and Hakanau are the younger brothers. They were born in Papa Henua (Land of Rocks) [Langridge, 1988:66] Tahitian traditions emphasize problems encountered by Tane to keep the sky free of turmoil, and the most interesting effort is that made by Ru to raise the sky (Atea). In it are many aspects of the sky and identifications of stars and planets
until the sky is raised by Maui and Tane to free Atea from the earth.
I I I
(2) Tahiti
" ...At last Ru drew up the sky, Rumia (Upset), for his king, Aster, the ninth of the sky (Ana-iva, Betegeuse in Orion). So he drew and drew the sky until it reached the summit of Mou'a-raha (Flat-hill) and of Moua-avarivari (Slender-hill) on Havai'i (or Ra'iatea). And he propped it with the flat tops of the pia (Tacca pinnatifida), the teve (Amorphophallus companulatus), the auari'iroa (Terminalia catappa), and the tall tree coral from the shoals of the sea. "Ru only lifted the sky, but he did not succeed in quite raising it when he became hump-backed, his eyelids became ectropion, and he god badly ruptured, so that his small intestines dropped away and settled in the horizon of Porapora, and there they became clouds which are called the Ruanu'u-a-Ru (Source-of-hosts-of-Ru) to this day. " Then Tino-rua (Dual-body) looked from the ocean and went and struggled with the sky for his king, Oropa'a (Dauntless warrior) of the deep. But the sky did not get lifted up by Tino-rua.l "Maui-ti'iti'i was looking on and this was his speech: 'Ahl what a fine thing our sky is! If it ascends upwards, we shall say it is a sky that reached up, and if it fall as a crust, it will be poor border! (That meant poor land). Cut 347
1 J
away the arms of the octopus, give Atea real pain, separate Rumia behind, separate Rumia before, separate the front pillar, the inner pillar, the back pillar, the pillar to stand by, and the pillar of exit, so that he may be quite severed!' "So Maui struggled with the sky for his king, Rehua-i-te-ra'i (Pollux-ofthe -sky), and he succeeded in raising it to a good height. But it was only raised. The lifting of the sky was not accomplished by Ru, or Tino-rua, nor by MauL They just left the sky thrown together in a heap, upset by mountains and great forests. "Then Maui went for ropes to the land, for propping stones for the sky, and for wedges to place through the gaps of the sky still adhering to the earth. He tied the ropes upon the highest mountains and worked at the sky until he set it upon them. "Then Maui went for other workers to come and dig away the sky, to work until the darkness was excluded, to set it firmly on high for the gods to fly through. "Maui flew up to the first sky, in the second sky, to the third sky, to the fourth sky, and thus he passed through nine skies until he reached the open sky of Tane, which is the tenth sky. [Tane agrees to help Maui dig out the sky] "...The coconut shell was what drew out the face of the sand of Atea to the morning star (Ta'urua po'ipo'i). A long Turritella shell was what drew out the face of the sand of Atea to the evening star (Ta'urua ahiahi).l It was a prickly shell that drew out the face of the sand of Atea to Castor and Pollux (Pipiria rna). It was a sharp-edged shell that spread out the face of the sand of Atea to Mercury ( Ta'ero). "Tane carried his basket of shells under his arm, and took the sky measure in his hand, and he said 'Where is the little white sea-swallow (pira'e iti)? Tai-fei-aitu (Arrlval-of-petitions-to-the-gods), where are you?" "So the little white bird flew onto Tane's shoulder, and they two departed. The open sky of Tane was left behind, and they passed through the skies; then Tane arrived in this world.
348
"... So Tane stood in the confined valley among the flashing shells, and looked at Atea, then he looked at the earth, and he worked. "Tane took great logs, they were for props and levers. But what were the levers for? They were to draw the front, to draw the back, to draw the inside, to draw the outside, to sever the earth from the sky, to ward off wind, to be props to the back of A tea as slain men in effigy for the rage of Tane! "Now Tane dug and bored upon Atea with his shells, and the soun resounded on high! "Then Atea was enraged" "0 Tane, withdraw your shells and the sky measure, I am in pain!" "But Tane went on digging and boring, and pushing until Atea was quite detached and ascended up on high. Then Atea was free, and light came into the world." "The night was for the gods, and the day was for man ...The arms of the great octopus, Tumu-ra'i-fenua... became detached from the sky, and they fell away south, and the great octopus became land, which is Tubua'i (Summit) for the Austral Islands, which remain there to this day."
(Henry, 1928: 409-413].
III
The relationship betweem Tane, Ru, and Maui to lift up Atea, the sky, is perhaps related to the significance of the connection between Wakea and Luanu'u, whom Papa-hanau-moku married after Wakea found a new wife in Hina (from whom Moloka'i was born). Abu, the son of Lu, who was the son of Nu'u became O'ahu-aLuanu'u, the name of O'ahu before Papa returned to Wakea and had the other island children, Kaua'i, Ni'ihau and Lehua to the north. Luanu'u ancestry is associated with the anu'u oracle tower where the central altar (kuahu) and central post image (Kukaohi'aJaka, Pou
0
Manu, Mo'i)
was placed.
It was situated facing the north (Le., on meridian) or east (latitude, zenith sun position). The island of O'ahu is the island son of Lu and Papahanaumoku.
III
349
"'.,",
ill
(2)
Hawaii
(Wakea)
Hawaiian traditions which aremele koihonua genealogy chants exist in the realm of myth and legend from which they convey the impression that Wakea and his wives, from whom islands were born, were quite human with normal reactions to disappointment.
Ka Mele a Paku'l
1.
5.
10.
15.
20
25..
30.
35.
0 Wakea Kahiko Luamea 0 Papahanaumoku ka wahine Hanau Tahiti-ku, Tahiti-moe Hanau Keapapanui Hanau Keapapalani Hanau Hawaii Ka moku makahiapo Keiki makahiapo a laua, o Wakea laua 0 Kane 0 Papa 0 Walinuu ka wahine Hookauhua Papa i ka moku HolloH ia Maui Hanau Mauiloa he moku I hanauia he alo lani He Vilani -uilani Hei kapa lau maewa He nui Mololani no Ku, no Lono No Kane ma laua 0 Kanaloa Hanau kapu ke kuakoko Kaahea Papa ia Kanaloa he moku I Hanauia he puna he naia He keiki ia na Papa i hanau Haale1e Papa hoi i Tahiti Hoi a Tahiti Kapakapakaua Moe 0 Wakea moe ia Kaulawahine Hanau 0 Lanai Kaula He makahiapo na ia wahine Hoi ae 0 Wakea loaa Hina, Loaa Hina he wahine moe na Wake a Hapai Hina ia Molokai, he moku o Molokai a Hina he keiki moku Haina e ke kolea 0 Laukaula Va moe 0 Wakea i ka wahine. o ena kalani kukahaulili 0 Papa. Hoi mai Papa mai loko 0 Tahiti Inaina li1i i ka punaluna Hae, manawaino i ke kane, 0 Wakea
o Papa,
350
40.
Moe ia Lua he kane hou ia Hanau Oahu-a-Lua Oahu-a-Lua, he keiki moku He keiki makana lau na Lua.
Hoi hou aku no moe me Wakea Naku Papa i ke iloli, Hoohapuu Papa i ka moku 0 Kauai Hanau Kamawaelua-Ianimoku He eweewe Niihau He palena 0 Lehua He panina Kaula o ka Mokupapapa Na papa kahakuakea 0 Lono o Kahakulono 0 Kapumaeolani o Kapuheeuanui 0 Kahaimakana Na Kekamaluahaku, Kaponianai I ka I, kapu I 0 Kaponialamea Ponihiwa, Poniuli, Poniele Kaponi, Kaponi, Kaponiponikaua o Papa-a, 0 Papa-a o Hoohokukalani Ka lani, 0 Hoohokukalani He lani hoowawa Wawa, wawaka, nihoniho, Inihia i kolia, I pipaia ka lau a lahilahi o Wakea ka hiona...
1.
(i.e. Ahu-a-Lu-a-nu'u]
45.
I I J I I
]
so.
55.
I J
60.
65.
J J
] ]
5.
Wakea Kahiko Luamea Papa who gave birth to islands the wife Tahiti east Tahiti west Was born the great strata Was born the heavenly strata Was born Hawaii The first-born child Their Frrst born child Of Wakea and Kane Of Papa, of Walinuu the wife Papa conceived an island , Was sick of child-sickness with Maui, Then was born Mauiloa, an island, Was born with the countenance of a chief A high chief, a handsome chief Sacredly treated as a favorite child Mololani was a great one to Ku, to Lono To Kane, and also to Kanaloa. Was born during the sacred pains. Papa was prostrated with Kanaloa, an island
10.
I !
]
15.
20.
351
I I
Was born as a birdling, as a porpoise A child that Papa gave birth to Then Papa left and went back. to Tahiti Went back to Tahiti at Kapakapakaua. Wakea then slept with Kaulawahine And Lanaikaula was born The first born child of that wife. Then Wakea turned around and found Hina Hina was found as a wife for Wakea Hina conceived Molokai, an island Hina's Molokai is an island child That plover Laukaula told the tale That Wakea had slept with a woman. Fierce and fiery was the anger of Papa
25.
30.
40.
Papa came back from within Tahiti Was angry and jealous of her rivals Was wild and bad-tempered toward her husband, Wakea And slept with Lua for a new husband, Oahu-a-Lua was born Oahu-a-Lua an island child; One of Lua's many children
Went back and lived with Wakea Papa was restless with child-sickness Papa conceived the island of Kauai And gave birth to Kamawaelualanimoku Niihau is the last droppings Lehua was a border And Kaula the closing one For the low coral islands The low white-marked isles of Lono The Lord Lono of Kapumaeolani The rain-dispelling zenith of Holani Kapuheeuanui of Kahaimakana Of Kekamaluahaku, Kaponianai From the I, the sacred I of Kaponialamea The dark dye, blue dye, the black dye The anointed, the anointed destined to war That is Papa, Papa. Hoohokukalani. The high chiefess, Hoohokukalani, The chiefess of the loud voice, Reverberating, crackling, sharpened, That is modified and pared down. As leaves are worn to thinness Wakea was the resemblance It was Haloa that was theirs ...
45.
50.
55.
65.
o Piimai, 0
Wailoa, 0 Kakaihili Nononoho kau e ka pueo alii
352
70.
70.
Ka pueo makalulu I loha i ke kaha i ka pea I ka lupe 0 na lani kapu I Apikina, i huila lakou aka wohi kahi It was Piimai, Wailoa, and Kakaihili That was placed by the royal owl The owl of the still eyes That lowered the height of the sail on the course At the kite of the sacred chiefs Tha t was folded and united in the same wohi... [Fomander, (1974) N: 13-14]
Ka Mele a Kahaku-ku-i-ka-moana
1.
s.
Ea mai Hawaiinuiakea Ea mai loko, mai loko mai 0 ka po, Puka mai ka moku, ka aina, Ka lalani aina 0 Nuumea, Ka pae aina 0 i kukulu 0 Tahiti. Then arose Hawaiinuiakea Arose from inside, from the inner darkness, Then appeared the island, the land, The row of islands of Nuumea, The group of islands on the borders of Tahiti, Hanau 0 Maui he moku, he aina, Na kama 0 Kamalalawalu e noho. Na Kuluwaiea 0 Haumea he kane, Na Hinanuialana he wahine Loaa Molokai, ke akua, he kahuna, He pualena no Nuumea. Maui was born an island, a land, A dwelling place for the children of Kamalalawalu. Kuluwaiea of Haumea as the husband, Of Hinanuiakalana as the wife Was born Molokai, a god, a priest, The first morning light from Nuumea Ku mai ke alii ka 1ani Ka haluku wai ea 0 Tahiti,
J J J I J I J J
]
10.
J J
15
Loaa Lanai he keiki hookama. Na Keaukanai i moe aku, Moe ia Walinuu 0 Holani, He kekea kapu no Uluhina, Hanau Kahoolawe, he lopa.
353
Here stands the king, the heavenly one, The life-giving water drops, from Tahiti. Lanai was found, an adopted child. . It was Keaukanai who had married, Had married with Walinuu from Holani The sacred albino of Uluhina Kahoolawe was born, a foundling, Kiina aku Uluhina Moku ka piko 0 ke kamaiki, Ka iewe 0 ke keiki i lele I komo i loko 0 ka ape nalu Ka apeape kai aleale, Loaa ka malo 0 ke kama, o Molokini ka moku He iewe ia-a. He iewe ka moku. Uluhina then was called upon, The navel of the little onewas cut, The afterbirth of the child that was thrown Into the folds of the rolling surf, The froth of the heaving sea, Then was found the loincloth for the child. Molokini the island Is the navel string, the island is the navel string. Ku mai Ahukinialaa, He alii mai ka nanamu, Mai ka api 0 ka ia, Mai ka ale poi pu 0 Halehalekalani, Loaa Oahu, he wohi, He wohi na Ahukinialaa. Na Laakapu he kane ia, Na Laamealaakona he wahine. Hookauhua, hoiloli i ka Nuupoki alii, Ka heiau kapu a Nonea Now stands forth Ahukinialaa A chief from foreign land, From the gills of the fish, From the overwhelming billows of Halehalekalani, Then was born Oahu, a wohi, A wohi through Ahukinialaa From Laakapu, who was the man, From Laamealaakona a woman Who sickened of the child conception, Who sickened carrying the chief Nuupoki. The sacred temple of Nonea
20
25.
30.
35
354
40
45
I kauila i ka po kapu 0 Makalii. Hanau Kauai he alii, he kama he pua alii, He huhui alii, a Hawaii, Na ke poo ke1akela 0 na moku I paholaia e Kalani Holo wale na moku i Holani, I ka wewehi kapu a ka lanakila, Kulia i ka moku a Kanekanaloa, Ka ihe laumeki i Polapola Nana i mahiki Wanalia During the lightning in the sacred night of Makalii Then was born Kauai, a chief, a prince, a kingly scion Of the chiefly cluster belonging toHawaii; Hawaii the foremost of the islands That was spread out by Kalani. The ships sailed freely to Holani, To the sacred precincts of freedom Stand firm for the land of Kane Kanaloa The barbed spear from Polapola That pierced through Wanalia.
J I I I I
)
I
] ]
o Wanalia ke kane, o Hanalaa ka wahine
so
55
Hanau Niihau he aina, he moku, He aina ike aa i ka mole 0 ka aina, Ekolu lakou keiki, I hanau i ka la kahi, a Niihau, 0 Kaula, Nihoa pau mai, Pa ka makuwahine, alii moku ole mai mahope. Wanalia was the man And Hanalaa was the woman, Of them was born Niihau,a land, an island, A land at the root, the stem of the island. Born in the same day. There were three children among them Niihau, Kaula, ending with Nihoa. The mother then conceived no more, No island appeared afterwards.
[From Fomander (1974) IV: 2-5]
] ] ]
)
A revered 19th century remarked:
scholar of Polynesian prehistory, Sir Percy Smith,
355
l l
"If Polynesian traditions cannot be reduced to the proper periods to
which they have reference, they will never serve the purposes of history. They will remain a series of incongruous stories ... such an event occurred long ago, or very long ago, or in the time of such an ancestor. If we are ever to arrive at dates in Polynesian history we must trust to the genealogies"
[Smith, S. Percy, "Hawaiki: The Whence of the Maori: Being an Inroduction to Rarotongan History, Part II. Idenitification of Place Names in Maori Traditions" [Journal of the Polynesian Society. Vol. 7, 1898: 201].
Following, then, along the route of
geographic
links with genealogical
tradition, recitations show that the line from Wakea in Hawaii is fairly consistent in related Polynesian genealogies since migrations in the time of Ki'i (Tiki):
B.C. 1 7 Wakea
A.D. 8 Hoohokukalani
Papa
Wakea 25 yr.lgen.
33 58 108
133
158 183 208 233 258 283 308 333 358
Haloa Hinanalo Nanakehili Wailoa Kio Ole Pupue Manaku Kahiko Lukahakona Luanu'u I Ki'l 2 ULU
ULU
NANAULU
361
ULU
Maori
1.
Aitutaki
Ra'iatea (Tahitian)
Ti'i
2. 3.
Tiki Taitorangiuru Taitorangingangana

[Sutton, 2001: 124]
Tiki Tiki Uru Taitorangiuru Ngangana Taitorangingangana
Uru
Mangareva (Austral Is.) [generations from Atea]

39 40
41
Tiki Tai to-rangi -ngunguru Taito-rangi-ngangana

[Buck, 1938: 16] .
356
While ancestral names on the foregoing lists show a comparable he1u papa order of succession, fewer generations exist between Wakea and Ulu/Nanaulu for
Hawaii (15 generations = 375 years) than Atea and Ngunguru/Ngangana in Mangareva (40 generations = 1000 years), or a difference of 25 generations (= 625 years).
[Havvau] 1 Wakea Papa 2 Hoohokukalani 3 Haloa 4 HinanaIo S Nanakehili 6 Wailoa 7 Kio 8 Ole 9 Pupue 10 Manaku 11 Kahiko 12 Lukahakona 13 Luanu'u I 14 KIfl 2 lS ULU ULU
[Mangareva, Austral Is.]
l J l
Wakea 25 yr./gen.
NANAULU
361
ULU
l l
Atea
Tauira Teaa
m.
Papa
1
l
l
]
]
357
'c" ~
1
2 3 4
Mua
5 6
7
8 9
10 11
12 13
14 lS
16 17 18
Eanga Unga Engi Niua Tamore Ru-roa Ru-poto Ru-maeaea Ru-tapa-tapaiaa Ueuenuku Ueuerangi Tu-ei Maru-i-te-rangi Tapu Angaie-mai tu -rangi Tangaroa-tipu-ta-pe Te-Pou-o-te-Rangi
Maro
19
20 21
*Te-Tupua
Aranui
J
l
22 23
24
25 26
27
28 29
30
31 32
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
Runa Ru Aio Peke-te-io Peke-te-ake Peke-tea-tama Ia-tea-tama Iatepo Iateao Ia-te-ata Ia-makao Ia-tangata Tangata-nui Tangata-rai Tangata-katoa I-te-katoa-ranga Ia-te-atu Tiki Taito-rangi-ngunguru Talto-rangi-ngangana40 Toro-ki-matangi Te-oira-panga Tutarangi
The order of the he1u papa between Hawaii and East Polynesia (New Zealand Maori,
Rarotong~)
since the time of Ki'i
[~Tiki]
are in general agreement:
[*Note:
for this segment KFi is position 1]
[Hawaiian] Ki'i 1 2 Ulu Nanaie 3 Nanailani 4 Waikulani 5 Kuheleimoana 6

7 8
9
[Rarotongan] Tiki Taitorangingunguru Taitorangingangana
Konohiki Wavvena Akalana Maulakalana Nanamaoa Nanakulei Nanakaoko Heleipawa Hulumanailani Aikanaka Hema
10 11
12
13 14 15
16 17
[Maori] Tiki Uru Ngangana Iorangi or Waionuku Waiorangi Houtinao Hurakake Teruaorangi Hakota Manawatane Irawhaki m. Taranga Maul-tikitiki-a-Taranga Tikiahua Tato Tewerangi Takahapu Tauwharekoko m. Te Rangimatakehu Whaitiri m. Kaltangata Hema
358
J
18 19 20
21 22
Kaha'i Wahieroa m.Koolaukahiki Laka Rata-arlki

Luanu'u
Kamea
Tawhaki Wahieroa m.Tawhiritokerau

Matirehoahoa m.. Takateahuru Ratupahu Tangipatu Ngainui Ngainui Ngairoa Turu or Rata Rapa Rongohu Toromataoho Puonga Uhuoterangi Ranga Auauoterangi Hotu-nui
23
24
25
26 27 28 29 30
Pohukaina Hua Pau Huan uiikalalailai Paumakua

Haho
Ratatipirangi Rata-Maomaiake Rata-tokerau Rata-vare Hotu-nuku Hotu-rangi Hotu-ariki Hotu-patae
31 32 33
34
35 36
Palena Hanalaanui Lanakawai La' au Pili Koa
J
]
)
Ole Kukohou 37 Kaniuhi 38 Kanipahu [Hawaii] 39 Kalapanakuioiomoa 40 Kahaimoeleaikaaikapukupou 41 Kalaunuiohua Urakikekana 42 Kuaiwa Kahuituhuka Kahoukapu Te Tuhukaroa 43 Kauholanuimahu Marakapau 44 Ahurihao 45 Kihanui Nuitepatu 46 Llloa Umi-a-Liloa Hirakautehito 47 Tupuitetoki Keli'iokaloa 48 Kuratetoki Kukailani 49 Makakaualii Hitiruaamea 50 lwikauikaua Havinikiro 51 52 Keakealani m Te Ravarava Kanaloakapulehu Keaweikekahialiiokamoku Te Rehai 53 Kalaninuiamamao Koroharua 54 KeouakupuapaikaTe Rikitea 55 laninui and Kalaniopu'u 56 Kamehameha I Kaimokoi Kina'u m. Mataio Kekuanaoa 57 Kamehameha N 58
Hotu-aio Inumeke Ririkaatea (Rapa Iti) Tuu-ko-ihu or Hotu Matua Hotu-iti; Tuu Mahaki (Hotu Matua canoe to Rapa Nui) [Tainui canoe] Miruotuheke Hotu-roa Rata-miru Hotu-ope Miruohata Hotu-matapu Mi tiake Motai [Rarotonga] [Maori] Atarakaamiru Uetapu Atuureraka Rakamamao Kakati Tuhianga Poutama Haumia Whatakai Wharerere Whaita Huiao Kahutaramoa Hekeiterangi Mahuta Uerata
J J
]
TeWhare Pareuetawhiti (f) m. Putu Tawhiakiterangi m. Te Atairangikaahu Te Tuata m. Te Kaahurangi Te Rauangaanga Potatau Te Wherowhero 1786 Tawhiao Mahuta 1855 Rata 1878 Koroki 1909 Te Atairangikaahu m. Whatumoana
[Sutton, 2001: 166-189]
359
[Hawaiian]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11
Ki'l Ulu Nanaie

Nanailani Waikulani Kuheleimoana Konohiki Wawena
[Maori] [Mataatua Canoe] Tik1 Uru Ngangana IorangilWaionuku Waiorangi TeAotu TeAohore Tahitokurumarangai Te Aotaruaitu TeAokena Mouriuri Morekareka Mohikupae Mohitauira Whiro-te-tupua Temakemake
[Maori] [Tainu1 Canoe] T1k1 Uru Ngangana Iorangi or Waionuku Waiorangi Houtinao Hurakake Teruaorangi Hakota Manawatane Irawhaki m. Taranga
Akalana Mau1akalana
Nanamaoa Nanakulei Nanakaoko Heleipawa Hulumanailani
. Mau1-t1klt1k1-a-Taranga
Tikiahua Tato Tewerangi Takahapu Tauwharekoko m. Te Rangimatakehu Whaitiri m. Kaltangata
12
13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
A1kanaka (Temakemake) Hema Tawhangawbanga Kaha'l Wahieroa m Koolau Tamakitehau Hautehoro Laka
Luanu'u
Kamea
Hema Tawhak1 Wahieroa m.Tawhiritokerau

Matirehoahoa m.Takateahuru Ratupahu Tangipatu Ngainui Ngainui Ngairoa Turu or Rata
Pohukaina Hua Pau Huan uiikalalailai Paumakua Haho PaIena HanaIaanui Lanakawai Awanu1arang1 La' au Awatumakirangi Pili Parinuitera Awamorehurehu Koa Ole Irakewa Kukohou Toroa (Captain, Mataatua) Kaniuhi Ruaihonga Kanipahu Tahingaotera Kalapanakuioiomoa Puhitaniwharau Kahaimoeleaikaaikapukupou Awanu1arang1 (f) Kalaunuiohua Awatope Kuaiwa Kaiahi Kahoukapu Manutongatea Kauholanuimahu Kokako Kihanui Awheto Liloa !nanga Umi-a-Liloa Kokoia Keli'iokaloa Kuranoke Kukailani Tumanawahoe
TeNgana Houhourangi Te Atamai Te Aukawhaki Tauranga Te Korahi Tiupiu Haerengaawatea Toi -te-huatahi Rongoueroa (f)
Rapa
Rongohu Toromataoho Puonga Uhuoterangi Ranga Auauoterangi Hotunui (Ta1nui) Hotu-roa Hotuope Motai Uetapu Rakamamao Kakati Tuhianga Poutama Haumia Whatakai Wharerere Whaita Huiao Kahutaramoa Hekeiterangi
360
J
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 57 58 58 Makakaualii Hekeiterangi (f) m Hekemaru Iwikauikaua Paoa Keakealani (f) Koura Keaweikekahialiiokamoku Mataumoeawa (f) Kalaninuiamamao Hotumamae Keouakupuapaikalaninuilaninui Pakaruwakanui KamehamehaI [1740-1819] Takahihi Uholiho [1797-1823] Parengaope (f) Kauikeaouli [1814-1854] Tawariki (f) Alexander Liholiho [1834-1862] (cousiniPotatauLot Kamehameha [1830-1872] teferofero) [end of Kamehameha Dynasty] ,William Lunalilo [reign 1873-1874] David Kalakaua [reign 1874-1891] Lydia Kamakaeha Uliuokalani [reign 1891-1893] [Recapitulation] 53 Mahuta Uerata Te Whate Pareuetawhite (f) m. Putu Te Tuata m. Te Kaahurangi Te Rauangaanga Potatau TeWberowhero (1786) Tawhiao Mahuta 1855 Rata 1878 (to Koroki)
I J I ) I
,
Koroki 1909 Te Atairangikaahu m. Whatumoana Tuheitia [Based on Sutton, 2001: 166-189]
.'.
'
" ) .
Keaweikekahialiiokamoku m. Kalanikauleleiaiwi (w) [descent: Kamehameha I -V] Ke'eaumokunui (k) and

Kekela (w) Kekela (w) m. Ha'ae (k) and had Keku'iapoiwa (w) 2 Keku'iapoiwa (w) 2 Keouakalanikupuapaikalaninui (k) Kamehameha I
J
)
53 54 55 56 57 58
Kalanikauleleiaiwi (w) Keawepoepoe(k) Kame'eiamoku (k) Kepo'okalani (k) 'Aikanaka (k) Keohokalole (w)
Lonoikahaupu (k) Kanoena (w) Kamaeheikuli (w) Keohohiwa (wO Kamaeokalani (w) Kapa'akea (kO
Keawepoepoe (k) Kame'eiamoku (k), Kamanawa (k) Kepo'okalani (k) 'Aikanaka (k) Keohokalole (w) David Kalakaua (k) Lydia Kamaka'eha Uli'uokalani (w)
J
]
53 53 54 55 56 57 54 55 56 57 58
Keaweikekahialiiokamoku (k) Keaweikekahialiiokamoku (k) Ahaula (k) Keakaula (w) Eia (k) C. Kanaina (k)
Keawepoepoe (k)
Mulehu (w) Malaeakini (w) Kawehe (w) Eia (k) Kauwa (w) Kekauluohi (w) Kuma'aiku (w)
Kawehe (w) Ahaula (k) Keakaula (w) Kamaeokalani (w) Charles Kanaina (k) William Charles Lunalilo
J
]
59
Ke'eaumokupapaiaheahe (k) Alapa'imaloiki (k) Alapa'imaloiki (k) Kamokuiki (w) 2 Kekahili (w) Kekahili (w) Jonah Pi'ikoi David Kahalepouli Pi'ikoi Dav id Kahalepouli Pi'ikoi David La'amea Kawananakoa Kinoiki (w) David La'amea Kawananakoa Abigail Wahika'ahu'ula Campbell (and had) Abigail Kapi'olani (w) David Kalakaua (2) LydIa Uli'uokalani Kawananakoa Lydia Uli'uokalani Kawananakoa Wm. J. Ellerbrock Abigail Kekaulike K. Kawananakoa
361
CONCLUSION
The Kumulipo provides a poetic way to talk about time and space, that as empty as it may sometimes seem to us down here on the planet, the composers say that the rhythm of life began out there. It conveys the impression that regularity of the
motion of stars, moon, sun, and planets is consistent. dependable, and predictable, however, the rising positions (azimuths) move a few degrees every so many hundreds of years, that it becomes necessary to know when to readjust navigation directions to correspond to those changes. The distinct difference between the recitation of stars and other sky phenomena in the he1u papa lists of Chants 11 to 13 and their appearance again in Chant 14 is that the latter treats them in the time from evening to morning from east to west, visible throughout the night, as in the prologue to Chant 1 .( diurnal rotation). While interest is as keen as that in Chant 14, the poets simply recite them as names given to chiefs in the he1u papa lists connecting those individuals with sky phenoma through the ages.
Order of Appearance of Celestial or Weather Phenomena in Chants 11- 13

[Generations after La'ila'i, Ki'i, and Kane]
723 729 730 756 758 759 7fIJ

808
'A'a Sirius, zenith star over Tahiti, Viti Levu; Pou pillar, zenith star Poulua zenith star, Kaulua (Gemini) [Sirius and Gemini, rising, evening, December] malama moon ehoaka 2nd night, waxing moon ehoku full moon, 15 th night Keoma cpo Oma, Aldebaran (in Taurus) [Aldebaran, rising, evening, November] Heamo Heamokau Mokukapewa Mokukai'a Ko'i'ele Orion (Tonga) [Ha'amonga-a-Maui] Orion (Tonga), rising, evening, December] Milky Way (broken-tail), galactic equator Milky Way(broken-fish), "' ko'i [Cpo toki, Gilbert Is. [solstice sun stop]
8m 813 814 818
[December, Milky Way is stretched across the northern hemisphere]
362
821 822 823 824 827 839
Hulimakani Nanaikala Kalawela Hoku Wene Manu
wind shift observe sun hot sun 15th (full) moon Southern Cross Procyon Canopus Rigel Altair (in Aquila)
[Altair (Aquila), north, rising, evening, July; Southern Cross, south pole, in Juns,July; setting, August; Altair (Aquila), setting, evening, December; Procyon (Canis Minor), north of the equator, rising, evening January, setting in June, while Southern Cross is still in the pole; Canopus is in the pole, evening, January, setting in May; Rigel (in Orion), south of the equator, rising, evening, December, setting in June]
855 862
Nu'u Kaulua
zenith Gemini
(north)
[Gemini, rising, evening, January (Procyon in the same hour circle); setting in June]
Kona Lehuakona Mahukona
south, west; wind compass Canopus Magellan Clouds
,
I
....
I I J J I I J I
[Canopus, in the pole, evening, January; setting in May; Magellan Clouds cannot be seen from Hawaii's latitude in the north]
880
881
895
896
Arno Arnoaku Uliuli Meleme1e
Belt of Orion (Tonga) Belt of Orion equatorial stars to south Orion's Belt (Tahiti) Corvus (Marquesas) Sirius (Rarotonga) Vega and Deneb (Maori, Caroline Is.) Antares (Kapingamarangi and Tuamotus) Venus (Maori)
[Belt of Orion, on the equator; rising evening in December, sets in May]
J J J
[Corvus and Sirius in Canis Major, in the zenith of Tahiti and Fiji, south of the equator; Corvus, rising, evening March, setting in August; Vega in Lyra rising, evening, in June, setting in November; Vega in Lyra and Deneb in Cygnus to the north of the equator, in the same hour circle; Antares in Scorpius rising, evening, May, setting in October]
Mahina Hina Mahinale Mahinalea
moon moon, moon goddess moon moon
I J
363
~ ~
Palemo
Kahinali'i
moon visible in daylight [1st deluge, "fall"] Auriga in Capella divide, division count (move sums) south, west; cpo Lehuakona, Canopus Orion's Belt 14th moon night Sirius Sirius moon visible in daylight
911 911 913 924 926 973 989 989 1011 1012 1047 1054 1071 1080
Mahele Pu'unaue Kona Melemele Akua A'a Lena Palemo
Melemele equatorial stars south Humuhumu Altair (Aquila), Southern Cross Ahiahi
Oma
Pa Eleiku
evening Aldebaran (Taurus) counting series, formula north, priests' compass
[Generations after Arithmetical Notation] 1114

Ka lua
0
ke kai
Kahinali'i 2, Capella in Auriga
[Generations of Kupololi'iliali'imuaoloipo] 1145 1160 1169 1171 1174 1179 1180 1207 1216 1317 1317 1318 1318 1319 1319 Manu Uliuli Maliu Kio'io Kau Ha'iha'i Poloha'iha'i Mohalu Haumea Li'ipau
Kaneiwa
Corvus (Pukapuka in Cook Is.) Procyon, Canopus equatorial stars Spica (Virgo) [Tahiti] Polaris, pole star north midnight, noon (start of "mean day") Milky Way (breaking up) Milky Way " Shaula in Scorpius, 12th moon night Aldebaran (Austral Is., Rarotonga) Pleiades; Milky Way
Ke kolu
0
ke kai
Ka.hinali'i 3
'A '0 Li'i Ali'i La'a
Capella in Auriga Sirius Pleiades; Milky Way Pleiades, Milky Way Pegasus [Raaka (Kapingamarangi) ]
364
1320
Ali'ila'a
Pegasus
[Pleiades rising, evening, December; Capella, rising, evening, December; Sirius, south of the equator, rising, evening, December; Pegasus. rising, evening, August; Pegaus in the zenith, Hawaii, November, declining in December]
I J
1342 1345 1345 1359 1367 1369 1370 1371 1374 1376 1377 1377 1380 1380 1411
1440 1441 1441
Ikuwa month, September-Oct. [Hawai'i] Ali'ikilo (chief) observe, Pleiades Cpo Hokuloa, Venus Loa Ali'ikilolono (chief) observe Sirius Ali'ikilomakani (chief) observe wind Ali'ikilohoku (chief) observe stars Ali'ikilomalama (chief) observe moon Ali'ikilomakali'i (chief) observe Pleiades Sirius Lono Ali'ikUonaua star tin Milky Way, unidentified Ali'ikilomo'o(chief) observe Mllky Way Mo'olio Milky Way Ali'ikilohope (chief) observe behind (backsight) A-'a'a Sirius (burning bright) Lena Sirius Muaokamo'i Muaokaha'i Ha'eha'e Mahoe Kaloa Mahealani Lo'ilo'ipololo Pi'opi'o Lo'iloloilo Kulukau Kealanu'u Lo'ilalolo Lo'ilo'ikope'a Lo'iikuki'i Houpo Lo'iokanaloa Hulikahikeoma Lo'iikeluea
Pola'a
central image, heiau Milky Way (breaking up) Eastern gate of the sun (Puna, Hawaii) month, Gemini (rising, east, December) Venus; 24-26th moon nights (Kanaloa) 16th moon zenith zenith (transit (1) zenith 17th moon, midnight zenith zenith sun Southern Cross [south pole, April - July) (Kuki'i) heiau, Kumukahi (Puna,Hawaii) equator (diaphragm of Kane) Kanaloa, compass god; Tropic of Cancer Aldebaran (Oma) in Taurus Cpo Keho'oea, Lyra
tsunami (4th deluge), Kahinali'i,
J I J J J
)
1475 1476 1487 1494 1501 1506 1506 1508 1509 1512 1514 1514 1520 1521 1525 1530
Capella in Auriga; La'a, Pegasus

[Capella, rising, December; Lyra sets, evening, November; Aldebaran, rising, evening, Noember]
365
I I I i I I J
Order of Appearance of Celestial Phenomena in Chant 14

[*Note: the information below has been culled from the translation, intra, Chant 14 and is repeated here for comparison purposes with the information from Chants 11-13. The information pertains to Latitude 21 degrees 19 minutes north and Longitude 157 degrees 40 minutes west of Kumukahi, Hawaii, the easternmost point of the Hawaiian Islands. The information is from Redshift 2, 1997, and the time was set to 6:00 a.m., March 22nd, 350 A.D. showing Antares setting in the west before daylight before shut from view (achronal setting). The time was set again to 6:00 p.m. to setting stars in the evening (achronal setting). Saturn was then above the horizon in the vicinity of Aries, setting before Perseus and the Pleiades setting to the northwest. That is presented in the list below, but dates are to the contemporary 1997 calendar].
1847
[Celestial equator, Antares in Scorpius, Saturn [The celestial equator is structural phenomenon and was used in ancient Hawaii to divide the day from the night, Le., the "mean" day, i.e., the kau positions midday of the sun on meridian; Antares in Scorpius is in the meridian of Hawaii in August, in the same hour circle as Hercules (Maui); Saturn's synodic cycle is 378 days]. Antares October 29 setting, 6t:00 p.m. Summer solstice, meridian transit November 12 setting, 6:00 p.rn. December 12 rising, 6:00 a.m.
Wakea, Lehu'ula, Makulukulukalani
1848 1849
kanaka tope'ope nuil Huihui a kau io Makali'i
[Pleiades + Perseus] [pleiades, rising, evening, November] November 21 rising, 6:00 p.m. November 22 zenith, midnight November 26 setting, 6:00 a.m. [Mercury, Jupiter, or Venus; unidentified]
[Milky Way] Milky Way [breaking apart]
1851
1852 1853
Ka'awela, Kupoilaniua Ha'i aku, Ha'i mai Kaha'i, Kaha'iha'i Kaua, Wahi-Iani-nui Kaulua-i-ha'i-mohai Puanene Nu'u, Kaha'ilono
Sirius
January 11 December 21 June 21
1854 1855 1856

1857
[no data]
[unidentified, in Milky Way; Kaulua, Gemini; or Ka-ulua, the ulua fish]
[no data]
[zenith; Sirius (Lono) on the eastern edge of the Milky Way] rising, 2 hours after Pleiades near zenith, midnight setting, 6:00 a.m. (solstice)
366
I
1858 1859 Wainaku, 'Ikapa'a Kiki'ula, Keho' oea
Vega (in Lyra) January 11
[no data]
[unidentified; Vega in Lyra] setting, 6:00 p.m. on meridian, mignight, summer solstice [unidentified zenith 4 star, suggests Pegasus] [unidentified; Jupiter, Venus (disappearing phase) [Canopus; morning star, Venus, Jupiter] [Canopus, south, near pole; unidentified; rising, 6:00 p.m. meridian, 6:00p.m. (equinox) meridian, midnight (solstice) [unidentified; Vega in Lyra] nsmg, 6:00 a.m. setting, 6:00 p.m. on meridian, 6:00 a.m. on meridian, 6:00 p.m.
J
]
June 21
1860 1861 1862 1863
Pouhanu'u, Ka'ili'ula Kap akap aka, Marianalo Kona, Wailea Auhaku,Ka-maka-unulau

Canopus
February 7 March 21 June 21 December 12 January 14 March 21 September 21
I I I l
1864
Hinalani, Keoea
Vega in Lyra
1865
Ka'aka'a, Polo'ula
[Cpo Koro-takataka (Maori), Altair in Aquila; said to be on the border of the Milky Way; Cpo Ka'alolo, tutelary star of Ni'ihau, unidentified; Polo-stars are 3 in a triangle, one of which was called Mulehu, (probably) stars in Cygnus (Deneb) +Lyra (Vega) + Altair (Aquila)] Altair (Aquila) January 17 rising, 6:00 a.m. January 19 setting, 6:00 p.m.
1866 1867
Kanikania'ula, Kauamea Kalalani, Kekepue

Pleiades +Perseus November January 21 May 13 May 20
[no data]
[Perseus + Pleiades; unidentified] 20 rising, 6:00 p.m. setting, 3:00 a.m. rising, 6:00 a.m. setting, 6:00 p.m.
J
I
..
I'c
J
"
1868
Ka'alolo,
Kaulana-a-ka-la
[unidentified: a star that transits the meridian, i.e., 1010; another star is on the northwestern horizon in the direction ofthe summer solstice sunset, kaulana-ka-la. at the mole mai 0 Lehua, or in the directioin of Lehua (small island at the northeastern tip of Ni'ihau, i.e in the direction of Nihoa about the Tropic of Cancer; star transits the meridian, probably Denebola (Leo); those on the northwest horizon, setting after the sun may be either Betelgeuse (Orion, shoulder), or gammaAurigae (one of the Kids) at the June solstice; *Note: vernal equinox, March 20, Denebola and Auriga, north, about 7:00 p.m.] See }(a'alolo, above
I I I
367
1869
Hua, 'Aua
[Hua, probably Antares (Scorpius) rising as Betelgeuse ('Aua) sets about the June solstice; also Hua, Jupiter, 13th moon] Betelgeuse (Orion) December 21 on meridian, solstice January 22 setting, 4:00 am. May 13 rising, 6:00 a.m. May 20 setting, 6:00 p.m. [Lena, Sirius, setting, southwest, about June solstice] Sirius (Canis Major) January 22 setting, 4:00 am. [Makeaupe'a, - pe'a, Southern Cross] January 22 on meridian, 4:00 am.
1870 1871 1872 1873 1874
Lena, Lanikuhana
Ho'oleia, Makeaupe'a Kaniha'alilo, 'A'a, 'Ololu

Sirius
'U'u
[no data]
[" A'a, Sirius; uinidentified] January 25 setting, 4:00 am. [Kaulualena, -lena, Sirius; also Kaulua- Gemini; same hour circle; Gemini, north; Sirius, south] January 22 setting, 4:00 a.m. January 22 setting, 6:00 am. (Gemini) July 9 nsmg, 6:00 p.m. (Gemini) July 22 rising, 6:00 p.m. (Gemini) [Ihu-moa; moa- Southern Cross]
Kamaio, Kaulualena
Gemini + Sirius
1875
1876
Ihu-ku, Ihu-moa
1877 1878
Pipa. Ho'eu Malana; Kaka' e Maliu, Ikiiki

Spica (Virgo)
[no data] [no data]

[Spica (Virgo); Regulus (Leo); each is on the other side of the meridian by about 2 hours] January 28 declining, past meridian, 6:00 a.m. April 20 rising, 6:00 p.m. April 21 past meridina, midnight October 3 setting, 6:00 p.m. October 20 riSing 6:00 a.m. [Lanakamalama, 'moon afloat', rising/setting on the horizon] [Vero, or Viro, brightest star in the Belt of Orion; lkiiki, Regulus in Leo; pairing may be their setting, with Orion about an hour after sunset. January 28 setting, 6:00 a.m. February 20 rising, 6:00 p.m. August 20 rising, 6:00 am. August 24 setting, 6:00 p.m. December 10 June 11 June 21 setting, 6:00 a.m. setting, 6:00 p.m. rising, 6:00 a.m solstice
1879
Lanakamalama, Naua
1880 Welo, Ikiiki

Regulus (Leo)
Belt (Orion) equator
368
J
1881 Ka'aona, Hinaia-'ele'ele
[Ka'aona, in September (Moloka'i), March (Hawaii), April (O'ahu,Moloka'i); September (Takaonga, Tokelauan calendar, Onga (Tonga), the Magellanic Clouds, visible from latitudes below the equator, not from the latitude of Hawai'i; [Hinaia'ele'ele, May (O'ahu), June-July (Hawaii), August (Kaua'i), February (Moloka'I); June-August agrees with Uvea and JuneJuly with Tonga.]
1882
Puanakau, Le'ale'a
([Rigel, in the knee of Orion, zenith star for Marquesas, eight degrees below the equator; setting about 6:00 p.m., about May 31st. [Le'ale'a, Arcturus (Hoku-Ie'a), on the opposite side of the sky, between 6:00-8:00 pm., June solstice] [Sirius, setting after Rigel; Ka'elo,probably Betelgeuse (or another bright star in the hour circle with Sirius, i.e., Murzim (in Canis Major)]
1883
Hikikauelia, Ka'elo
1994
Kapawa, Hikikaulonomeha
[Hikikaulono-meha, probably Sirius in the zenith of Tahiti, sp. Hikikau -Fitikau, i.e., Fiji, about S 18 degrees below the equator, western orientation]
1885
Hoku'ula, Poloahilani
[probably Antares, rising on the eastern horizon as the Belt of Orion sets; Poloahilani probably refers to this combination of stars (Sirius, Belt of Orion setting, as Antares is rising] Antares (Scorpius) December 12 rising, 6:00 a.m. [Ka'awela, Venus or Jupiter]
I : J I J I J I
..
1886 1887
Ka' awela, Hanakalanai Ullull, Meleme1e
Belt of Orion
[Melemele, stars in Orion, Belt of Orion, but variously in Polynesia and Micronesia, the mele stars are: Southern Cross (Ponape), Antares (Pukapuka), Vega (Kapingamarangi), Orion's Belt (Tahiti, Sirius (Rarotonga), Venus (Maori), in Lyra (Maori)]. December 12 setting, 6:00 a.m.
.I
.
] ]
1888
Makali'i Na-huihui
[Pleiades are setting in the northwest.about the June solstice, setting before the Belt of Orion sets and before Antares rises on the eastern horizon]. Pleiades (Taurus) December 12 setting, 5:00 a.m.
1889
Kokoiki, Humu
[Kokoiki, Betelgeuse in Orion; [unidentified; Humu is Altair in Aquila or the Southern Cross, probably the latter because it has declined as Altair rises on the eastern horizon after Antares; on the west, Pleiades, Belt of Orion, Sirius, Betelgeuse have all set, except Gemini to the northwest] Altair (Aquila) January 21 rising, 6:00 a.m. [Milky Way, the 'tree' (ulu) of Sirius (Te Kokota in Maori)] from northeast around horizon to southwest
1890
Moha'i, Kauluokaoka
J J
369
l 1
I I I I I
1891 1892 1893' 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898
Kukui, Konamaukuku Kama1ie, Kamalie-mua Karnalie-hope Hina-o-na-Ia'ilena na Hiku, Hiku-kahi
[no data] [no data] [no data] [no data]
[Na Hiku, 'the Seven', i.e., Ursa Majoris, the Big Dipper; the first to appear, Hiku-kahi, Hiku (1), Dubhe; about the June solstice, when Sirius (south) is setting, the Dipper is declining] Hiku-alua, Hiku-kolu [Merak, Phecda, after Dubhe] [Megrez and Alioth, stars in the handle of the Dipper, near the bowl]
Hiku-aha, Hiku-lima Hiku-ono, Hiku-pau
[Mirak, Alkaid about the June solstice, the bowl is past the meridian, the handle is about to transit; i.e., the bowl is in the hour circle ahead of the handle] [Probably Gemini + Pleiades; the Pleiades set before the Twins] November 20 rising, 6:00 p.m. December 10 setting, 6:00 a.m. December 12 setting, 5:00 a.m. December 12 setting, 6:00 a.m. January 21 declining from meridian, 6:00 a.m. January 21 setting, 3:00 a.m. January 22 setting, 6:00 a.m. (Gemini) [Belt and sword in Orion]
1899
Mahapili, ka Huihui
Pleiades + Perseus Belt (Orion) equator Pleiades (Taurus) BeIt of Orion Gemini (Castor, Pollux) Pleiades +Perseus Gemini
1900
NaKao
The Belt of Orion (Maui's brothers) moves below the celestial equator (Ke Ala i ka Piko
0
Wakea) slowly for a period of about 4500 years and back again, returning
in Auriga also
to the place where it is now, while Capella (Kahinali'i)
"falls" at
another predictable rate through seasons in the year.
One may fail to notice that
the stars in the Dipper (Na Hiku) are not used in the helu papa recitations before the time of Wakea, nor is any mention made south of the equator in Polynesian genalogies there that Saturn Makulukulu was a "brother" of Wakea.. the
Lastly, however correct or incorrect the numerical analysis may be, information is still useful for comparative study of the Atea line of descent,.
Hawaiian descendants of Polynesian migration heroes and ruling chiefs still walk the planet, but their spirits roam the sky with their eyes twinkling throughout the universe.
370
SUMMARY:
The Religious Context of Ritual Time
J , , I
The Kumulipo explores the theme of time and space on several levels of interpretation, suggesting that the priesthood (kahuna) tried to understand the following. (1) Cosmic (2) Annual (3) Lunar (4) Solar (S) Diurnal (6) Decan weeks (7) Ritual time (cyclical, precession); (makahiki, sidereal); (mahina, sidereal and synodic lunations); (tropical, ecliptic); (daily, rotation); (anahulu); (pule, kapu kaulla)
J J J J '" J
"
The religious ritual calendar was divided in two parts: (a) The annual makahiki festival period when taxes were collected from the ahupua'a. during the last quarter of the year (120 days) dedicated to Lono; (b) Male attendance at the heiau seven tabu days, called pule periods, na la
kapu kauila,
'I
adding up to seven days per month, called the tabu of Ku (waxing moon), and Kane (27th and 28th
moon), Hua (rounding moon), Kaloa (waning
nights). These kapu kauila days of the pule periods added up to S6 days during eight months of the year spread over 240 days.
A.
Calendrical Abstract of the Annual Makahiki Festival

Moon Night Activity or Ceremony
l
]
Month
Mahoe-hope 28 (August/September) 29 Castor 30 Ikuwa (Sept.lOct)

1
Lono Mauli Muku

Hilo
Four days/tabu relaxed New moon First crescent moon Flags flown from heiau ( con tin ues) ( con tin ues) Suspension of heiau tabu Sports and games begin 371
2 3 4 S 6
Hoaka Kukahi Kulua Kukolu Kupau
First Quarter moon 7 8 9 10 [1st Anahulu] 11 12

13
Olekukahi Olekulua Olekukolu Olepau
(continues) (continues) (continues) (coninues) .
Huna Mohalu (Shaula in Scorpius) Hua (Jupiter) Breaking of the coconut of the King ceremony ( continues)
Full moon
14 15 16 17 18 19
20
Akua Hoku Mahealani Kulu La' aukukahi La'aukulua La'aupau Olekukahi Olekulua Olepau Kaloakukahi Kaloakulua Kalo ap au Kane Lono Mauli Muku
[2nd Anahulu] Third Quarter moon 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 [3rd Anahulu 29 [End one month] 30
Welehu
(Oct.-Nov.) Antares 1 2 3 4. Hilo Hoaka Kukahi Kulua Kukolu Kupau Olekukahi Olekulua Olekukolu Olepau Huna Mohalu Hua Akua Hoku Mahealani Kulu Beginning of winter/ho' oilo (moon west, moving south, crescent) (no services) (temples closed) (quarter moon/south)
5 6
7 8
9
10 11 12
13
(chiefs and commoners break the coconut dish)
(continues) Full moon 14 15 16 17
(fIrst night of the waning moon, northeast)
372
18
19 20 21
La'aukukahi Tax levies in the district on cloth: tapa, pa'u malo/dogs La'aukulua La'aupau Levies continue on the okana, poko, and kalana lands, displayed before gods (ho'omoe 'ia) Olekukahi Chief distributed taxes to soldiery; (evenings) feather gods (ka'ai) in procession; taxes distributed to chlefs, gods, chlefs' kahuna, and the court;no share to commoners Olekulua Olepau (evening) wooden gods (ka'ai) carried in procession (morning) Kuikepa'a, making of the image of the makahiki god, Lono-makua, lO-inch circumference; 2 fathoms length; joints carved at intervals; ke'a crosspiece with pala fern; ka'upu bird at top; whlte tapa cloth from wauke; anointed with coconut oil; accompanied by the akua pa'ani (night) Chlefs and people bear the image in procession! anoint with coconut oil/ circuit of Lonomakua around the island clockwise with the akua pa'ani image and two alia posts; circuit of the akua poko to boundary of the district counterclockwise
J
I
22 23
] ]
Welehu (Oct.-Nov.) Antares
24
Kaloakukahi (morning) Fires are lighted along the coast Hi'uwai bathing ceremony in the ocean before sunrise (or fresh water) Akua loa and Akua poko circuits Alia poles - akua loa stood between alia poles (sunrise) Makahiki tabu imposed 4-day tabu on activity High priest at Ka'iu location tabued, blindfolded for 5 days Taxes collected with I..onomakua (akua loa image); Taxes levied on feathers of the 0'0, mamo, i'iwi birds; on tapa, pa'i 'ai (to be served as food for image carriers; Taxes collected at the ahupua'a markers Ho'okupu offerings placed between the two alia poles where space was tabu; Hainaki prayer to set land free after each tax collection at the ahupuaa boundary; Image turned face down after noa of land Image carried face backward Tabu resumed for next district.
1 l l
]
] ]
373
25 26 27
Kaloakulua Sports activities (continues) Kaloapau Return of akua poko image to the chiefs Kane Pala fern used to signify freeing of cultivated fields from tabu Keepers (kahu) of the god Kane make lu'au leaf bundles, cooked on open fire, and put them up on the sides of their houses to signify relieving the farms of the tabu. Puea service of the makahiki god Puea bonfire lighted and pala fern gathered Lono Lono priest relaxes tabu with lu'au leaves Canoe sent on a fishing trip Men and chiefs ate of the catch Puea bonfires lighted The keeper of Kanaloa performs the relaxing of tabu with IE'au leaves Puea ceremony Pala fern leaves gathered by the people Fishing canoe sent out to sea Pleiades rising about November 20th; the year begins on the first new moon after the rising of. the Pleiades in the evening
28
29
Mauli
30
Muku
Makali'i
(Nov.-Dec.) Pleiades
Hilo Hoaka Kukahi Kulua Kukolu Kupau Olekukahi Olekulua Olekukolu Olepau Huna Mohalu Hua Akua Hoku Mahealani
2 3
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12'
13
14 15 16
Fishing canoe sent to sea Puea bonfires relit Fishing canoe sent to sea Puea fires and pala fern ceremony (continues) (continues) (continues) Puea bonfires and pala fern Fishing excursion Puea bonfires and pala fern Fishing excursion Puea bonfires and pala fern Fishing excursion/tabu reinstated (continues) ( continues) (continues) Return of the akua loa image (evening) Chief greeted the image in kali'i ceremony Ceremonial mock wahle spear-throWing at the chief to test his strength to ward off spears (pale 'ihe) in the afternoon Kanekupua sham spear fight
374
King enters the hale wai'ea on the temple to honor the akua loa and akua poko images Pig offered in sacrifice 17 Kulu Set up the hale ka lama of lama wood for the Kahoali'i god in front of the wai' ea temple; Temple called ka hale koko 0 Kahoali'i Pua'a hea pig put into the oven with kulolo.
I ' I I
~
Makall'l Pleiades
(Nov.-Dec.)
18
La'aukukahi
People feast on the pua'a hea and kulolo Makahiki images are dismantled Carriers of the images are fed Services are closed by the priests The Net of Maoloha is lefted by four men The net is filled with food symbolizing abundance The wa'a auhau canoe of Lono is made to represent Lono returning Tahiti The wa'a kea canoe of unpainted wood is put to sea, coursing back and forth Restrictions are removed from the makahiki Timber for a new Kukoa' e heiau are to be collected
19 20
21 22
23
24
25
26
27 28 29 30
La'aukulua The king announced the kaloamakamaka La'aupau service Olekukahi Kaloamakamaka service (continues) Olekuua (continues) Olepau (continues) Kaloakukabi ( continues) Kaloakulua The king performed purification ceremony Kaloapau (huikala rite) The hale-pu'upu'u-one and oeoe' booths are built, covered with pohue vine The palima booth is built Kane The king declared tabu on Kukoa' e houses (purification heiau) where the king ate pork Lono Mauli [End of 3rd makahiki month] Muku
[In Hawaii Ka'e1o is an unidentified star; in Maori, Mercury (ace: Tregear), 1891);
I I I ': I J I I
<'
I,>.,
J
]
Ka'elo
(Dec.-Jan.)
in Samoa, Mercury, Le Ta'e1o, Le Soa 0 Tapuitea, 'companion of Venus' (acc.Stair 1898)

375
1 2 3 4 S 6
7
8 9 10 11 12
Hilo Hoaka Kukahi Kulua Kukolu Kupau Olekukahi Olekulua Olekukolu Olepau Huna Mohalu Hua Akua
Tabu of Ku imposed Tabu of Ku lifted
Tabu of Hua imposed Ka pu'u 0 Kuapola ho'okupu to the king Tabu of Hua lifted Kahoali'i rite of plucking of the eye of a living human being Tabu removed from the aku fish now placed on the copelu fish for the next six months Last day of tabu period King and priest, drummer, eat pork Service by priests ["Now began the new year" (evidently a different year than the Pleiades year of November]
13 14
Kaulua
(Jan.-Feb.) Gemini (Pollux, Castor)
Resumption of the ordinary eight -month 240 day pule tabu period to Ku, Hua, Kanaloa and Kane (which actually began in Ka'elo.
B.
The Ku Ritual
In addition to the makahiki ritual quarter assigned to the god Lonoikamaka-
hiki for tax-collecting, there was a period of the year, between the spring equinox (March) and summer solstice (June) when the Ku for rituals war, for building heiau or
reconsecration,
requiring
human
sacrifice,
(luakini
po'okanaka), were conducted This was not done as a matter of course every year but only when the high chiefs wished to build such a temple or when they dedded to go to war. The length of time for reconsecration was 10 days (one anahulu) , with
elaborate ritual; for building a new heiau, 2S days, the tabu being lifted on the 26th day.
376
I
Month Moon Night Activity or Ceremony
Kaulua
(Feb.-Mar.) Gemini (Castor, Pollux) [waning moon] 18 19 20 La'aukukahi La'aukulua La'aupau Olekukahi Olekulua Olepau Kaloakukahi Kaloakulua Kaloapau Kane Lono MauU Muku Building of booths/paehumu walls Carving of makaiwa images (continues) (continues) (continues) (continues) Huikala purification rite at each ahupuaa land division (continues) with alaea red clay rite Hawai
0
[vernal equinox]
21
22
23
I J I
[Kala a tabu (2)
24
2S
26
[Kane tabu (2)]
27 28
Papa rite at Hale
Papa
29 30
The king and the priest go into the heiau Alaea image and rite King and priest pray in the heiau Huikala purification rite for the akua ka'ai People in eight rows
J I
]
Forty to eighty portable images Nana

(Mar.-April) [Gemini, Castor and Pollux] [Ku tabu (3)
1 2
Hilo Hoaka Kukahi
Kulua
Tabu on temple and lupalupa rite Kauila huluhulu ceremony (morning) Malu ko'i adz ceremony (evening) Oi' 0 procession to mountains Mau ha'alelea human sacrifice at foot of tree cut for carving image of Ku O'io procession to heiau Nanahua post put up (evening) Measured the hale mana foundation Hulahula service (continues to Kulua) Kauilanui service (evening) Circuit of Kahoali'i with 40 ka'a! images Kai-a-pokea "bleached skull" rite Kuwa service Setting up images behind Nanahua post Ka poupou 'ana propping of image posts and thatching of houses Hulahula service (midnight) [dancers go onto the oracle tower (anu'u) Midnight: kahuna nui and ali'i nui stretch
377
I.'. .
Kukolu
the aha cord before the hale wai'ea Maku'u tapa attached to the anu'u (morning) Ho'opi'i na aha limalima rite Kuili service (night); the kahuna nui recites Keli'imaomao prayers Holua prayer; king prays at Hale Hono ritual;
0
6 7
Kupau Olekukahi
Papa
Ho'owilimo'o service (evening); the oracle tower is wrapped with tapa Aha service at hale wai'ea Coconut leaf girdle is made for the image LOki ka piko rite for the central image Maki'ilohelohe service
Olekulua Olekukolu Olepau Huna Mohalu
Ka-papa-ulua human sacrifice rite

Oloa tapa for the anu'u Ritual bathing in th sea Ka'oloa service from Hale 0 Papa and Ku heiau girding of Mo'i image Tabu still in effect Ho'omahanahana service lifting tabu.
9 10
11
12
The Ku ritual period for building a new or reconsecrating an older luakini po'okanaka heiau could be instituted for any month within the time between Kaulua [February-March} and Ikiiki [May-June}:
Ka'elo
[january-February} [Consecration period for Ku heiaul
Mercury (Samoa) Baachus (Tahiti)
Kaulua Nana
We10 Ikiiki
[February-March] [March-April] April-May] [May-June]
Gemini Gemini Regulus [Leo]
[End consecration period for heiau Ku] Ka'aona Hinaia' ele' ele [June-July] Uuly-August]
(7) (7)
Mahoe-mua [August-September) (or Hiliinama) [Makahlki Festivall
[Castor]
378
Mahoe-hope Ikuwa Welehu Makali'i
[September-Octo ber] [October-November] [N ovember-December] [Decernber-January]
[Pollux] [Pleiades year begins]
The papa ulua rite in the consecration of the Ku luakini po'okanaka heiau in which a human
sacrifice is brought into the heiau with a hook called
Manaiakalani for Maui's fishhook [Scorpius] is a probable reference to Hanakaulua,
Gemini, for Hana- from Masanga, 'Twin(s)', called variously, Kaulua, Hanakaulua, Na Mahana, Na Mahoe, or Nana. A pattern of naming thus shows, particulary by the calendar of O'ahu and Moloka'i for the month of July as Kaulua (Gemini), that Gemini was used to name January [Nana, Gemini] for Castor (Mahoe-mua 'first twin') to coincide with the
he1iacal rise of Gemini in late January.
,' I I I I I I I I
,
The fact that Gemini is again used on the same islands (Q'ahu, Moloka'i) to name the months a half-year later for June-July, rather than January, coincides with the time it takes the earth to orbit the sun between perihelion (when the sun is closest to the earth, January) and aphelion (when the sun is farthest from the earth, July), a factor, or an observation, that suggests a possibility that on Moloka'i, and probably on Q'ahu, the kahuna instituted, in addition to the Pleiades year, another year called the anomalistic year which calculates time between one perihelion and another for one year, or from perihelion to aphelion for a half-year.
J
)
I J
Oahu
January June
[Gemini, heliacal rise, late January] [perihelion] Mahoe-mua [Pollux, summer solstice] Mahoe-mua [pollux, summer solstice] Kaulua [Gemini, early July, in the zenith] [aphelion] [Gemini; perihelion]
Nana
Moloka'i
June July
Standard Hawaiian
January Kaulua
379
Kaua'l
January July
Kaulua Ikiiki
[Gemini; perihelion] [Regulus in Leo; setting, evening] [Gemini; eastern sky, approaching zenith]
Kaua'i
Feb.-March Nana
So far as the evidence indicates, Gemini was important between January and July, perhaps for perihelion and aphelion, and between April and October (minor axis of the ecliptic) These may have been reasons to institute the papa ulua human
sacrifice using the Manaiakalanl
fishhook
of Maul performed on the night
when the terminator of the first quarter moon ('Olekulua) equal halves of light and dark (on meridian, kaupoku
0
ka hale).
Ritual Sacrifice in Ku Heiau Ceremonies Ritual numbers in the Hawaiian temple ceremony pattern are reflected in the positions, as of houses and images, as well as the numbers of portable images (ka'ai, akua hulu manu) carried in procession. This is also true of the direction of
movement of procession, whether circular, or divided on either side of the hale mana, or stationing of worshippers and post images, either in the northeast (male) or the southwest (female) sections of the ritual ground (kahua). It includes, as well, the number of akua hulu manu carriers and caretakers (kahu ka'ai) of no less than 40 and as many as 80 kahu, whose offices were hereditary for each portable image representing an ancestor in procession.
In addition to the above are the ritual requirements for 10, 40, 120, 400, and 800
pigs or dogs on scheduled sacred tabu pule ritual days stretched over eight months of the 56/72 kapu kauila days (na la kapu kauUa) of the tabu pule periods, four in each month (Ku, Hua, Ka(na)loa, Kane) requiring male attendance on the heiau.
380
Sacred numbers are involved, also, in the selection of 21 to 26 days for which the number of altar (kuahu, lele) offerings were 40, 20 pigs plus 20 human sacrificial offerings, including penalties of death (kapu akua, kanawai akua) for failure to observe times of silence (mu, hamau leo) speaking (wa, kuwa) , or to perform standing (ku) and sitting (ne'epu) positions with arms stretched upward
for long periods of time, all of which were demands on human endurance beyond any simple veneration of deified ancestral spirits ('aumakua) or gods (akua). Somewhat analogous to this is the voicing of 432,000 syllables in the recitations of parts of the Rig Veda in Indic ritual, or patterns and themes in world iconography of cathedral alignments to solstice sunrise, or pyramids as to positions of stars in the zenith or at the poles, or the required number of steps ascending the ziggurats of Persia, or the number of statues (540) pulling the naga serpent in the temple of Angkor Wat (Cambodia), Numbers in the clock we are using today come from the same numerology, or formulae from which a related iconography of time was built into temples and ritual schedule far away from here. If we consider, for example, a wrist watch, which has
I I I I I
]
..-
: I J J
]
)
no ritual function as to numbers nor any spiritual connection to church services which we attend on Sunday as habit or social duty, perhaps by pure chance we may notice in the tick and move of the hands on that wristwatch the same numerical
l
]
"'
"
base traceable to Babylonian base 60, ultimately connected to the earth's rotation on its axis, such that use of the numbers, such as 15 degrees equal one hour circle in 24 hours that are ticking away 86,400 seconds a day without missing a beat is equivalent to the set we have been dealing with as 27 and 1/3 days equal one sidereal lunation:
J
]
3 :a
381
II
13."
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1 minute 60 minutes 1 hour = 24 hours 1 day
60 seconds 1 hour 3,660 seconds 1 day 1.440 minutes
(6)
(7) (8)
1 day
(9)
(10) (11)
(12)
3/8 hour =
12 hours 6 hours 3 hours = 1+ 112 hours= 3/4 hour
86,400 seconds 43,200 seconds

21,600 " 10,800 " 5.400 " 2.700 "
1,350 "
We perceive that the orientation of 13.5 moons = Hua = Jupiter's position relative to the Hawaiian Nanahua post in the Ku heiau, or 1/2 lunation {Hina) is a local analogy of Hawaiian lunar time to Babylonian temples from which a batteryrun wrist watch t measures ou.t life's moments minute by minute now.
In the progression from "Kane night" (27th moon phase) to 54,108,216, 432 to
864 such Kane nights, equivalent to sidereal lunations, we see reiterated these same numbers existing elsewhere in both hymns (pule) and iconographic heiau structure, .
Le.:
(1) The shifting alignments of the heiau Ku (luakini po'okana), sometimes to the east, requiring the anu'u (luanu'u, nananu'u) oracle tower to be positioned in the east (male, Ku); sometimes to the north (Kane), requiring the anu'u tower to be located in the north; (2) The adjustment of the row of makaiwa (post) images in a semicircle, requiring the main, central image [Ku-ka-ohi'a-Iaka] to be directly in front of the anu'u tower, whether the anu'u is east or west; (3) The location of the gate or doorway into the heiau to the south or west (female) of the sacred enclosure, and the relative positioning of female (south, west) and male (north, east) images, depending on the orientation of the temple, whether to east or to north;
382
(3) The location of the lele (above ground) and kuahu (on the ground) altars where offerings will be placed, vegetable offerings on the lele and animal offerings (ho'okupu) on the kuahu; (4) The posting of the central Ku image directly before the kuahu (north or east) and the Nanahua image in front of the hale mana sacred house; (5) The number (seven) of levels in the paved sections of the temple ground (kahua); (6) The squaring of corners of the several sacred houses (hale), the mana, especially, and location of the piko (navel) of the kahua with the measuring cord (aha hele honua); (7) The positions taken by members of the priesthood (kahuna) during the recitation of prayers, whether inside or outside of the temple, or as a single leader (kahuna nui) , or as the whole company of priests aSSigned performances. (8) The names of ritual objects used in the services: 'Alaea, a basin of red clay, representing the earth from which the red mineral element in man's blood (from mother earth) was made; MaIu ko'i, the sacred adzes used to cut the select 'ohi'a laka (lehua) tree from which to carve the central image (Kukaohi'alaka) in the makaiwa post image semicircle;
Kat a po'okea, the basin of salt water held in a bleached human skull (night
to
certain ritual
I I I , I I I I I I J J I I
"
of symbolic of the water of life (wai ola a Kane) in the blood of man; (9) The name of the principal ritual sacrifice: Ka-papa-ulua, the principal human sacrifice "hooked" by Manaiakalani [Scorpius], for which a banana stalk [the "body" (kinolau) of Kanaloa], could be
383
substituted;
somewhat reminiscent of Maui's hooking of the ulua fish, Le., the

0
island, from the sea; offered to the central image after it had become the Pou
Manu
IIBird Pillar" [variously, Procyon, or Altair In Aquila] post. [*Note: the Pou 0 Manu is the central pillar in the Hawaiian house. The Pou 0 Manu holds up the center of the god's house]
The numbers of required ritual sacrifices,
whether
pig, dog, or human are
another part of the iconography. There was only one mafl ha'a1e1ea sacrifice to the living ohi'a tree to be offered to only one central Kukaohi'a1aka image. Why is the human being beheaded in the mau ha'a1elea sacrifice laid at the foot of the lehua
tree from which the Kukaohi'alaka post image would be carved, while two principal human sacrifices placed between the Kukaohi'alaka and Nanahua (Luamu) images were not beheaded and like the papa ulua human sacrifice in the concluding Why were two of them below the posts, and one
ceremonies were offered whole?
of them above ground? Why were there, twenty one to twenty-six human sacrifices at the kuahu, with pigs on either side of each human offering for a sum total of 44 to 54 pig and human sacrifices, the smaller number for reconsecrating an existing heiau and the larger for building a new heiau? Why were certain numbers, like 240 pig offerings, divided between the priests, 120 on one side of the hale mana and 120 on the other side on the night of Kupau, whereas on the night before, there were as many as 800 pig sacrifices divided between the priests on either side of the hale mana (night of Kukolu), but 400 pigs served out to worshippers on the temple ground, 200 on one side and 200 to another group on the other side? We can only guess at the meanings now. Even the society
obeying those rules then may not have known, just as the Presbyterian Bible lists Adam in the Garden of Eden in 4004 and the birth of Jesus at another 4004 according
to Massoritic texts. Did Hebrew scribes know the peculiar motion of the Belt of Orion
to and from the equator in approximately that time, 4500 or so years?
384
Ku Tabu Period [Set on the morning of Rilo] (1) Hilo [1st of Nana, April, Gemini] [or 1st of Makali'i, April, on Moloka'i, Pleiades]
" ...In the mOrning ... the priest setting the people in order in eight
, I I
<
I a
rows ... about 40 or twice 40 [80J feather idols, and one human god, Kahoa11'1 [41, or 81 images, one a live man impersonating Kahoali'i] ... " ... [T]he rest of the priests rose, about 40 or more of them... " ... [T]he priest and chief... stood up 8 times and sat doWIl 8 times
" ... [In the evening ... the king and the priests were with the idols ...from
I " I
"-
evening to darkness of night they bowed down ... " (2) Hoaka
" ...In the morning ... they all assembled, the people [*only men], the
chiefs and the priests ...arose with the idols [akua hulu manu, i.e., the feather gods', or the ka'ai, portable wooden images] in their hands and went up to the lord of the 'ohi'a [*i.e, the central image, Kukaohi'alaka] ... " ... [T]hen the king called to his stewards, saying: " ...Take about 10 pigs for the deity and for the people and for myself also ... the king commanded... that the pigs, 10 in number, be roasted...when the pigs were cooked, they all sat down to eat... " ... [T]he feather deities stood in a row in front of the people [*i.e., 40 to
80 feather gods carried in procession];
J I
]
(3) Kukahi "",[O]n the morrow... the priests seated all the people in double rows of 8, and all the idols [akua hulu manu] were placed in rows also ... [*Note: If there were 40 ka'ai, there would have been five rows; if 80, ten rows].
385
"... [T]he people lifted up the feather idols, standing on the upper
side [*Le., the northeast side of the enclosure] for some time ... after a while
the priest ordered them to move with the idols to the lower side [*Le., the southwest side] ... "... [T]he priest commanded the people who were holding the idols to
'Move around in a drde and see that you move properly, lest one of you make and error and be dles... and when they had made a Circuit, they
stood in rows on the lower side... " A question is in order here. Why is this sequence so crucial to the order of ceremony, death being the penalty for wrong movement by any worshipper during procession? Having started from the northeast, or male side, when the sun is north
and east, then the circuit is symbolic of the movement of the sun after summer solstice Uune 20th-22nd], so why is this circuit set to Kaulua and Nana, on the third day or night of the moon, when the sun is to the south [March - April]? One explanation may be that the plane of the ecliptic is tilted either 5 degrees above or below the plane of the celestial equator [Wakea], when the sun's apparent motion, is "above" the celestial equator between the equinoxes [March to
September], and "below" the celestial equator [September to March]. The ritual pOSition of worshippers going from one side north
to to
the other, as from
south, differs from the circular procession led by Kahoali'i, in which 41
men follow him along a path from which he must veer, turning leftward, then going back to the point in the heiau where he began It would make sense why the procession of 40 to 80 kahu ka'ai with 40 to 80 ka'ai images circuits the heiau with Kahoali'i, perhaps to represent the motion of the ecliptic between December and June (solstices), from south (December) to north (June) ,observed in the west at sunset, then shifting direction to east after the June solstice.
386
The 41 to 81 kahu ka'ai with Kahoali'i in the circuit within the heiau is different from the group of priests moving from the northeast side to the southwest, or from "up" to "down". The Kahoali'i circuit probably represents the earth's
motion between solstices (annual) and the movement of worshippers on one side to the other side of the heiau the obliquity of the ecliptic. (3) Kukahi (continued): "... [A]t the proper time he commanded the people to arise ... standing up 8 times and sitting down 8 times ... after these ended, they all went to their houses on this same day... " ... [W]hen it was evening ... the king and priests ...with the feather gods went in front of the temple and prayed outside ... (4) Kulua
tt
At mIdnlght.the priest, king and chiefs and people ...went over to
the outside of the temple ...waited for early dawn, and when it came the king and priest made preparation ...
t' ...
At morn .. so that the stars... twinkIed after this ...when the king
had finished ... the priest entered a temple division ,the hale wai'ea, [ i.e., 2 cubits long by 1 cubit wide by 1 cubit deep, = 2 (18) = 36 inches long by 18 inches wide by 18 inches high]
t' ... [A]nd
when it was daylight ... they prayed outside the temple ... after
this they entered the temple ... a11 of the chiefs, and all of the idols, and all of the priests, and sat down in front of the inner temple ... "... [A]t the conc1usion... they went on the outside, giving to each feather image [40-80 pigs1 and one pig to each of the principal priests. The king then commanded his steward, saying, tGo and roast some large-sized piga about ten in number ... there might be 10 or 20
tl ...
After this and it was evening, the king commanded his stewards to
cook 40 pIgs for the ku.1II (prayer) of the temple.
After sunset a
387
number of priests went on the outside to pray...after this and when it was dark, torches were lit in the temple and in the houses ...they did not sleep at all this night ... (5) Kukolu "... [T]he pigs were brought into the temple and were tied by the priest. During the morning the king commanded his stewards to cook some more
pigs-40 in number-and it was then noon ...

" ... [A]gain the chiefs, the priests with all the idols [40-80] moved to the outside, and in the afternoon entered the temple again to pray ... after this they went outside to their places; and after some time, they again entered the temple, this same day, to pray...at the conclusion of which it was near sunset. They went up to the altar to pray... "... [T]he king then commanded one of his priests, 'Go bring the idol [Kukaohi'alaka] in here ... [T]he king ordered a human sacrifice and a pig for the god... this concluded the ceremonies, and it was sunset... [T]hey all went to their houses ...one of the priests... the VIua priest... made preparations ..
. "["'Concerning Ancient Religious Ceremonies", Memoirs of the Bernice Pauahi Museum, Vol.Vi: 2-30J. " ... That night
a large number of bogs, as many as 800
(elua Jau)
were baked; and the priests were separated into two divisions, one
on this side and one on that side of the mana. ..alternately... " ... The pork also was divJ.ded into two portions, 400 of the bogs
being assigned to the prlests seated at one end of the buHding and 400 to the priests seated at the other end Ocala) [I.e., the roof gable] ... "
[Malo, David, Hawaiian Antiquities: 172-174]
(6) Kupau
" ... [A]nother priest was conducting his own services this night. ..in the temple ...and after midnigbt, the king came into the temple, where they made earnest prayer at the altar ... [*i.e., only the kahuna nui and the ali'i nui ].
388
" ... [T]he king offered the pig in sacrifice to the god ... this same night they all joined in prayer--the ulua fishing priest, the maua priest, the chief priest and the priest of the order of Lono ... "... [A]nd at dawn ... the priest chanting ... this ended. They raised their heads to the lananu'u [oracle tower] ... from which two men were calling. while the priests were chanting from below... the king then went outside to distribute the pork to the feather idols, the priests, and all the chiefs, and all the people of the higher class, giving to each feather idol its share, and also to the priests, each his share; giving chiefs of the lower order, five-fold, and those of the higher order ten-fold, while the people of the higher class received each his share, one pig to every two companies ...and the people of the lowest class after the king's share was cooked received their portion also ... " " ... [T]hen the king offered pigs on the altar to the idols about 5
times 40 (200 plgs)... after theses things they returned to the temple--the
chiefs and all of the priests, and worshipped befor the wooden idols ... " ... [T]he high priest then arose, offered a prayer to a flre-stick. (body of the fire god, Lonomakua). "... [T]he broiled pigs, about 5 forties 1n number (200) were brought into the temple and placed before the wood idols, together with a quantity of green bananas ... [*bananas were a body of the god, Kanaloa] ...together with 2
or 3 men transgressors, who after being killed were placed among the
pigs, the coconuts and the bananas ... the VIua priest came ...holding a baited hook in his hand.... [W]hen it was eveniing ... they all again entered the temple--the chiefs, the priests, and all the deities [Le. the feather gods, 40-
SOl ... after which they repaired to the Hale
Papa... [*the Hale
Papa was the
women's heiau built to the south and west of the Ku heiau] ... [Memoirs of the
Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum,VI].
389
I
The Rua Tabu " ... After 9 days [Olekukolu] the king and priests went again to the temple ... and in the evening of Mobalu [Shaula in Scorpius] when the moon was twelve nights old, entered it... These were the nights of Rua... " ...And when the priests ... the two men then stood up calling with loud vOices, feeding the stars (a hanai aku la lakou i ka po'e hoku) and the
moon this ve.zy same night... "

Vol. VI].
[Memoirs of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum,
Ye 40,000 gods, Ye 400,000 gods, Ye rows of gods Ye collection of gods, Ye older brothers of the gods, Ye gods that smack your lips, Ye gods that whisper, Ye gods that watch by nIght, Ye gods that show your gleaming eyes by nJgbt, Come down, awake, make a move, stir yourselves, Here is your food, a house.
[Fornander, Hawaiian Antiquities, Vol. IV: 606-607.
Summary of Reiau Sacrificial Offerings {Luakini Ku]

The numbers vary between 1,810 ritual sacrifices on the lower end [i.e., 40 ka'ai] and from 1,850-1,860 on the higher end [80 ka'ai].
(1) Roaka (2nd night) 10 pigs Roasted for heiau groups, including 40-80 kahu ka'ai caretakers with 40-80 feather gods (2) Kulua (4th night) 40-80 pigs, to each feather image kahu 10-20 roasted pigs, to chiefs 40 roasted pigs (for the kuili rite) (3) Kukolu (5th night) 40 roasted pigs (for worshippers) 1 pig (for the god) (for the god) 1 human 800 roasted pigs (for priests, divided at the hale mana, 400 to each side 200 pigs (before the wooden images) 2 or 3 human sacrifices (4) Kupau (6th night) 400 pigs (for worshippers, divided at the hale mana, 200 to each side 240 pigs (for priests, 120 to each side) 390
I
Supporting Evidence from Comparative Etymology for Pe'a (Kite, Wing, Bird, Bat)
~
This study of Hawaiian and Polynesian understanding of the universe belongs in the track of words and their referents across the Pacific. It began as a study of certain forms in the first Wa canto with a classification of forms of life in geometric shapes, and related association as names for major constellations, such as Pe'a, Lupe, Pe'ape'a-maka-walu as the pole star in the south at certain times of the year. The
patterns in both shape, number, and uses made of the number of appendages, for example, in the starfish and other radial designs found in nature, once enlarged beyond Hawai'i and the Kumulipo chant produced more comparisons with important aspects of Pacific cultures, for example, Polynesian chiefly tities,like Tupou and Pe'a, as in Tonumaipe'a, Salafai-pe'a, Kalalahai (Hawaiian), and also, undentified star names such as Makeaupe'a (Kumulipo star chants).
It led to serious study of the knotted cord and related terms, as for 'bird'
"' I I I I , I J
.-
(pe'a), which led to 'wing', as of flying birds and other winged creatures. Until this was done, work on the Kumulipo was purely translation of the poem as a song to show respect for others who claim the same ancestry across the Pacific. It led to an interesting relationship through languages, whether through cognative or contiguous association, and amazing for the sweep those associations make through a large part of the world.
, .
..
-.'..... '
Austronesian
Hawaii
[East Polynesian
pe'a 'ape'ape'a 'ope'ape'a 'bat' 'bat' 'bat' 'eheu 'eheu 'eheu 'ekeu 'ekekeu peheu pekeu peheuheu pekeukeu pekekeu 'wing' 'side rID of a shark' 'flipper of a turtle' 'wing' (etc.) 'wing' (etc.) same as 'eheu same as peheu
"
391
'Ope' a peka pekapeka Marquesas Maori kope'a kohepe'a pekapeka pekau pakihau parirau peka fai faipeka pe'a beka mbeka peka faipeka pekapeka p EtEw Philippines
'bat god, of birth, and one of alia poles, makahikl' same as pekapeka to tattle, tattler, stool pigeon pigeon (bird) ornament of cock's plumes bat wing of a bird
fin
fin
West Polynesia Tonga
flying fox stingray stingray swallow (bird) bat bat bird species bird species bat
Niue Melanesia Fiji Anuta (New Hebrides) Micronesia Truk
Indonesia, Malaya, Philippines: Tagalog pampangan Ibanag Sebu Tagalog Pampangan Ivatan Nabaloy Tagalog Apayaw Tagalog Tagalog Pampangan Sebu Sulu
kabag kabag kabog paniki panichi paningke pagl paggl paklng pakpak " pakpak tuppak
bat a kind of fish a species of fruit bat a species of big bat a species of big bat bat rayflsh fl n [cpo Maori pakipaki 'fin'] a species of bird, Luzon Weaver (Munia cabanisi) wing; clap, applaud clap, applaud
"
"
"
"
"
392
Hoco Ivatan Bikol Leyte-Samar Panggasinan Hoco Ibanag ~ Bon tok Magindanaw
pakpak pakpak
strike with palm of the hand, or bolo clap, applaud "; strike with palm of the hand
pakpak
pakpak pakpak
wing; clap, applaud

club, cudgel crush, beat beat cotton or cloth with a rod
payak
payak
wing
wing
papak
wing
Indo-Aryan
Kashmiri Banpara Naga pak battuk warplak apak pakpi apak nu badoli bhadur peki bird duck bat bat bat duck bat bat a bird bird [cpo Maori pakihau 'wing, fin']
I I I I I I
Assam Sanskrit Sanskrit Prakrit
J
]
paksin paksa
pakho pakkha paksi patchi pekki pakkam pakkali pecaka pecha
wing, side, proximity

'wing, side, proximity'
"
"
"
Dravidian
Tamil bird bird bird 'side, nearness' 'side, one's clan or tribe' owl owl
Indo-Aryan
Sanskrit Hindi Milch an Bengali Milchan Bhotea
I I
]
rapeca
pencha pea cha besra
pigeon
owl bird bird eagle
Austro-Asiatlc
Mundari (India)
Ainu (Hokkaido)
kopeca
duck [cpo Milchan (India) rapeca 'pigeon'

[Cpo Tonga Toloa 'duck', Southern Cross]
393
I
Before continuing other random sets, an interesting note on bird constellations [Allen, Richard, Star Names, Their Lore and Meaning, 1963: 179-181]: " ... Corvus was the Raven in Chaucer's time, and the Germans still have Raven, but the French follow the Latins in Corbeau, as the Italians do in Corvo, and we in the Crow....Although now traversed by the 20th degree of south declination, 2000 years ago it lay equally on each side of the celestial equator...was a noted constellation with the Greeks and Romans ... " ... The Greeks called it Kopaks, Raven; and the Romans Corvus [Crow] ..although there is a Euphratean myth, from far back of classical days, making it one of the monster ravens of the brood of Tiamat that Hydra represented; and upon a tablet appears a title that may be for Corvus as the Great Storm Bird, or Bird of the Desert, to which Tiamat gave sustenance, just as Aratos described Kopaks pecking the folds of the Hydra...
An effort must be made to reassociate this random data into sets whereby
some semantic understanding may be tentatively derived. Following, presently, this line of reasoning, that forms for 'bird' and 'bat' may have thad their etymological origins in the sounds of fluttering wings, as of any winged (or finned) animal in flight in air or water, the follOwing list is an attempt to argue derivation, at least some relationship (cognative or contiguous). Sagun Atta (Phil). Gaddang Ivatan
Da
sapt\ yej paya:q payyik panid pan
wing wing wing wing to spread wings
[Micronesia] Chamorro (Marianas) Chamorro Chinese
payesyes paye'ye' paya'ya' fanihen fanihen tasi fen

394
swiftlet swiftlet soaring bat stingray ray, skate
Indonesian Bilaan, Kornade1 Kusaien [Micronesia] Manobo Tagalog Indonesian Tagalog Toda (India) Tamil
panikih fafak fak siifac pa'gipik pagi pari palis pari pari paravai parappai parai bay bai fai fai faipeka vai vaibeka
flying fox wing bat stingray wing stingray stingray drift on wind or current' flying feather bird bird bird to fly duck to fly 'stingray' 'bird species' 'stingray' 'stingray'
J J
J
]
'.
Burmese Tuamotuan Anuta Fiji
: I J
These fonns are comparable to Austro-Thai for 'to fly, ascend' [ace: Benedict]. [Note: The asterisk means it is a reconstructed proto-fonn]. Austro-Thai [Austro-Thai] *(q)a(m)bay *k( /\ )bay *(k)l(m)bay *(k)l/apay *(k)ap/l/ay *k(i)pay *(ki)pay(pay) bay bay , *1/\ mbay *kapay *kipay *a(m)bay kipi r, kap 'to fly, ascend' " 'to fly, ascend'
" " "
"
Vietnamese [cp. Bunnese Indonesian
to fly to fly'] to to to to fly move back and forth move back and forth fly
Semai [Austro-Thai]
to move back and forth
395
I " I
~
Ti'n [Mon-Khmer] Tuamotuan [East Polynesian] Khmer Spoken Mon Ka Tagalog Indonesian Landak Dyak Malay Tamil [Dravidian] Fiji Anuta [New Hebrides] Niue Tahiti Tuamotuan Kusaie [Micronesia] Hawaii
ph 1\ i fai P /\ bael, p h /\ pa h /\ pa k/al/apai klVapay Pare Bin tang pari paravai vai vaibeka faipeka pekapeka 'Ope'a faipeka siifac hihimanu pe'a
1\
to fly to fly pai skate, ray(fish) skate, ray skate, ray fin fin Southern Cross (rayfish) + canoe Southern Cross (skate, rayfish) wing stingray stingray stingray cave swiftlet (bird), god Halevao, rain god shadow of goddesses of the air, connected with rain bird species stingray stingray bat' bird
It may then be argued from the foregoing data that Hawaiian hahalua and Tuamotuan fafaru a 'manta ray' may be a reflex of Indonesian -lua .... -luak 'bat', such that Tuamotuan fa(i)fa(i) 'to fly', ia a reflex of Indonesian *kI1/apay 'fin', akin to Khmer p" bael 'skate, ray', Marshallese kalok 'to fly' and Kusaiean loa 'to float' may then be reflexes of Indonesian kailua ka/luak, akin to Thai *rook.... karook 'bat' , ultimately from Indonesian/Malay kelawar.... k" lawa.... kIlIwa 'bat' , related to Mon kila lkilwa/ 'bat', The questioned may be asked, is the similarity due to borrowing? The Indic and Austro-Asiatic (Mundari) similarity is due to proximity in India, but what do we make of Tongan (Polynesian) and Kusaie (Micronesia)?
396
[Austroasiatic Proto-Meo, Yao Mun Hmong, Hmu [Indo-Aryan] Khasi
*kla *kla *tla *tla klla-Iaalur klla-badur klla-madur k 1\ labadur badul bhadli bhadur batuli badoli doliyah loU olik
eagle kite eagle kite bat
J J
" " " large bat

bat bat bat
I
'( ''
I
[Austro-Asiatic] Mundari Mundari [Indo-Aryan] Hindi Assamese Thai [Oceanic] Tonga Kusaiean
" "
screech of bat bat
J '; I
i!
"
t'
>
I i
Bendict's study of Austro-Thai roots [1975:226] presents the background for understanding relationships between Indonesian Ika/- lua ... ka/luak 'bat' and Thai *rook... karook 'squirrel' (flying fox): Proto-Chamic Thai Indonesian Li, Loi
Li
*prok *rook - karook Ika/ruak *ka/lua - kalluak rwak - ruak, vik *rwiak
squirrel " bat
"
Marshallese Kusaiean Tongan Hawaiian Hawaiian Tuamotuan Maori [Austroasiatic] Proto Chamic Stieng Chrau kalok loa toloa Toloa koloa haha-Iua fafarua pakaurua ruai ruei raway
to fly, float to float duck Southern Cross duck manta ray, stingray manta ray stingray to fly
]
I,'
JI
" "
397
Proto Ea. Katuic
Ku
La Tenuai Car Nicobarese
rooy *aruay ru, ruoi rewai inru:y lewa
((
((
((
((
[Cpo Hawaiian Indonesian [Malay] OldMon Modem Mon Thai Siamese

Lao
float, as in air, in space; swing] bat bat bat

((
k/liwa k/\ lawa ,kelawar
kila lkilwa/ kaw /\ Ik /\ wa/\ I k /\ kaw Ik/\ k /\ wi I gaang I -gaaw Ikhang a I-khaaw * (H)wa(a)w *khwak wa:w t /\ kau, wa:u kawaw kaw/\h kaw/\d kwaku
k( /\ w)
bat bat bat kite bat bat, rat bat bird

((
((
Khasi Dioi Makazayazaya Kensiu Semaq Beri Jehai Ch'uan Miao Proto Miao-Yao Kam Sui
*gwaw
wild pigeon dove dove
These foregoing forms may be compared with those for (squirrel', (bird', and (to climb, to ascend', which may indicate that ka- may be a reflex for (bird', as in Cantonese k'am- ,and the forms are compounds for (bird', (bat', (rat'. Compare Bahnar (Austroasiatic) s1m. (bird' , and Kusaiean sU- before -fae (ray(fish), , akin, (perhaps) to Hawaiian hlbl(+ manu (bird') (stingray', probably from Polynesian bl- (to ascend, rise' (Tuamotuan), ultimately, perhaps, from Austroasiatic slm (bird' or siau (wing' (Roglai) [Compare (cp.) Hawaiian 'eheu (wing' and Maori pak-ihau (fin' . Chamic Cantonese Proto N. Bahnar South Khmer
Cua
kamprok k'am cern
squirrel bird
((
sem- sim
seep
398
Li
N.li Siamese Bhotea Kam Sui/Then Ainu [Hokkaido] [Cpo Greek] Milchan [India) Hindi Sanskrit Bengali Dund, Kokor Austro-Thai (Benedict) Mah Meri Thai Proto Mon-Khmer Roglai Sulu Tchung Miao Maori Tongan Tongan Hawaiian Indonesian Vietnamese Ii, Loi That Khasi Vietnamese li, Loi Bateg Nong Tagalog Tagalog Sui Mak Kam Sui/Then Mundari (India) Assamese Besisi
khaan kha:n gaang -gaaw kh~g a -khaaw ca cha - kha (*tsa/ka) kopeca, kopecha, kopeta kopaks rapeca peca pecaka pencha pecha *bets, *be( ts) /be( ts) *b/l/e(ts)/be( ts) kamphek bpeta, pet, ta *da
ada
to ascend, climb to ascend, climb bat bat bird to ascend, climb to ascend duck raven, as Southern Cross pigeon owl owl owl owl owl duck wing duck duck
iteh to:pit, tu:pit to

ta toloa toroa koloa
"
duck duck flock of (birds) flock of certain birds duck duck duck
"
bebek - bebi - bibi *bilbit, *bit/bit *b/al/iwi, *b/al/ibit vit bet - bit, pet - pit pong/wit lymlbit vik vik pAwic bagwis kabag sa cha hapu (*capuk) hapu sapet, hapet
"
duck duck painted snipe bat bat bat wing wing bat to ascend, to climb to ascend, to climb bat bat bat
"
399
I J ! J I I I J I J J I I 1 J I.. I I 3
"
.'
;:~
'"
!~
'"
.'
I
Bahnar Bahnar Semang hAmet komet kawet
"
"
"
Study of expressives in Semai [Diffloth] gives forms with initial kr-, kn-, kn-, gr-, and for sounds of the movement of flapping wings (or cloth) which may be compared to Khasi k11a-, prefix to -badur, -madur 'bat'. It is interesting that Semai (Austroasiatic) also relates 'mountain imperial pigeon' with 'small bat', indicating early association between these species as 'winged (animals)' in flight, which may be the semantic origin for Proto-Polynesian forms for 'kite', 'stingray', 'bird', Le., 'caveswiftlet, swallow' (bird). Semai *grp /\ r *grpar bat mountain imperial pigeon
Semai (expressives): krkper knaperper

krp E r knap/\ rp/\ r
noises and movements of flapping wings or small cloth
grgp /\ r purpurpur krkpur knapurpur

kp /\ r
flight of large bird, flapping of large cloth to flap wings (intransitive) noise and appearance of birds in flight, of fish struggling among roots in water small bird or insect in flight
parparpar perperper
It may be possible that Khasi klla-, Indonesian kelak/lw/a- Mon ldla Iklllw/a, and Indonesian ka- (+ luan luak .... Ii *rwiak..... Loi rwak are perhaps due to onomatopoetic expressives in mimicry of the sound of flapping wings although their grammatical function is the prefixation of verbs 'to fly, ascend, climb, float', as birds, bats, etc. and they also become the substantives (nouns) as such. The Semai forms kr-, kn-, gr-, and n- before per .... par 'to fly' or 'noise of flapping wings', Indonesian ka- [+ lua ) which becomes ka(m)- before -pret 'bat' (i.e. before an unvoiced bilabial stop), perhaps akin to Cantonese ka'm 'bird' or Siamese kha'ang gaang
400
(+ -gaaw) tbat' (cp. Kam Sui/then cha kha tto ascend', Sui Mak sa tto ascend'), Khasi kila-, Old Mon klla Ikllwa/, and Indonesian (+ Malay) kelawar tbat' may be compared to Semai forms k A r kAla (+ p A h .... pa) 'wing':
[Austroasiatic; Semai] Ken sui Che'Wong Jah Hut Bateq Nong Austro-Thai (Benedict) Indonesian Proto-Chamic North Bahnar Ku [Cpo Ivatan (Phil.)
Di
k /\ lap /\ h k /\ 1/\ pa k/\ r /\ pa
wing
"
"
p /\ wic to spread wings

<t "
I I
)
*(q/)(m)paR(I(m)paR *(q/)(m)p R(I{m)p/\ R *hampa(l) hamper por par pa:l panid pan fanihen fanihen tasi fen panikih paniki panidhi paningke
to spread wings spread wings, swoop to spread wings to fly tt

wing
Chamorro Chinese Indonesian Tagalog Ivatan Nabaloy
to spread wings bat string ray ray, skate flying fox spp. big bat spp. big bat spp. big bat to spread, as wings
I I I
)
[Southeast Asia] Roglai po, pol Chinese piuen Proto Lolo/Burmese pyan Khasi per her Tin (Mon-Khmer) ph /\ r ph /\ i Khmuic pau/\p Mon [Dravidian, India]
Tamil Toda
""
to float to fly to fly
"
"
to fly, flutter, hover flying to fly
fin
"
para pari par parirau
Cp.Maorl
401
I
We may rearrange the foregoing data to summarize forms probably related to Polynesian 'wing' and 'fin':
[Indo-Aryan, DravIdian, Austroaslatic, Continental Southeast Asia and India] :

Sanskrit Nepalese paksin, peki paksa pankhi (P.S.)* pakhpakh, pakpak pwakh, pokh pakheto pak apak nu pakpi, apak pakho, pakkha pakkha paksi, pakki patchi pakho kabag bagwis pakpak qampak k'am kapak pakpak bird wing, Fro (of fish) wing, feather
" u u
Kahmiri Prakrit Bengali

Tamil
bird duck bat wing wing [from Old Indo-Aryan pat 'to fly') [ace. Chatterji] bird wing bat wing wing
[Austronesian]
Tagalog Tagalog Mamanwa
"
bird wing feather
[Chinese] [Austronesian]
Indonesian
[Austro-Thal] [Autronesian]
Manobo (Phil). Apayaw Indonesian Taga;p Lanaw Ivatan Aklan
*(ka)(m)pak(lka(m)pak to spread out, as wings *pak/pak/ *pik/pik to fly pagipik paggi palikpik paa parapara paa paa pahkpahk, pahtpaht pihkpihk wing
fin fin (of fish)
foot, leg foot, leg thigh thigh to fly to flutter wings
[Oceanic]
Kusaiean (Mic.)
402
"Khasi, which regularly replaces PAA [Proto-Austroasiatic] final *-k by *- (glottal) and has final -k only marginally (Henderson 1965), also has final -k corresponding to Mon - [loss] in khwak 'vampire bat', Mon kawa /k A wa? / , suggesting PAA *kIalwa ,but Luce (1956) gives an OM (Old Mon) form kilwa 'bat' and cites Malay kelawar, i.d., the latter possibly from IN (Indonesian) *kAlawa from *k/Vwa " [Benedict: 1976:467]. The case for 'bat' and 'cave swiftlet' may very well end here, but left unexamined is a wider association of Polynesian peka pe'a with semantics beyond 'bat' and 'bird' extending to numbers and geometric shapes, perceived within animal shapes, i.e., cephalopods, or objects such as sails, kites, things that 'branch' out. There appears to be, also, a connection with celestial objects, such as the Southern Cross, or constellations at the south pole (on meridian) or straddling the equator [Cpo Greek kopaks 'Corvus']. Particularly in Tuamotuan is peka 'eight, counting by twos', probably a
I I I I I I I I
reflex of Indonesian *pat'a 'pair', or other "peka" words that measure time, as Maori kaupeka 'lunar month'. In that light, a firm association exists for 'wing' and 'lunar fortnight' in the Sanskrit (India) form paksa 'wing, side, proximity', as used for half a month. Sanskrit paksa-bhukti is the 'course traversed by the sun in a fortnight' as well as the symbol of the number 'two' [Monier-Williams: 573] De Bary remarks that: "Until the introduction of Western methods of recording time the week was not used in India except in astronomy. In its place was the paksa, the 'wing' of the lunar month, the bright paksa covering the period from new moon to full and the dark from full moon to new' as in the Samaradityakatha 2:55-60: "...The tuft of reed is man's allotted span, during which the soul exists embodied, The mice which steadily gnaw it are the dark and bright fortnights"
[De Bary, 1970:1:55].
In the Rig Veda (iii: 53: 16) paksa refers to the sun. Another form bhaga, in
Sanskrit, from the root bhaj is used with fractions, i.e., 'division', often with dual number or with a cardinaL It means also a 'quarter' (cp. Nepalese bhek 'side,
quarter', or a degree of 360th part of the circumference of a great circle. 405
i i
It is a division of tIme, a 30th part of a Rasi, or zodIacal sign. Bhagya, from bhaga, is the 12th or last lustrum in Jupiter's cycle of 60 years, so that Bengali
'eight' Abagi abhagyat-i appears to be a reflex of Sanskrit bhaga 'quarter'.
In terms, then, of a concept of dividing a body into halves, quarters, or eighths, etc., counting by two's, as with Tuamotuan peka, the following data may be considered. Tamil Hawaiian Chinese Vietnamese Chinese Thai Tu Jen Hakka (Chinese) Fuchow Chamic Thai Nepalese Stieng Khmer Modern Khmer Maori Tuamotuan Hawaiian pa pa 'apana pa(t) 'by', as in division 'by', as in division section, division, piece eight eight divisions of the I Ching diagrams [trigrams and hexagrams] eight divisions of the I Ching diagrams compass eight eight eight eight eight side, wing side, wing to be separated to be separated section section forequarter, limb, humerus five, in an esoteric counting system eight (counting by twos) rays of the sun Eight-eyed Bat, the demon: Maui drains eight eyes of the demon into a cup after it had stolen Maui's wife (Kumulama); severs its head after it falls asleep spider (eight-eyed) spirit of the man-eating giant slain by the hero, Matandua (Two-Eyes) Bat god, who captures Maui's mother; Maui
in the form of a golden pheasant (or snipe)
pakwa
batquai
kuei, kwei bpaat pet paht biak pwat bpeek bhek bek pek baek paek phnaek
peke peke/ taria peka pekau pe' ape' a-makawalu
Hawaiian
Fiji
pe' epe' e-makawal u Beka Mbeka Peka
Tuamotu
severs its head after it has fallen asleep

406
Fuchow Austro-Thai Proto-AA Thai Khasi Chamorro Indonesian Sanskrit
biak *(q/)biyak *piak *biak pia ~ phia pat pot pat'a bhug-a bhaga /bhaj/ abagi paksa pahar paksh, pakshati pakshayati paksha pakshaka pakshi pakshin
eight to divide, distribute, separate to divide distribute to divide, split pair, twosome 'by', as in measurement, 'two by two' pair branch, curve a part, portion eight fortnight (half of the lunation) eight divisions of the night [ghari - eight divisions of one pahar] to take a part or side wing, pinion fin of fish tail wing, fan bird, species the bird Garuda the open hand with fingers extended to divide, apportion to divide class, division, section to open wings, as split, divided dividing to be divided to be divided forked branch of forked branch of forked branch of web of a spider spider's web birds
Bengali Sanskrit Hindi

Sanskrit
Thai Thai Desia (India)

Tamil
peta bang bee-ak pa-naak penggar paku pakal panga pangyati panga panga ka-panga ka-pare pari manga mangamanga manamana mana manga pekapeka
I I I I I J I I J 1 I I
Kannada Telugu Kannada Telugu

Tamil
a tree a tree a tree
Kannada Maori Tongareva Hawaii Tuamotuan
branch of a tree branch of a river, water course tentacle of an octopus, octopus branch of a tree, limb, as of tree (or body) digits, fingers, toes crosspiece. single branch, to branch, to fork branches
407
I I I
Gilbertese Maori
pekepeke pekekare mangmanga pekanga kaupeka
shoulder young stage of octopus parted, as the limbs branch road branch, stick
kaupeka
kaupeka 0 te tau peka peke Hawaii pe'a pe'a pe'a pe'a pe'a pe'a hihipe'a pe'ape'a Makeaupe'a
lunar month
summer, lunar month branch of a tree, river; fern root, faggot branch of tree, forequarter (limb), humerus upper part of the ann; insect, beetle branch fork, as of tree boundary (as of moku, land section) octopus, cephalopod, squid crosspiece, as of a mast triangular sail tangled, as underbrush coarse, thick, as underbrush name of star or lunations (7) [Kumulipo]
This brings into focus Merritt Ruhlen's study listing the forms pya and
bya for 'bird' in Asian languages and forms for the verb '(to) fly' in the following:
par pere pyaRR p'er parV parV phur apir paru Ruhlen adds:
(Nilo-Saharan) (Niger-Korodofanian) (Afro-Asiatic) (Kartvelian) {Dravidian) (Euroasiatic) (Dene-Caucasian) (Austric) (Indo-Pacific) " ...The thirteen words listed in Table 10 represent less
[Table 10 in Ruhlen, Merrit, The Origin of language, 1994: 44, 103-105].
than half of the words cited by John Bengston and me in our attempt to demonstrate a single origin for extant languages [Bengston and Ruhlen, 1994]. And the 27 words we chose were just the most widespread; there are numerous additional roots which, while not so widespread, nonetheless provide crucial
evidence that all the world's families, and hence all the world's languages, derive from a common source"
408
[Ibid. lOS].
Understanding of the Universe in World History
(1 ) Important dates in human history [coordinated with celestial events]

A. Prehistory of Human development: Cenozoic era [75,000,000 years]
[Preceded by: Proterozoic, Palaeozoic, Mesozoic] (1) 70,000,000 years ago - Palaeocene [shrew, arboreal, in the Insectivora; distribution - Australia, East Indies, Southeast Asia, Madagascar, Africa; in the late Palaeocene, the tarsier, binocular vision, mammae, one offspring at birth, similar area of distribution as the shrew; placental mammals appear. (2) 30-33,000,000 years ago - OUgocene [ancestors of New World monkeys]; 20-25,000,000 years ago -late Oligocene [ancestors of Old World monkeys] Ancestors of the apes - Propliopithecus, Proconsul Ancestors of hominids - Dryopithecus, Sivapithecus, Sinanthropus, and Polacopi thecus Geographical distribution - Australia, Southeast Asia, East Indies, India, Europe, Asia, perhaps Africa (3) 25, 000,000 years ago - Miocene [hominids, more erect posture, larger brain]; distribution - Tasmania,East Indies, Southeast Asia, India, East Africa 10,000,000 years ago - late Miocene - Ramamorphs and pithecines southeastern regions + France, Spain, China, Germany. Hunted with crude weapons; extinct by 500,000 years ago. (4) 2,000,000 - 1,000,000 years ago - Pleistocene - Man develops. (5) 500,000 years ago - Europe, Java, China - Homo erectus and Pithecanthropus erectus, and Java man; distribution - China, Asia, East Indies. Cranical capacity larger; used tools and fIre. Shelter in caves. Populations diminished 300,000 years ago. [Early Paleolithic] (6) 200,000 years ago - glacial period, dominated for about 100,000 years. (7) 110,000 years ago - Homo Neandertalensis, in Europe; used tools, made fIre, buried his dead, lived in caves, lived in small communities.; ranged over Europe, Asia, perhaps Africa; crossed the Iranian plateau, wandered towards the Aegean Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea; southern Russia, Iraq, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Germany, France, Italy, Spain; disappeared 40,000 years ago, probably as ice age expanded (8) 75,000 years ago - ice cap of the fourth glacial age expanded southward Man evolves as Homo rhodesiensis (Rhodesian man), Homo Sapiens - Wadjakensis, Proto-Melanesoids, Proto-Australoids, Proto-Blacks, Grimaldi, Proto-Dravidians, Cro-Magnard, ProtoMongoloid, Tasmanian, Proto-Maori, Homo rhodesiensis, Boskop man. Distribution: Africa (Boskop, Rhodesian);
I I I I I I I I J
;I
J.
I J
409
Europe (Cro-Magnard, Grimaldi), distribution extended from Tasmania through East Indies to India, Africa. Cro-Magnon and Grimaldi were interfertile. Cro-Magnon hunted with sharp instruments, pursued bison, horse, reindeer, mammoth; did not domesticate animals; lived in caves; painted and carved pictures on cave walls; by about 15,000 B.C. disappeared. [Late Paleolithic]. (9) 15,000 years ago - end of the Late Paleolithic period. 10,000 - 15,000 years B.c. - Modem man - Rig-Vedic Aryans, Mongoloids, Dravidians, Australoids, Tasmanians, Melanesoids, Blacks, Maoris, Bushmen, African tribes; Neolithic period. B. Language dating indicates, with respect to human settlement in the Pacific, that: (1) Australian aboriginal languages are among the earliest spoken in the area, since about 25,000 B.C. (2) Austronesian languages are more recent, dating from about 10,000 B.C. C. Dating by Precession of the Equinoxes (1) A <J. uestion must be asked as to whether the Hawaiians understood the Precession of the Equinoxes. and if they did Was it an understandin~ arrived at within the strict context of Polynesian culture in the Oceanic region. (2) What is known within the context of world cultures of the precession of equinoxes and how was it expressed.? We must start from the traditional "known" factors to find the origins of this knowledge and how old it is. Between 26,000 and 15,000 B.C. the vernal equinox was: 25,000 B.c. in Pisces 23,000 B.C. in Aquarius 22,000 B.C. in Capricorn 19,000 B.c. in Sagittarius 17,000 B.C. in Scorpio 15,000 B.C. in Ubra [The above is derived from an allowance of about 2160 years per zodiacal constellation as the sun moves into each "sign" at the vernal equinox, March 20th-22nd] 25, 920 years = 1 Zodiacal Year, one full cycle of the shifting of the Sun's equinoctial passage from one constellation to the next Zodiacal Month, extending over 2160 years. ( 1) Question: Where was this determination made, and when? 410
It probably originated in Babylonia, but we may not rule out Egypt and India. 15,000 - [10,000] B.C. Indo-Gangetic culture (Mohenjo-daro, Harappa in the Indus Valley), early beginnings; highest development by 10,000 B.C., lasted to 8,000 B.C. Rig-Vedic civilization. 400 different signs in the Mohenjodaro script. (2) The Easter Island script has been compared to the Mohenjodaro, in some respects, as some similarities occur, but neither script has been truly deciphered. 13,000 B.C. Sun in Virgo (feet) at vernal equinox The constellation was at one time in Egypt (Denderah, Thebes) [according to Eratosthenes [275 - 194 B.C] synonymous with the goddess Isis, clasping the young Horus; (represented with wheat in her right hand, palm in her left hand). Also synonymous with Ishtar, or Ashtoreth, [Kings, xi:5,33]; cpo Hathor, Athyr, Athor, goddess of the Nile; cpo Astarte, synonymous with goddess Eostre, Saxon goddess of Spring; cpo Babylonia, Istar; cf. Esther (Hebrew). Easter ritual is very ancient in Europe as the celebration of Spring; the veneration of the egg, and the ritual of the Maypole. Cpo Venus (Roman) and Aphrodite (Greek) goddess of beauty. Represented Persephone, daughter of Ceres (Greek) Cpo Kanya, cr. Kauni (Tamil), mother of Krishna; Singhalese, woman in a ship with a stalk of wheat in her hand. Cpo Chinese; Spica (alpha) was Kio meaning 'hom' [Acc. Richard Allen, Star Names and Their Meanings: 479] "It is one of the lunar stars much utilized in navigation, and lies but 2 degrees south of the ecliptic, and 10 degrees south of the celestial equator, coming to the meridian on the 28th of May".
I I I I I I I I J
I
I.,.~ .
Virgo: in Polynesia - Mariua (Tahitian); cpo MaUu (Hawaiian) is the star Spica:
o Mariua te fetu, 0
"Ia tupu a te fenua mai Havai'i atu Aeuere te ari'i I Havai'i, fanaura'a fenua Let more land grow from Havai'i Mariua (Spica) is the star, Aeuere (Offering doth) is the king Havai'i (Tahiti) = Ra'iatea [between 20 and 10 degrees south latitude].
I ' I J l
\,.,
Spica was one of the Tahitian "Pillar Stars" , called Ana, as Ana Roto (S 11 degrees latitude).
411
13,000 B.C
Ve~a,
Vega, Pole star in Lyra [north]

in Lyra:
maran~i);
in Polynesia was Whanui (Maori), Kautoki Meal or Meen 'Adz Handle' (Micronesia); Memua
(Ve~a
(Kapin~a
(Kapingamarangil: Meisik
in Lyra: also Epsilon. Zeta, Delta See Hercules.
mae (Mortlocks in Micronesia:
13,000 B.C. last ice age recedes 13,000 B.c. Hoabinhian adz; i.e., rectangular adz [Southeast Asia, diffuses into Indonesia, Melanesia]
12,500 B.C.Sun in Virgo [Spica] at vernal equinox 10,800 B.C. Sun in Leo [Denebola (hind foot)] of Leo at vernal equinox 10,450 B.C. (Readjusted Date): [Bauval and Gilbert, 1994: 193ff]: Declination and altitude at meridian transit of AI Nitak over 13,000 years, computed, to indicate the First Point of Osiris [i.e., Orion's Belt] in the precession, at approximately 11 degrees above the horizon (altitude); "Let us take a hypothetical star and assume it started upward precessional cycle of 13,000 years; imagine that it crossed the south meridian at, say, 12 degrees above the horizon. Every year it seems to have moved a fraction higher, at the rate of roughly 12 arc seconds per year. After a little more than two centuries it crosses the meridian at abOut 13 degrees altitude and so on. After about 13,000 years it reaches its maximum altitude of, say, 55 degrees above the horizon. It begins to go down at the same rate to reach its minimal altitude of 12 degrees in another 13,000 years, back to where it had started, ready to begin another cycle" [po 188] Bauval and Gilbert posit that the Great Pyramid shaft alignments indicate that this rate of altitude change had been measured, (or else, adjusted), to correlate with the alitude of AI Nitak c. 2450 B.C. and also: " ... The correlation was experienced when Orion's Belt Was seen in the east at the moment of heliacaJ. rising of Sirius, the perfect 'meridian to meridian' patterns. Le.. when the two im.a,ges superimpose in perfect match: this is when we see the First time of Orion's Belt in c. 10,450 B.C.' [p. 1931
10,000 B.C. Pole star in the shoulders of Hercules [north] Polynesia/Micronesia: Meisik - Epsilon. Omicron. Nu Herculis (Mortlocks). 412
I
Name of the 5th month. also Sagittarius. Vega (Lyra) . Cpo Maacik (Micronesia), Altair. See also Maitik. Maitiki. Maitik - Maitiki - Sagittarius (Nukuoro) cp. Maui-tikitiki-a-Taranga. 10,000 B.e. age of Indo-European language family 10,000 B.e. age of Austronesian language family 10,000 B.e. Characterized by melting of the glaciers; receding (from 13,000 B.e.). 10,000 B.e.- 8,000 B.e. Rig-Vedic culture in Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Kashmir, and Mergarh in Pakistan (Indus Valley Civilization); around crop and animal husbandry; Atharvans develop Sanskrit, dashamlau decimal system; made paper for writing by compressing sheets of bast fiber of Malvaceae bark and compressing leaves of palms; made India ink from small quantities of soot and weak solution of gum; invented the cotton gin from the bow, originally used for hunting and war; devised first methods for spinning and weaving of cotton and woolen fiber; identified barley, wheat, millet, sorghum, wild maize, rice, cotton, and *colocasia (taro) spp.; constructed a wheel for transport; use of the chariot;' devised a mill for grinding grain;
*produced edIble tubers of the Ipomea (potato, sweet potato) *Colocasla,Dloscorea (yam), Xantbosoma (tape);
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8,800 B.C. Sun in Leo [Regulus] at vernal equinox

Regulus in Leo was one of the four Royal Stars (Persia): Fomalhaut [Pisces], Regulus [Leo], Aldebaran [Taurus], Antares [Scorpio].
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Micronesia: Jic (the Rat), in Leo (the whole constellation); lliligut, lliligak (Regulus) Hawaii: Ikiiki, meaning "hot" (name of the month, July-August)
(3) Sun in the constellation Leo for 4000+ years.
8,000 B.C. Sun in Cancer (claws) at vernal equinox [8000 - 6000 B.C.]
Note: All of the early civilizations of hte world arose close to the Tropic of Cancer: Egyptian, Sumerian, Indus-Sarasvati, Chinese, and OlmecMaya. [Feuerstein et.al., In Search of the Cradle of Civilization, 1995: Map 1, p. xix].
7,000 B.C. Sun in Cancer [Proesepe] at vernal equinox 6,500 B.C [- 4500 B.C.] Sun in Gemini [Castor, Pollux] at vernal equinox [6000 -4000 B.C.]
413
6,000 B.C. Pole star in the shoulders of Hercules [north] [Pole in the shoulders of Hercules for about 4,000 years] The north pole being held up by the anns (or shoulders) of Hercules (Atlas), brings to mind that stars in Hercules and Sagittarius [Central Carolines and Kapingamarangi] were Maitiki (or Maui-tikitild) stars, and themes in which the culture hero, Maui, may figure concern the sun, as in sun-snaring. The period 10,000 - 6000 B.C. is well within the age range of the Austronesian language. Luomala has traced the sUll-snaring themes in the Maui culture hero stories to the border between India and Burma as the area in which they may have originated. It is not within the age range of the culture area from which the Maui legend develops land-fishing with the fishhook of Maui [Scorpius], between 3000 B.C. and 1500 B.C. [Southeast Asia, Indonesia] and 1500 B.C to 300 AD [Nuclear West PolyneSia, East Polynesia], 300 AD. - 1500 AD. [Hawaii]. 4500 B.C. Sun in Gemini [Castor, Pollux] at vernal equinox 4,500 - 4,000 B.C. [Orion prominent, outside the path of the sun in the ecliptic, at the vernal equinox]. 4500 B.C. Mohenjodaro, Indus civilization (western India); Gossypium spp. (cotton), grown and woven into cloth in India Earliest form of writing. 4000 - [-2000 B.C.] Sun in Taurus at vernal equinox.
3550 B.C. Date determined by Sengupta the age of the Rg Vedic hymns, i.e., that the sun turned north on the new moon of Magha, the star Regulus [in Leo] in 3517 B.C., that the class of literature and religiOUS ceremonies prescribed in them began from about 3550 B.C. and terminated at about 2100 B.C. Uohnson, 1981: 31] Earliest tradition of the spider as an analog of the ecliptic [J ohnson, 1981:"The Cosmic Spider" , pages 34-45], with distribution from India through IndoneSia, well-developed in PolyneSia, especially in Hawaii. 3000 B.C. Malayo-Polynesian tanged adze culture: South China coast, diffused into Indonesia, Micronesia; Melanesia; Polynesia. 3000 B.C. - [2300 B.C] Pole star was Thuban (alpha Draconis), in the constellation Draco. 3000 B.C.Sun in Aldebaran (Hyades) of Taurus at vernal equinox. 2475- 2400 B.C. Readjusted date (by Bauval and Gilbert) building of the shafts of the Great Pyramid of Cheops; alignment of the ventilation shafts of the pyramid to the Belt of Orton (setting, west). [Bauva1: 100] to: AI Nitak (Zeta Orionis) AI Nilam (Epsilon Orionis) 414 Lower west shaft to Sirius East shafts to Thuban and Polaris Queen's chamber shaft to Kochab
Mintaka (Delta Orionis) Bauval and Gilbert: p. 172 "The conclusion was inevitable. The Great Pyramid was built somewhere between 2475 and 2400 B.C., thus an average epoch of c. 2450 B.C. 2450 B.C. Alignments of shafts in the Great Pyramid of Cheops indicate that the Egyptians deduced the precession by the rate of change in the height (altitude) of stars crossing the meridian over a period of 13,000 years, from minimum to maximum altitude, as of the Belt of Orion. 2200 B.C. Sun in Pleiades [Alcyone] at vernal equinox 2000 B.C. [- 0 B.C.] Sun in Aries at vernal equinox. 1800 B.C. Sun in Aries [hind leg] at vernal equinox Ecuador (Robert Heine Geldem) possibility of pre-Columbian trans-Pacific contacts; in Ecuador, ceramic styles resembling Middle to Late Jomon period of Japan (Okinawa) 1500 B.C. carbon date Samoa 1500 B.C. carbon date, Chamorro culture, Marianas Islands, Pacific 1200 B.C. - 1100 B.C. La Pita pottery dates, Tonga, earlier in Fiji, New Hebrides, Solomon Islands. 1000 B.C. Kochab in Ursa MInor (tittle Dipper) pole star [north] 1800 B.c.
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800 B.C. [-500 B.C.] Observations to coordinate the lunar months with solar years known to exist in Babylonia [later adapted by Meton in Greece in 500 B.C., i.e., the Metonic Cycle]. 500 B.C. Meton and the Metonic cycle [acc.Catherine B. Avery et. al., The New Century Classical Handbook, p. 709: "Athenian astronomer of the 5th century B.C. He attacked the problem of devising a calendar which would reconcile the incommensurate periods of the sun (year) and moon (month), and announced the discovery of the enneadecateris. This was a lunisolar calendar of 235 months or 19 years, of which 12 years had 12 lunar months each, and seven years had 13 lunar months each. At the end of the 19-year cycle sun and moon returned to their apparent starting points with a variation of about two hours. For this he was acclaimed; but there is no evidence that the enneadecateris was adopted at Athens before 338 B.C. Students of the astronomical achievement of Babylonia, where records of continuous observations at least from the 8th century B.C. were available for study, have shown. that the 19-year correlation was known. there early in the 5th century B.C., suggesting that instead of making an independent discovery, Meton may have constructed his cycle on data already well known to BabylOnian astronomers.
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The enneadecateris was officially adopted by the Hellenistic dynasty of the Se1eucids in western Asia, who dated their era from 312-311 B.C., and it became the model for the PerSian, Chinese, and Jewish calendars, and the methods by which the date of Easter is calculated in advance. In recognition of his association with it, the enneadecateris is sometimes called the Metonic Cycle [po 709]. 300 B.C. - 150 B.C. Timochares (300 B.C.) and Hipparchos (150 B.C.) through observations of Spica in Virgo and Regulus in Leo deduced the precession of the equinoxes; although Babylonian records, and the temple orientations of Egypt and Greece, may indicate a far earlier practical knowledge of this. Hipparchus [190 - 125 B.C.] Greek astronomer; considered the father of systematic astronomy; catalogued 850 or more stars, invented the planisphere, precession of the equinoxes; Ptolemy acknowledged his indebtedness to Hipparchus for the Ptolemaic system. Hipparchus also is credited with the development and extension of the use of trigonometry. 300 B.C. to 100 A.D. Marquesan settlement date (from Nuclear Polynesia); La Pita pottery in the Marquesas; Tongan clays later replaced by Marquesan clays, then discontinued. 228 B.C. - First mention of the planet Saturn in BabylOnian annals, and recorded by Ptolemy, born at Alexandria, Egypt in the first half of the 2nd century B.C. Saturn, in Hawaiian, was called Makulukulu, and in mythology was the
brother of Wakea (Sky Father).
Called the Satya Yuga, or true conjunction; period is 7 B.C. May, Jupiter moved close to Saturn in Pisces; in September of 7 B.C. Jupiter again closed in on Saturn.
B.C. [ - 2000 A.D.] Sun in Pisces at the vernal equinox.
1 A.D. Sun in Pisces at vernal equinox Sun in Virgo at autumnal equinox 30 A.D. Death of Christ. 51 A.D. Christianity was preached in India by St. Thomas.[Bentley: 79] 325 450 500 600 - 350 A.D. Hawaiian occupation of Q'ahu, in the 4th century A.D. A.D. Hawaiian occupation of Ka'u, in the 5th century A.D. - 600 A.D. Polynesian settlement and occupation of Easter Island. A.D. Settlement of Halawa, Moloka'i, in the 7th century A.D.
1350 A.D. The Great Fleet, or final settlement of New Zealand from the Society Islands; period of termination of voyaging between Hawaiian and Society Islands. 1450 A.D. Recognized date for the reign of Liloa on the island of Hawaii 416
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1492 A.D. Columbus discovers the Americas. 1758 A.D. Probable birth date of Kamehameha [ace. Maud Makemson, astronomer, based on Halley's Comet as Kokoiki. 1778-1779 Captain James Cook arrives in Hawai'i; dies at Kealakekua Bay. 1781 First Continental Congress 1782 Battle of Mokuohai (Kamehameha I vs. Kiwala' 0). 1794 Battle of Nu'uanu (Kamehameha I vs. Kalanikupule) 1819 (May 8) Death of Kamehameha I, Kamakahonu, Kailua, Hawaii. 1820 A.D. Thaddeus arrives in Hawaii with ABCFM missionaries. 1824 Death of Kamehameha II (Liholiho) of measles, in England. 1826 A.D. Hawaiian orthography settled. 1834 A.D. First Hawaiian language newspapers 1839 A.D. First complete Bible in Hawaiian language 1839 A.D. The Hawaiian Magna Charta (Preamble to the Constitution) 1840 A.D. The Hawaiian Constitution creates a constitutional monarchy 1848 A.D. The Great Mahe1e creates freehold and fee simple titles to land 1852 A.D. Amended Hawaiian Constitution creates a limited constitutional monarchy 1854 Death of Kamehameha III (Kauikeaouli) 1859 A.D. Charles Darwin, Origin of the Species (theory of evolution) is published. 1862 1893 1898 Death of Kamehameha N (Alexander Liholiho) Succeeded by Kamehameha V (Lot Kamehameha), then Lunalilo, and David Kalakaua (died in 1891) Overthrow of Uli'uokalani, queen. Annexation of Hawai'i to the United States by Joint Resolution (Newlands)
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2000 A.D.-2002 A.D. Mlllenlum 2700 A.D. [- 4500 A.D.] Sun in Aquarius at vernal equinox 4500 A.D. [- 5600 A.D.] Sun in Capricorn at vernal equinox.
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Stasiuk, Garry. 'The Magi's Star"; http://home.comcast.nVgarrstasiuk/MagLhtrnl; December 1,2008, page 3. Stanley, Patricia, Syntax of Tsou Verbs: Implications for Comparative Studies," First International Conference on Comparative Austronesian Linguistics; mss. p.9 Stark, Louisa R., "Maya-Yunga-Chipayan: A New Linguistic Alignment," International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 38 No.2 April: 119-135. Stimson, J. Frank. Tuamotuan Legends (Island of Anaa), [1937] Bishop Museum Bulletin No. 148, Honolulu, 1937. Stimson, J. Frank. Songs and Tales of the Sea Kings; ed. Donald S. Marshall, Salem,1957. Stimson, J. Frank. A Dictionary of Some Tuamotuan Dialects of the Polynesian Language, The Hague, 1964. Suarez, Jorge D., "Macro-Paco-Tacanan," International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 39 NO.3 July: 137-154. Supple, Julia and Celia M. Douglass, "Tojo Labal (Mayan)," International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 15 No.3: 68-174. Sutton, Bruce S. Lehi Father of Polynesia, Polynesians are Nephites. Hawaiki Publishing, Utah, 2001. Temple, G. A Glossary of Indian Terms Relating to Religion, Customs, Government, Land; and Other Terms and Words in Common, 1897; London. _ _ _.The Oxford English Dictionary, Vol. VI, 1961; Oxford Clarendon Press Thompson, Laurence, "Proto-Salish *r (1 )," International Journal of American American Linguistics, Vol. 40 No. 1 January: 22-28. Titcomb, Margaret. Native Use of Fish In Hawaii, 1952, The Polynesian Society, Wellington, New Zealand. Topping. Donald M., P. M. Ogo, and Bernadita C. Dungca, Chamorro-English Dictionary, University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1975. Tregear, Edward. Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary, 1969:28-29 Turner, Ralph L. A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Language, 1966, New York; London, Oxford University Press. Turner, Ralph L. A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language, 1966. Tyerman, Rev. Daniel and George Bennet. Journal of Voyages and Travels Round The World, London, 1831. [UNAst1. www.uq.edu.au/_School~Science_Lessons/UNAst1.html.]. Velt, Kik. Stars Over Tonga, 1990. Von Dechend, Hertha and Giorgio Santillana. Hamlet's Mill, 1969
I I I I I I I
I I
I f..,? .
384
Wiegert L. Chinese Characters, Their Origin, Etymology, History and Signification; New York. 1965. Wilkinson, Richard J. A Malay-English Dictionary, Part II; 1959; New York. Williams, C.A.S., Outlines of Chinese Symbolism and Art Motives, Japan. 1974. Williams, H. W. A Dictionary of the Maori Language, Wellington, New Zealand, 1971. Winstedt, R. 0., An Unabridged English-Malay Dictionary, Singapore, 1960. Zimmer, Heinrich, Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilizatiion, ed. by Joseph Campbell, New York. 1947.
APPENDIX
(1 )
(2)
Calendar Stars and the Sidereal Compass, lists from Na Inoa Hoku, [Johnson, R.K.] 1975: 62 -74. Reconsidering the Generation Count to Coordinate A.D. and B.C. Dates Pleiades Rising at Sunset, Acronychal Rising centered on Alcyone (brightest star in Pleiades) precessed between 2000 A.D. and 14,000 B.C. computed using Starry Night Pro chart, arranged by Dr. Joseph Ciotti. [Chart] "Comparing the Azimuth of Sunrise and Moonrise", acc: http://www.jgiesen. de/sunmoonlpolar] Johnson, Rubellite K.,"On A Personal Note: The Remaining Unanswered Questions," Charts, by Victor Kim on Hawaiian numbers per Kumulipo and epake calendrics listed in Zepherin Kalokuokamaife and Solomon Ka'ulili writings, 19th - 20th centuries. Ciotti, Joseph, chart of the 186-year calendar with epact dates, 19th-21 st centuries. Photographs of the Kane-Lono Rock in Kukaniloko Birth Heiau, Central O'ahu showing shadows at sundown, petroglyph spirals and shadow lines cast by the setting sun from carved sections on the sides; photogrpahs by Johnson, Rubellite K., summer solstice, 1990s, faCing Kuaokala Ridge, Mount Ka'ala, Wai'anae Mountain Range between Kolekole Pass and Ka'ena Point, Mokule'ia. WHawaiian Moon, Names of the Hawaiian Nights," text by Johnson, Rubellite K., as prepared for Hawaiian Studies Classes (University of Manoa); photographs by Hendrikus Kuiper in the 1960s.
(3)
(4)
(5) (6)
(7)
(8)
(8)
385
(1) Calendar Stars and the Sidereal Compass, lists from Na Inoa Hoku [Johnson, R.K.], 1975: 62-74.
It may be useful to review previous positions taken by the author after studying Hawaiian and Pacific star names in an attempt to recognize the configurations of Polynesian constellations within the geographic and linguistic context of the Pacific, bearing in mind that Polynesians, Micronesians, and Melanesians speak languages within the Austronesian family. perspective at this time, It was an effort to understand Polynesian star groups in relation to more familiar better-known European constellations. To help readjust our we may reconsider the chart on page 176, the data of which was taken from a planisphere adjusted to the latitude of Hawaii. The Hawaiian Decan Weeks and Horizon Star Positions (Azimuths)
IAchronycal risings and settings: before sunrise (6:00 a.m.) and after sunset (6:00 p.m.) [Note abbreviations: d (degree); n (north); ne (northeast); s (south); se (southeast);r =rising, s =setting].
I I I I I I I
N 23.5 Vega (r) Antares (r) se Vega (r) ne Libra (r) se Corona B (r) ne Arcturus (r) ne Spica (r) ne Alkaid Denebola (r) Dipper (r) ne Regulus (r) ne Dubhe (r) ne Cygnus (s) nw Altair (s) nw Pollux (r) ne) Castor (r) ne Orion Belt (r)
Capella (s) Capella (s) nw Belt Orion (s) Pleiades (s) nw Canopus (s) sw Hamal (s) nw
solstice sun 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 10 9
Auriga, Belt Orion (r); June 21 Kane Betelgeuse (r) June 19 June 29 19 June 9 July 9 20 21 22 23 24 Sept 7 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Nov 26 35 36 Vega, Gemini, Sirius Procyon (r) Dubhe (r) n May 30 July 19 May 20 July 29 May 10 Aug Apr 11 Mar 31 Mar 21 Mar 11 Mar 1 Feb 19 Feb 9 Jan 30 3 Jan 10 Dec 31 30Aug 18 Aug 28 Apr 10 Sept 17 Sept 27 Oct 7 Oct 17 Oct 27 Nov 6 Nov 16 Jan 20 Dec 6 Dec 16 Apr 20
Nunki (s) sw Vega (s) nw Vega (s) nw Cygnus (s) nw Cygnus (s) nw Achernar s, sw Scheat (s) Algenib (s) Cassiopeia (s) nw Hamal (s) nw Cassiopeia (s) nw Canopus (s) S Pleiades ( Aldebaran, Orion Auriga (s) nw
Hercules (r) ne Aldebaran (s) nw
Gemini, Procyon, Sirius (r)
Alphard(r)sw Deneb Fomalhaut 26 Dipper(r) n Scheat, Markab (
Cassiopeia (s) nw Algenib (s) Alpheratz (s) nw Markab (s) nw Deneb (w) nw Fomalhaut (s)
25 Regulus (r) Denebola (r) Denebola (r) Corvus(r) se Spica (r) se Arcturus (r) Corona B (r) ne 34 Hercules(r)ne Antares (r) sw S 23.5 d.
AI Gienah + AI Chiba (r) se
Gienah (r) seAlpheratz (s) nw
I I
7
6
5 4
Hercules(r) ne
Altair (s) nw Vega (s) nw
Nunki (s) solstice sun(r)6:00 AM
Dec.21 Kanaloa
Kanaloa
Antares(r) Capella to Sirius
[Orion Belt, Equator)
solstice sun (r) 6:00 AM
386
The view of the achronycal risings and settings from the chart as presented
in_Na Inoa Hoku
(1975) dates back thirty-five years ago, at which time the important factor was the relationship between Micronesian and Polynesian names for principal navigation stars, inasmuch as those known within the Polynesian compass go were in nine positions called tauira (East Polynesia] stars: "In comparing the structure of the Polynesian calendar in general with the Micronesian there appears to be a correlation between calendar stars and the navigation stars to which the
[kauila (Hawaii)] or 'Ana - Ngana
sidereal compass [emphasis mine) is oriented. This appears to be a parallel development

in both areas. It can be grahically illustrated in a list oriented to the North-South axis of the earth and placing the stars in order. In the Micronesian sidereal compass there are nine principal navigation stars beginning with Vega and ending with Antares, although additional points of observation include the North Star (Polaris), Cassiopeia north of the celestial equator, and Shaula Scorpii [Mohalu, Hawaii; 12th moon night] and the
Southern Cross south of the celestial equator. In the Tahitian star nomenclature are ten
stars listed as "Pillars of the Sky" [Le., Pou stars], all prefixed with 'Ana (-NganaJ. When these 'Ana stars are compared with the nine principal navigation stars in the Micronesian sidereal compass they are nearly identical in relative position. The 'Ana stars are ten in number allowing the tenth point to equal a zero position in the north to Phaet in Columba at the south so that the total count of nine is expressed as 'Ana-iva with Phaet." MICRONESIAN TAHITIAN
A. B. C. D. 1. 2.
Polaris Ursa Minor Ursa Major Cassiopeia Vega (Lyrae) Pleiades (Taurus) Aldebaran Gamma Aquilae Altair (Aquila) Beta Aquilae
Wenewen Daan Wole Ukenik Meen Mweriker Wuun MAAN (MAAN) (MAAN) EQUATOR)
A. Polaris 1. Dubhe 2. Arcturus
Ana-ni'a Ana-tipu Ana-tahu'a-ta'ata-metua-te-tupu-mavae Ana-muri Ana-varu Ana-tahu'a-vahine-o-toa-te-manav.
3.
3. Aldebaran
4.
5 6.
4. Betelgeuse
(Orion) 5. Procyon (Canis Major)
6.
Spica
6. (in Virgo)
Ana-roto
387
I
MICRONESIAN TAHITIAN
J
I I I
~ I
"
7. 7.
8.
Orion's Belt Alphard Corvus
Jenywen Ana-heuheu-po Serepwen 8. Antares (Scorpio) Ana-mua
9.
Antares (Scorpio)
Tumur
9. Phact
(Columba)
Ana-iva
E.
Shaula Scorpii Southern Cross Wenewen eer
F.
'The use of this compass has been described by Gladwin [1970: 148-154]: 'On Puluwat the cardinal direction is east, under the rising of Altair, the 'Big Brd.' However, the star compass system can most readily be described to a Westerner by beginning with the North Star, Polaris, "the star which never moves ... Next around the circle of the sky both east and west (rising and setting) come two large constellations, the Big Dipper and then Cassiopeia. Although the Puluwat navigator does not include in these constellations precisely the same stars which we do, each still covers a great deal of sky ... Due South is located by the Southern Cross in its upright position. When in this position the Southern Cross is a little too high in the sky for a really good bearing, but otherwise it is satisfactory; it is actually very close to true south and is a neatly symmetrical cross whose center is unambiguous. Moving south from Cassiopeia through a fairly wide arc of the sky devoid of navigation stars we come to the first of a succession of individual stars or small constellations which occupy positions fairly close together in the eastern sky at thir rising and correspondingly in the western sky at their setting. There are nine closely grouped star positions, beginning with Vega on the north and ending with Antares on the south. When these nine rising positions are combined with their setting counterparts on the west, they embrace in intervals between them sixteen or half of the thirty-two intervals into which the entire star compass is divided ... ln the middle of this arc, rising due east, is Altair, the 'Big Bird.' Just to the north and south of Altair, is the same constellation which we in the West also calla big bird, the Eagle, are its wings, Gamma and Beta Aquilae. Altair is where the count of stars on Puluwat begins, the greatest navigation star of all," [Gladwin, 1970: 154]. This midpoint in the Tahitian compass is called 'Ana-roto for Spica, but the comparable points of MAAN, the 'Big Bird' in the Tahitian compass line up with Procyon and Betelgeuse (in Orion), so that a fairly consistent parallel to the Micronesian sidereal compass is effected.
I I
I
1.',1
388
' I I I I I I I
~.
"The orientation of the Micronesian compass to a poin tin Aquila as due east is similar to what is found in navigation directions for the Indian Ocean found in the Turkish
Mohit as practiced by sailors from Arabia and the Maldives:

"Of the Divisions of the circle of the sky: 'The learned in nautical science agree that the circle of the sky, that is to say, the horizon is divided into thirty-two directions, which applied to the horizon make these thirty-two divisions, everyone of which is named after a particular constellation to which seafaring men have given a particular name. So they call in Turkey the north, Yildiz, which the masters of the Indian seas call Kutb Jah ... So the two calves (Beta and Gamma in Ursa Minor) are true north, the rising point of them is N. by E., the setting pOint of them N. by W. The rising point of the bier (the square of Ursa Major) N.N.E.; the setting point of the bier N.N.W. The rising point of the camel (Beta in Cassiopeia) N.E. by N. The setting point of the camel, N.W. by N.;
the rising pOint of Capella N.E.; the setting point of it N.W.-- The rising
point of the falling eagle (Alpha in the Lyra, i.e., Vega, N.E. by E., the setting
point of it N.W. by W. -- The rising point of Spica E.N.E.; the setting pOint W.N.W. The rising point of the Pleiades: E. by N.; their setting point W. by N.
The rising point of the eagle true east, the setting point of it, true west. The south is in Asia Minor and Roomeli generally called the Kibla. The master of the Indian Seas calls it Kutb-i-Soheil, tha tis to say, the pole of Canopus. The rising of Solbar or Solibar (which seems to be Alphard) S. by E., the setting point of it S. by W. The rising point of the two asses (Gamma and Delta in Cancer) S.E. by S., the setting point of it S.W. by S. The rising point of the scorpion S.E.; the seeting point of it S. W. The rising point of the crown S.E. by E.; the setting point of it S.W. The rising point of Arcitenens E.S.E.; the setting point of it West South West. The rising point of the twins East by South.; the setting point of it
w. by S.
These are the names of the thirty-two khans (points of
the compass) ... The denominations of the khans after the rising and setting of the above named stars, belongs to the Indian seas and the denomination is only approximative and metahorical, and not real [Prinsep, James from Joseph Von Hammer, 1838: 768-769]. "Upon the Arabian compass denominations the scheme of Micronesian and Tahitian pillar stars may be imposed for the sake of comparison:
389
I
Navigation Stars 1. Polaris Arabian
N 89d08m
Micronesian The Kid Wenewene
Tahitian Ana-ni'a
Hawaiian
Hoku-pa'a Kio-pa'a
2. Ursa Minor N74d16m Kochab and Pherkad 7. Ursa Major N 61 d55m 3. Ursa Minor N 51d29m 4. Ursa Major N 49d28m Eta Ursae Majoris 5. Ursa Major 6. Ursa Major Alpha Draconis 8. Cassiopeia 9. Auriga 10.Lyra Kaff
N 45d58m Capella
Dubhe AI Tinnin
Ana-tipu
AI Kaid Daane Wole

Na Hiku
Ukenik
Kahinali'i
I I I I I I
]
N348d45mVega
Nana-mua Nana-hope
11. Gemini (Castor, Pollux) 12. Bootes

N 19d20m Arcturus
Ana-tahu'ate-tupu-mavae
Hokule'a
13. Hyades
Ka-n ulsu-o-kelsapuahi Pleiades (E.by N.) N 16d27m Aldebaran
14. Taurus 15. Taurus
Mweriker Wuun Maan Maan Maan Ana-varu (Betelgeuse)
MakaU'j Ka-ule-o-Nanahoa
16. Aquila (Gamma) 17. Aquila (Alpha) N 08d47m Altair 18. Aquila (Beta) 19. Orion
Humu-ma Humu-ma
20. Orion's Belt (Equator) Jenywen Meremere [Equinoxes, March 21 sun going north; September 21, sun going south] 21. Canis Major 22. Canis Minor
Sirius
Melegle. Na Kao
Hoku-ho'okelew
Procyon
Ana-tahu'avahine-oto'a-te-manava
390
I ! J
23. Virgo (Spica) S 11 dOOm Spica (E.N.E.) 24. Virgo (Alphard) 25. Corvus 26. Cancer Gamma and Delta Cancri (S.E. by S.) Iklil al Jahbah (Akrab) Tumur Serepwen
Ana-roto Ana-heuheu-po
27. Beta Scorpio
28. Alpha Scorpio S 26d22m Antares 29. Sagittarius Arcitenens E.by S. 30. Shaula
Ana-mua
Welehu Lehuakona
S 37d.OSm (Scorpio)
Ana-iva Alpha Grus AI Nair S 47d07m
Mohalu
31. Phaet (Columba) 32. Grus
33. Argo 34. Eridanus
S 52d 41 m Canopus
Achernar S 57d23m Wenewen Eer
Ali'j-o-Kona-j-ka-Iewa
35. Southern Cross
Newenewe, Pe'a
[Declinations acc. 1973 Observer's Handbook: 80=89].
391
Reconsidering the Generation Count to Coordinate A.D. and B.C Dates
The purpose of this chart is to provide approximate dates for the generations using two formulae, 25 years to a generation (used by Abraham Fornander and John F. G. Stokes) and 20 years per generation (now favored by ethnologists). The date of 1750 for Kamehameha is the mean between 1738 (acc. Joseph Poepoe) and 1758 (ace. Maud Makemson), whereas Kamehameha told Golovnin he was 70 years old in 1818/1819. Kamehameha's first child was born in 1767. Fornander uses the date 1450 A.D. for Liloa, father of 'Umi-aLiloa, mid-15th century, preferred by 19th century scholars to date generations after him. The objective here is to date the time of Wakea, from whom other East Polynesians also claim descent. Names in bold-face type identify known heroes of Polynesian migrations came to Hawaii as they continued to voyage elsewhere.
I I I I I I I
]
Generation Count
1750 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Kamehameha Keouakupuapaikalaninui Keeaumokunui Keaweikekahialiiokamoku [Keakealani (w)] Iwikauikaua Makakaualii Kuka'ilani Keli'iokaloa 'Umialiloa Liloa
[counting backward] 25 years 1725 1700 1675 1650 1625 1600 1575 1550 1525 1500 1475 1450 1425 1400 1375 1350 20 years per generation 1730 1710 1690 1670 1650 1630 1610 1590 1570 1550 1530 1510 1490 1470 1450 1430
Kihanuilulumoku Kauholanuimahu Kahoukapu Kuaiwa Kalaunuiohua Kahaimoeleikaaikapukupou
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
['1350 A.D. Time of the Great Reet, end of Polynesian migrations in the south] Kalapanakuioiomoa 1325 1410 Kanipahu 1300 1390 Kaniuhi 1275 1370 Kukohou 1250 1350 Ole 1225 1330 Koa 1200 1310 Pili (from Samoa) 1175 1290 ['12th century A.D. Voyaging between Hawaii and southern homelands ceases; Pili brings Pa'ao to be a chief in Hawai'i] La'au 1150 1270 Lanakawai 1125 1250
I . ,., II
" I
::j
)l
24 25
392
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
Hanala'anui + Hanala'aiki Palena Haho Paumakua (migration) Huanuikalalailai (migration) Pau (Jupiter) Hua Pohukaina Kamea Luanu'u (2) Laka (migration) Wahleloa ( " ) ( ) Kaha'i Hema (" ) Aikanaka (on Maul) Hulumanailani Heleipawa (on O'ahu) Kapawa Nanakaoko (Kukaniloko) Nanakulei Nanamaoa Maulakalana (Hakipu'u) Akalana (Tonga) Wawena Konohiki (Tongafiti) Kuheleimoana Waikulani Nanailani 4)Nanaie Ulu + Nanaulu (migrations) Ki'i (2) Luanu'u (1) Lukahakona Kahiko Manaku Pupue Ole Kio Wailoa Nanakehiti
1100 1075 1050 1025 1000 975 950 925 900 875 850 825
1230 1210 1190 1170 1150 1130 1110 1090 970 950 930 910 890 775 870 850 830 810 790 770 750 730 710 690 525 670 650 630 610 590 570 A.D. 550 530 510 490 470 450 430 410 390 370 350
SOO
750 725 700 675 650 625 600 575 550
44
45 46 47
48
49 50 51 52 53 54 ~Qla'g (Kalgkahlnalil 55 Loipo 56 Lo'i'ele'ele 57 Lo'iomalelewa'a 58 Lo'ipilihala 59 Lo'iikeluea 60 Lo'ikanaha 61 Lo'ihi'ialo 62 Lo'jhi'ikua 63 Lo'ioki'iki'j 64 Lo'iokanaloa 65 Lo'iomakana 66 67 68 69 70
500
475 450 425
400 A.D.
375 350 325 300 275 250 225 200 175 150 125
Hinanalo Lo'imiliapo Waia Lo'iomilu Lo'ipukapuka Haloa + HO'ohokukalani Lo'imanlnl WAKEA m Pglm Kahikoluamea (K1735) Lo'ikukl'l
100 330 075 310 050 290 270 A.D. 025 A.D. 001 B.C 250 A.D.
[*Kuki'i, name of the heiau in Puna marking the eastern gate of the sun at Ha'eha'e from which King David Kalakaua brought the foundation stone to mark Pohukaina at 'Iolani Palace]
393
71 Lo'imaumaua 72 Lo'llo'ikope'a (So.Cross) 73 Lo'ilo'ila 74 Lo'ilo'inaka 75 Lo'ilalolo 76 Lo'Uoloikapu 77 Lo'iloloilo 78 Lo'iloloilo 79 Lo'iko'i'i'i 80 Lo'iko'iko'i 81 Lo'ipilopilo 82 Lo'imoemoe 83 Lo'ihilimau 84 Lo'ihiihi 85 Lo'ikalokalo 86 Lo'imanuwa 87 Lo'ihialoa 88 Lo'ikamakele 89 Lo'iipololo 90 Lo'ilo'ipololo 91 Lo'ilo'ipo 92 Lo'ilo'ipakeke 93 Lo'ilo'ipa 94 Lo'ilo'i1ele 95 Lo'ihalululu 96 Lo'ihalalu 97 Lo'ipilipili 98 Lo'ipilipa 99 Lo'ikulukulu 100 Lo'iahuahu 101 Lo'ilo'ipili 102 Lo'ilo'inahu 103 Lo'ilo'ikala 104 Lo'ilo'ikapu 105 Lo'ilo'imai 106 Lo'imanomano 107 Lo'ikinikini 108 Lo'ianomeha 109 Lo'ipulau 110 Lo'ikolohonua 111 Lo'ioloolo 112 Lo'iahamahamau 113 Lo'ialuluka 114 Lo'iakio 115 Lo'iahemahema 116 Lo'iapele 117 Lo'imia 18 Lo'ipoull
Welaahilaninui Iwanahinaki'iakea Hikuanahinaki'iakea Limaanahinaki'iakea Kolunahinaki'iakea Kahinaki'iakea Keakenui Nahaeikekaua Kupo Ha'ako'ako'alauleia Kahikoleihonua Kahikoleiulu Kahikoleikau Kahikolupa Kawakahiko Kawakupua Kapili Ahukai Kumuhonua Palipalihia Paliho'olapa Palimoe Pa\ila'a Nu'akeapaka Ho'opilipilikane Kumakumalani Minialani Miahulu Pi'oalani Ahukele Lanipuke Ho'onakuku Maninikalani Ho'opilimehae Laniku'a'a'ala Ho'onewa Ho'omukulani Lanipahiolo Nu'ualani Ho'olepau Kukukalani Polohiua Poiomailani Paniokaukea Kunikunihia Ho'oipomalama Ka'iliokalani Po'opo'olani
25 B.C. -50 -75 -100 B.C. -125 -150 -175 -200 -225 250 -275 -300 -325 -350 -375 -400 -425 -450 -475 -500 -525 -550 -575 -600 -625 -650 -675 -700 725 750 -775 800 -825 -850 -875 -900 -925 -950 -975 -1000 -1025 -1050 -1075 -1100 -1125 -1150 -1175 -1200
230 A.D. 210 190 170 150 A.D. 130 110 090 070 050 030 010A.D 10 B.C. 30 50 -70 -90 -110 -130 -150 -170 190 210 -230 -250 270 -290 -310 -330 -350 -370 -390 -410 -430 -450 -470 -490 -510 -530 -550 -570 -590 -610 -630 -650 -670 -690 -710
I I I
)
'.
I I J
]
]i
I I
]
J
I I I
(eclipse?)
394
119 Lo'ilo'inui 120 Lo'itopoe
-730 -1225 Ku'emakaokalani -750 -1250 Milimilipo [(20 years per generation) -1200 B.C La Pita pottery date for settlement of Tonga] Ho'ohewahewa Napolohi Nanue Nakiau'a'awa Kakelekaipu 1275 1300 -1325 -1350 -1375 -810 -830 -850 -770 790
121 Lo'iakama 122 Lo'ilo'ikaka 123 Lo'inuilo'i 124 Lo'ilolohi 125 Lo'iloloi 126 Lo'ikalakala 127 Lo'ilo'i 128 Lo'ialua 129 Lo'ikahi 130 Lo'imua
-870 -1400 Pi'ipi'iwa'a -890 -1425 Ho'oholihae -910 -1450 Maunaku -930 -1475 Mihikulani -950 -1500 Ho'opalipali [(25 years per generation) -1500 B.C. Carbon date for settlement of Samoa] -1525 Ho'opihapiha -1550 Ho'ohiolokalani Kelemalamahiku -1575 (eclipse?)-1600 Keleikapoull Keleikanu'upia -1625 Keleikanu'ulani Kanikania'ula Kelekauikaui Lohalohai Ho'opailani Ho'opilimoena Kukaluakini Kukamoi Kukahauli Kukamokia Kukaimukanaka Kukahalela'a Kukulani Ho'omaopulani Pepepekaua Naholokauihiku Nakukalani Ho'opa'ilimua Kiamanu Ho'opiliha'i La'aumenea Kuliaimua La'iohopawa Ho'omahinukala Pilihona Ohemokukalani Ho'opililani Kanikumuhele Liahu -1650 -1675 -1700 -1725 -1750 -1775 -1800 -1825 -1850 -1875 -1900 1925 -1950 1975 -2000 -2025 -2050 -2075 -2100 2125 -2150 -2175 2200 -2225 2250 -2275 -2300 -2325 -2350 1450 -1470 -1490 -1510 -1530 -1550 -1570 -1590 -1610 -1630 -1350 1370 1390 -1410 -1430 -1230 1250 1270 -1290 -1310 -1330 -970 -990 -1010 -1030 -1050 -1070 -1090 -1110 -1130 -1150 -1170 -1190 -1210
131 Muailo'ilo'i 132 Muaipapio 133 Muaahuliau 134 Muapo'i 135 Muaumeumeke 136 Muaokaipu 137 Muaoakahanai 138 Muaokahana 139 Muaokapahu 140 Muaoka'oliko 141 Muaokekaha'i 142 Muaokeoma 143 Muaokaha'i 144 Muaokamoi 145 Muanu'unu'u 146 Muamamao 147 Muaokalani 148 Muaokahanu'u 149 Muaokahaiku 150 Muaokalele 151 Muaikanukukanaka 152 Muaikumuka 153 Muaikauka 154 Muaohupu 155 Muainakalo 156 Mualealea 157 Muaanoa 158 Muaahilo 159 Mua'ama'ama 160 Muakahukahu 161 Muakahu 162 Muahilo 163 Muawekea 164 Muakala
395
165 Mualupe 166 Muahai 167 Muaunu 168 Muaho'opo 169 Muapali 170 Mualopola 171 Muaiopele 172 Muakawa'a 173 Muakalaiki'i 174 Muaipoipo 175 Muaikekele 176 Muahanuala 177 Muapule 178 Muahaipu 179 Mualala 180 Muanalukakala 181 Muanalukalohe 182 Muanalupopo'i 183 Muawa'a 184 Muakahiko 185 Muahaipu 186 Muakekele 187 Muaanoano 188 Muahalekapu 189 Muahale 190 Muakaukeha 191 Mualele 192 Muahaka 193 Muapo 194 Mua 195 Ali'ikilomua 196 Ali'ikilohope 197 Ali'ikiloalo 198 Ali'ikilokua 199 Ali'ikilomo'o 200 Ali'ika'anaua 201 Ali'ikaanamalama 202 Ali'ikilona'au 203 Ali'ikiloho'oilo 204 Ali'ikilokau 205 Ali'ikilomakali'i 206 Ali'ikilomalama 207 Ali'ikilohoku 208 Ali'ikiloola 209 Ali'ikilomakani 210 Ali'ikiloahu 211 Ali'ikilohulu 212 Ali'ikilonalu
Opa'ikumulani Opa'iakalani Laukohakohai Hainu'awa Hi'ikalaulau Ka'ulakelemoana Kaulamaokoke Pipili Kekoha Hakalaoa Kalalomaiao (lao, Jupiter) Kaioia Nu'uko'i'ula Huakalani (Jupiter) Ko'ele Nakia Ka'ope'ope (Perseus) Kaupeku Kapaeniho 'O'ili (So. Cross) Kakai Kapaia Kahilinaokalani Polohilani Kimana Kapoli Kakahiaka 'Auku'u Manamanaokalea Kapawaolani Koiau Ho'okahua Lena (Sirius) Kaiwiloko Pouhana Nuku'ono Pala'au Kaulana Paepaemalama Po'i Kanalu Ho'ouka Ka'ulunokalani Ho'olehu Ho'opulupulu Kikona Oliua Kepoo
-2375 -2400 -2425 -2450 -2475 -2500 -2525 -2550 -2575 -2600 -2625 -2650 -2675 -2700 -2725 -2750 -2775 -2800 -2825 -2850 -2875 -2900 -2925 -2950 -2975 -3000 -3025 -3050 -3075 -3100 -3125 -3150 -3175 -3200 -3225 -3250 -3275 -3300 -3325 -3350 -3375 -3400 -3425 -3450 -3475 -3500 -3525 -3550
-1650 -1670 -1690 -1710 -1730 -1750 -1770 -1790 -1810 -1830 -1850 -1870 -1890 -1910 -1930 -1950 -1970 -1990 -2010 -2030 -2050 -2070 -2090 -2110 -2130 -2150 -2170 -2190 -2210 -2230 -2250 -2270 -2290 -2310 -2330 -2350 -2370 -2390 -2410 -2430 -2450 -2470 -2490 -2510 -2530 -2550 -2570 -2590
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213 Alj'ikilokai 214 Ali'ikilouli 215 Afi'ikilohonua 216 Ali'ikiloau 217 AIi'ikiiolono 218 Ali'ikiloluna 219 Ali'ikilokilo 220 Ali'inana 221 Ali'ipauku 222 Ali'ihukeakea 223 Ali'ikamanomano 224 AIi'ipu'uone 225 AIi'iheluone 226AIi'ihelu 227 Alj'ikolo 228AIi'iemi 229 Ali'ikilopoko 230 Ali'ikiloloa 231 Afi'ikilo 232 AIi'ikuhikuhi 233AIi'inewa 234AIi'iaku 235 Ali'ikomokomo 236 Aliikuwala 237 AIi'iwala'au 238 Ali'ileleiona 239 Ali'ihimuhani 240 Ali'inohouka 241 Ali'imakolu 242 Ali'ilehelehe 243 Ali'ihonupu'u (+ Opu'upu'u, brother)
Malanaopihae Malana'opi'opi Pihe'eluna Punalauka Palipali Kauwila 'A'a (Sirius) Kalolopiko Kalolomauna Makaukau Makuaikawaokapu Kekihe-i Hawal'j (Savai'i) 'O'opukoha Mahikoha Ha'ulanuiiakea Nauanu'u Piowai A-a'a (Sirius) Kepo'o Puanue Kanioi Ha'apipili Ha'akuku Pu'ukahonua Maunahiolo Maunaha'aha 'a Maunapapapa Maunane'e Maunanui Opu'ukalalele Opu'ukalahiwa Opu'ukalakea Opu'ukalauli (eclipse?) Opu'uhamahamau Opu'uhanahana Opu'ukalaua Opu'uhaha Opu'umauna Opu'upe
-3575 -3600 -3625 -3650 -3675 -3700 -3725 -3750 -3775 -3800 -3825 -3850 -3875 -3900 -3925 -3950 -3975 -2850
-2610 -2630 -2650 -2670 -2690 -2710 -2730 -2750 -2770 -2790 -2810 -2830
-4000
-4025 -4050 -4075 -4100 -4125 -4150 -4175 -4200 -4225 -4250 -4275 -4300 -4325
-2870 -2890 -2910 -2930 -2950 -2970 -2990 -3010 -3030 -3050 -3070 -3090 -3110 -3130 -3150 -3170 -3190 -3210
243
Opu'upu'u +AIi'ihonupu'u
["Discrepancy adjustment at generation 243 backward from Kamehameha (1750 A.D.); Line from Opu'upu'u on Kumuhonua lineage (paternal) to Wakea ca. 050 A.D. (25 years per generation or 290 A.D. at 20 years per generation allowance)].
244 Ali'ika'ea 245 Ali'ilanahu
-4350 -4375
-3230 -3250
397
246 AIi'iponi 247 Ali'ihala 248 Ali'iume
-4400 -4425 -4450
-3270 -3390 -3410
stars [*Note: Belt of Orion changes position away from the celestial equator, so that the three in the Belt, Alnitak, Alnilam, and Mintaka are farther south, at -25d44min, -25d31 min, and -25.7min, respectively, indicating that their position nearer the equator is due to a long period of slowly rising from that lowest position between 4500 B.C. to where it has been near the equator since about 1300 A.D. The realignment does not seem to go above the equator and will continue to vascil/ate at a slow rate, apparently, between 4000 and 7000 years movement away from and back to the equator; acc: Dr. Joseph Ciotti, Windward Community Col/ege communication; see chart, intra pages 261-262].
I I I I I I ; I
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249 Ali'ipahu 250 Ali'ikono 251 Ali'ipo'i 252 Ali'iali'i 253 AIi'imau 254 Ali'iaka 255AIi'ila'a 256Ali'i 257 'a AI '0 Li'i 258 LI'lpau (Kaiokahinali'j 3) 259 Li'iomaka 260 Li'iohinu 261 262 263 264 265 Li'ipalama Li'ihomali Li'inewaku Li'imuli'awa Li'iaupa
-4475 -4500 -4525 -4550 -4575 -4600 -4625 -4650 -4675 -4700 -4725 -4750 -4775 -4800 -4825 -4850 -4875 -4900 -4925 -4950 -4975 -5000 -5025 -5050 -5075 -5100 -5125 -5150 -5175 -5200 -5225 -5250 -5275 -5300 -5325 -5350 -5375
-3430 -3450 -3470 -3490 -3510 -3530 -3550 -3570 -3590 -3610 -3630 -3650 -3670 -3690 -3710 -3730 -3750 -3770 -3790 -3810 -3830 -3850 -3870 -3890 -3910 -3930 -3950 -3970 -3990 -4010 -4030 -4050 -4070 -4090 -4110 -4130 -4150
266 Li'ikau'unahele 267 U'imolohi 268 Li'iluakini 269 Li'il/uaki'i 270 U'iumu 271 272 273 274 275 Li'ipaepae Li'iamama U'iakamama Li'ikauli'ili'i Li'iali'ili'i
276 Li'i'oki'oki 277 Li'ilimaemae 278 Li'ilipaluku \279 Li'ilipukiu 1,280 Li'iliahula
1
281 \282 \283 \284 \285
Li'ilimalana Li'ilina'au Li'ilinakila U'ililanalana U'ilililolilo
398
I I
286 287 288 289 290
Li'ili-pukaua Li'ilihomole Li'iIi-kahuli Li'ilikaki'i Li'ili-hou
-5400 -5425 -5450 -5475 -5500 -5525 -5550 -5575 -5600 -5625 -5650 -5675 -5700 -5725 -5750 -5775 -5800 -5825 -5850 -5875 -5900 -5925 -5950 -5975 -6000 -6025 -6050 -6075 -6100 -6125 -6150 -6175 -6200 -6225 -6250 -6275 -6300 -6325 -6350 -6375 -6400 -6425 -6450 -6475 -6500 -6525 -6550 -6575 -6600
-4170 -4190 -4210 -4230 -4250 -4270 -4290 -4310 -4330 -4350 -4370 -4390 -4410 -4430 -4450 4470 -4490 -4510 -4530 -4550 -4570 -4590 -4610 -4630 -4650 -4670 -4690 -4710 -4730 -4750 -4770 -4790 -4810 -4830 -4850 -4870 -4890 -4910 -4930 -4950 -4970 -4990 -5010 -5030 -5050 -5070 -5090 -5110 -5130
291 Li'ili-Ia 292 Li'ilipulepule 293 Li'ilikauhale 294 Li'ilinohoana 295 Li'iliwalewale 296 297 298 299 300 Li'iliipoipo Li'ilikaili Li'ilikalele Li'iliholomau Li'iliholowa'a
301 Li'ilikapili 302 Li'iliamanu 303 Li'ilileoleo 304 Li'ilimeleau 305 U'ilikaliaka 306 307 308 309 310 Li'ilimahimahi Li'ilipelua Li'ilinania Li'ilimiha Li'iliau
311 Li'ilihelelima 312 Li'ilinu'unu'u 313 Li'ilipihapiha 314 Li'iliaolo 315 Li'ilikaumai 316 Li'ilihemoaku 317 Li'iliha 318 Li'ilihakahaka 319 Li'ilimanu'a 320 Li'ilimama 321 Li'ilihalula 322 U'ilili'ili 323 U'ilikamau 324 U'iliauau 325U'iIi 326 POlowaikaua 327 Pololi'i 328 Poloki'i 329 Polokina'u 330 P%hemo 331 Polokokoiele 332 Polomauli 333 Poloaiku 334 Polohilima
399
J
335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 Poloikaha Poloahiko Poloikalua Poloikahiau Poloihanahana Poloiho'omoe Poloikukulu Poloikanahele Poloila'au Polomauna Polomaumau -6625 -6650 -6675 -6700 -6725 -6750 -6775 -6800 -6825 -6850 -6875 -6900 -6925 -6950 -6975 -7000 -7025 -7050 -7075 -7100 -7125 -7150 -7175 -7200 -7225 -7250 -7275 -7300 -7325 -7350 -7375 -7400 -7425 -7450 -7475 -7500 -7525 -7550 -7575 -7600 -7625 -7650 -7675 -7700 -7725 -7750 -7775 -7800 -6050 -6070 -6090 -5850 -5870 -5890 5910 -5930 -5950 -5970 -5990 -6010 -6030 -5370 -5390 -5410 -5430 -5450 -5470 -5490 -5510 -5530 -5550 -5570 -5590 -5610 -5630 -5650 -5670 -5690 -5710 -5730 -5750 -5770 -5790 -5810 -5830 -5270 -5290 -5310 -5330 -5350 -5150 -5170 -5190 -5210 -5230 -5250
346 Polokamehani 347 Poloikai 348 Poloikamakani 349 Polokaulani 350 Polokaumai 351 Poloahiluna 352 Poloahaumea 353 Polohilele 354 Polopaukahiki 355 Polohihelehelelahiki 356 Polohipakaka 357 Polohipakeke 358 Polohi-pa 359 Polo'i'j 360 Polo'i 361 Polokakahia 362Poloimu 363 Polowena 364 Polo'ula 365 Polomehewa 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 Polohehewa Polohauhau Poloanewa Polomakiawa Polonananana Popolokaia Popolohuamea Popolomea Polomua Polohiwa Polo kane Poloku Ho'opoloiho Halimakapolo Ekukukapolo
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381 Eliakapolo 382 Polomai
400
383 Poloaku 384 Polomahimahi 385 Polohanuai 386 Poloheihei 387 Poloha'iha'i 388 Polonihi 389 Polohamu 390 Polopolo 391 Polouli 392 Polokau 393 Polohili 394 Polo 395 Kupolo'ololi 396 Kupolo'ololo 397 Kupolonakunaku 398 Kupolohaliu 399 Kupolokeweka 400 Kupolokamana'o 401 402 403 404 405 KupoJohulimai Kupolohulilau Kupolohulu Kupolomene Kupolokalili
-7825 -7850 -7875 -7900 -7925 -7950 -7975 -8000 -8025 -8050 -8075 -8100 8125 -8150 -8175 -8200 -8225 -8250 -8275 -8300 -8325 -8350 -8375 -8400 -8425 -8450 -8475 -8500 -8525 -8550 -8575 -8600 -8625 -8650 -8675 -8700 -8725 -8750 -8775 -8800 -8825 -8850 -8875 -8900 -8925 -8950 -8975 -9000
-6110 -6130 -6150 -6170 -6190 6210 -6230 -6250 -6270 -6290 -6310 -6330 -6350 -6370 -6390 -6410 -6430 -6450 -6470 -6490 -6510 -6530 -6550 -6570 -6590 -6610 -6630 -6650 -6670 -6690 -6710 -6730 -6750 -6770 -6790 -6810 -6830 -6850 -6870 -6890 -6910 -6930 -6950 -6970 -6990 -7010 -7030 -7050
406 Kupolo'imo 407 Kupolo'ale 408 Kupolomalimali 409 Kupolohilihili 410 Kupololuana 411 Kupolohalala 412 Kupololalala 413 Kupololililili 414 Kupololili 415 Kupolokahuli 416 Kupolomaiana 417 Kupolomakanui 418 Kupoloahilo 419 Kupolonaunau 420 Kupolokeleau 421 Kupoloha'iha'i 422 Kupolopa'iuma 423 Kupolohelele 424 Kupolomaikau 425 Kupolona'ana'a 426 Kupoli'iJj'i 427 Kupolahauma 428 Kupokalalau 429 Kupohelemai 430 Kupohalalu
401
431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440
Kupohilili Kuponakanaka Kupolili Kupololo Kupolele Kupou Kupo-e Kupoko Kupohaha Kupone'e (Tongan chief)
-9025 -9050 -9075 -9100 -9125 -9150 -9175 -9200 -9225 -9250 -9275 -9300 -9325 -9350 -9375 -9400 -9425 -7370 B.C.
-7070 -7090 -7110 -7130 -7150 -7170 -7190 -7210 -7230 -7250 -7270 -7290 -7310 -7330 -7350
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441 Kupokanaha 442 Kupoka 443 Kupololi'ili 444 Maki'i 445 Kaunuka 446 Manu'akele (Samoa) [KaiokahinaIi'12] 447 Papio
-7390 B.C.
[447 generations counted backward from Kamehameha are 4001399 generations forward from La'ila'i (zero) and Kamahaina at(1) to Papio [Kaiakahinali'i 2] [401 generations counted forward from Kamaha'ina at (1) and La'ila'i at zero generation includes the arithmetical notation, or Hekaunano segment between generation 355 (Huini) and Papio (401), containing 44/45 generations: at 356-400; 400 generations at 20125 years per generation are about 8,000 to 10,000 years between La'ila'i and Papio, including the Hekaunano numerical formula]
401
PapioA.o'ilo'i [Kaiakahinali'i 2]
-9425 B.C.
7390 B.C.
10025 (years from Kamahainalla'Ua'1 10000 (25 years,acending) 9975 9950 9925 9900 9875 9850 9825 9800 9775 9750 9725 9700 9675 9650 9625 9600 9575 9550 9525 9500
400 399 398 397 396 395 394 393 392 391 390 389 388 387 386 385 ,384 !383 1'382 !381 !380
Hekaunano Kuaiwakelekenahu Ko'ielehakenahu Omaulikenahu Paakaeakenahu Lewelimakenahu Panahakenahu Panakolukenahu Panaluakenahu Panahakenahu Panakolukenahu Panaluakenahu Panakahikenahu Henahuno Kuaiwaakaewe Koieleakaewe Kamauliakaewe Waiakaeakaewe Pulimakeewe Pu'uhakeewe Paukolu
-9450 -9475 -9500 -9525 -9550 -9575 -9600 -9625 -9650 -9675 -9700 -9725 -9750 -9775 -9800 -9825 -9850 -9875 -9900 -9925 -9950
-7410 -7430 -7450 -7470 -7490 -7510 -7530 -7550 -7570 -7590 -7610 -7630 -7650 -7670 -7690 -7710 -7730 -7750 -7770 -7790 -7810
J
I
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402
379 378 377 376 375 374 373 372 371 370 369 368 367 366 365 364 363 362 361 360 359 358 357
Paluakeewe Akahikeewe Pu'ulimakaeaaka'akilolo Pu'uhakahaa'akilolo Pu'ukoluakaea'akilolo Paluaakaea'akilolo Akahiakaea'akilolo Palimawaleahinalea Napu'ikahakahinalea Pu'ukoluakukahinalea Panaikaluakahinalea Panaakahiahinalea Kalelenohinalea Kaholooka'iwa Koko'iele Kaeamauli Waiakea Palimakahana Napu'ueha Pu'ukolukolu Pa'ikekalua Panakahi Pana
-9975 -10000 -10025 -10050 -10075 -10100 -10125 -10150 -10175 -10200 -10225 -10250 -10275 -10300 -10325 -10350 -10375 -10400 -10425 -10450 -10475 -10500 -10525
-7830 -7850 -7870 -7890 -7910 -7930 -7950 -7970 -7990 -8010 -8030 -8050 -8070 -8090 -8110 -8130 -8150 -8170 -8190 -8210 -8230 -8250 -8270
9475 9450 9425 9400 9375 9350 9325 9300 9275 9250 9225 9200 9175 9150 9125 9100 9075 9050 9025 9000 8975 8950 8925 8900 8875 8850 8825 8800 8775 8750 8725 8700 8675 8650 8625 8600 -8550 8575 8550 8525 8500 8475
356
355 354 353 352 351 350 349 348 347 346 345 344 343 342 341 340 339 338 337 336 335 334 333 332 331 330 329 328
Pa
Huini Oiaku Kealakike'e Pani'oni'o Hale'imiloea Po'oku Ko'iniho Kalelemauliaka Ha'iola Halekuamu Haleluakini Halemoeanu Halepaio Halekumu Leleiluna Kumeheu Ho'okilo Nanawa'a Nanewa Ho'omahilu Ho'olahalaha Ho'opioaka Ho'opi'opi'o Kapouhinaha Kapouhina Keoa Paepae Kalele
-10550 B.C.
-10575 -10600 -10625 -10650 -10700 -10725 -10750 -10775 -10800 -10825 -10850 -10875 -10900 -10925 -10950 -10975 -11000 -11025 -11050 -11075 -11100 -11125 -11150 -11175 -11200 -11225 -11250 -11275
-8290 B.C.
-8310 -8330 -8350 -8370 -8390 -8410 -8430 -8450 -8470 -8490 -8510 -8530 -8570 -8590 -8610 -8630 -8650 -8670 -8690 -8710 -8730 -8750 -8770 -8790 -8810 -8830 -8850
8450
8425 8400 8375 8350 8325 8300 8275 8250 8225 8200
(ascending column)
403
327 326 325 324 323 322 321 320 319 318 317 316 315 314 313 312 311 310 309 308 307 306 305 304 303 302 301 300 299 298 297 296 295 294 293 292 291 290 289 288 287 286 285 284 283 282 281 280
Helemua Kaukeoa Pulemo Heiaumana Heiau lalo Eapu Ho'ohinu Awaia Maluipo Hilohilo Kolealea Manu'ala Moeiho Kuaua Pulune Ho'omauke'a Hailau Ho'omu Kamio Kukawa Mulemulea Kiola Mukiki Nahiole Ho'opulu Ukinahina Ukilelewa Ukikamau Ukinala Ukianu Humuhumu (So. Cross) Melia Makanewanewa Holopulau Kuinewa lamama Hamohulu Pu'ulele Polehua Mailu Ho'omailu Manaweulani Ho'oku Moulikaina Pohinakau Ahiaka'olu Ahiakamake
-11300 -11325 -11350 -11375 -11400 -11425 -11450 -11475 -11500 -11525 -11550 -11575 -11600 -11625 -11650 -11675 -11700 -11725 -11750 -11775 -11800 -11825 -11850 -11875 -11900 -11925 -11950 -11975 -12000 -12025 -12050 -12075 -12100 -12125 -12150 -12175 -12200 -12225 -12250 -12275 -12300 -12325 -12350 -12375 -12400 -12425 -12450 -12475 -9390 -9410 -9430 -9450 -9470 -9490 -9510 -9530 -9550 -9570 -9590 -9610 -9630 -9650 -9670 -9690 -9710 -9730 -9750 -9770 -9790 -9810 -9110 -9130 -9150 -9170 -9190 -9210 -9230 -9250 -9270 -9290 -9310 -9330 -9350 -9030 -9050 -9070 -8890 -8910 -8930 -8950 -8970 -8990
-8870 8150 8125 8100 8075 8050 8025 -9010 7975 7950 7925 -9090 7875 7850 7825 7800 7775 7750 7725 7700 7675 7650 7625 7600 7575 -9370 7525 7500 7475 7450 7425 7400 7375 7350 7325 7300 7275 7250 7225 7200 7175 7150 7125 7100 7075 7050 7025 7000
8175
8000
J J I I J
7900
J I I
]
7550
J J J
(ascending column)
]
, I l l
404
J !
279 278 277 276 275 274 273 272 271 270 269 268 267 266 265 264 263 262 261 260 259 258 257 256 255 254 253 252 251 250 249 248 247 246 245 244 243 242 241 240 239 238 237 236 235
Ahiakulumau Ahiakapokau Ahiakapoloa Ahiakane Ahiahihia Ahiahi
-12500 -12525 -12550 -12575 -12600 -12625 -12650 -12675 -12700 -12725 -12750 -12775 -12800 -12825 -12850 -12875 -12900 -12925 -12950 -12975 -13000 -13025 -13050 -13075 -13100 -13125 -13150 -13175 -13200 -13225 -13250 -13275
-9830 -9850 -9870 -9890 -9910 -9930 -9950 -9970 -9990 -10010 -10130 -10150 -10170 -10190 -10210 -10230 -10250 -10270 -10290 -10310 -10330 -10350 -10370 -10390 -10410 -10430 -10450 -10470 -10490 -10510 -10530 -10550
6975 6950 6925 6900 6875 6850 6825 6800 6775 6750 6725 6700 6675 6650 6625 6600 6575 6550 6525 6500 6475 6450 6425 6400 6375 6359 6325 6300 6275 6250
Lena (Sirius)
Nu'u Ohao Niuhuli 'O'opuola Makohi Hulipau Kala 'Olepe Ho'omaku Apikili Lohilohi Kanawai Kukona Mahili Mukana Kelelua Mau'awa Ko'iko'i Kumaua Ho'olohe Hununu Maikomo Ahulimai Opiliwale Kuemi Hamama Mama Nuku'ele'ele Po'ele'ele Komokomo Helua Pohakukau Kukahale Helemaka Opikana Leho Makua Haole
6225 (ascending column) 6200 6175 -13300 -10570 6150 -13325 -10590 6125 -10610 -13350 -10630 -10650 -10670 -10690 -10710 -10730 -10750 -10770 -10790 -10810 6100 6075 6050 6025 6000 5975 5950 5925 5900 5875
-13375 -13400 -13425 -13450 -13475 -13500 -13525 -13550 -13575 -13600
234 233
Papalele Kumau
-13625 -13650 -10850
-10830 5825
5850
405
)
232 231 230 229 228 227 226 225 224 223 222 221 220 219 218 217 216 215 214 213 212 211 210 209 208 207 206 205 204 203 202 201 200 199 198 197 196 195 Ho'olewa Mahilu Opelau Pano Hiwa Kapehi Wikani Kapalamalama Kapalama Mokiweo Hulipena Kakio Kelewa'a Pihaulu Lewa Pa'ani Holeha Kakau Kulana Napo'i Pahilo Amoi Kumuniu Melemele Huluau Moekau 'Aukai Helehele Makioi Keia Pahili Kuamau'u Kula'a Iho Kona (Tonga) Kaohi Mahele Pipika -13675 -13700 -13725 -13750 -13775 -13800 -13825 -13850 -13875 -13900 -13925 -13950 -13975 -14000 -14025 -14050 -14075 -14100 -14125 -14150 -14175 -14200 -14225 -14250 -14275 -14300 -14325 -14350 -14375 -14400 -14425 -14450 -14475 -14500 -14525 -14550 -14575 -14600 -11430 -11450 -11470 -11490 -11510 -11530 -11550 -11570 -11590 -11610 -11330 -11350 -11370 -11390 -11410 5100 5075 5050 5025 5000 4975 4950 4925 4900 4875 -11090 -11110 -11130 -11150 -11170 -11190 -11210 -11230 -11250 -11270 -11290 -11310 5225 5200 5175 5150 5125 (ascending column) -10870 -10890 -10910 -10930 -10950 -10970 -10990 -11010 -11030 -11050 -11070 5525 5500 5475 5450 5425 5400 5375 5350 5325 5300 5275 5250 5800 5775 5750 5725 5700 5675 5650 5625 5600 5575 5550
J I I I
,
J I
]
J l J l
]
194 193 192 191 190

189 188 187 186 185
Mahlnalea +Palemo Mahinale Mahina Peleu Ua

Naua Makilo He Hulu Moana
-14625 B.C -14650 -14675 -14700 -14725

-14750 -14775 -14800 -14825 -14850
-11630 B.C. -11650 -11670 -11690 -11710

-11730 -11750 -11770 -11790 -11810
4850 [Kalokahinali'j 1] 4825 4800 4775 4750

4725 4700 4675 4650 4625
406
i I
184 183 182 181 180
Pakaikai Hao Lanai Mele + Melemele
-14875 -14900 -14925 -14950
-11830 -11850 -11870 -11890 -11910
4600 4575 4550 4525 4500
-14975 Llii + Uliuli [Stars around the equator] Ukiki Nakinolua Hakino Kaluli Huluemau Manainai Omanaio Oman a Po'opo'o Mahinahina Piliko'a Onaho Helemai Amoaku Amo (Belt of Orion) Kaka'i Ehio Kapuhi Naluaka Kaio Keanu Pilimai Niolo Huelo Omali Ewa Hulimua Hulimea Heleau Hawane Hanehane Wala'au Kaulua (Gemini) -15800 Wanamelu Wanakaulani Wanawana Wana Mauaka Lawai 'a Kahale'ai Kahale Pilimau -15000 -15025 -15050 -15075 -15100 -15125 -15150 -15175 -15200 -15225 -15250 -15275 -15300 -15325 -15350 -15375 -15400 -15425 -15450 -15475 -15500 -15525 -15550 -15575 -15600 -15625 -15650 -15675 -15700 -15725 -15750 -15775 -12570 -15825 -15850 -15875 -15900 -15925 -15950 -15975 -16000 -16025
179 178 177 176 175 1 74 173 172 171 170 169 168 167 166 165 164 163 162 161 160 159 158 157 156 155 154 153 152 151 150 1 49 148 147 146 145 144 143 142 141 140 139 138
-11930 -11950 -11970 -11990 -12010 -12030 -12050 -12070 -12090 -12110 -12130 -12150 -12170 -12190 -12210 -12230 -12250 -12270 -12290 -12310 -12330 -12350 -12370 -12390 -12410 -12430 -12450 -12470 -12490 -12510 -12530 -12550 3675 -12590 -12610 -12630 -12650 -12670 -12690 -12690 -12710 -12730
4475 4450 4425 4400 4375 4350 4325 4300 4275 4250 4225 4200 4175 4150 4125 4100 4075 4050 4025 4000 [ascending column] 3975 3950 3925 3900 3875 3850 3825 3800 3775 3750 3725 3700 3650 3625 3600 3575 3550 3525 3500 3475 3450
407
]
137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 110 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 100 99 98
Pili Upowao Upo Kalukalu Kalu Ikamu Ohi Mauka Kaukahi Kaumau Kelemau Leleluhe Ulio
-16050 -16075 -16100 -16125 -16150 -16175 -16200 -16225 -16250 -16275 -16300 -16325 -16350 -13010 -16400 -16425 -16450 -16475 -16500 -16525 -16550 -16575 -16600 -16625 -16650 -16675 -16700 -16725 -16750 -16775 -16800 -16825 -16850 -16875 -16900 -16925 -16950 -16975 -13510 -17025
-12750 -12770 -12790 -12810 -12830 -12850 -12870 -12890 -12910 -12930 -12950 -12970 -12990 3100 -13030 -13050 -13070 -13090 -13110 -13130 -13150 -13170 -13190 -13210 -13230 -13250 -13270 -13290 -13310 -13330 -13350 -13370 -13390 -13410 -13430 -13450 -13470 -13490 2475 -13530
3425 3400 3375 3350 3325 3300 3275 3250 3225 3200 3175 3150 3125
Manu (Procyon) -16375 Ailapau (eclipse?) Ailakau Ailamua Aila (eclipse?)

Omiomio Oamlo Nananaka Nunua Halipau Halimau Hailiuna Hali 'Opala Kamau Kealakau Kalawela Nanaikala Hulimakani Keomo Paela Ko'iele Koikua Kiamo Plaia Mokukai'a (Milky Way) -17000 Mokukapewa (Milky Way) [Galactic Equator} Puiliaku Pu'ili'iIi Pu'ili Heamokau (Orion's BeH)-17125 Heamo (Orion's Belt)
3075 3050 3025 3000 2975 2950 2925 2900 2875 2850 2825 2800 2775 2750 2725 2700 2675 2650 2625 2600 2575 2550 2525 2500 2450
[*ascending columnJ
J I I I I I I I
~~
J i I
97 96 95 94 93
-17050 -17075 -17100 -13630 -17150
-13550 -13570 -13610 2350 -13650
2475 2400 2375 2325
408
J 1 1 i J
1 iii
92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83
Makili laka lau Makou Kulea Kaiwi Ma'oki Maile Halale Pail a Helu Kalama Ho'opa'a Hekau Mono Launie Niau Piao Keala Paia Paio Kelau Hilahila Maikolua Maikokahi Maiko Wela Pua'ena Pua Leha Kini Mano Makuma
-17175 -17200 -17225 -17250 -17275 -17300 -17325 -17350 -17375 -17400 -17425 -17450 -17475 -17500 -17525 -17550 -17575 -17600 -17625 -17650 -17675 -17700 -17725 -17750 -17775 -17800 -17825 -17850 -17875 -17900 -17925 -17950 -17975
-13670 -13690 -13710 -13730 -13750 -13770 -13790 -13810 -13830 -13850 -13850 -13870 -13890 -13910 -13930 -13950 -13970 -14010 -14030 -14050 -14070 -14090 -14110 -14130 -14150 -14170 -14190 -14210 -14230 -14250 -14270 -14290 -14310
2300 2275 2250 2225 2200 2175 2150 2125 2100 2075 2050 2025 2000 1975 1950 1925 1900 1875 1850 1825 1800 1775 1750 1725 1700 1675 1650 1625 1600 1575 1550 1525 1500 1475 1425 1400 1375 1350 1325 1300 1275 -14510 1250 1225 1200 1175 1150 1125 1100
82
81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66
65
64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49
-14330 -18000 Huhu Loa'a [Sirius] -18025 -14350 1450 -14370 Huli -18050 -18075 -14390 Kawala -14410 Meia -18100 Ko'u Kuamu Pula Ho'omeha Ho'olana Meualua Meua Ponia Kinohi Keoma (Aldebaran) Ehoku (full moon) -18125 -18150 -18175 -18200 -18225 -18250 -18275 -18300 -18325 -18350 -18375 -14530 -14550 -14570 -14590 -14610 -14630 -14430 -14450 -14470 -14490
48
47 46 45 44
409
]
43 42 41 Ehoaka (2nd moon)
Eho
Malama (moon)
-18400 -18425 -18450 -18475 -18500 -18525 -18550 -18575 -18600 -18625 -18650 -18675 -18700 -18725 -18750 -18775 -18800 -18825 -18850 -18875 -18900 -18925 -18950 18975 -19000 -19025 -19050 -19075 -19100 19125 19150 -19175 -19200 19225
-14650 -14670 -14690 -14710 -14730 -14750 -14770 -14790 -14810 -14830 -14850 -14870 -14890 -14910 -14930 -14950 -14970 -14990 -15010 -15130 -15150 -15170 -15190 15210 15230 -15250 -15270 -15290 -15310 -15330 15350 -15370 -15390 16010 -19250 -16050 16030 200 -16070 -16090 -17010 17030 -17050 75 -17110 -17130
1075 1050 1025 1000 975 950 925 900 875 850 825 800 775 750 725 700 675
J
]
40
39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Mala 'Ike Kuleha Nakai Nekue Pulukea Pulumakau Pulukene Puluka Pulu Lanalana Lana Mai'a Mal Lu'u Kual Wawa Nawal Mu Plha Wala Maku Hewa Paeheunui Pae Poulua [zenith star] Pou Kulewa Kalau Pono Nahu Pulepule
'A'a [Sirius] -19275
650
625
I I I I
600
575 550 525 500 475
450
425
400
375 350 325 300 275 250 225 175 150 125 100 50 (ascending) 25 yrlper generation
Nau Kulou Kalawe Le

Loa'a (Sirius) 19400
19300 19325 -19350 -19375 -19425 -19450
J i I
]
KamahalnaIHali'a La'ila'ilKi'ilKane
410
J I J !
I
Explanation The value of the enumeration effort is the result showing that the 20-year allowance eventually lags too far behind by several hundred years, per the above La'ila'i generation count, i.e." 17, 130 (20years per generation) ) to about 19,450 (25 years per generation) or about 2,320 years, or about 23 centuries, an assessment which was probably made also by 19th-century scholars (Sir Percy Smith, Edward Tregear, Abraham Fornander) who favored the25-year per generation count for Polynesian genealogies. However, it was an effort to reliably date the generations back to La'ila'i from the time of Kamehameha, or chiefs who had lived in the mid-18th century in Polynesia, whether in Hawai'i, Tahiti, or elsewhere in the ancestral Polynesian island outback. In other words, we may derive the approximate time with regard to the Hawaiian account (Kumulipo) as to when Wakea lived, within a century before or after the beginning of the millenium (1 A.D.): [*Generations before Kamehameha]:
68 Lo'ipukapuka 69 Lo'imanlnl 70 Lo'ikuki'i
Haloa + Ho'ohokukalani WAKEA m. Papa Kahikoluamea (K1735)
050 290 025 A.D. 270 A.D. 001 B.C 250 A.D.
Applying Sidereal Lunar Numbers to the Generation Count
The enumeration here is meant to date the Kaiakahinali'i (Capella in Auriga) generations as significant delugelflood periods, withholding for the exercise here any other related astronomical or cosmic interpretation of the results. [Sidereal = 27.3 per generation] [Synodic - 29.5 per generation]
[About 1300 years from Kamehameha] 16 pola'a (Kaiakahinalii 4)Nanaie 15 Loipo 14 Lo'i'ele'ele 13 Lo'iomalelewa'a 12 Lo'ipilihala 11 Lo'iikeluea 10 Lo'ikanaha 9 Lo'ihi'ialo 8 Lo'ihi'ikua 7 Lo'ioki'iki'i 6 Lo'iokanaloa Ulu + Nanaulu Ki'i (2) Luanu'u (1) Lukahakona Kahiko Manaku Pupue Ole Kio Wailoa
432A,P
433 AP+7
= 440
405A.D 378 + 5 = 383 351 324 + 4 + 328 297 270 243 +3 = 247 216 189 162+2=164
406 A.D. 377 348+6+354 319 290 + 5 + 295 261 232 + 4 = 236 203 174+3=177
411
5 Lo'iomakana Nanakehili 4 Lo'imiliapo Hinanalo 3 Lo'iomilu Waia 2 Lo'jpukapuka Haloa + Ho'ohokukalani 1 Lo'imanlni WAKEA m. Papa (About 1750 years from Kamehameha) 70 Lo'ikuki'i 71 Lo'imaumaua 72 Lo'ilo'ikope'a (So. Cross) 73 Lo'ilo'ila 74 Lo'ilo'inaka 75 Lo'ilalolo 76 Lo'iloloikapu 77 Lo'iloloilo 78 Lo'iloloilo 79 Lo'iko'i'i'i 80 Lo'iko'iko'j 81 Lo'ipilopilo 82 Lo'imoemoe 83 Lo'ihilimau 84 Lo'ihiihi
135 108 81 + 1 ::: 82
145 116+2 =118 87 58AD
2ZA.Jl.. _
54 AD.
29A.p.
Kahikoluamea (K1735) - [16 generations::: 432 years] Welaahilaninui Iwanahinaki'iakea Hikuanahinaki'iakea Limaanahinaki'iakea Kolunahinaki'iakea Kahinaki'iakea Keakenui Nahaeikekaua Kupo Ha'ako'ako'alauleia Kahikoleihonua Kahikoleiulu Kahikoleikau Kahikolupa Kawakahiko - 432 B.C. 433 AP + 7 + 440 [864 generations from the Pola's]
J I I I J J J I
]
]
(About 2180 years from Kamehameha) 86 Lo'imanuwa Kawakupua 87 Lo'ihialoa Kapili 88 Lo'ikamakele Ahukai 89 Lo'jjpololo Kumuhonua
90 Lo'ilo'ipololo 91 Lo'ilo'ipo 92 Lo'ilo'ipakeke 93 Lo'ilo'ipa 94 Lo'ilo'ilele 95 Lo'ihalululu 96 Lo'ihalalu 97 Lo'ipilipili 98 Lo'ipilipa 99 Lo'ikulukulu 100 Lo'iahuahu 101 Lo'ilo'ipili
Palipalihia Paliho'olapa Palimoe Palila'a Nu'akeapaka HO'opilipilikane Kumakumalani Minialani Miahulu Pi'oalani Ahukele Lanipuke
102 Lo'ilo'inahu 103 Lo'ilo'ikala 104 Lo'ilo'ikapu 105 Lo'ilo'imai 106 Lo'imanomano 107 Lo'ikinikini 108 Lo'ianomeha 109 LO'ipulau 110 Lo'ikolohonua 111 Lo'ioloolo 112 Lo'iahamahamau 113 Lo'ialuluka 114 Lo'iakio
Ho'onakuku Maninikalani Ho'opilimehae Laniku'a'a'ala Ho'onewa HO'omukulani Lanipahiolo Nu'ualani Ho'olepau Kukukalani Polohiua Polomailani Paniokaukea
-800 -825 -850 -875 -900 -925 -950 -975 1000 1025 -1050 -1075 1110
390 -410 -430 -450 -470 -490 -510 -530 -550 570 -590 610 -630
412
iii
115 Lo'iahemahema 116 Lo'iapele 117 Lo'imia
Kunikunihia Ho'oipomalama Ka'iliokalani
-1125 -1150 -1175
-650 -670 -690
118 Lo'ipoull (eclipse?) 119 Lo'ilo'inui 120 Lo'ilopoe [(20 years per generation) -1200
Po'opo'olani Ku'emakaokalani Milimilipo
-1200 -1225 -1250
-710 -730 -750
B.C La Pita pottery date settlement of Tonga]

Ho'ohewahewa Napolohi Nanue Nakiau'a'awa Kakelekaipu Pi'ipi'iwa'a Ho'oholihae Maunaku Mihikulani Ho'opalipali Ho'opihapiha HO'ohiolokalani Kelemalamahiku -1275 -1300 -1325 -1350 -1375 -1400 -1425 -1450 -1475 -1500 -1525 -1575 -1600 -810 -830 -850 -870 -890 -910 -930 -950 -970 -990 -1010 -770 -790
121 Lo'iakama 122 Lo'ilo'ikaka 123 Lo'inuilo'i 124 Lo'ilolohi 125 Lo'iloloi 126 Lo'ikalakala 127 Lo'ilo'i 128 Lo'ialua 129 Lo'ikahi 130 Lo'imua [(25 years per generation) 131 Muailo'ilo'i 132 Muaipapio 133 Muaahuliau
-1500 B.C. Carbon date for settlement of Samoa]
Keleikapouli (eclipse?)-1625 -1030 134 Muapo'i Keleikanu'upia -1050 135 Muaumeumeke 1650 -1675 Keleikanu 'ulani -1070 136 Muaokaipu Kanikania 'ula -1700 -1090 137 Muaoakahanai Kelekauikaui -1725 -1110 138 Muaokahana Lohalohai -1750 -1130 139 Muaokapahu Ho'opailani -1775 -1150 140 Muaoka'oliko Ho'opilimoena -1170 141 Muaokekaha'i -1800 Kukaluakini -1825 -1190 142 Muaokeoma Kukamoi -1210 143 Muaokaha'i -1850 Kukahauli 144 Muaokamoi -1875 -1230 Kukamokia -1900 -1250 145 Muanu'unu'u -1925 146 Muamamao Kukaimukanaka -1270 147 Muaokalani Kukahalela'a -1950 -1290 148 Muaokahanu'u Kukulani -1975 -1310 149 Muaokahaiku Ho'omaopulani -2000 -1330 150 Muaokalele Pepepekaua -2025 -1350 -1370 151 Muaikanukukanaka Naholokauihiku -2050 Nakukalani -2075 -1390 152 Muaikumuka Ho'opa'ilimua 153 Muaikauka -2100 -1410 154 Muaohupu Kiamanu -2125 -1430 Ho'opiliha'i -1450 155 Muainakalo -2150 La'aumenea -1470 156 Mualealea -2175 Kuliaimua -1490 157 Muaanoa -2200 158 Muaahilo La'iohopawa -2225 -1510 159 Mua'ama'ama Ho'omahinukala -2250 -1530 Pilihona 160 Muakahukahu -2275 -1550 161 Muakahu Ohemokukalani -2300 -1570 [(20 years per generatiion) -1500 B.C. Carbon date for settlement of Samoa] [2592 B.C.]
413
)
162 Muahilo 163 Muawekea 164 Muakala 165 Mualupe 166 Muahai 167 Muaunu 168 Muaho'opo 169 Muapali 170 Mualopola 171 Muaiopele 172 Muakawa'a 173 Muakalaiki'i 174 Muaipoipo 175 Muaikekele 176 Muahanuala 177 Muapule 178 Muahaipu 179 Mualala 180 Muanalukakala 181 Muanalukalohe 182 Muanalupopo'i 183 Muawa'a 184 Muakahiko 185 Muahaipu 186 Muakekele 187 Muaanoano 188 Muahalekapu 189 Muahale 190 Muakaukeha 191 Mualele 192 Muahaka 193 Muapo 194 Mua 195 Ali'ikilomua 196 Ali'ikilohope 197 Ali'ikiloalo 198 Ali'ikilokua 199 Ali'ikilomo'o 200 Ali'ika'anaua 201 Ali'ikaanamalama 202 Ali'ikilona'au 203 Ali'ikiloho'oilo 204 Ali'ikilokau 205 AIi'ikilomakali'i [Pleiades] 206 Ali'ikilomalama 207 Ali'ikilohoku 208 AIi'ikiioola 209 Ali'ikilomakani 210 Ali'ikiloahu 211 Ali'ikilohulu 212 Ali'ikilonalu 213 Ali'ikilokai 214 Ali'ikilouli 215 Ali'ikilohonua 216 Ali'ikiloau 217 AIi'ikilolono 218 Ali'ikiloluna -2325 Ho'opililani Kanikumuhele -2350 -2375 Liahu -2400 Opa'ikumulani -2425 Opa'iakalani -2450 Laukohakohai -2475 Hainu'awa -2500 Hi'ikalaulau -2525 Ka'ulakelemoana -2550 Kaulamaokoke -2575 Pipili Kekoha -2600 Hakalaoa -2625 Kalalomaiao (lao, Jupiter)-2650 -2675 Kaioia -2700 Nu'uko'i'ula -2725 Huakalani (Jupiter) -2750 Ko'ele Nakia -2775 -2800 Ka'ope'ope (Perseus) Kaupeku -2825 Kapaeniho -2850 'O'ili (So. Cross) -2875 Kakai -2900 -2925 Kapaia Kahilinaokalani -2950 Polohilani Kimana -3000 Kapoli -3025 Kakahiaka -3050 'Auku'u -3075 Manamanaokalea Kapawaolani -3150 Koiau Ho'okahua -3175 Lena (Sirius) -3200 Kaiwiloko -3225 Pouhana -3250 Nuku'ono -3250 -3275 Pala'au Kaulana -3300 -3325 Paepaemalama Po'i -3350 Kanalu -3375 Ho'ouka -3400 -3425 Ka'ulunokalani Ho'olehu Ho'opulupulu -3475 Kikona -3500 -3525 Oliua Kepoo -3550 Malanaopihae -3575 -3600 Malana'opi'opi Pihe'eluna -3625 -3650 Punalauka -3675 Palipali Kauwila -3700 -1590 -1610 -1630 -1650 -1670 -1690 -1710 -1730 -1750 -1770 -1790 -1810 -1830 -1850 -1870 -1890 -1910 -1930 -1950 -1970 -1990 -2010 -2030 -2050 -2070 -2090 -2975 -2130 -2150 -2170 -2190 -3100 -3125 -2250 -2270 -2290 -2310 -2330 -2350 -2370 -2390 -2410 -2430 -2450 -2470 -2490 -3450 -2530 -2550 -2570 -2590 -2610 -2630 -2650 -2670 -2690 -2710 -2510 -2210 -2230 -2110
J
] ]
""
I J I J J
""
J
I I
p
414
]
'<
219 Ali'ikilokilo 220 Ali'inana 221 Ali'ipauku 222 Ali'ihukeakea 223 Ali'ikamanomano 224 Ali'ipu'uone 225 Ali'iheluone 226 Ali'ihelu 227 Ali'ikolo 228 Ali'iemi 229 Ali'ikilopoko 230 Ali'ikiloloa 231 Ali'ikilo 232 Ali'ikuhikuhi 233 Ali'inewa 234AIi'iaku 235 Ali'ikomokomo 236 Aliikuwala 237 Ali'iwala'au 238 Ali'ileleiona 239 Ali'ihimuhani 240 Ali'inohouka 241 Ali'imakolu 242 Ali'ilehelehe 243 Ali'ihonupu'u (+ Opu'upu'u, brother)
243
'A'a {Sirius} -3725 -2730 -3750 Kalolopiko -2750 -3775 Kalolomauna -2770 -2790 -3800 Makaukau -3825 Makuaikawaokapu -2810 -3850 Kekihe-i -2830 Hawai'l (Savai'i) -3875 -2850 -3900 -2870 'O'opukoha Mahikoha -3925 -2890 Ha'ulanuiiakea -2910 -3950 -3975 Nauanu'u -2930 Piowai -4000 -2950 -4025 A-a'a (Sirius) -2970 Kepo'o -4050 -2990 -3010 Puanue -4075 Kanioi -4100 -3030 -3050 Ha'apipili -4125 Ha'akuku -4150 -3070 -4175 -3090 Pu'ukahonua -4200 Maunahiolo -3110 -4225 Maunaha'aha'a -3130 -4250 Maunapapapa -3150 -4275 -3170 Maunane'e -3190 -4300 Maunanui -3210 -4325 Opu'ukalalele Opu'ukalahiwa Opu'ukalakea Opu'ukalauli {eclipse?} Opu'uhamahamau Opu'uhanahana Opu'ukalaua Opu'uhaha Opu'umauna Opu'upe Opu'upu'u +AII'ihonupu'u ["Discrepancy adjustment at generation 243 backward from Kamehameha {1750 A.D.}; Line from Opu'upu'u on Kumuhonua lineage {paternal} to Wakea ca. 050 A.D. {25 years per generation or 290 A.D. at 20 years per generation allowance}j.
244 Ali'ika'ea 245 Ali'ilanahu 246 Ali'iponi 247 Ali'ihala 248 Ali'iume 249 Ali'ipahu
-4350 -4375 -4400 -4425 -4450 -4500
-3230 -3250 -3270 -3390 -3410 -3430
["Note: Refer to the charts on the motion of the Belt of Orion ( ") and how it changes position away from the celestial equator, so that the three stars in the Belt, Alnitak, Alnilam, and Mintaka are farther south, at -25d44min, -25d31 min, and -25.7min, respectively, indicating that their position nearer the equator is due to a long period of slowly rising from that lowest position between 4500 B.C. to where it has been near the equator since about 1300 A.D. The realignment does not seem to go above the equator and will continue to vascillate at a slow rate, apparently, between 4000 and 7000 years descent away from and back to the equator; acc: Dr. Joseph Ciotti, Windward Community College communicationj.
415
J
250 Ali'ikono 251 AIi'ipo'i 252 Ali'iali'i 253AIi'imau 254AIi'iaka 255 AIi'ila'a 256Ali'i 257 '0 AI '0 U'i -4525 4550 -4575 -4600 -4625 4650 -4675
~ ~ -4750 4775 -4800 4825 -4850 -4875 -4900 -4925 -4950 -4975 -5000 -5025 -5050 -5075 -5100 -5125 -5140 -5175 -5200 5225 -5250 -5275 -5300 -5325 -5350 -5375 -5400 -5425 -5450 -5475 -5500 -5525 -5550 -5575 -5600 5625 5650 -5675 -5700 5725 -5750 -5775 -5800 -5825 -5850 5875 5900
-3450 -3470 -3490 3510 -3530 -3550 -3570 [Commencing the Ali'j title]
I
)
2l2a I..i'igau (KaiokabiOIIl'j al

259 U'iomaka 260 U'iohinu 261 U'ipalama 262 U'ihomali 263 U'inewaku 264 U'imuli'awa 265 U'iaupa 266 U'ikau'unahele 267 U'imolohi 268 U'iluakini 269 U'illuaki'i 270 U'iumu 271 U'ipaepae 272 Li'iamama 273 Li'iakamama 274 U'ikauli'iIi'i 275 U'iali'iIi'i 276 U'i'oki'oki 277 Li'ilimaemae 278 Li'ilipaluku 279 U'ilipukiu 280 U'iliahula 281 U'ilimalana 282 U'ilina'au 283 Li'ilinakila 284 U'ililanalana 285 U'ilililolilo 286 U'ili-pukaua 287 Li'ilihomole 288 Li'iIi-kahuli 289 U'ilikaki'i 290 U'iIi-hou 291 U'ilHa 292 U'ilipulepule 293 U'ilikauhale 294 U'ilinohoana 295 U'iliwalewale 296 U'iliipoipo 297 U'ilikaili 298 U'ilikalele 299 U'iliholomau 300 Li'iliholowa'a 301 U'ilikapili 302 U'iliamanu 303 U'ilileoleo 304 U'ilimeleau 305 U'ilikaliaka 306 Li'ilimahimahi
:W.Q
3630 -3650 -3670 -3690 -3710 -3730 -3750 3770 -3790 -3810 -3830 -3850 3870 -3890 3910 -3930 -3950 3970 -3990 4010 4030 -4050 -4070 -4090 -4110 -4130 -4150 -4170 -4190 -4210 -4230 -4250 -4270 4290 -4310 -4330 -4350 4370 -4390 4410 -4430 -4450 -4470 -4490 4510 -4530 -4550 -5925 -4570
J J J I I J J J I J
'"
J I
]
416
I I !
~;.
307 U'ilipelua 308 U'ilinania 309 U'ilimiha 310 U'iliau 311 U'ilihelelima 312 U'ilinu'unu'u 313 U'ilipihapiha 314 Li'iliaolo 315 Li'ilikaumai 316 U'ilihemoaku 317 U'iliha 318 U'ilihakahaka 319 U'ilimanu'a 320 U'ilimama 321 lj'ilihalula 322 U'iliIi'iIi 323 U'ilikamau 324 U'iliauau 325 U'ili 326 Polowaikaua 327 Pololi'j 328 Poloki'i 329 Polokina'u 330 Polohemo 331 Polokokoiele 332 Polomauli 333 Poloaiku 334 Polohilima 335 Poloikaha 336 Poloahiko 337 Poloikalua 338 Poloikahiau 339 Poloihanahana 340 Poloiho'omoe 341 Poloikukulu 342 Poloikanahele 343 Poloila'au 344 Polomauna 345 Polomaumau 346 Polokamehani 347 Poloikai 348 Poloikamakani 349 Polokaulani 350 Polokaumai 351 Poloahiluna 352 Poloahaumea 353 Polohilele 354 Polopaukahiki 355 Polohihelehelelahiki 356 Polohipakaka 357 Polohipakeke 358 Polohj-pa 359 Polo'j'j 360 Polo'i 361 Polokakahia 362 Poloimu
-5950 -5975 -6000 -6025 -6050 -6075 -6100 -6125 -6150 -6175 -6200 -6225 -6250 -6275 -6300 -6325 -6350 -6375 -6400 -6425 6450 -6475 -6500 -6525 -6550 -6575 -6600 -6625 -6650 -6675 -6700 6725 -6750 -6775 -6800 -6825 -6850 -6875 -6900 -6925 -6950 -6975 -7000 -7025 7050 -7075 -7100 7125 7150 -7175 -7200 -7225 -7250 -7275 -7300 -7325
-4590 -4610 -4630 -4650 -4670 -4690 -4710 -4730 -4750 -4770 -4790 -4810 -4830 -4850 -4870 -4890 -4910 -4930 -4950 -4970 -4990 -5010 -5030 -5050 -5070 -5090 -5110 -5130 -5150 -5170 -5190 -5210 -5230 -5250 -5270 -5290 -5310 -5330 -5350 -5370 -5390 -5410 -5430 -5450 5470 -5490 -5510 -5530 5550 -5570 -5590 5610 -5630 -5650 -5670 5690
417
I
363 Polowena 364 Polo'ula 365 Polomehewa 366 Polohehewa 367 Polohauhau 368 Poloanewa 369 Polomakiawa 370 Polonananana 371 Popolokaia 372 Popolohuamea 373 Popolomea 374 Polomua 375 Polohiwa 376 Polokane 377 Poloku 378 Ho'opoloiho 379 Halimakapolo 380 Ekukukapolo 381 Eliakapolo 382 Polomai 383 Poloaku 384 Polomahimahi 385 Polohanuai 386 Poloheihei 387 Poloha'iha'i 388 Polonihi 389 Polohamu 390 Polopolo 391 Polouli 392 Polokau 393 Polohili 394 Polo 395 Kupolo'ololi 396 Kupolo'ololo 397 Kupolonakunaku 398 Kupolohaliu 399 Kupolokeweka 400 Kupolokamana'o 401 Kupolohulimai 402 Kupolohulilau 403 Kupolohulu 404 Kupolomene 405 Kupolokalili 406 Kupolo'imo 407 Kupolo'ale 408 Kupolomalimali 409 Kupolohilihili 410 Kupololuana 411 Kupolohalala 412 Kupololalala 413 Kupololililili 414 Kupololili 415 Kupolokahuli 416 Kupolomaiana 417 Kupolomakanui 418 Kupoloahilo -7350 -7375 -7400 -7425 -7450 -7475 -7500 -7525 -7550 -7575 -7600 -7625 -7650 -7675 -7700 -7725 -7750 -7775 -7800 -7825 -7825 -7850 -7875 -7900 -7925 -7950 -7975 -8000 -8025 -8050 -8075 -8100 -8125 -8150 -8175 -8200 -8225 -8250 -8275 8300 8325 8350 8375 8400 8425 -8450 -8475 -8500 -8525 -8550 -8575 -8600 -8625 8650 8675 -8700 -6510 -6530 -6550 -6570 -6590 -6610 6630 6650 -6670 -6690 6710 6730 -6750 -6770 6790 6810 -6350 -6370 -6390 -6410 6430 -6450 -6470 -6050 -6070 -6090 -6110 -6130 -6150 -6170 -6190 -6210 -6230 -6250 -6270 -6290 -6310 -6330 -5850 -5870 -5890 -5910 -5930 -5950 -5970 -5990 -6010 -6030 -5710 -5730 -5750 -5770 -5790 -5810 -5830
I J J J
] ] ] ]
J
[400 from Kamahainaj 6490
J
]
J
]
418
419 420 421 422 423 424 425
Kupolonaunau Kupolokeleau Kupoloha'iha'i Kupolopa'iuma Kupolohelele Kupolomaikau Kupolona'ana'a
-8725 -8750 -8775 -8800 -8825 -8850 -8875 -8900 -8925 -8950 -8975 -9000 -9025 -9050 -9075 -9100 -9125 -9150 -9175 -9200 -9225 -9250 -9275 -9300 -9325 -9350 -9375 -9400 ]-9425B.C_
-6830 -6850 -6870 -6890 -6910 -6930 -6950 -6970 -6990 -7010 -7030 -7050 -7070 -7090 -7110 -7130 -7150 -7170 -7190 -7210 -7230 -7250 -7270 -7290 -7310 -7330 -7350 -7370 -7390 B.C.
426 Kupoli'ili'i 427 Kupolahauma 428 Kupokalalau 429 Kupohelemai 430 Kupohalalu 431 Kupohilili 432 Kuponakanaka 433 Kupolili 434 Kupololo 435 Kupolele 436 Kupou (Tongan chief) 437 Kupo-e 438 Kupoko 439 Kupohaha 440 Kupone'e 441 Kupokanaha 442 Kupoka 443 Kupololi'ili 444 Maki'i 445 Kaunuka 446 Manu'akele (Samoa)
447 Papio
[Kaiokahinall'i 2
419
Commencing the Sidereal Count Forward from La'ila'i's generation
J J
)
[447 generations counted backward from Kamehameha are 400/399 generations forward [399-400 from La'ila'i (zero) and Kamahaina at(1) to Papio [Kaiakahinali'i 2] generations counted forward from Kamaha'ina at (1) and La'ila'i from first generation generation includes the arithmetical notation, or Hekaunano segment between generation 356 (Huini) Papio (399). The generation count from La'ila'i forward (upward) uses the sidereal count of 27 years per generation beginning with La'ila'i. (27 years per generation ascending) 400 399 398 397 396 395 394 393 392 391 390 389 388 387 386 385 384 383 382 381 380 379 378 377 376 375 374 373 372 371 370 369 368 367 366 365 364 363 Manu'akele Papio-Lo'ilo'i Hekaunano Kuaiwakelekenahu Ko'ielehakenahu Omaulikenahu Paakeeaakenahu Lewelimakenahu Panahakenahu Panakolukenahu Panaluakenahu Panakahikenahu Henahuno Kuaiwaakaewe Koieleakaewe Kamauliakaewe Waiakaeakaewe Pulimakeewe Pu'uhakeewe Paukolu Paluakeewe Akahikeewe Pu'ulimakaeaaka'akiloloPu'uhakahaa'akilolo Pu'ukoluakaea'akilolo Paluaakaea'akilolo Akahiakaea'akilolo Palimawaleahinalea Napu'ikahakahinalea Pu'ukoluakukahinalea Panaikaluakahinalea Panaakahiahinalea Kalelenohinalea Kaholooka'iwa Koko'iele Kaeamauli Waiakea Palimakahana -9525 -9550 -9575 -9600 -9625 -9650 -9675 -9700 -9725 -9750 -9775 -9800 -9825 -9850 -9875 -9900 -9925 -9950 -9975 -10000 -10025 -10050 -10075 -10100 -10125 -10150 -10175 -10200 -10225 -10250 -10275 -10300 -10325 -10350 -10375 -10400 -10425 -10450 -8170 -7430 -7450 -7470 -7490 -7510 -7530 -7550 -7570 -7590 -7610 -7630 -7650 -7670 -7690 -7710 -7730 -7750 -7770 -7790 -7810 -7830 -7850 -7870 -7890 -7910 -7930 -7950 -7970 -7990 -8010 -8030 -8050 -8070 -8090 -8110 -8130 -8150 9300 10225 10200 10175 10150 10125 10100 10075 10050 10025 10000 9975 9950 9925 9900 9875 9850 9825 9800 9775 9750 9725 9700 9675 9650 9625 9600 9575 9550 9525 9500 9475 9450 9425 9400 9375 9350 10800 years 10773 10746 10719 10692 10665 10638 10611 10584 10557 10530 10503 10476 10449 10422 10395 10368 10341 10314 10287 10260 10233 10206 10179 10152 10125 10098 10071 10044 10017 9990 9963 9936 9909 9882 9855 9325 9801
J I
"
J J J J J J 1
)
9828
420
J J I J
'I
I I
362 361 360 359 358
Napu'ueha Pu'ukolukolu Pa'ikekalua Panakahi Pana

Pa
-10475 -10500 -10525 -10550 -10575 -10600 -10625 10650 -10675 -10700 -10725 10750 -10775 -10800 -10825 -10850 -10875 -10900 -10925 -10950 -10975 -11000 -11025 -11050 -11075 -11100 -11125 -11150 -11175 -11200 -11225 -11250 -11275 -11300 -11325 -11350 -11375 -11400 -11425 -11450 -11475 -11500 -11525 -11550 -11575 -11600 -11625 -11650
-8190 -8210 -8230 -8250 -8270 8290 B.C. 8310 -8330 -8350 8370 8390 -8410 8430 -8450 -8470 -8490 -8510 -8530 -8550 -8570 -8590 -8610 -8630 -8650 -8670 -8690 -8710 -8730 -8750 -8770 -8790 -8810 -8830 -8850 -8870 -8890 -8910 -8930 -8950 -8970 -8990 -9010 -9030 -9050 -9070 -9090 -9110 -9130
9275 9250 9225 9200 9175 9150 9125 9100 9075 9050 9025 9000 8975 8950 8925 8900 8875 8850
9774 9747 9720 9693 9666 9639 9612 9585 9558 9531 9504 9477 9450 9423 9396 9369 9342 9315 8825 9261 9234 9207 9180 9153 9126 9099 9072 9045 9018 8991 8964 8937 8910 8883 8425 8829 8775 8748 8721 8694 8250 8640 8613 8586 8150 8532 8505 9288
357
356* 355 354 353 352 351 350 349 348 347 346 345 344 343 342 341 340 339 338 337 336 335 334 333 332 331 330 329 328 327 326 325 324 323 322 321 320 319 318 317 316 315
Huini Oiaku Kealakike'e Pani'oni'o Hale'imiloea Po'oku Ko'iniho Kalelemauliaka Ha'iola Halekuamu Haleluakini Halemoeana Halepaio Halekumu Leleiluna Kumeheu Ho'okilo Nanawa'a Nanewa Ho'omahilu Ho'olahalaha Ho'opioaka Ho'opi'opi'o Kapouhinaha Kapouhina Keoa Paepae Kalele Helemua Kaukeoa Pulemo Heiaumana Heiau lalo Eapu Ho'ohinu Awaia Maluipo Hilohilo Kolealea Manu'ala Moeiho
8800 8775 8750 8725 8700 8675 8650 8625 8600 8575 8550 8525 8500 8475 8450
8856 8802
8400
8375 8350 8325 8300 8275 8225 8200 8175 8125 8100
8667
8559
421
J
314 313 312 311 310 309 308 307 306 305 304 303 302 301 300 299 298 297 296 295 294 293 292 291 290 289 288 287 286 285 284 283 282 281 280 279 278 277 276 275 274 273 272 271 270 269 268 267 Kuaua Pulune Ho'omauke'a Hailau Ho'omu Kamio Kukawa Mulemulea Kiola Mukiki Nahiole Ho'opulu Ukihihina Ukilelewa Ukikamau Ukinala Ukianu Humuhumu (So.Cross) Melia Makanewanewa Holopulau Kuinewa lamama Hamohulu Pu'ulele Polehua Mailu Ho'omailu Manaweulani Ho'oku Moulikaina Pohinakau Ahiaka'olu Ahiakamake Ahiakulumau Ahiakapokau Ahiakapoloa Ahiakane Ahiahihia Ahiahi -11675 -11700 -11725 -11750 -11775 -11800 -11825 -11850 -11875 -11900 -11925 -11950 -11975 -12000 -12025 -12050 -12075 -12100 -12125 -12150 -12175 -12200 -12225 -12250 -12275 -12300 -12325 -12350 -12375 -12400 -12425 -12450 -12475 -12500 -12525 -12550 -12575 -12600 -12625 -12650 -12675 -12700 -12725 -12750 -12775 -12800 -12825 -12850 -9390 -9410 -9430 -9450 -9470 -9490 -9510 -9530 -9550 -9570 -9590 -9610 -9630 -9650 -9670 -9690 -9710 -9730 -9750 -9770 -9790 -9810 -9830 -9850 -9870 -9890 -9910 -9930 -9950 -9970 -9990 -10010 -10130 -10150 -10170 -10190 -9150 -9170 -9190 -9210 -9230 -9250 -9270 -9290 -9310 -9330 -9350 -9370 7775 7750 7725 7700 7675 7650 7625 7600 7575 7550 7525 7500 7475 7450 7425 7400 7375 7350 7325 7300 7275 7250 7225 7200 7175 7150 7125 7100 7075 7050 7025 7000 6975 6950 6925 6900 8075 8050 8025 8000 7975 7950 7925 7900 7875 7850 7825 8478 8451 8424 8397 8370 8343 8316 8289 8262 8235 8208 7800 8154 8127 8100 8073 8046 8019 7992 7965 7938 7911 7884 7857 7830 7803 7776 7749 7722 7695 7668 7641 7614 7587 7560 7533 7506 7479 7452 7425 7398 7371 7344 7317 7290 7263 7236 7209
8181
J J I I I I I J
] ] ]
Lena (Sirius) Nu'u Ohao Niuhuli 'O'opuola

Makohi Hulipau Kala
J
I I I
422
266 265 264 263 262 261 260 259 258 257 256 255 254 253 252 251 250 249 248 247 246 245 244 243 242 241 240 239 238 237 236 235 234 233 232 231 230 229 228 227 226 225 224 223 222 221 220
'Olepe Ho'omaku Apikili Lohilohi Kanawai Kukona Mahili Mukana Kelelua Mau'awa Ko'iko'i Kumaua Ho'olohe Hununu Maikomo Ahulimai Opiliwale Kuemi Hamama Mama Nuku'ele'ele Po'ele'ele Komokomo Helua Pohakukau Kukahale Helemaka Opikana Leho Makua Haole Papalele Kumau Ho'olewa Mahilu Opelau Pano Hiwa Kapehi Wikani Kapalamalama Kapalama Mokiweo Hulipena Kakio Kelewa'a Pihaulu
-12875 -12900 -12925 -12950 -12975 -13000 -13025 -13225 -13250 -13275 -13300 -13325 -13350 -13375 -13400 -13425 -13450 -13475 13500 -13525 -13550 -13575 -13600 -13625 -13650 -13675 -13700 -13725 -13750 -13775 -13800 -13825 -13850 -13875 -13900 -13925 -13950 -13975 -14000 -14025 -14050 -14075 -14100 -14125 -14150 -14175 -14200
-10210 -10230 -10250 -10270 -10290 -10310 -10330 -10350 -10370 -10390 -10410 -10430 -10450 -10470 -10490 -10510 -10530 -10550 -10570 -10590 -10610 -10630 -10650 -10670 -10690 -10710 -10730 -10750 -10770 -10790 -10810 -10830 -10850 -10870 -10890 -10910 -10930 -10950 -10970 -10990 -11010 -11030 -11050 -11070 -11090 -11110 -11130
6875 6850 6825 6800 6775 6750 6725 6700 6675 6625 6600
7182 7155 7128 7101 7074 7047 7020 6993 6966 6650 6912 6885 6575 6831 6804 6777 6750 6723 6425 6669 6642 6615 6588 6561 6534 6507 6480 6453 6426 6399 6372 6100 6318 6291 6264 6237 6210 6183 6156 6129 6102 6075 5825 5800 5994 5967 5940 6048 6021
6939
6858
6550 6525 6500 6475 6450 6400 6375 6350 6325 6300 6275 6250 6225 6200 6175 6150 6125
6696
6345
6075 6050 6025 6000 5975 5950 5925 5900 5875 5850
5775 5750 5725
423
219 '218 217 216 215 214 213 212 211 210 209 208 207 206 205 204 203 202 201 200 199
Lewa Pa'ani Holeha Kakau Kulana Napo'i Pahilo Kunewa Amoi Kumuniu Melemele Huluau Moekau 'Aukai Helehele Makioi Keia Pahili Kuamau'u Kula'a Iho
-14225 -14250 -14275 -14300 -14325 -14325* -14350 -14375 -14400 -14425 -14450 -14475 -14500 -14525 -14550 -14575 -14600 -14625 -14650 -14675 -14700
-11150 -11170 -11190 -11210 -11230 -11250 -11270 -11290 -11310 -11330 -11350 -11370 -11390 -11410 -11430 -11450 -11470 -11490 -11510 -11530 -11550
5700 5675 5650 5625 5600 5575 5550 5725 5500
5913 5886 5859 5832 5805 5778 5751 5724 5697 5670 Saturn syn 15475 5643 5615 5589 5562 5350 5535
5450 5425 5400 5375
J I J I J
]
5325 5300 5275 5250 5225 5200
5508 5481 5454 5427 5400 5373
J
]
)
[*Computations back from this generation are to show parallel computations based on synodic and sidereal periods, as the difference between sidereal (Kane) [27] and synodic (Lono) [28] lunations; ascending column to right displays the periodic ascent].
1
]
198 Kona (Tonga) -11570 -14725 197 Kaohi -14750 -11590 Mahele -14775 -11610 196 195 Pipika -14800 -11630 194 Mahinalea +Palemo-14825 B.C -11650 B.C.[Kaiokahinali'i 1] 5075 193 Mahinale -14850 -11670 192 Mahina -14875 -11690 Peleu -14900 -11710 191 190 -14925 -11730 Ua Naua -14950 -11750 189 Makilo -14975 -11770 188 He -15000 -11790 187 Hulu -15025 -11810 186 185 Moana -15050 -11830 Pakaikai 184 -15075 -11850 Hao -15100 -11870 183 Lanai -15125 182 -11890 181 Mele + Melemele -15150 -11910
*5175 5150 5125 5100 5238 5050 5025 5000 4975 4950 4925 4900 4875 4850 4825 4800 4775 4750 4725 4700 4675 4650 4625 4600 4575
5346 5319 5292 Saturn syn14 5265 5211 5184 5157 5130 5103 5076 5049 5022 4995 4968 4941 4914 Satum syn13 4887 + 7 =4894 4860 4833 4806 + 6 4779 4752 4725 + 5 4698
1
]
180
179 178 177 176 175 174
Llii + Llliuli
-15200
-11930 -11950 -11970 -11990 -12010 -12030 -12050
[Stars around the equator] Ukiki -15225 Nakinolua -15250 Nakino -15275 Kaluli -15300 Huluemau -15325 Manainai -15350
=4812 =4730
J i
"
424
J J
!
iii
173 172 171 170 169 168 167 166 165 164 163 162 161 160 159 158 157 156 155 154 153 152 151 150 149 148 147 146 145 144 142 141 140 139 138 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120
Omanaio Omana Po'opo'o

Mahlnahina (moon)
-15375 -15400 -15425
-12070 -12090 -12110 -12130 -12150 12170 -12190 12210 12230 -12250 -12270 -12290 -12310 -12330 -12350 -12370 -12390 12410 -12430 -12450 -12470 -12490 -12510 -12530 12550 -12570 -12590 3900 -12610 -12630 -12650 -12670 12690 12710 -12730 -12750 -12770 -12790 -12810 -12830 12850 -12870 12890 -12910 -12930 -12950
4550 4525 4475 4450 4425 4400 4375
-15450 -15475 Piliko'a Onaho 15500 Helemai 15525 -15550 Amoaku Amo (Belt of Orion) 15575
4671 4644 + 4 + 4648 4617 4500 4590 4563 + 3 = 4566 4536 Saturn syn 12 4509 4482 + 2 = 4484 4350 4455 4428 4401 + 1 4402 4374 4347 4320 + 27 4347 4293 4266 4239 + 26 = 4265 4212 4185 Saturn syn 11
Kaka'i Ehio Kapuhi Haluaka Kaio Keanu Pilimai Niolo Huelo Omali Ewa Hulimua Hulimea Heleau Hawane Hanehane Wala'au
Kaulua (Gemini) 16025
15600 15625 -15650 15675 15700 -15725 15750 -15775 -15800 -15825 -15850 15875 -15900 -15925 -15950 -15975 -16000 -16050 -16075 -16100 -16125 16150 -16175 -16200 -16225 -16250 -16275 -16300 -16325 -16350 -16375 16400 -16425 -16450 16475
4325
4300
4275 4250 4225 4200 4175 4150 4125 4100
Wanamelu Wanakaulani Wanawana Wana Mauaka Lawai'a Kahale'ai Pilimau Pili Lipowao Lipo Kalukalu Kalu Ikamu Ohi Mauka Kaukahi Kaumau Kelemau Leheluhe Lilio
Manu (Procyon) Allapau (eclipse?)
4075 4158 4131 4050 4025 4104 4000 4077 + 24 4101 4050 3975 4023 3950 3925 3996 + 23 4019 3969 3875 3942 3850 3915 + 22 3937 3825 3888 3800 3834 3775 3807 + 21 3828 3750 3780 Saturn syn 10
=
= =
Ailakau Ailamua
Aila (eclipse?)
3753 3726 + 20 3746 3699 3672 3645 + 19 3664 3618 3591 3564 + 18 3582 3537 3510 3483 + 17 3500 3456 3425 3429 -12970 16500 3400 -16525 12990 3402 + 16 3418 [3402 Saturn syn 9] 3375 3375 -13010 -16550 3348 3350 16575 13030 3325 -16600 13050 3321 + 15 3336 3294 3300 -13070 16625 3267 -13090 3275 16650 -13110 3250 3240 + 14 3254 -16675 3725 3700 3675 3650 3625 3600 3575 3550 3525 3500 3475 3450
=
=
= =
425
119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 110 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67
Omiomio Oamio Nananaka Nunua Halipau Halimau Haliluna Hali 'Opal a Kamau Kealakau Kalawela Nanaikala Hulimakani Keomo Pa'ele Ko'iele Koikua Kiamo Piala Mokukai'a (Milky Way) Mokukapewa (MllkyWay Pu'iliaku Pu'ili'iIi Pu'ili Heamokau (OrionBelt) Heamo (Belt of Orion) Makili laka lau Makou Kulea Kaiwi Ma'oki Maile Halale Paila Helu Kalama Ho'opa'a Hekau Mono Launie Niau Piao Keala Paia Paio Kelau Hilahila Maikolua Maikokahi Maiko
-16700 -16725 -16750 16775 -16800 -16825 -16850 -16875 -16900 -16925 -16950 -16975 -17000 -17025 -17050 -17075 -17100 -17125 -17150 -17175 -17200 -17225 -17250 -17275 -17300 -17325 -17350 -17375 -17400 -17425 -17450 -17475 -17500 -17525 -17550 -17575 -18000 -18025 -18050 -18075 -18100 -18125 -18150 -18175 -18200 -18225 -18250 -18275 -18300 -18325 -18350 -18375 -18400 -13930 -13950 -13970 -14010 -14030 -14050 -14070 -14090 -14110 -14130 -14150 -14170 -14190 -13630 -13650 -13670 -13690 -13710 -13730 -13750 -13770 -13790 -13810 -13830 -13850 -13870 -13890 -13510 -13530 -13550 -13570 -13610 -13150 -13170 -13190 -13210 -13230 -13250 -13270 -13290 -13310 -13330 -13350 -13370 -13390 -13410 -13410 -13430 -13450 -13470 -13490
-13130 3200 3175 3150 3125 3100 3075 3050 3025 3000 2975 2950 2925 2900 2875
3225 3213 3186 3159+ 13 = 3172 3132 3105 3078 + 12 = 3040 3051 3024 Saturn syn 8 2997 + 11 = 3008 2970 2943 2916 + 10 = 2926 2889 2862 2835 + 9 = 2844
2725 2700
2600 2575
2808 2850 2825 2781 2754 + 8 = 2762 2800 2775 2727 2750 2700 2673 + 7 = 2680 2646 Saturn syn 7 2619 2675 2592 + 6 = 2598 2650 2625 2565 2538 2511 + 5 = 2516
2550 2525 2500 2475 2450 2425 2400 2375 2350 2325 2300 2275 2484 2457 2430 + 4 = 2434 2403 2376 2349 + 3 = 2352 2322 2295 2268 + 2 = 2270 Saturn syn 6 2241 2214 2187+1 =2188 2160 2250 2133 2106+ 27 2133 2079 2052 2025 + 26 = 2051 1998 1971 1944 + 25 1969 1917 1890 Saturn syn 5 1863 + 24 = 1887 1836 1809
I J I I I I I
"
"
"
-13910 2225 2200 2175 2150 2125 2100 2075 2050 2025 2000 1975 1950 1925
426
J I I I I I I I I I I
,
I I
66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 8 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13
Wela Pua'ena Pua Leha Kini Manomano Makuma Huhu Loa'a [Sirius] Huli Kawala Meia Ko'u Kuamu Pula Ho'omeha Ho'olana Meualua Meua Ponia Kinohi Keoma (Aldebaran) Ehoku (full moon) Ehoaka (2nd moon) Eho
-18425 -18450 -18475 -18500 -18525 -18550 -18575 -18600 -18625 -18650 -18675 -18700 -18725 -18750 -18775 -19000 -19025 -19050 -19075 -19100 -19125 -19150 -19175 -19200 -19225
-14210 -14230 -14250 -14270 -14290 -14310 -14330 -14350 -14370 -14390 -14410 -14430 -14450 -14470 -14490 -14510 -14530 -14550 -14570 -14590 -14610 -14630 -14650 -14670 -14690
1900 1875 1850 1825 1800 1775 1725 1700 1675 1650 1625 1600 1575 1550 1525 1475 1450 1425 1400 1375 1350 1325 1300 1107 1250 1225 1200 1175 1150 1125 1100 1075 1050 1025 1000 975 950 925 900 875 850 825 800 775 750 725 700 675 650 625 600 575
1782 + 23 = 1805 1755 1728 1701 + 22 = 1723 1674 1647 1750 1620 + 21 = 1641 1593 1566 5 1539 + 20 = 1559 1512 Saturn syn 4 1485 1458 + 19 = 1477 1431 1404 1377 + 18 = 1395 1500 1350 1323 1296 + 17 = 1313 1269 1242 1215 + 16 + 1231 1188 1161 1134 Saturn syn 3 +15=1149 1080 1053 + 13 = 1066 1026 999 972 + 12 = 984 945 918 891 + 11 = 902 864 837 810+10=820 783 756 Saturn syn 2 729 + 9 = 738 702 675 648 + 8 = 656 621 594 567 + 7 = 574 540 513 486 + 6 = 492 459 432 405 + 5 = 410 378 Saturn syn. 1 351= 1 sidereal yr.
4"
MaJama (moon) -19250 -14710 1275 Mala -19275 -14730 'Ike -14750 -19300 -14770 Kuleha -19325 Nakai -19350 -14790 Nekue -19375 -14810 Pulukea -14830 -19400 Pulumakau -19425 -14850 Pulukea -19450 -14870 -19475 -14890 Puluka -14910 Pulu -19500 -14930 Lanalana -19525 Lana -19550 -14950 Mai'a -19575 -14970 Mai -19600 -14990 Lu'u -19625 -15010 Kuai -19650 -15130 Wawa Nawai Mu Piha Wala Maku Hewa Paeheunui Pae Poulua Pou [zenith star] Kulewa -19675 -19700 -19725 -19750 -19775 -19800 -19825 -19850 -19875 -19900 -19925 -19950 -15150 -15170 -15190 -15210 -15230 -15250 -15270 -15290 -15310 -15330 -15350 -15370
427
J
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 -19975 Kalau Pono -20000 -20025 Nahu -20050 Pulepule -20075 A'a (Sirius) [Sirius, zenith of Tahiti, S 18 d.] -20100 Nau Kulou -20125 Kalawe -20150 -20175 Le Loa'a (Sirius) -20200 KamahainaIHali'a -21225 -21250 B.C. La'ila'ilKi'ilKane -15390 -16010 -16030 -16050 -16070 -16090 -17010 -17030 -17050 -17110 -17130 -17150 450 425 400 375 350 325 300 275 550 525 500 324 + 4 = 328 297 270 475 243 + 3 = 246 216 189 162+2=164 135 108 81 + 1 = 82 54 *27
I J I I
Coordination of the Kaiakahinali'i tsunami events with sidereal numbers as with sidereal months is to appraise use of the helu papa recitation as a tally resulting from observation of the rate of precession of equinoxes with stars or other celestial bodies consistent with equinoctial position (Le., the First Point in Aries, as in the zodiacal calendar) vernal or autumnal. The helu papa recitations earlier listed Kaiakahinali'i 3 at generation 602, whereas in the recount for dating purposes, counting back to La'ila'i from the time of Kamehameha (1750 A.D.), it became generation 258 in order to appropriately date the generations backward in time, such as Kaiakahinali'i 3 occurring between 3610 and 4720 B.C. (generation 602 from La'ila'i and 258 from that of Kamehameha, mid-18th century). In order to understand how the Capella in Auriga precession may help understand the incredible length of helu papa recitations of Hawaiian ancestry, the Capella events between 2100 A.D. and 14,000 B.C. are reexamined in relation to high numbers in cosmic measurements, as in sidereallunations and latitude determination in rituals and generation counts ["Declination of Capella precessed ... computed using Starry
Hight Pro, acc. Joseph Ciotti, Windward Community College, May, 2008. see intra. p. 185-189].
J I I J I
]
428
I I
.I
Pleiades Rising at Sunset Acronychal Rising centered on Alcyone (brightest star in Pleiades) precessed between 2000 AD and 14,000 Be computed using Starry Night Pro
Location: approximately Lat 0 Long 1800 (780 km east of Tarawa, Kiribati)
~Achronycal
Year 2000 AD 1900 AD 1800 AD 1700 AD 1600 AD 1500 AD 1400 AD 1300 AD 1200 AD 1100 AD 1000 AD 900 AD 800 AD 700 AD 600 AD 500 AD 400 AD 300 AD 200 AD 100 AD 1 AD 100 Be 200 Be 300 Be 400 Be 500 Be 600 Be Comet 700 Be 800 Be Rising Date Nov 19 Nov 18 Nov 16 Nov 15 Nov 13 Nov 3 Nov 2 Nov 1 Oct 31 Oct 31 Oct 30 Oct 29 Oct 29 Oct 28 Oct 27 Oct 27 Oct 26 Oct 25 Oct 25 Oct 24 Oct 24 Oct 23 Oct 23 Oct 22 Oct 21 Oct 20 Oct 20 Halle Oct 19 Oct 18
Pleiades Azimuth 65.9 66.2 66.5 66.9 67.2 67.5 67.9 68.3 68.7 69.1 69.5 69.9 70.3 70.8 71.2 71.7 72.1 72.6 73.1 73.6 74.0 74.5 75.0 75.5 76.0 76.6 77.1 visible 77.6 78.2
Pleiades
Declinatio 24.1 23.8 23.5 23.1 22.8 22.5 22.1 21.7 21.3 20.9 20.5 20.1 19.7 19.2 18.8 18.3 17.9 17.4 16.9 16.4 16.0 15.5 15.0 14.5 14.0 13.4 12.9
12.4 11.8
Year 900 Be 1000 Be 1100 Be 1200 Be 1300 Be 1400 Be 1500 Be 1600 Be 1700 Be 1800 Be 1900 Be 2000 Be 2100 Be 2200 Be 2300 Be 2400 Be 2500 Be 2600 Be 2700 Be 2800 Be 2900 Be
3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000 4100 4200 4300 4400 4500 4600
Be Be Be Be Be Be Be Be Be Be Be Be Be Be Be Be Be
Achronycal Rising Date Oct 17 Oct 17 Oct 16 Oct 16 Oct 15 Oct 14 Oct 14 Oct 13 Oct 12 Oct 12 Oct 11 Oct 10 Oct 10 Oct 9 Oct 8 Oct 8 Oct 7 Oct 6 Oct 6 Oct 5 Oct 4 Pleiades Oct 3 Oct 2 Oct 2 Oct 1 Oct 1 Sep 30 Sep 29 Sep 29 Sep 28 Sep 27 Sep 27 Sep 26 Sep 26 Sep 25 Sep 24 Sep 23 Sep 23
Pleiades Azimuth 79.2 79.2 79.8 80.3 80.9 81.4 82.0 82.5 83.1 83.7 84.2 84.8 85.3 85.9 86.5 87.0 87.6 88.2 88.7 89.3 89.9 at Equator 90.4 91.0 91.5 92.1 92.6 93.2 93.7 94.3 94.8 95.3 95.9 96.4 96.9 97.4 97.9 98.4 98.9
Pleiades Declination 10.8 10.8 10.2 9.7 9.1 8.6 8.0 7.5 6.9 6.3 5.8 5.2 4.7 4.1 3.5 3.0 2.4 1.8 1.3 0.7 0.1
I I
]
I J J I
]
i
-0.4 -1.0 -1.5 -2.1 -2.6 -3.2 -3.7 -4.3 -4.8 -5.3 -5.9 -6.4 -6.9 -7.4 -7.9 -8.4 -8.9
, J I J J I J I I I I ) I
..
..
'"
I
Year 4700 Be 4800 Be 4900 Be 5000 Be 5100 Be 5200 Be 5300 Be 5400 Be 5500 Be 5600 Be 5700 Be 5800 Be 5900 Be 6000 Be 6500 Be 7000 Be 7500 Be 8000 Be 8500 Be 9000 Be Achronycal Rising Date Sep 22 Sep 21 Sep 21 Sep 20 Sep 19 Sep 19 Sep 18 Sep 17 Sep 17 Sep 16 Sep 15 Sep 15 Sep 14 Sep 13 Sep 10 Sep 7 Sep 3 Sep 1 Aug 28 Aug 24 Pleiades at Aug 21 Aug 17 Aug 13 Aug 10 Aug 6 Aug 2 Jul 29 Jul 25 Jul21 Jul 17 Pleiades Azimuth 99.4 99.9 100.4 100.8 101.3 101.7 102.2 102.6 103.0 103.5 103.9 104.3 104.7 105.0 106.8 108.2 109.4 110.3 110.7 110.9 lowest 110.6 110.0 109.0 107.7 106.1 104.2 102.1 99.7 97.2 94.6 Pleiades Declination -9.4 -9.9 -10.4 -10.8 -11.3 -11.7 -12.2 -12.6 -13.0 -13.5 -13.9 -14.3 -14.7 -15.0 -16.8 -18.2 -19.4 -20.3 -20.7 -20.9 Declination -20.6 -20.0 -19.0 -17.7 -16.1 -14.2 -12.1 -9.7 -7.2 -4.6
9500 Be 10,000 Be 10,500 Be 11,000 Be 11,500 Be 12,000 Be 12,500 Be 13,000 Be 13,500 Be 14,000 Be
Comparing the Azimuth of Sunrise and Moonrise

The moon moves along the horizon in a more complicated pattern than the sun. The moon's orbit is tilted at an angle of 5.1 to the earth's orbit. Due to the sun's gravitational effects, the moon's orbit precesses with an 18.6-year cycle. As a result, the azimuth of moonrise/moonset swings over a wider range than does the Sun.
Here's how the sun's azimuth changes during the year.

At the equator, sunrise shifts between an azimuth of 66.5 (summer solstice) to 113.5 (winter solstice). That's because the earth's axis is tilted by 23.5. At smnmer solstice, the azimuth is given by: 90 - 23.5 = 66.5; at winter solstice, the azimuth is: 90 + 23.5 = 113.5 (see the diagram below).
I J J
Sunrise at Equator Summer Solstice

)~
Equinox
)'
Winter Solstice
)~
...- - -......- - -...

23.5 23.5
Here's how the moon's azimuth changes over an 18.6-year cycle.

The full moon is always on the opposite side of the earth from the sun. Thus, when the sun rises far north of east at the summer solstice, the summer full moon rises far south of east. In other words, in the summer when the sun is high in the sky at noon, the full moon is low in the sky at midnight. The reverse is true in winter. At the winter solstice, the sun is low in the sky, but the moon is high. How high or low the moon will be is determined by the fact that the moon's orbit is tilted by 5.1 to the earth's orbit and that the direction of this tilt Wldergoes a complete cycle every 18.6 years. There are times when azimuth of moon swing over a maximum range (between 61.4 and 118.6). This period is called MAJOR LUNAR STANDSTILL. The term. standstill refers to fact that the moon seems to stop at the extremes of these azimuth positions, just like the sun appears to stop at its solstice position. (see the diagram below).
I I I I I I I I
"
Moonrise Maximum Standstill at Equator

Summer
Win er
quinol(
.)
Sols tIce
Northern ) ~ Maximum
) ~
~
Solstice
.)
" Southern Maximum

, "'~
...lIo
28.6
... 5.10
"
23.5
28.6
"
.. ~ ,
90
23.5
51
, "
EAST
The last Major Lunar Standstill occurred in June 2006. The next will occur in 18.6 years (2024-25). As the diagram above shows, during Major Lun.ar StandstiU, the azimuth. of moonrise can range between 61.4 and 118.6. Because the sun and full moon are always opposite each other, when the sun rises at the SUMMER solstice position in the NORTIL the SUMIvffiR full moon will rise at the SOUTHERN Maximum azimuth position. At this position, it is at lunar standstill. In winter, it's reversed.
'MINOR LUNAR STANDSTn.L occurs 9.3 years later (which is half of the of 18.6year cycle). During this period, the azimuth of moon swings through a minimum range of angles (between 71.6 0 and 108.4). See the diagram below.
Moonrise Minimum Standstill at Equator
I I
Summe,. Solstice
Equinox
Winter Solstice
Southern
Minimum
23.5
1+---iH4-----t> 14.~--...... ~ 1+-....
18.4
I I
For a good visual on how the moon and sun rise & set over the years, see the following applet at URL: bttp://www.jgiesen.de/su o01oonpoiar/
The sun is shown in red, while the moon is show in blue.
1. First enter ZERO for Latitude (so that you're at the equator). 2. Next press the y key to change years. Yau can also press the m key to change by months or the d key to change by days. You' It see how the moon swings over larger azimuth angles than the sun druing Major Junar Standstill and then undergoes a smaller azimuth range than the sun during Minor Lunar Standstill.
I
I
- --=--------- -
Comparing the Azimuth of Sunrise and Moonrise

The moon moves along the horizon in a more complicated pattern than the sun. The moon's orbit is tilted at an angle of 5.1 to the earth's orbit. Due to the sun's gravitational effects, the moon's orbit precesses with an 18.6-year cycle. As a result, the azimuth ofmoonriselmoonset swings over a wider range than does the Sun.
Here's how the sun's azimuth changes during the year.

At the equator, sunrise shifts between an azimuth of 66.5 0 (summer solstice) to 1l3.5 0 (winter solstice). That's because the earth's axis is tilted by 23.5 0. At summer solstice, the azimuth is given by: 90 0 23.5 0 = 66.5 0 ; at winter solstice, the azimuth is: 90 0 + 23.5 0 = 1l3.5 (see the diagram below).
Here's how the moon's azimuth changes over an 18.6-year cycle.

The full moon is always on the opposite side of the earth from the sun. Thus, when the sun rises far north of east at the summer solstice, the summer full moon rises far south of east. In other words, in the summer when the sun is high in the sky at noon, the full moon is low in the sky at midnight. The reverse is true in winter. At the winter solstice, the sun is low in the sky, but the moon is high. How high or low the moon will be is determined by the fact that the moon's orbit is tilted by 5.1 to the earth's orbit and that the direction of this tilt undergoes a complete cycle every 18.6 years. There are times when azimuth of moon swing over a maximum range (between 61.4 and 118.6). This period is called MAJOR LUNAR STANDSTILL. The term standstill refers to fact that the moon seems to stop at the extremes of these azimuth positions, just like the sun appears to stop at its solstice position. (see the diagram below). The last Major Lunar Standstill occurred in June 2006. The next will occur in 18.6 years (2024-25). As the diagram above shows, during Major Lunar Standstill, the azimuth of moonrise can range between 61.4 and 118.6. Because the sun and full moon are always opposite each other, when the sun rises at the SUMMER solstice position in the NORTH, the SUMMER full moon will rise at the SOUTIIERN Maximum azimuth position. At this position, it is at lunar standstill. In winter, it's reversed.
MINOR LUNAR STANDSTILL occurs 9.3 years later (which is half of the of 18.6-year cycle). During this period, the azimuth of moon swings through a minimum range of angles (between 71.6 and 108.4). See the diagram below.
For a good visual on how the moon and sun rise & set over the years, see the following applet at URL: http://www.jgiesen.de/sunmoonpolar/
The sun is shown in red, while the moon is show in blue. 1. First enter ZERO for Latitude (so that you're at the equator). 2. Next press the y key to change years. You can also press the m key to change by months or the d key to change by days. You'll see how the moon swings over larger azimuth angles than the sun during Major lunar Standstill and then undergoes a smaller azimuth range than the sun during Minor Lunar Standstill.
On a Personal Note: The Remaining Unanswered Questions In conclusion I must confess to a lack of preparation in mathematics that would have helped me solve the inherent confusion within Hawaiian genealogical ancestry to reconnect one's beginnings to those of the cosmos where numbers are concerned, or the choice of a number base to reach across eons of time. I found it difficult to understand how the numbers, for example, in the Hekaunano formula coming at a very crucial place within the continuing generation count, pretending to be real ancestors who once lived but are there to enable one to reach back through poetic recitation to assist one's memory to comprehend that distant reality in both past and future. Nor was I the first to face that kind of confusion, since David Kalakaua the king of his time took the Hale Naua to East Moloka'i to recover the chant lines from priests who still kept count of lines, names, and poetry on the hipu'u knotted cord (also called the lipu'u/nipu'u). And as those elements became known, recited, and shared across the world by the first translation of parts of the Kumulipo into German by Adolf Bastian, whose Die Heiliege Sage der Polynesier was published in 1881 and who obtained a copy of the Hale Naua records from the king himself. Not until 1897 was the first English translation by Queen Lili'uokalani published, followed by the Martha W. Beckwith translation which we read in college in the 1950s. Is it possible now to use the formula recorded by the Hale Naua from East Moloka'i priests to comprehend why it is in the Kumulipo chant? I suggested to Mr. Victor Kim, who taught mathematics at McKinley High School, that he might help me comprehend the formula without knowing the Hawaiian language, as numbers are not words but digits expressed in language, and it just so happens that the Hekaunano formula contained, in my opinion, two zeroes before the number One to 399 in the Kumulipo, why? I've included the sets (generation count) he found that go up to numbers between 21,000 and 26,000 to at least include the stretch of time ages by the number of years used to describe the length of time between the precession of equinoxes (25,920 21,600 = 4,320). However, the time as such is only about 813 generations, without the 25-year and 20-year counts per generation, however the time is also determined by the "falls" of constellations, i.e., Auriga (above) the equator and Orion, straddling the equator. 1
The numbers 447 and 401 for Kaiokahinali'i 2 were arrived at by counting back from zero and forward from zero in order to coordinate generations counted back to La'ila'i (at generation 1) from Kamehameha (birth date about 1740 A.D.), leaving a difference of 447-401 = 46 generations, however:
Hekaunano is at 399/400 Pa (zero) is at 356 generation(s) 9500 B.C. 10,600 B.C.
That date for Pa (zero) is about half the time of one precession of equinoxes and if we still count backward:
216 194 181 180 Haleha Mahinalea + Palerno Mele + Melernele Uli + Uliuli 14,275 B.C. 14,825 " 15,150 " 15,175 "
Generations 181 and 180 are named for stars below the equator (181 UlifUliuli) and stars above the equator, i.e., equatorial stars south (Uliuli, i.e., dark) and north (180 MelelMelemele "yellow"), which, as numbers, tends to suggest a 360-degree compass circle, North, and 180 degrees South, emphasis on stars at night, or the number 180 representing half of the distance between the poles over which stars transit between evening and morning of the same day. That would be commensurate with the Hale 0 Wai'ea measurement of 2 cubits (= 36 inches East/West length; 18 inches height, 18 width):
166 165 100 98 94 93 8 1 Amoaku (Belt of Orion) Arno (Belt of Orion) Mokukai'a (Milky Way, breaking apart) Mokukapewa (Milky Way, break tail) Heamoaku (Orion) Heamo (Orion) 'A'a (Sirius) La'ila'ilKi'ilKane 15,525 B.C. 15,550 " 17,175 " 17,200 " 17,300 " 17,325 " 20,000 " 20,175 "
2560 2569 2578 2587 2596 2605 2614 2623 2632 2641 2650 2659 2668 2677 2686 2695 2704 2713 2722 2731 2740 2749 2758 2767 2776 2785 2794 2803 2812 2821 2830 2839 2848 2857 2866 2875 2884 2893 2902 2911
2920 2929 2938 2947 2956 2965 2974 2983 2992 3001 3010 3019 3028 3037 3046 3055 3064 3073 3082 3091 3100 3109 3118 3127 3136 3145 3154 3163 3172 3181 3190 3199 3208 3217 3226 3235 3244 3253 3262 3271
3280 3289 3298 3307 3316 3325 3334 3343 3352 3361 3370 3379 3388 3397 3406 3415 3424 3433 3442 3451 3460 3469 3478 3487 3496 3505 3514 3523 3532 3541 3550 3559 3568 3577 3586 3595 3604 3613 3622 3631
3640 3649 3658 3667 3676 3685 3694 3703 3712 3721 3730 3739 3748 3757 3766 3775 3784 3793 3802 3811 3820 3829 3838 3847 3856 3865 3874 3883 3892 3901 3910 3919 3928 3937 3946 3955 3964 3973 3982 3991
4000 4009 4018 4027 4036 4045 4054 4063 4072 4081 4090 4099 4108 4117 4126 4135 4144 4153 4162 4171 4180 4189 4198 4207 4216 4225 4234 4243 4252 4261 4270 4279 4288 4297 4306 4315 4324 4333 4342 4351
4360 4369 4378 4387 4396 4405 4414 4423 4432 4441 4450 4459 4468 4477 4486 4495 4504 4513 4522 4531 4540 4549 4558 4567 4576 4585 4594 4603 4612 4621 4630 4639 4648 4657 4666 4675 4684 4693 4702 4711
4720 4729 4738 4747 4756 4765 4774 4783 4792 4801 4810 4819 4828 4837 4846 4855 4864 4873 4882 4891 4900 4909 4918 4827 4936 4945 4954 4963 4972 4981 4990 4999 5008 5017 5026 5035 5044 5053 5062 5971
5980 5989 5998 6007 6016 6025 6034 6043 6052 6061 6070 6079 6088 6097 6106 6115 6124 6133 6142 6151 6160 6169 6178 6187 6196 6205 6214 6223 6232 6241 6250 6259 6268 6277 6286 6295 6304 6313 6322 6331
9220 9229 9238 9247 9256 9265 9274 9283 9202 9211 9220 9229 9238 9247 9256 9265 9274 9283 9292 9301 9310 9319 9328 9337 9346 8355 9364 9373 9382 9391 9400 9409 9418 9427 9436 9445 9454 9463 9472 9481
9490 9499 9508 9517 9526 9535 9544 9553 9562 9571 9580 9589 9598 9607 9616 9625 9634 9643 9652 9661 9670 9679 9688 9697 9706 9715 9724 9733 9742 9751 9760 9769 9778 9787 9796 9805 9814 9823 9832 9841
9850 9859 9868 9877 9886 9895 9904 9913 9922 9931 9940 9949 9958 9967 9976 9985 9994 10003 10012 10021 10030 10039 10048 10057 10066 10075 10084 10093 10102 10111 10120 10129 10138 10147 10156 10165 10174 10183 10192 10201
10210 10219 10228 10237 10246 10255 10264 10273 10282 10291 10300 10309 10318 10327 10336 10345 10354 10363 10372 10381 10390 10399 10408 10417 10426 10435 10444 10453 10462 10471 10480 10489 10498 10507 10516 10525 10534 10543 10552 10561
10570 10579 10588 10597 10606 10615 10624 10633 10642 10651 10660 10669 10678 10687 10696 10705 10714 10723 10732 10741 10750 10759 10768 10777 10786 10795 10804 10813 10822 10831 10840 10849 10858 10867 10876 10885 10894 10903 10912 10921
10930 10939 10948 10957 10966 10975 10984 10993 11002 11011 11020 11029 11038 11047 11056 11065 11074 11083 11092 11101 11110 11119 11128 11137 11146 11155 11164 11173 11182 11191 11200 11209 11218 11227 11236 11245 11254 11263 11272 11281
11290 11299 11308 11317 11326 11335 11344 11353 11362 11371 11380 11389 11398 11407 11416 11425 11434 11443 11452 11461 11470 11479 11488 11497 11506 11515 11524 11533 11542 11551 11560 11569 11578 11587 11596 11605 11614 11623 11632 11641
11650 11659 11668 11677 11686 11695 11704 11713 11722 11731 11740 11749 11758 11767 11776 11785 11794 11803 11812 11821 11830 11839 11848 11857 11866 11875 11884 11893 11902 11911 11920 11929 11938 11947 11956 11965 11974 11983 11992 12001
14890 14899 14908 14917 14926 14935 14944 14953 14962 14971 14980 14989 14998 15007 15016 15025 15034 15043 15052 15061 15070 15079 15088 15097 15106 15115 15124 15133 15142 15151 15160 15169 15178 15187 15196 15205 15214 15223 15232 15241
15250 15259 15268 15277 15286 15295 15304 15313 15322 15331 15340 15349 15358 15367 15376 15385 15394 15403 15412 15421 15430 15439 15448 15457 15466 15475 15484 15493 15502 15511 15520 15529 15538 15547 15556 15565 15574 15583 15592 15601
15610 15619 15628 15637 15646 15655 15664 15673 15682 15691 15700 15709 15718 15727 15736 15745 15754 15763 15772 15781 15790 15799 15808 15817 15826 15835 15844 15853 15862 15871 15880 15889 15898 15907 15916 15925 15934 15943 15952 15961
15970 15979 15988 15997 16006 16015 15024 16033 16042 16051 16060 16069 16078 16087 16096 16105 16114 16123 16132 16141 16150 16159 16168 16177 16186 16195 16204 16213 16222 16231 16240 16249 16258 16267 16276 16285 16294 16303 16312 16321
16330 16339 16348 16357 16366 16375 16384 16393 16402 16411 16420 16429 16438 16447 16456 16465 16474 16483 16492 16501 16510 16519 16528 16537 16546 16555 16564 16573 16582 16591 16600 16609 16708 16717 16726 16735 16744 16753 16762 16771
16780 16789 16798 16807 16816 16825 16834 16843 16852 16861 16870 16879 16888 16897 16906 16915 16924 16933 16942 16951 16960 16969 16978 16987 16996 17005 17014 17023 17032 17041 17050 17059 17068 17077 17086 17095 17104 17113 17122 17131
17140 17149 17158 17167 17176 17185 17194 17203 17212 17221 17230 17239 17248 17257 17266 17275 17284 17293 17302 17311 17320 17329 17338 17347 17356 17365 17374 17383 17392 17401 17410 17419 17428 17437 17446 17455 17464 17473 17482 17491
17500 17509 17518 17527 17536 17545 17554 17563 17572 17581 17590 17599 17608 17617 17626 17635 17644 17653 17662 17671 17680 17689 17698 17707 17716 17725 17734 17743 17752 17761 17770 17779 17788 17797 17806 17815 17824 17833 17842 17851
2-Aug-11
20740 20749 20758 20767 20776 20785 20794 20803 20812 20821 20830 20839 20848 20857 20866 20875 20884 20893 20902 20911 20920 20929 20938 20947 20956 20965 20974 20983 20992 21001 21010 21019 21028 21037 21046 21055 21064 21073 21082 21091
21100 21109 21118 21127 21136 21145 21154 21163 21172 21181 21190 21199 21208 21217 21226 21235 21244 21253 21262 21271 21280 21289 21298 21307 21316 21325 21334 21343 21352 21361 21380 21379 21388 21397 21406 21415 21424 21433 21442 21351
21460 21469 21478 21487 21496 21505 21514 21523 21532 21541 21550 21559 21568 21577 21586 21595 21604 21613 21622 21631 21640 21649 21658 21667 21676 21685 21694 21703 21712 21721 21730 21739 21748 21757 21766 21775 21784 21793 21802 21811
21820 21829 21838 21847 21856 21865 21874 21883 21892 21901 21910 21919 21928 21937 21946 21955 21964 21973 21982 21991 22000 22009 22018 22027 22036 22045 22054 22063 22072 22081 22090 22099 22108 22117 22126 22135 22144 22153 22162 22171
22180 22189 22198 22207 22216 22225 22234 22243 22252 22261 22270 22279 22288 22297 22306 22315 22324 22333 22342 22351 22360 22369 22378 22387 22396 22405 22414 22423 22432 22441 22450 22459 22468 22477 22486 22495 22504 22513 22522 22531
22540 22549 22558 22567 22576 22585 22594 22603 22612 22621 22630 22639 22648 22657 22666 22675 22684 22693 22702 22711 22720 22729 22738 22747 22756 22765 22774 22783 22792 22801 22810 22819 22828 22837 22846 22855 22864 22873 22882 22891
22900 22909 22918 22927 22936 22945 22954 22963 22972 22981 22990 22999 23008 23017 23026 23035 23044 23053 23062 23071 23080 23089 23098 23107 23116 23125 23134 23143 23152 23161 23170 23179 23188 23197 23206 23215 23224 23233 23242 23251
23260 23269 23278 23287 23296 23305 23314 23323 23332 23341 23350 23359 23368 23377 23386 23395 23404 23413 23422 23431 23440 23449 23458 23467 23476 23485 23494 23503 23512 23521 23530 23539 23548 23557 23566 23575 23584 23593 23602 23611
In the late 19th century, Zepherin Kalokuokamaile recommending dividing a year, such as 1890 by the number of the epact divisor, 19: 38.
38 Hanau Papa Hoomanao no na Makahiki arne na Malarna arne na la maikai arne na la ino ma ka loaa ana 0 ka Epake 0 na makahiki. Ka'u keiki mua Naili. Hanau 1890 Mar. 26. Epake 29 + 26 + 1 = 56 divided by 30 = 26 L. H. (Kaloa - Pau.) 19 1890 (99) 171 180 171 9 11 199 divided by 30 = 9 Epake 30 divided into 209 = 29 Epake 180 29 Epake Ka'u Keiki Elua, Ane Kalokuokarnaile Hanau 1896 July 26 Epake 10 + 28 + 5 = 43 - 30 = 13 Hua {la helu Hawaii
Hua 19) 1891 (9 171 191 171 20
11
20 20 229 divided by 30 210 10 Epake 171 199 171
11
28 28 308(1 divided by 309 = 8 Epake
311
19
(At the time I wrote the following note~ some years ago~ about the year1960 when I recovered Ka'ulili's memoirs from a pending auction of my parents' belongings in San Diego~ California, where they were moving at that time when my father was put into a mariners' hospital away from his home in Hawai'i):
[*Note: The insert information is not easily translated. Epake is an unusual word used nowhere in the Hawaiian language, nor seen in any written form, nor dictionary entry. absent in Biblical usage. It seems to involve counting in some kind of other order or base unrelated to the moon phase name (Olekukahi) when Mary was born. Epake 11 Hllo 0 Feb. he 0 is unrelated to either the 7th moon night (Olekukahi) or the 21st (Olekukahi). He must be using another kind of calendrics, probably from astrology, either currently in vogue at the time, or from some other more ancient type].
2--Kahomeokealoha Ka'ulili (w), rna ka hale kahu 0 Lihue, Lihue, Kaua'i, 1902. Hemo mai ua make. Va he mai nei rna ka pa ilina 0 ka luakini 0 Lihue. [Translation]: Ka-home-o-ke-aloha Ka'ulili (w), at the Lihue parsonage, Lihue, Kaua'i, 1902. Miscarried; died. In a grave at the cemetery of Lihue Church. [Ka-home-o-ke-aloha, Home-ofLove] 3--Annie Kauikaiuiuonamauna Kaulili (w), [*insert] rna ka hale kahu 0 Lihue, Lihue, Kauai February 24, 1903, hora 4:00 pm, Poalua, Po 0 Kane. 0 ke keiki e hanauia rna keia po, he noho malie, he aloha makua, he ko kona mau makemake maikai, a he mea nui na kona mau makua (Epake 0 1903, he 3 Helu 0 Feb. he O--La i hanau ai he 24; [*insert: Koianei hoailona i hoike ia mai i kona makuahine i na po apau oiai oia e hapai ku mai ka moeuhane, he mahina ame hoku). [Translation]; Annie Ka-u'i-ka-'iu'iu-o-na-mauna Ka'ulili (w), at Lihue parsonage, Lihue, Kaua'i, February 24, 1903,4:00 p.m., Tuesday, Kane night (Le., the 27th night of the moon). The child born on this night, (is one who) is peaceful, loves (herlhis) parents, whose desires are well fulfilled, and is wellregarded by (herlhis) parents (Epake 1903, No.3 Feb zero, birthday 24). [Her signs shown to her mother every night carried in (a) dream, moon and stars]. [Ka-u'i-ka-'iu'iu-o-na-mauna, Beauty-highupon-the-mountains] 4--Kumukulaoiole. He puukoko keia. Hanauia rna kahi hale la'au 0 Mrs. Wahine Kain rna Papaa, pili i kahawai, malalo mauka iho 0 ke alanui aupuni pili ia Elia Thome. ]Translation]: Kumu-kula-oilole. This was an early miscarriage (i.e., pU'u-koko, 'blood-lump']. Born at the cottage of Mrs. Kain at Papa'a, close to the stream, below (but) above the government road close to Elia Thome]. [Kumu-kula-o- , Iole, Schoolhouse-o-'Iole; 'Iole, Kaua'i] 5--Homekahuolihue. He keiki kane keia i hanau mai ua make. Eia no kona kino mahope 0 kela pa Kahu i hoomoeia ai. [Translation]: Home-kahu-o-Lihu'e. This was a male child stillborn. Here lies his body behind the pastor's (fence, yard) interred. [Home-kahu-o-Lihu'e, Pastor's-Cottage-of-Lihu'e]
21
I
[Translation] Lord Olinoikalani Solomon Kamahauluhemoikalani Kaulili [*insert]. Born at the old home of Rev. Smith in Koloa on Tuesday, August 9th, 1909,8:00 PM of the night of Kukolu (5th day of the month), "The child born on this night has pride and high self-esteem, a time of good fortune (po maika'i) for accomplishing what one does." [*insert: This sign as show in the dream every night, the moon completely full with its light bursting with such beauty]. Epake of 1910 (is) 20; Number of August 6; day of birth, 9.
10--Esther Kauikeaolani Kaulili. Hanauia rna ka hale kahiko 0 Rev. Smith rna Koloa i ka Poakolu, June 4, 1913, hora 7:00 AM 0 ka po 0 Hilo. 0 ke keiki i hanauia rna keia po he kulia ia e na pomaikai. He loihi ke ola. Epake 0 1913 he 23; Helu 0 June 4; La i hanau ai 4. [*insert: 0 koia nei hoailona i hoike ia mai rna ka moeuhane he mahina a me ka hoku e hele like ana no laua]. [Translation] Esther Kauikeaolani Kaulili. Born at the old home of Rev. Smith in Koloa on Wednesday, June 4, 1913, hour of7:00 A.MI on the day of Hilo [first day of the month]. The child born on this day will strive to be blessed by good fortune. Life will be long. Epake of 1913 (is) 23; Number of June 4, day of birth 4. [*insert: This sign shown in the dream was a moon and star going (? hele like, i.e., the same, perhaps to mean, moving together either in the same place or at the same time or rate)]. ll--Ida Kauikaiuiuonalani Kaulili.[*insert] Hanauia rna Kauikeaolani Home rna Lawai Homestead i ka Poalima November 5th, 1915, hora 1:200 ka po 0 Muku. "0 ke keiki e hanauia rna keia po, he loohia mau ia e na pomaikai, hauoli a holomua rna na hana ike a pau. [*insert: 0 koia nei hoailona he la ame ka (ma)hina e poha mai ana ko laua malamalama me ka nani. E poka mai ana a pii ae iluna] Epake 0 1915 he 15; Helu 0 Nov. 9; La i hanau ai 5. [Translation] Ida Kauikaiuiuonalani Kaulili [*insert] Born at Kaukeaolani Home in Lawai Homestead on Friday, November 5th, 1915, hour of 1:20 on the day/night of Muku (New Moon). The child born on this day/night, will be overcome by good fortune, happiness, and progress in all that she does. [*insert: This sign was the sun and moon bursting their light with beauty. Rolling down and climbing up]. Epake of 1915 (is) 15; No. (of) Nov. 9; day born, 5. 12--Springwater Olinokuikalani Solomon Kamahauluhemoikalani Kaulili, hanau ia rna Kauikeaolani Home, Lawai Homestead i ka la Sabati; hora 1:30 AM November 27th, 1921,0 Lono ka po i hanauia ai. 0 ka hoailona 0 keia keiki i hoike mauia i kona makuahine i na po a pau, (oiai e koko ana i loko 0 kona makuahine) rna ka moeuhane, he mahinapoepoe ame ka ipukukui, e puka ae ana ka mahina me kona malamalama nani me ke kalae holookoa 0 ka lani, ao ke kukui hoi e hoolele mai ana i kona a me ka malamalama nui, a 0 ka mahina e pii ae ana i luna. Epake 0 1921, he 22; Helu 0 Nov.9; La i hanau ia ai, he 27. 0 ka nui 0 na paona ona i kona hanau ana mai i kaupaona ia ia, he 10 paona. [Translation]. Springwater Olinokuikalani Solomon Kamahauluhemoikalani Kaulili, born at Kauikeaolani Home, Lawai Homestead on the Sabbath Day (Sunday); hour of 1:30 A.M, November 27th, 1921 , (on) the night of Lono (28th night) born. The sign of this child as continually shown to his mother every night, (while being carried within his mother) in the dream, a full moon and the kukui lamp, the moon appearing with its beautiful light (and with) the entire sky clear, the light from the kukui lamp leaping from its flame and with great light, as the moon was climbing up above. Epake of 1921, (is) 22; No. (of) Nov. 9; day of birth, (is) 27. The number of pounds at this birth when weighed, was 10 pounds. 23
Let us consider how the nights of the Hawaiian moon are spaced in the compass:
Moon names 360 - 000 d N Akau (North) 354 d NW 'Olepau 342 d NW Kaloakukahi
-006 + 006 d
= 'Olekulua
+006 d NE 'Olekulua
SOl 8 d NE 'Olekukahi
Kaupoku 0 Ka Hale 0 Ke Akua Meridian N to
330 d NW Kaioakulua
31 8 d NW Kaloakukahi
030 d NE La'aupau
042 d NE La'aukulua 054 d NE La'aukukahi
306 d NW Kane
274 d NW Lono 282 d NW Mauli 270 d W Muku 258 d SW Hilo (Mercury) 246 d SW Hoaka 234 d SW Kukahi 222 d SW Kulua 210 d SW Kukolu 198 d SW Kupau 186 d SW 'Olekukahi Equator
066 d NE Kulu
078 d NE Mahealani
090 d E Hoku
102 d SE Akua 114 d SE Hua (Jupiter) 1 26 d SE Mohalu* 138 d SE Huna 1 50 d SE 'Olepau 1 62 d SE 'Olekukolu 1 74 d SE 'Olekulua
-006 + 006 d = 'Olekulua

180 d S Hema (South)
This effort is experimental in order to detennine if the epake calculation was already internal within the Hawaiian moon night count from New Moon back to New Moon, or ifit was readily applied (later) from learning the Greek epact coordination (i.e., identical to Kalokuokamaile's 9 x 19 = 171 x 2 = 342 days. The following table is organized to show the 9 x 3 = 27 nights (Kane night = 27; Lono night = 28) per month and how the 19 "nines" will be effected through 12 months, 13 months, and 14 months because the Hawaiian calendars used those variables in different districts on several islands, although the general Hawaiian calendar was usually spaced over 12 months.
25
(10) Month 10
222 d. 126 d. 018 d. 270d.
SW SE
NE
W
Kulua Mohalu 'Olekukahi Muku
244 252 261 270
(start)
[270 d. W (11) Month 11 258 d. SW 162 d. SE 054d. NE 306d. NW
270 days in the moon compass and calendar] Hilo 'Olekukolu La'aukukahi Kane 271 279 288 297
[*Note: Month 11 does not vary from Month 1. The epake/epact fonnula maintains an II month correspondence, returning to the same positions after 10 months using for fonnula 9 X 9 = 81 etc.]. 270 d. W Muku Zero (1) Month 1 Hilo I (start) 258 d.SW 162 d.SE 054 d.NE 306d.NW (12) Month 12 'Olekukolu La'aukukahi Kane 9 18 27 298 306 315 324 28 36 45 54 325 333 342 351 352 360 369 378 (start)
[= sidereal year]
274d.NW Lono 198 d. SW Kupau Hoku 090 d. E 342d.NW Kaloakukahi [Note: Month 12 does not vary from Month 2]: . Lono (2) Month 2 274d.NW 198 d. SW 090 d. E 342 d.NW Kupau Hoku Kaloakukahi
(start)
(start)
(13) Month 13
330 d. N Kaloakulua 234d. SW Kukahi Mohalu 126 d. SE 018 d. NE 'Olekukahi [Note: Month 13 does not vary from Month 3] 'Olekulua 006-000N 270d. W Muku 'Olekukolu 162 d. SE 054d.NE La'aukukahi [Note: Month 14 does not vary from Month 4].
(14) Month 14
(start) [9 x40 days] [Saturn synodic cycle]
The 378-day count (14 months) is one synodic cycle of Saturn, the position of the moon at La'aukukahi, 054 d. NE opposite the 27th moon night of Kane at 306 d. NE. The computation using 9 X 19 for the 12-month, 13-month and 14-month calendars is evidence that the epact calculation was a factor allowing the KanelKanaloai and Lono nights to be the 27-day Kane and 28-day Lono month (lunar count) to coincide with the 10-day anahulu count = 30 days from Muku 29.5 to the next Muku (+ .5) half-day 30 days. 27
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20-Jun
19-Jul 18-Aug I6-Sep IS-Oct

14-Nov
28-May 27-Jun 26-Jul 24-Aug 23-Sep 22-0ct

21-Nov
21- Dec
20-Jan
I 2-Fe b
I9-Feb
26- Feb
S-Fe b 5-M a
1997/98
29-0ec 27-Jan
6-Dec 5-Jan
13-Dec
3-Feb
12-Jan ll-Feb
20-Jan 19-Feb
------------------13-Sep 13-0ct ll-Nov 1814/ 15
ll-Dec
10-Jan
21-Sep 2D-Oct 19-Nov 19-Dec

18-Jan
29-Sep 2S-0ct
27-Nov
6-0 ct
4-Nov
26-Dec
S-Feb 100Mar 9-Apr 8-May

7-Jun
16-Feb lS-Mar 16-Apr IS-May

13-Jun
1815/16
1816/17
6-Jul 4-Aug 3-Sep 2-0ct 31-0ct 3D-Nov 3D-Dec 2S-Jan 27-Feb 28-Mar 27-Apr 26-May 2S-Jun 24-Jul 22-Aug 21-Sep 2D-Oct IS-Nov IS-Dec 17-Jan IS-Feb
13-Jul ll-Aug 10-Sep 9-0ct

8-Nov 8-Dec
24-Jan 23-Feb 24-Mar 23-Apr 22-May 2l-Jun 20-J ul 19-Aug lS-Sep 17-0ct 16-Nov 16-Dec
14-Jan
3-De 2-Jan 31-Ja n 2000/01 2-Ma 1-Ap 1-Ma 30- May

29-Jun
29-Aug 27-Sep 26-0ct

25-Nov
5-Se p 5-0ct
3-Nov
29-Jul 27-Au, 2S-Sep 2S-0cl

23-Nov
2S-Dec 24-Jan 22-Feb 24-Ma r 23-Apr 22-May 21-Jun 20-J ul IS-Aug 17-Sep 16-0ct
14-Nov
3-0 ec 2-Jan 1-Feb 2-Mar I -Ap r 3D-Apr 29-May

27-Ju n
13-Sep 12-0ct ll-Nov lO-Dec

9-Jan
2D-Sep 19-0ct 18-Nov

17-Dec
7-Feb
9-Mar
7-J an 6-Feb 6-Mar

5-Apr
13-Feb
13-Mar
4-May
2-Jun
ll-Apr ll-May
9-Jun
I-Jul 31-Jul 29-Aug 27-Sep 27-0cl 26-Nov 26-Dec 25-Jan 23-Feb
9-Jul 7-Aug 6-Sep S-Oct

4- Nov
4-Dec 3-Jan I-Feb 3-Mar
22-De 21-Jan 19-Fe b 2D -Ma lS-Ap l S- May 17-Jun 17-Jul I S-Aug 14-Sep 13-0cI 12-Nov ll-Dec 100Jan 8-Fe b 9-Ma
2001/02
14-Dec 13-Jan ll-Feb 13-Ma r 12-Apr 12-May 10-Jun 10-Jul S-Aug 6-Sep 6-0ct 4-Nov
3-0ec
27-Ju l 2S-Aug 23-Se p 23-0ct 22-Nov 22-Dec 21-Jan 2D-Fe b

21-Ma r
7-Apr 7-May S-Ju n S-Jul 3-A ug 2-Sep 2-0ct 31-0ct 30-Nov

3D-Dec
16-Jan 14-Feb 16-Mar IS-Ap r lS-May 13-Jun 13-Jul ll-Aug 10-Sep

9-0ct
8-Nov 7-Dec
5-Jan
2D-Apr 19-May 17-J un 16-Jul IS-Aug 13-Sep 12-0ct ll-N ov ll-Dec

la-Jan
2003
2-Jan I-Fe b
9-Fe b
2S-Ja n 26-Feb 2S-Ma r 26-Apr 26-May 24-Jun 23-Ju l 22-Aug 21-Sep 20-0ct 19-Nov 19-0ec I S-Ja n 16-Feb
4-Feb 5-Mar
4-Apr
3-May
2-Jun
2-Ju l I-Aug 30-Aug 29-Sep 28-0ct 27-Nov 26-Dec

24-Jan
23-Feb
22-M.r 21-Apr 20-M.y

18-Jun
29-Mar
27-Apr 27-M.y 25-Jun 25-Jul 24-Aug 23-Sep 22-0ct 21-Nov 21-Dec 19-J.n 18-Feb 19-Mar 17-Apr 16-M.y
1S-J un
6-Apr 5-M.y
4-Jun
14-Ap 13-M.y
12-Jun
7-Ma r
14-Mar
5-Apr 5-M.y
12-Apr 11-M.y
10-Jun
1822/ 23
18-Jul 16-Aug 15-Sep 14-0ct 13-Nov 13-Dec II-Jan 10-Feb 12-M.r 10-Apr 10-M.y
8-Jun
4-Jul 2-Aug l-Sep 30-Sep 29-0ct 28-Nov

27-Dec
11-Jul 9-Aug 7-Sep 7-0ct 5-Nov 5-Dec

3-Jan
3-1un
2-Jul 1-Aug 30-Aug 28-Sep 28-0ct 27-Nov 2008/09

5-Nov 5-Dec 4-Jan
21-M.r 20-Apr 19-M.y 18-Jun 17-Jul 16-Aug 14-Sep 14-0ct 12-Nov 12-Dec
10-Jan
29-Mar
28-Apr 27-M.y 26-Jun 25-Jul 23-Aug 21-Sep 21-0ct 19-Nov 19-Dec
17-Jan
26-J.n 24-Feb 26-Mar 24-Apr 24-M.y

23-Jun
2-Feb 4-Ma 3-Ap

2-M.~
27-0ec
25-J.n 24-Feb
26-Mar
2-Feb
3-Mar
9-Feb
lO-Mar
I-Jun
1823/2
7-Ju l 6-Aug 4-Sep 3-Dct 2-Nov 2-Dec 31-Dec 30-J.n Feb-29 30-M.r 28-Apr 28-M.y 26-Jun 25-Jul 24-Aug
14-Jul 13-Aug 11-Sep 11-0ct lO-Nov 10-Dec 9-Jan 7-Feb

8-Mar
22-Jul 21-Aug 19-5ep 19-0ct 17-N ov 17-Dec
1-Jul 30-Ju l 28-Au 27-Sep 26-0 ct 24-Nov 24-Dec

22-Jan
24-Apr 24-May
22-Juo
2-Apr 1-M.y 30-M.y
9-Apr 8-May
7-Jun
16-Feb IS-Mar 17-Apr 16-M.y

IS-Jun
29-1un
24-Nov
IS-Jan
14-Feb
14-Mar
2009/10
21-Jul 20-Aug 18-Sep 17-0ct 16-Nov 16-Dec

14-Jan
24-0 ec
23-J. n 21-Feb
23-Mar
6-Apr 5-M.y 3-Jun 3-Jul 1-Aug 3D-Aug
13-Apr 12-M.y 11-Jun 10-Jul 9-Aug 8-Sep
21-Feb 22-M. 20-Ap 20-M.y 19-Jun 18-Jul 17-Aug 1S-Sep
13-Feb
IS-Mar
14-Apr 13-M.y
12-Jun
21-Apr 20-M.y
18-Jun
6-Jul 5-Aug 4-Sep 3-0ct 2-Nov I-Dec 31-Dec 29-J.n 28-Feb 29-M.r 28-Apr 27-M.y
26-Jun

9-Nov
8-0ec
7-J.n 5-Feb
l -Mar
5-Apr 5-May 4-Jun 4-Jul 2-Aug 1-Sep
11-Jul 9-Aug
18-Jul 16-Aug
25-Jul 24-Aug
~~~.--.
............
,......,.-..
.....
~,...........--.,......,,...........--...-...,...........--......-,
I I I I I I
------------------1829/30 27-Sep 27-0ct 26-Nov 2S-Dec 24-Jan 22-Feb 24-Mar 22-Apr 21-May 20-Jun 19-Jul lS-Aug 16-Sep 16-0ct IS-Nov 14-0ec
13-Jan
S-Oct 3-Nov
3-Dec
12-0ct
lO -Nov lO-Dec
S-Jan 7-Feb 9-Mar 7-Apr 7-May 6-Jun S-Jul 4-Aug 2-Sep 1-0ct 31-0ct 29-Nov 29-0ec 27-Jan 26-Feb
I -Jan
31-Jan 1-Mar 30-Mar 29-Apr 29-May 27-Jun 27-Jul 26-Aug 24-Sep 24-0ct 23-Nov 22-0ec 20-Jan 19-Feb 20-Mar 1S-Apr lS-May 16-Jun 16-Jul 14-Aug 13-Sep 13-0ct 12-Nov 12-Dec
19-0ct 17-Nov 17-0e 16-Jan lS-Feb 17-Ma lS-Ap lS-May 13-Jun 12-Jul
12-Sep 12-0ct
II-Nov
2015/16 11-0ec 9-Jan S-Feb S-Mar 7-Apr 6-May 4-Ju n 4-Jul 2-Aug 31-Aug 30-Sep 30-0ct 29-Nov 28- Dec 27-Jan 26-Feb
1830/31
12-Feb 13-Mar 12-Apr 11-May 9-Jun 9-Jul 7-Aug S-Sep S-Oct 4-Nov
3- Dec
27-Mar
26-Apr 26-May 24-Jun 24-Ju l n-Aug 21-Sep 20-0ct 19-Nov 18-Dec 17-Jan 1S-Feb 16-Mar
10-Au! 9-Sep S-Oc 7-No 6-De S-Jan 4-Feb 6-M a S-Ap 4-Ma 3-Ju n 2-Jul 31-Jul 30-Aul 28-Sep 27-00 2S-NOI 25-0e 24-1an 23-Feb 23-Ma
20-Sep 20-0ct IS-Nov lS-Dec 16-Jan 14-Feb IS-Mar 13-Apr 13-May I1-Jun 11-Jul 10-Aug 9-Se p S-Oct 7-Nov
6-Dec
27-Sep 27-0ct 25-Nov 2S-Dec 23-Jan 22-Feb 23-Mar 21-Ap r 21-May 2()..Jun 19-Jul 17-Aug 16-Sep lS-0ct 14-Nov 13-Dec 12-Jan 10-Feb 12-Mar 10-Apr 10-May 9-Jun S-Ju l 7-Aug S-Sep 5-0ct
3- Nov
4-0ct
3-Nov 2-Dec 1-Jan
31-Jan I-Mar
31-Mar 29-Apr 29-May 27-Jun 26-Jul 24-Aug 22-Sep 22-0ct
20- Nov
2016/17
5-Ja n 3-Feb
5-Mar 3-Apr
27-Mar
26-Apr 2S-May 23-J un 22-Ju l 21-Aug 19-5ep 19-0ct 18-Nov 17-0ec
2-May
20-0ec 19-Jan lS-Feb 20-Mar l S-Apr 1S-May
I-Jun
30-Jun 30-J ul 2S-Aug 27-Sep 27-0ct 26-Nov 25-0ec 24-Jan 22-Fe b
17-Jun
IO-Nov
9-Dec
1832
2-Jan 1-Feb
2-Mar
IO-Jan
9-Feb
2017/1
3-0ec 1-Jan
16-Jan
15-Feb
9-Mar
31-Ja n I-Mar
8-Jan 7-Feb 9-Mar
I I I I I I
I
I!l-Moy
'.'~
I8-J"" IN"I
-------- - - ------7-0ct 5-Nov

5-Dec
15-0ct
13-Nov
22-0CI 20-Nov
20-Dec
28-0ct
27-Nov
1840
4-Jan
~-.-
3-feb
3-Ma r
2-Apr 1-May 30-May

29-J un
13-0ec ll-Jan 10-feb IO-Ma r 8-Apr 8-May

6-Juo
27-0ec 25-feb 25-Mar 24-Ap 24-Ma\ 22-Juo 21-Jul 2(}-Aug 18-Sep 17-0CI
26-Jan
21-5ep 21-0ct 19-Nov 203 5/ 2 5>

-
29-5ep 29-0ct
27-Nov
6-0ct
5- Nov 4-Dec
13-0ct
ll-Noll ll-Dec
IS-Jan 17-feb
17-Mar
19- Dec --
16-Apr 16-May
14-Jun
28-Jul 26-Aug 25-Se p 24-0cI

23-Nov

2-Nov
14-Jul 12-Aug ll-Sep lO-Oct

9-Nov 8- Dec
23-0ec
I-Dec 31-Dec
IS-Nov 1S-Dec
18-Jan 17-feb 18-Mar 17-Apr 16-May 14-Jun 13-Jul 12-Aug lO-Sep l(}-Oct
8-Nov 8-Dec
27-Dec -2S-Jan
24-Feb 25-Mar 23-Ap r 23-May 21-1u n 21-Ju l 19-Aug 18-Sep 18-0ct

17-Nov
3-Jan 1-feb 3-Mar 1-Apr 1-May 30-May 29-Juo 29-Jul 27-Aug 2&-Sep 25-0ct
24-Nov 23- Dec
lO-Jan 9- f eb
10-Mar
9-Apr 9-May
8-Jun
7-Jul 5-Aug 3-Sep

3-0ct I-Nov 30-Nov
30-Dec
16-Dec
I I I I I I I I I
________________~I
I I I I I
I I I
I I I I
I I I I I I I
II
,-
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
t I I I I I I I I I
HAWAIIAN M OON
Names of the Hawa i ian Nig ht s When you tir st see the s ilver ha ir of the moon 90ddess , Hina, it i s a sma ll s hank of twi8ted bra id i n the we s t e r n \ ' sky after su n.s et. This thin crescent concave a nd arching w~th cusps turned l ef t ( southwestward , as you fa ce west 1n the evening ) ~ 5 called Ri l o, a 'twist'. After HI lo, when the moon was seen low in t h~ west a f t e r sunset , the crescent sh adow ( aka) of the moon was large enough , so aome s ay , to cas t a sh ad e on the earth, so the ne x t Moon was Bo aka ' crescent', from ho- 'to cause ' and 'aka 'shadow', as o f ref lec ti on, spir1t , soul, embryo ( as of a D egg , foetus). H caka crescent shapo ' , a s of a boar' 5 tu sk lei, 1.1 hoak... , 11.8 of the Llr(;t tu sk of t he moon1s g r owi ng , reborn, embryo. oa ka , then Count one Hilo , o ne H Lour r;: U' lIoons named fo r the high es t r anking god Kii in the Hawa i i an pa ntheo n
of male gods .-
I I I
"
The wa xing cr esc e.nts are named for the god of war, Ku. lie wa s al so god of agriculture ( Ku ula - uka, Ku-o f - t he abundance of t he uplands), f i s hing (Ku'ula-kai, Ku - o f-the- abundance - of t he - sea), house- building, and canoemak i ng .
. 2. BCBk a
KG r . pr. . . n~RIi u.. COiOrdinal ~ . . ,U r..,Uon . .. .t, or aaa toom "pillar" Ikn,
Ioi U .... '. _ r . ttl u n rl . .. t ilt H , ktIltul u blUna. Ito> hiU na .. lo. 151. U IIC<I KiI' ..oru ... t , Kina &orb . . _t I.a., kQk ul ~ ~b&DA1 ~h . roo th "n and ..... n h . d ...... ' .11" I _ I , or .nter tko.o l i nto th. O ~ he ' .loy ben... th. DO the otbu d ".. to .... dl Hio.-~ in Maori t bouqht vas the g~ of .s..th, .y...... J1OO". vith the .... t..:n 00II",," point .. h.r. an U ght dl the d.ad sl_p. Ku the 11 .... perpendleul_. to t h . 1'1 ..... of the horhon , or t bo. v.rUe.I. ''' pr 1gl>t ' Ckul nee nt. "hH.. ~ _ .... t.hoo '100"' _ ~Onhl', .ero .. the lateral 11 ... of _ i 9M at .. y .. _hvd to t ... edge of t he horho n . T~ . . . . <><:h U on of Kii' .. lth Bina h th~. .. prl .... r ' " ne. ... t .nd ..... t o f you r .... n". o n the _ .. th. You.r o ..n po.' tlon h t hu. e .ntrel to the ust! ..... t .nd north/.ouU. . . 1.0 to ~ .... r own hUh" nd t o t ... I . .gl ..... ry Hn. ov.r h. .d, your _ r l ,H ... in U _ .nd _pac ...
lI:Gk~I~
"".n
du...
Th. f in t rlt,..l UbU per l"" o r t"" . ,n th. cd lRli .Rl!1.t. per iod. .. 1,""".'" I " ""nor or tl'... 0J0d "U on t ... niqbt of MHo .ond u h .., on t ... .,.ni ng o f -.;"1... . 1'h l . pe r l<>d o f t i _ ._unt.... t o 2. 4.y. , At Kul u. t~ . -..on rl ... . ft e . door. .nd ...... .o furt h. . eou t lt 01 ..n . It.. f our n lght. t o t he w axi ng er cent, 10 .ra t b.re lour ' Ola nl~ht .
t"....
w ...
llu
[
S. lii-koh
I I I
The "ole~' nights ing (Iole) of fangs
( k ~) ,
ini tiate the blunti. e . the cusps

k~/ ' ol e) .
of 'mi lkteeth' ('ole ) of the embryonic moon when the c resc ent is 'negative '
i . e ., 'not sharp ' ( ' ole;
Fi rst-quarter
moo n
at
' Ole-ku-kahi
begins four ' 01e- night s ! -kahi (one) , -lua (two), -kolu (t hree), and -pau ( f inished) .
At
sunse t
t he
'Ole
moon
is
seen
7.
' O le -k ~- k ahi
i n the south a t fi r st quarter , lighte d west at sunset . During h a lf facing ' 01e- in the f all, from evening to morning , the tide is low . In winter fr o m
evening to morni ng t he ' Ole surf will be hi gh . One week after new moon at
Hila the moon r ises about noon and sets about midnight . At ' Ole-pau , one anahulu , or dee a n wee k of ten days , the standard Hawaiian week , equals the firs t third of the moon' s 29 .. 5-day lunation . At first quarter (= 7 days ) t h e halves o f light a n d dark become e qual . Separating these hal ves is a straight line betw~en the l ight and dark si des . This is called The moon t h e terminator of t h e moon. is 90 from the sun. The next night the lighted part wil l begin to dominat e the dar ker part , and the terminator wi l l curve .
8.
Ole-k~-l ua
9.
'O le-k~-kolu
10.
' Ole-pau
I
The second decan anahulu week begin. when the cusps a re 'hi d den' on the night of ( ' to hide'" Af t er Kuna comes meaning 'clear , cal~ ' . [Compare ' Shaula' in Scor piu9, Carolinian equiva lentl . Then follows the ~oon ot Hua , 'frui tful, producti ve', oval-shapedl!);,e an 'egg ' Ihua) "COIIlpare Hua , 'Jupiter' in Harqucsan; 'Antares ' -I i n Scorpiue' , Tua~o t uan). Because of these a epociaclon. with star/planet names in other Polyn. sian language e ancestral to Hawa iian. this moon is probably tho most i mportan t of the seven nights betwee n firat quarter and f ul l 1D00n du ring the poeeo e 'roundinq' quarter of the gibbous 1II00n, ' gibbous' lIIeaning more than half but leas than fully illuminated . Hua is the thirteenth night c ount ing frolll-u:i:lo, or rat her , 13 . 5 nights from Huku (nev moon). Hua i s counted as a "halt- s iderea l" mon th, c lose to the "fortni ght" of 14 days from Muku, or , Ji nights to the 27th night of Itane , 2 7.3 day. being a eidereal ..onth , measuring the moon against the ",tara. ( A sidereal lunar lIonth is calculated aga inst a star on meridian and b a ck t o that star again every 27 . 3 Dights. This differs fro. a synodic lunar month, which is c al culated frOIll Dew mOOD (usual lyl back to new moon.
I I
11.. RUDa
I I I I I
12. !'Io hsiu
I I
I I I I I I
~nty_ . . v.n "Kine" ni~ht. (27 niqht l ~ , Une cycle) in 13 luo.ation . ( 13 . 'darea l. .oDth l ) is shy of the "tropical year" (365 5 dayl) calculate" by t ho lun'. ann .... l ' ''1"9 nor t h and l outl> bet.... " th e tropic. (cancI.,/nort.ll
ond
Ca pricorn/loutb)
hy
f ourt.en
day.
(or nlqht . l . i 17 X 1 ] JSl day [ T h. t rul . id .. real l un ati on i . rou'lbly 21 , 3 night l, .. 27.3 ~ 13 354.9 dayo ). The n ar. tluon 13 U:n . aontn. I s idu u ! I in I" Lono month. ( Irnod10)
"r
til. t ..<> plC
yu r .
.1 4 ,
AI:~.
~ote
that the 14th nigbt 01 trlle fortnight t .."., the 28th another f or tniqht
thu l hal f
..
Lone
,, ~
I
There were three 'ano ( ' kind , type, character , nature I ) of the moon's progress commensurate with the decan weeks C anahulu) o f the moon ' s r evolutio n around the e a rth in one synodi c month from new moon to new moon :
(1)
(2)
' increasing' (holonui)

I
roundi ng I (poepoe ) (waxing gibbous}

~7 .
(3)
' shrinking' ('emi) [ wani ng gibbous }
Ku lu
Hoku wa~ t he phase before tr ue ful l moon at M ahealan i (when it wa s bearing
directly east, 090 degrees East but 180 degrees opposite the sun) , o pposite the Muku position of the moon at 270 degrees west) . When Hoku s e t just at day light it was called ho ku palemo ,
'sinki ng s ta r '. If sti l l vis i ble above t he horiz on after day l ight , i t was then ca lled hoku I iI i 'stra nded sta r I . Such ~as Mahealanl moon when it s e t after s unri se. At full moon that f u lly l ig h t ed m oon is v i sible the who l e ni g ht . The earth is between t he sun- and moon .
.\. 8 . ia"'8:u - k~-ka'hi
oon ri ses in the e ast whe n t he The m s un sets, and whe n morni ng come s , t he moon sets in the west a s the sun rises .
The second dec a n ana hulu r ounded o ff t he middl e th ird o f the mon t h between Huna and La ' au-pau . The re were t hree LaTauni ghts , referring to n ights thought best f or pla nting after full moon: La'au-kukahi, -l ua, -pau (18th t o 20th). After Maheal ani, t he first o f the wa n i ng moon phase , the sliver of the moon I s dying orb was calle d a 'tear-drop ', Kulu (17th night).
2o., La' au-pa u
I I I I I
When the moon wa s a I drop' (Kulu), t hat portion wh ich began to dark en al so increased while the lighted s ide d e cr eased through the remai ning 1S-night cyc le of waning to comple t e darkness at Muku . Fu ll moon east appears la r ger when the moon is at 'per i gee r t wh en closest to the earth, tha n at ' apogee' when it is farthest away from the planet . While Hawaii does not ha ve nearly the awesome magnitude of midweste rn mainland harvest moons in au tumn, the effect of full moon at peri gee above or below languid coconut palms and r e ef waters is as .enchanting , so sings t h e balladeer charmed by the autumn Hawa i i a n moon :
"Beneath you , the
pale Hawaiian moon I
found.
21 .
Ole-k~- k ab i
"It was in September, and you. were mine ,

my ku I uiPJ"
I I I I I I I
Thoughts of the anci ent Ha waiian, howeve r, were les s on roman c ing by the ha r ves t moon th.an they were on the taro, s wee t potato , and ba nana ha rvest itself , and t he poepoe decan of the waxi ng moon had i ts tabu pule period c a l l ed th e tabu of Hua, imposed on the ni ght of Mohalu (12th night) and r aised on the morning of Akua ( 1 4t h night = 1 fort n i gh t ) . This added 1 i more days to the day Ku tabu be fore q uarter moon . Wh ile identity of Hua as either o r both Jupiter and An tares in Scorpio (per various Polynesian ca l endars) is uncer ... ta i n , this name connected as it is with the egg-shaped oval moon in gibbous phase was as fruitful in the second as 1n the third quarter of the seeding times of the La'au p l anting nights . More light fr om the moon is cast on t h e earth between the second and third qu arter s .
22.
' 0 1e - ku-lu a
2 ,
The waning gibbous moon thi n s t h e crescent down after M ahealani , Kulu a nd La'au nights , turning cus ps eas t ward t oward the ris i ng sun. At third q uar ter ' Ole moo n when it i s now directly north the t ermi nator wil l once more st r aight e n a nd equalize ligh t and dark ha l ves . Between 'Ole-ku- kah i, -lua , - pa u t he moon moves from east to wes t of north . Ri s ing at midnight the ' Ole moon
23.
'0 1 e - pau
Twn . . ~nl'lht.. thee . . ven cltual t abu n19ht. foe Ju (Hut quutuJ,
qu.ct.c. -'no lo. aQd X . ne (
".U..! tb.ol . .ere<!
I I I I I I I I I I
t o ...t
to calcu hU lind t.o e<>or dlnate the ....,.,
.1'0
for a fH.,."Y 111
..1t11
{or
aun
and pla nel_.,y eyel.. "",t on1r

bt.>t
."cuney
th. c.-:.n lcUlon ...,t.._n 1/0<10 .Ad _no
I I I I I I
The aging g oddess has become a ~ spir ( ma uli ) at M a u li, on the 29th night o f t h e moon .
itt
At Muk u ( ' cu t -off') , Hi n a plunges into t he sacred l ife-giving wate rs of the Wai ala a Kane, t h e M ilk y Way , which we now know to be the galaxy , but which ancient Hawaiians visual i zed as a place where dy in g soul s went to be restored to eternal life and youth~ Hav i ng been r e suscitated there by the god of l ife , Hi na returns at Hilo , rejuven ated to l ife a nd into i mmortality as a U grey _ head l l ( po ' ohina) , a wise elder . For the last anah ulu decan , three 'Ole, three Ka ( na}loa , one one Lono, one Mauli , one Muku . of
that
27. Kane
count Kane ,
Thi s compass is the first cycle time, the e arl i e st compa s s circle
d e fines ea st and west as a li n e
28. Lono
through your lat! tude between Muku and HiSku a nd your merid i a n as the line of longitude between the 'Ole positions of the moon north a n d sou t h .
You ex i st wit hin this c irc l e, the bosom of Hioa' s h e ar t, sti ll p uls ing a warm glow o ver the children of the e arth , sea, a n d sky .
I I I I I I I I I
d ar kness returns to zero at Hila next eve ning , count one. Without a doub t Hina 's hair wi l l shine, le tting al l k now t h a t he r life and l ig ht are mat ernal l y dur ab le .
To t a l Muku . At
29. Ma uli
3D. M uku

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The Hawaiian Understanding of The Universe 2012

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I I I I I I

THE HAWAIIAN UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNIVERSE

Draft: Doctoral Dissertation Awanuiarangi, Aotearoa

Rubellite Kawena Johnson

On Being Hawaiian - A Renewal of Historical Perspective

These were levied

laiDa lands of hoa 'aina tenants residing in the ahupua'a

tracts of the district (moku)

during every quarter of the year (equivalent to three

and live, rent.

In addition to the provender tax on produce (auhau)

water ditch systems owned by the ali'i 'ai

monarchy in post-European contact times, this practice became known as Poalima

when tenant farmers continued to work in fields of the high chiefs.

section received one-third the auhau provender from the konohiki

paid one-third what he had received

and ahupua'a subsections retained

his sister Pi'ikea, daughter of Pi'ilani (Maui) and wife of

repossess Hana district when

after Kamehameha created the archipelago of Hawai'i (ka pae aina

Hawaii) as one sovereign domain under Hawaii after several battles:

opportunity to access the

Maui aupuni as that from Maui to Kaua'i,

his chest to the ground.

sky, sea, and air

energy in matter is the "source" (kumu) from which all

life ultimately derives.

which one is born is called one hanau, or "birth-sands".

Thus far this usage is where unai fanagu ,

comparable to Chamorro usage (Mariana Islands, Micronesia)

"birth-sands", is obviously cognate with Hawaiian one banau ..

Tbe Perspective from Language Usage in Native Hawaiian

created extended families (ohana)

The ease with which the

of arild and arild n ui.

chief, as in Tongan Tui Kanokupolu, Tul Tonga.

Departure from standard Polynesian usage in Hawaiian,

"ancestor of the Polynesian race" per Rarotongan usage, pointing in these

makahild, where the makahiki image of Lono, Lonomakua,

had been purposely chosen by the captain to be related to other known

and the same given to Mary Kawena Puku'i from Ka'u

west of Puna within districts

farthest south in the Hawaiian chain.

Pelehonuamea was the daughter of Haumea,

fiercely blowing in November of the year 1968.

The upriver Whangarei anchorage

between late November and

equator, it is their summer in the opposite hemisphere.

How familiar is the changing face of

new moon 'west' back to Muku?

How important to is that island name in Maori for sky Only

is a cave by the sea?

In the Tuamotus while in the company of 15

Is Lu the son of Wake a and Ho'ohokukalani in Hawaiian tradition the same as

Ahu-a-Lu-a-nu'u as well as the place on Lana'i where Lu

Atea e taupe i raro i te mata 0 te vahine ra,

While translation into English speaks of Hiti-i-to'a as "southwest" and Hiti-i-

to'erau as "northwest", Hiti

is reminiscent of Viti (Fiji) southwest of Tanga (-

"northwest" as that of a more conservative Takerau,

east of Ponape and Tonga,

surname has been his since birth.

It is we who are fortunate that original texts of cosmogonic Hawaiian mele

THE KUMULIPO COSMOGONY

It was then used by Hawaiian priests to deify Captain Cook as

the god Lono at the Hale