s 5-2-94 to 5-2-140

1. etc. - added in the sense of , , , . The s

are generally called - s or - s
2. , - limits their usage to present-tense situations
3. is to convey that the s may be added only when the
language has the usages and therefore there is a . The s are
not added to indicate a mere presence but in situations where the
presence stands out in some way. The common ways in which the
presence stands out were listed in a verse which listed etc. (,
, -, and ).
4. added to a - is subject to . This operation makes the
resulting word (which was otherwise only masculine) an
allowing the usage of the word in all genders. E.g. ,
,
5. Supporting sutras for and pratyayas :
a. in may be replaced by by 8-2-9 to 8-2-15, with the
exception of words in the - and also in -.
b. 1-4-19 gives to a ending in / are followed by a
-
c. 6-3-118 to 6-3-120 and 6-3-131 may cause when
or s follow. An example was seen under examples for
4-2-85 and 8-2-11.
6. - under 5-2-96 extends the of
the word which has the meaning AND here, to the end of
5-2. This makes an additional which can be added along with
other s mentioned in this section (similar to 5-1-120 in
--).
7. Some Important - sutras in terms of coverage:

d. , 5-2-94 applies to all words unless

curtailed which is done by mandating specific pratyayas for
some words, sometimes in specific meanings.
e. 5-2-127 has a wide scope because - is an -. E.g.
i. , ,
ii. ,
f. - 5-2-115 is the for s and
ordains , along with of . However a vartika
, negates and for
monosyllabic words, , -, and in the meaning of
, , .
The scope of this is further modified in the following:
i. The sutra 116 adds - for words listed in .
In gana there are three types of words some take
& , some take & and the rest take ,
and .
ii. The sutra 117 ordains in addition to , and
for
iii. The sutras 128-137 ordain again to limit the
pratyaya to i.e. they negate and for a set of
words to which - 5-2-115 would have
otherwise applied. (- ).
iv. The sutra 136 however adds a word to ordain
and add as a second possibility. So these words
will not take .
v. Words in - take only in the meaning of
, , . The sutra also has important vartikas:
1. , takes in the sense of
not having it, yielding the pratipadikam
meaning seeker.
2. ordaining for compounds
ending in the word . Eg

g. Some words are (This is how they are). For e.g.

i. , - Moonlight
ii. , Having Darkness
iii. , Having impurity. Dirt, dust
iv. Tree (- )
v. Sun (- )
8. ending words are not always . There are many other
possibilities. itself is used in other taddhita meanings. The taddhita
pratyaya will also result in word ending in .
s worthy of attention

3-1-134 ( ), 3-2-78 to 83 ( , ), 3-3-170

()

- 3-2-141 to 145 (- )

Other s

3-2-24 to 37, 3-2-93

3-2-156 to 157

3-3-44

s worthy of attention

5-2-85 to 91

is only in some vartikas

Very common area of doubt is whether the word is formed using -

or with a by sutras 3-2-78 etc. Given that
can have - as its distinguishing feature it can come close to
. Contextual analysis is necessary to determine what fits better.

9. A word may not take on another - i.e. another

of the same form as the one at the end of the word in
consideration. E.g. + is not allowed, but , + =

, () is permissible because the first word ended in which

is with reference to added later.
10. A - may not be added to a if the same can be
expressed by the compound being looked at as a in
general. However a does not bring in the extra meanings
of , etc. therefore if the is to express one of these
meanings, then a - may be added to a . (
- Bhaimi v5-pg 323)
E.g. (KT). To speak of a place where there are
many s one cannot use and form the word
, because the , , = will
yield the same result.
, -, therefore one cannot use a
word - for this. Other similar e.g.s ,
But the senses like - are to be conveyed, - s may be
added after a compound. E.g. , = -
11. A in Feminine, and ending in must take on a
by the sutra 5-4-152.
, () ,

,
The - s applicable extensively are

The other - s which are less extensively used, include:

,
/

s (where different pratyayas are imagined by commentators)

If a specific - pratyaya other than is ordained in a particular
meaning, and if is also an option - generally will continue to carry the
usual - of /, , , while the other - s carry the
special meanings. In some - situations, there is no word with e.g.
.
Examples of difference in meaning between and other - s

: (-) = - loving, (-) = One with a child

(-) = one with overlordship, = One with wealth

(-) = Obsequies in - ; = One having

(-) = An elephant; = One who has a hand

(-) = A place which has lotuses, = One who has

lotuses
(City), (Place that has hills/mountains)

(),

Also it is observed that itself normally does not apply in - . For e.g.
none of the words below in are taking in that sense.

()

()

()

()

()

For each -

Which sutras ordain it

In what meaning

What operations the is capable of ushering in

What - (if any) needs to be added, based on the

considerations alone to get a -

Which additional s itll allow (may need to do this at sutra level)

Added after what

Examples - , meaning of , -, Its meaning,

Notes like special meaning, extra sutras, etc.

, {} {-}-
{ , } , , { , , } ,

[]
If words are related in the meaning of IT has it or IT is in it , the word
mentioned first (in the sutra), that is the word ending in 1 st case may take the
pratyaya .
--
,

,



, ,
,

,
, ,

-- -
, , (..-)
( -> instead of )
Large number or quantity, blameworthy, praiseworthy, constant association,
Excelling, occasional association
, --
--,
--
--
--
--,
, --,

(..-) ,

--
--

--


---
,

---

---

---



---


?

?
,

, , , , , , , , ---
, , , --- (--/)
, , --- (--/)
, , , , --- (--/)


--
--

,

(..--)

--
--

--
--

,
,
---
,
? , ?

--
--



,


--
--

-- (.-)
(..---)




(.--)

(..) --- , , ,

---


--
--



,
[ -- ]

--, [ - ] ( - --)
? [ ]
--
--


, , One who has a stick
, One who has an umbrella

?
(..-)
- One who has wealth
- That which has karakas a sentence
-, That in which there are lions, tigers a forest
- , - a place in which there are sticks
, --, , ,

--
--

Apavada for for - 5-2-121 + Extendable

Piles
Broad Chest
Pot belly
Skilled, efficient, clever
Grey hair
Matted Hair
Pot
Cloud
Mire, Mud, slush
Indigestion, constipation
Salt

(..)
[

Blind in one eye

Lame in one foot

]
(..)
[
, - - - A white colored object
, - - Green colored object
]

--
--

, ,
, , , ?
(..-)





, , ?

, , , ,

(..)
,
--
--



, , , , ,
, , ,
Big belly
Big belly
Big belly
Pot
Barley
Paddy (Rice)

(..)
[

-
= , , ,

--