Chapter 25-Turmoil between the Wars Treaty of Versailles created an uneasy peace o Border disputes o German animosity o League

e of Nation US did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles/join the League of Nations No coalition army Relied on economic sanctions o France invades and takes control of the Ruhr Valley when German defaults on reparation payments-$33 billion dollars o German workers strike, government pays workers by printing more money Exponential inflation-rising prices, 1923-$1=4 trillion marks o Dawes Plan Reevaluation of German reparations to make payments more feasible; affordable Loaned Germany $200 million Increased U.S. Investments o Treaty of Locarno-1925 Peace between France and Germany Guaranteed Germanys western borders o Germany joins the League of Nation-1926 o Kellogg-Briand pact-63 nations Banned or discounted war as an instrument of national policy o Countries did not demilitarize as Wilson had hoped, little trust between countries of Europe The Soviet Union o Civil War Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Bolsheviks gain power by negotiating a peace with Germany and ending Russias participation in the war White Army Enemies of communist government in Russia-royalists, liberals, Allied powers Red Army Leon Trotsky-Commissar of War o Reorganized Russian army o More disciplined and efficient War communism-radical economic system based on government control of banks, farms, and industry o Russian economy in total chaos in the 1920s Drought killed millions of peasants Industrial production reduced to 20% of 1913 statistics o New Economic Policy

1924-Lenin dies which begins a power struggle in the Soviet Union Politburo- committee controlled policy of the Communists Joseph Stalin was general secretary of the Politburo, gained enough support to take complete control from rival Leon Trotsky (exiled to Mexico) Complete control by 1927; removed Bolsheviks from power Became dictator Stalin Revolution-1920s and 1930s-radical changes 1928-Stalin ends NEP and begins first Five Year Plan Five Year Plan o Emphasis on industrialization o Production of capital goods o Inadequate housing, low wages-propaganda used to boost morale Collectivization o Kulacks- peasant group targeted by Stalin to advance collectivization policy o Collectivization-Government ownership of farms-worked by peasants Led to hoarding and slaughter of livestock 1930s millions starved due to failure of collectivization The Great Terror o Opposition sent to Siberian labor camps or executed o Gulag-Forced-labor camps that housed political opponents of Stalin o Negative effects-consolidation of power over government prevented Stalins talented subordinates from participating The Great Depression o Period of recovery and prosperity 1925-1929 o Depression years 1929-1932 o The intensity and interconnected world economy intensified the effects o European prosperity ended in 1929 o Depression-period of low economic activity; high unemployment o Origins Overproduction Under consumption

Stalin

Adopted by Lenin in 1921 Abandoned war communism for form of modified capitalism Peasants could sell agriculture Some private ownership of small business Government control of industry and banking Agricultural production returned to pre-war levels 1922-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) or Soviet Union was created

Credit/Buying on Margin Bank Collapse o Stock Market Crash Was a indication/symptom of the economic decline Effects felt worldwide because of creditor status of US around the world US Investors stopped sending money to Germany; could not pay reparations High unemployment o Responses Governments were unprepared and did not have a clear solution to the depression Lowered wages and raise tariffs Increase in government involvement in the economy (US) People began to listen to radical leaders who promised to bring them out of the depression(Communism, Totalitarianism), challenged democratic governments Great Britain Hoped a policy of deflation would help improve economic status of GB John Maynard Keynes-British economist o Attempts to end Depression through monetary policy o Depression is a result of a decline in demand, not overproduction o Reducing unemployment will increase demand o Economic theories would influence US to abandon the balanced budget approach, use government funding to create jobs and get people back to work (deficit spending) United States Industrial production falls 50%-1929-1932 15 million unemployed-1933 John Steinbeck-The Grapes of Wrath-politicized literature 1932-Franklin Delano Roosevelt elected President o New Deal-government funded public works programs o Adopted Social Security system from Germany o Did not solve unemployment problem/depression o Kept radical ideologies in the minority o Government action represented interest in the plight of citizens France Did not feel effect until 1932-led to political instability 1936-Popular Front government formed o Communists, Socialists, Radicals o Implemented collective bargaining, 40 hr ww, minimum wage Reforms did not solve Frances economic problems Challenges to Democracy

Between 1919 and 1939 all major European countries except GB, France, Czechoslovakia had accepted dictatorial rule Rise of totalitarian states, authoritative states Parliaments and democratic forms of government fail due to lack of tradition Totalitarian state-control all aspects of life; social, economic, cultural, religious Use mass propaganda and communication to capture the hearts and minds of its citizens Single ruler or party in control Violent control of society Fascism- glorifies the state over the individual, strong centralized government, led by a dictatorial ruler Italy-severe economic problems after WWI, fear of communist takeover Benito Mussolini (Il Duce-the leader)-became fascist leader of Italy o 1919-founded Italian Fascist Party Derived from Roman bundles of rods representing authority-fasces Mussolini used symbol for political party (derivative of fascism) o Blackshirts (Squadre d Azione)-national militia that forcibly put down dissent from socialists and strikers o Demanded more land from Versailles Treaty o Used military to become Prime Minister Created a dictatorship-pass laws by decree By 1926 Mussolini had complete control of Italy o Create a military society o Controlled mass media-used for pro fascist campaigns o Youth groups focused on military service Relations with the Vatican o Publicly mended the relationship between the government and the Church o Granted Vatican Independence in 1929 o Recognition of the church made Mussolinis state less dominant than Hitler in Germany Germany Weimar Republic-created in 9 November 1918 Coalition government of socialists, Catholics, liberal democrats Plagued by poor leadership No democratic tradition Rampant Inflation Unemployment National Socialism

Adolph Hitler o Born in Austria o Experiences in Vienna shaped his views especially his anti-Semitism o Extreme German Nationalist o Served in the German Army during WWI o After the war Hitler joined politics and by 1921 was head of the National Socialist Workers Party (Nazi Party) 1923-55,000 members, 15,000 man militia o Beer Hall Putsch-failed government take over led by Hitler Attempted to restore monarchy o Sent to prison where he wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle)autobiography/ideas/plans German nationalism Anti-Semitism Anticommunism Lebensraum-living space Superior leaders have the right to control the masses Rise to Power o Nationalist Socialist Workers Party Realized power must be gained through legal means Gained support through propaganda campaigns led by Joseph Goebbles Why are We Enemies of the Jews o Hatred of Jews and Capitalism Propaganda portrayed Hitler as a outgoing leader; champion of anti-communism and defender against cultural pollution Economic problems, desperation makes extreme parties more appealing focus on German nationalism and militarism 1931-Nazi party was the majority party in the Reichstag (parliament) o 1932 elections-Hitler lost to Hindenburg for President-13 million votes o 1933-industrial leaders, aristocrats convinced President Hindenburg (President of Weimer Republic) to create a new government with Hitler as Chancellor o Feb. 1933-After Reichstag fire Hitler declared a state of emergency o Enabling Act-March 1933-Allowed government to suspend constitution and pass laws to deal with financial crisis Essential gave Hitler dictatorial power

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After Hindenburg dies (1934) Hitler became Fuhrer(leader) Concentration camps created for opposition Abolished all political parties June 1934-Night of the Long Knives Hitler killed over 1000 SA members who he believed were too radical End of radical Nazi phase

Nazi Germany o Government Organization Create a dominate Aryan racial state-Third Reich SA brown shirts-para-military group of Nazi Germany-used public violence to maintain power SS-(Schutzstaffel)Guard Squadrons-driven by terror and ideology-used to silence political opposition led by Heinrich Himmler o Social Organization Hitler Youth-created to spread nationalism through Germany Emphasized German values-motherhood, encouraged women to move from work to home o Public Policies-Control and direct Active involvement of all Germans Economic polices Mass rallies Organizations Terror Economic Actions-Government work programs Public works Grants to construction companies Rearmament program o Reduced unemployment o Racism-Differentiates from Italian fascism Create a pure Aryan Race The Jewish Question-German policy 1933-1939 Persecution and extermination of Jewish population Jews purged from civil service Sterilization of races o Final Solution-complete extermination of the Jewish race Nuremberg Decrees-1935 Jews could not become citizens of the Reich Forbade marriage between Jews and Germans Required Jews to wear the Yellow star of David Kristallnacht-Night of Broken Glass-November 1938

SA burn Jewish businesses and synagogues 100 killed 30,000 males sent to concentration camps Jews banned from public transportation, schools, and hospitals Encouraged to emigrate from Germany Interwar Culture-human beings and Western culture flawed-war. depression o Artists Dadaists-rejected the existence of reason, life had no purpose; photomontage Surrealism-scenes from the unconscious-dreams and fantasy-Salvador Dali o Scientific Discoveries Werner Heisenberg-Uncertainty principal-impossible to measure the position and speed of an object; all phenomena could be predicted Albert Einstein-work led to the development of the atomic bomb o Mass Culture-influenced by new forms of mass communication; used for political purposes Radio Mass production of radios Increase in broadcasting Germany used radio to broadcast Hitlers speeches Advertising Motion Pictures-by 1939-40% of adults were watching one movie per week Joseph Goebbels used motion pictures to motivate the masses o Propaganda film division Leni Riefenstahl- Triumph of the Will 1934-Nuremberg Rally-Testament to Nazi power Charlie Chaplin-The Great Dictator o Nazi parody Inter ware period was characterized by o Collapse of democratic government in Europe o Breakdown of capitalist system during the Great Depression o Failure of League of Nations to deal with totalitarian regimes o Created fear in people and overwhelming insecurity