MULTIMEDIA

MULTIMEDIA
MULTIMEDIA
Lecturer: Nguyen Duy Nhat Vien
July, 2006.
N
N

I DUNG
I DUNG
TNG QUAN
K THUT AUDIO
K THUT VIDEO
K
K

thu
thu

t Audio
t Audio
N
N

i dung
i dung
GII THIU
M HO AUDIO CM QUAN
PHN TCH TM L M HC
K THUT NN AUDIO
MPEG-1
MPEG-2
AC-3 (DOLBY DIGITAL)
APT-X100
M HO M THANH NI
Gi
Gi

i thi
i thi

u
u
m thanh:
Dng lan truyn ca sng trong khng gian,
Sng m khi n tai ngi nghe, p vo mng nh, lm cho ngi
cm nhn c s rung ng ny
Con ngi c kh nng phn bit vi cc m thanh khc da vo mt
s c tnh nh tn s, nhp iu, mc p lc...
Mc ch ca cc h thng audio:
X l, to hiu ng, nn tn hiu audio t tn hiu thu nhn t ngun.
Audio s:
Chui cc gi tr s c biu din bng mc m thanh theo thi gian.

ng d
ng d

ng
ng
Cc h thng thng tin khng dy:
Truyn hnh phn gii cao (HighDensity TV HDTV), m thanh qung
b s (Digital Broadcast Audio DBA), V tinh qung b trc tip
(Digital Broadcast Satelite DBS).
Cc mi trng mng:
m thanh theo yu cu (chuyn mch gi, Internet), Truyn hnh cp
(CATV) cc tuyn studio.
Cc ng dng a mi trng:
CD-R, a a nng s (DVD).
Cinema:
Dolby AC-3 (5 knh, @384kbps), APT-x100.
Lu tr khi:
MiniDisc, DCC.
Audio s
Audio s

H thng audio tng t v s

H thng audio tng t, vic x l tn hiu gp phi mt s vn
nh kh nng ca linh kin (v mt tn s), lu tr, phc tp... t
mo phi tuyn cao, SNR b.
H thng audio s, vic thu nhn, hiu chnh, x l v pht li tr nn
d dng hn rt nhiu. Cc k thut tng hp v nhn dng pht trin
mt cch nhanh chng, tng thch my tnh v con ngi tr nn
phong ph hn.
u im ca audio s l: mo tn hiu nh (0,01%), Di ng m
thanh ln gn mc t nhin (>90dB), Di tn rng hn (20Hz n
20kHz), p tuyn tn s bng phng, Cho php ghi m nhiu ln m
khng gim cht lng, Thun tin lu tr, x l, Tng dung lng
knh truyn, Kh nng x l bng h phi tuyn
Qu
Qu

tr
tr

nh thu nh
nh thu nh

n audio s
n audio s

Hnh 2-1 Qu trnh thu nhn m thanh s

Tn hiu vo
tng t
L
Tn hiu vo
tng t
R
Khuch i
tuyn tnh
To
Dither
Ly v
gi mu
Lc thng
thp
M
ha
Khuch i
tuyn tnh
Ly v
gi mu
Lc thng
thp
M
ha
Ghp
knh
X l
Tn hiu
ra s
L
L

y m
y m

u v
u v

l
l

ng t
ng t

ho
ho

Ly mu v gi mc:
Ly mu l qu trnh ri rc ha tn hiu v mt thi gian v gi cho bin
trong khong thi gian ly mu khng i.
Lng t ha:
Lng t ha l qu trnh ri rc tn hiu v mt bin . Ti mi mu,
bin c chia thnh cc mc gi l cc mc lng t
Hnh 2-2 Ly gi mu v lng t
Tn hiu vo Lng t
Dither
Dither
Nguyn nhn: Lng t ha mo. Tn hiu c bin cng nh th
mo lng t cng cao.
Khc phc: Cng m thanh trc khi ly mu vi mt tp m tng t
Ngu nhin ha cc nh hng mo lng t phn phi u mo lng
t thnh cc li ngu nhin ch khng tp trung nhiu vo phn c bin
thp.
Khi nim: Dither l mt nhiu c cng vo tn hiu m thanh.
Mc ch: Loi b mo lng t.
C s: Dither lm cho tn hiu m thanh b bin i gia cc mc lng t
gn nhau, iu ny lm gim tng quan ca lng t ha tn hiu, loi
cc nh hng ca li v m ha cc bin tn hiu thp hn mt mc
lng t.
Nhc im: Cng nhiu vo tn hiu.
Dither
Dither
Hnh 2-3 Dither v khng dither
Dither
Tn hiu gc
Tn hiu ly mu
Khng dither
Tn hiu gc
Tn hiu ly mu
Tn hiu sau khi lc Tn hiu sau khi lc
M h
M h

a v
a v

m h
m h

a knh
a knh
M ho
l qu trnh chuyn cc mc ri rc thnh mt chui cc mu s nh
phn (hoc cc h m khc) theo mt quy lut nht nh.
Sau m ha nh phn, ta c tn hiu iu xung m PCM.
Tn hiu PCM khng thch hp lu tr hoc truyn dn v vn cn
tn ti thnh phn mt chiu m ha knh.
M ha knh
bin i d liu vi mc ch t c mt bit cao trong gii hn
bng thng ca knh truyn.
Gim s tn hao trong khi truyn hoc lu tr.
Ci thin di thng, d liu truyn dn c c tnh ti u.
Lm cho ph tn hiu m thanh s t mo.
Gh
Gh

p knh
p knh
Tn hiu m thanh s thng bao gm nhiu knh, v d h
thng m thanh 5.1 gm cc knh tri, phi, trung tm, tri
vm, phi vm v siu trm, ngoi ra cn c cc tn hiu
m ph, m ng b
Nguyn l ghp knh c thng c p dng l ghp
knh phn chia theo thi gian, mi knh s dng mt khe
thi gian c n nh trc.
L
R
L R
Ghp knh L+R
Hnh 2-4 Ghp knh tn hiu audio
M HO
M HO

AUDIO C
AUDIO C

M QUAN
M QUAN
Gii thiu
Mc ch:
Biu din chui s ngn gn.
Tc bit thp.
Cht lng cao
ng c:
Gim tc d liu.
Gim chi ph truyn dn (BW).
Gim cc yu cu lu tr.
Mnh.
Cc yu cu:
Cm nhn trong sut.
c lp ngun.
C kh nng a knh.
phc tp bt i xng.
tr hp l.
M HO
M HO

AUDIO C
AUDIO C

M QUAN
M QUAN
M ho ngun khng thc t vi tn hiu audio, do , trong audio, ngi
ta tin hnh
- Khai thc cc c tnh thu c.
- Loi b cc thnh phn khng thch hp vi cm nhn.
- Gim cc d tha thng k.
Thoi Audio
Bng thng 200-3400Hz 20Hz-20kHz
Tc ly mu 8kHz 44.1kHz/48kHz
S bits trn mu 8bits 16+bits
Tc bit th 64kbps 768kbps
S knh 1 1-6+knh
M hnh hiu qu ngun C Khng
Sc chu ng ngun C th yu cu Yu cu
Cht lng mong i Mo do b gii hn Cht lng CD
Tnh a dng ca ph Harmonic, V/UV/TR Khng th phn loi
M HO
M HO

AUDIO C
AUDIO C

M QUAN
M QUAN
Cc tiu chun ly mu theo cc yu cu c th khc nhau
- Cht lng.
- tr.
- Bng thng.
- Tc

20Khz 192.0 kbytes/s Stereo 16 bits/mu 48 kHz DAT

20kHz 176.4 kbytes/s Stereo 16 bits/mu 44.1 kHz CD
10kHz 88.2 kbytes/s Stereo 16 bits/mu 22.05 kHz FM radio
5kHz 11.0 kbytes/s Mono 8 bits/mu 11.025 kHz AM radio
4Khz 8 kbytes/s Mono 8 bits/mu 8 kHz in thoi
Bng tn Tc Mono/stereo S bits/mu Tc ly
mu
Tiu chun
M HO
M HO

AUDIO C
AUDIO C

M QUAN
M QUAN
Bng lc s:
Bng lc s l mt tp hp cc b lc s c chung u vo nhiu u ra hoc chung
u ra nhiu u vo.
Bng lc s phn tch l tp hp cc b lc s c p ng tn s H
k
(e
j
) c chung
u vo v nhiu u ra
Ng ra gm M tn hiu X
k
(n) chim di tn lin tip nhau gi l cc tn hiu bng
con (subband).
Cc b lc H
0
(e
j
): thng thp, H
M-1
(e
j
): thng cao, H
i
(e
j
): thng di, vi i t 1
n M-2
H
0
(e
j
)
H
1
(e
j
)
H
M-1
(e
j
)

X
0
(e
j
)
X
1
(e
j
)
X
M-1
(e
j
)
x
0
(n)
x
1
(n)
x
M-1
(n)
x(n)
X(e
j
)
M HO
M HO

AUDIO C
AUDIO C

M QUAN
M QUAN
Bng lc s tng hp:
L tp hp cc b lc s c p ng tn s G
k
(e
j
) c chung u ra
Cc b lc : G
0
(e
j
): thng thp, G
M-1
(e
j
): thng cao, G
i
(e
j
): thng di, vi i t 1
n L-2
Bng lc s nhiu nhp hai knh v bng lc gng cu phng QMF
(Quadrature Mirror Filter Bank):
Bng lc s nhiu nhp l s kt hp ca bng lc s phn tch, bng lc s tng
hp vi b phn chia v b ni suy.
Vi s b lc ca bng lc phn tch v tng hp bng 2 th ta c bng lc s nhiu
nhp hai knh.
G
0
(e
j
)
G
1
(e
j
)
G
L-1
(e
j
)

X
0
(e
j
)
X
1
(e
j
)
X
L-1
(e
j
)
x
0
(n)
x
1
(n)
x
L-1
(n)
x(n)
X(e
j
)
+
+
M HO
M HO

AUDIO C
AUDIO C

M QUAN
M QUAN
H0(e
j
), G0(e
j
) :Lc thng thp. H1(e
j
), G1(e
j
) :Lc thng cao.
L tng:
Nu |H0(e
j
)|=|H1(e
j
)| v nu chn tn s ct cho 2 b lc l /2 th ta thy
|H0(e
j
)|l nh ca |H1(e
j
)| qua gng t v tr /2. Bng lc nhiu nhp
hai knh vi c tnh nh vy gi l bng lc gng cu phng.
Nu ging dng tn hiu ng vo th ta gi l bng lc gng
cu phng khi phc hon ho PRQMF (Perfect Reconstructure QMF)
0
( ) ( ) x n cx n n =
H
0
(e
j
) 2 2 G
0
(e
j
)
H
1
(e
j
) 2 2 G
1
(e
j
)
+
x(n) x
0
(n)
x
1
(n)
v
0
(n)
v
1
(n)
y
1

(n)
( ) x n
y
0

(n)
y
0
(n)
y
1
(n)
( ) ( ) x n x n =
M HO
M HO

AUDIO C
AUDIO C

M QUAN
M QUAN
M ho bng con v cu trc b lc QMF
M ho bng con
S dng b lc s m ho bng con
Thun li cho vic nn tn hiu m thanh v ph tp trung khng
ng u. T , ta c c s phn b hp l, va hiu qu, va
t cht lng cao.
H
0
(e
j
) 2 2 G
0
(e
j
)
H
1
(e
j
) 2 2 G
1
(e
j
)
+
x(n) x
0
(n)
x
1
(n)
v
0
(n)
v
1
(n)
y
1

(n)
( ) x n
y
0

(n)
y
0
(n)
y
1
(n)
v
0
(n)
v
1
(n)
Knh
truyn
dn
M ho Gii m
M HO
M HO

AUDIO C
AUDIO C

M QUAN
M QUAN
Cu trc dng cy n phn gii
H
01
(e
j
) 2
H
11
(e
j
) 2
x(n)
H
02
0
(e
j
) 2
H
12
0
(e
j
) 2
H
02
1
(e
j
) 2
H
12
1
(e
j
) 2
M HO
M HO

AUDIO C
AUDIO C

M QUAN
M QUAN
Cu trc dng cy a phn gii
Cu trc ny cho ta lng bit ng ra ti u v ph thuc
vo s phn b ph ca tn hiu.
H
01
(e
j
) 2
H
11
(e
j
) 2
x(n)
H
02
0
(e
j
) 2
H
12
0
(e
j
) 2
M HO
M HO

AUDIO C
AUDIO C

M QUAN
M QUAN
Cc phng php m ho chuyn i
FFT (Fast Fourier Transform)
DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform)
DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform)
MDCT (Modified DCT)
Wavelets.
M HO
M HO

AUDIO C
AUDIO C

M QUAN
M QUAN
DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform)
DCT l php bin i trc giao, mt thut ton hiu qu, cho cc c tnh nn
mnh v gim tng quan.
Chuyn i DCT thun:
Chuyn i DCT ngc

<
=
=
=
+
=

=
1 0 ,
2
; 0 ,
1
) (
1 ,.. 0 ,
2
) 1 2 (
cos ) ( ) ( ) (
1
0
N n
N
n
N
n
N k
N
k n
n x n k X
N
n

<
=
=
=
+
=

=
1 0 ,
2
; 0 ,
1
) (
1 ,.., 0 ,
2
) 1 2 (
cos ) ( ) ( ) (
1
0
N n
N
n
N
n
N n
N
k n
k X n n x
N
k

M HO
M HO

AUDIO C
AUDIO C

M QUAN
M QUAN
MDCT (Modified DCT): DCT c hiu chnh.
MDCT l php bin i trc giao tuyn tnh c hiu chnh t DCT.
MDCT thun:
V chuyn i MDCT ngc (IMDCT):
Vi p(x) l hm ca s sin c xc nh:
Wavelets
Wavelets c th c xem nh mt b phn tch bng con, vi cy khng cn
bng, ngha l cc tn s c chia mt cch khng ng nht. Vy, bng lc
tng ng vi di ti hn.
( ) sin( )
x
p x
N

=
1
0
( ) ( ) ( ) os (2 1 )(2 1) ; 0,.., 1; 0,.., 1.
2N 2 2
N
n
N N
X k p n x n c n k n N k

=
(
= + + + = =
(

. 1
2
,.., 0 ; 1 ,.., 0 , ) 1 2 )(
2
1 2 (
2
cos ) ( ) (
4
) (
1
2
0
= =
(

+ + + =

=
N
k N n k
N
n
N
k X n p
N
n x
N
k

M HO
M HO

AUDIO C
AUDIO C

M QUAN
M QUAN
DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform)
M rng v dch chuyn hmm h(t) bng cch nh ngha mt c s trc
giao, wavelet c s:
Trong : n l t l, ml di v t l thi gian.
H s t l n ch th rng ca cc wavelet v h s v tr m xc nh v
tr ca n. Vi hm m h(t), ta c mt tp hmwavelet trc giao c s.
Trc giao:
f(t), g(t) l hai vector thuc khng gian L2(a,b). t [a,b].
Hai vector gi l trc giao khi tch v hng ca chng bng 0.
( )
/ 2
.
( ) 2 2
m m
n m
h t h t n

=

= >= <
b
a
dt t g t f t g t f 0 ) ( ) ( ) ( ), (
*
M HO
M HO

AUDIO C
AUDIO C

M QUAN
M QUAN
C s trc giao:
Tp cc vector {vk}={v1,v2, ,vn} c gi l c s trc giao nu chng trc
giao tng i mt v c di bng 1.
<vm,vn>= mn. Hay:
Hm delta:
Chuyn i Wavelet:
Chuyn i wavelet ngc:
. ) ( * ) (
kl l
b
a
k
dt t h t h =

=
=
l k
l k
kl
, 0
, 1

= =
*
, ,
) ( ) , (
m n m n
h t x c m n X

+

+

= ) ( ) (
, .
t h c t x
m n m n
PHN T
PHN T

CH TM L M H
CH TM L M H

C
C
H thng thnh gic ca con ngi
c ch trng khai thc trong m ho audio cm quan.
Con ngi c th nghe trong di 20Hz n 20kHz vi kh nng nghe khng
ng nht vi cc tn s trong di ny. Vic cm nhn cn ph thuc vo mc
p lc v tu thuc vo tng ngi.
Di 20Hz20kHz c chia thnh cc di con khng ng nht v khng tuyn
tnh. Cm nhn tt trong khong 2kHz n 4kHz v ngng nghe n ngng
au khong 96dB.
Ph thuc vo mi trng nghe, vi mi trng nhiu ln th hn ch kh nng
nghe v kh nng phn bit cc m thanh khc nhau.
Vy, phn tch tm l nghe l xt cc vn :
nhy ca tai, kh nng p ng ca cc cng khc nhau.
p ng ca tai vi cc tn s khc nhau.
Nghe mt m khi c mt mt m khc.
PHN T
PHN T

CH TM L M H
CH TM L M H

C
C
Ngng nghe tuyt i ATH (Absolute Theshold of
Hearing)
Th nghim:t mt ngi trong phng kn, im lng, pht m kim tra (test
tone) vi tn s xc nh (1kHz), tng mc m thanh cho n khi c th nghe
c, ghi li cc gi tr v lp li vi tn s khc.
V th, ta c ngng nghe tuyt i. Th vi ngi khc, ghi kt qu.
PHN T
PHN T

CH TM L M H
CH TM L M H

C
C
Di ti hn (critical bankwidth)
Fletcher tin hnh cc th nghim v cho thy vic nghe ca con ngi ging
nh s dng cc b lc tm sinh l c rng gn bng mt gi tr ti hn v
Flecher gi rng ca b lc ti hn l di ti hn.
Di ti hn biu din cng sut xc nh ca tai cho cho cc tn s hay di tn
s lin tc.
Cc th nghim cho thy rng:
Vi cc tn s che nh hn 500Hz th di ti hn khng i vi rng khong
100Hz.
Vi cc tn s che ln hn 500Hz th di ti hn c rng tng tng i tuyn
tnh theo tn s.
Vy, thang tn s khng tuyn tnh thang bark (Barkhausen)
PHN T
PHN T

CH TM L M H
CH TM L M H

C
C
Di ti hn (critical bankwidth)
Flecher chia bng thng m thanh thnh 25 di ti hn.
6550 22050 18775 15500 25

140 770 700 630 7
120 630 570 510 6
110 510 450 400 5
100 400 350 300 4
.. .. .. .. ..
100 200 150 100 2
- 100 50 - 1
Bng thng Tn s cao Ts trung tm Tn s thp Di
PHN T
PHN T

CH TM L M H
CH TM L M H

C
C
Di ti hn (critical bankwidth)
Bark l n v biu din mt di ti hn, 1 bark=1 rng di ti hn.
Cng thc chuyn i:
Cng thc khc: 1bark=13arctg(0.76f)+3.5arctg(f/7500) [bark]
Cng thc khc na: 1bark=13arctg(0.76f)+3.5arctg(f
2
/65.25) [bark]

+
<
=
500 ),
1000
( log 4 9
500 ,
100
1
2
f
f
f
f
bark
PHN T
PHN T

CH TM L M H
CH TM L M H

C
C
K thut che (masking)
Con ngi khi nghe mt m vi s c mt ca mt m khc s cm nhn yu i khi m ny
c tn s gn vi m cn nghe hoc bin ln.
Che tn s (frequency masking)
Th nghim: t mt ngi trong phng kn, pht ra mt m che (masking tone) vi tn s
xc nh (1kHz) mt mc no (60dB), sau , pht m kim tra (test tone) (1,1kHz) , tng
mc n khi c th nghe c. Thay i m kim tra, v ngng nghe, lp li vi m che khc.
PHN T
PHN T

CH TM L M H
CH TM L M H

C
C
Che thi gian (temporal masking)
Th nghim:
Pht mt m che tn s 1kHz, bin 55dB, thm mt m kim tra 1,1kHz, bin 20dB
trc v sau m che. m kim tra khng th nghe c (n ang b che).
Lp li cc mc khc ca m kim tra v v.
Vi th nghim trn, ta thy m 1,1kHz vi 20dB b che trc khong 15ms v che sau
khong 50ms.
K
K

THU
THU

T N
T N

N AUDIO
N AUDIO
C s
m thanh trung thc v cht lng dch v tho mn th tc dng d liu phi
ln.
V d : H thng m thanh a knh m ho 16 bits, tn s ly mu 48kHz (6 knh)
s c tc : 48x16x6=4.5Mbps.
Tc cao Kh khn lu tr, truyn dn v gi thnh thit b. Nn.
Nn khng tn hao
Khi phc ng thng tin ban u sau khi gii nn.
C s: Loi b d tha thng k, cc thng tin xut hin trong tn hiu m c th
d bo trc.
T s nn thp, khong 2:1, ph thuc vo phc tp ca tn hiu ngun.
Thng s dng k thut m ho d on trong min thi gian.
K
K

THU
THU

T N
T N

N AUDIO
N AUDIO
Thut ton vi sai:
Tn hiu m thanh c c tnh lp i lp li nn xut hin s d tha s liu.
Thng tin lp s c loi b trong qu trnh m ho v c a vo li trong qu
trnh gii m s dng k thut DPCM.
Cc tn hiu audio u tin c phn tch thnh tp hp cc di bng con bao
gm mt s lng m thanh ri rc, sau , DPCM c s dng d bo cc tn
hiu lp li theo chu k. Nu s dng ADPCM cn cho kt qu tt hn.
M ho Entropy:
Tn dng d tha trong cch miu t cc h s bng con lng t ho nhm
ci thin tnh hiu qu ca qu trnh m ho. Cc h s lng t c gi i theo s
tng dn ca tn s.
Kt qu nhn c l bng m ti u thng k cc gi tr min tn s thp v cao.
S dng m ho Hufman, Lempel-Zip nn.
K
K

THU
THU

T N
T N

N AUDIO
N AUDIO
Nn tn hao
H thng thnh gic ca con ngi khng th phn bit cc thnh phn ph c bin
nh gia cc thnh phn ph c bin ln.
H s nn ln, khong 20:1 ph thuc vo qu trnh nn v gii nn v cht lng
audio yu cu.
Cc k thut c s dng:
- K thut che (masking) i vi cc thnh phn tn hiu trong min thi gian v
tn s.
- Che mc tp m lng t cho tng m ca tn hiu m thanh bng cch ch
nh s bit va chc chn rng mc nhiu lng t lun nm di mc gi tr
cn che.
- M ho ghp: Khai thc d tha trong h thng audio a knh vi cc thnh
phn s liu trong cc knh ging nhau. M ho mt phn s liu chung trn mt knh
v ch nh cho b gii m lp li tn hiu trn cc knh cn li.
MPEG
MPEG
-
-
1
1
Gii thiu
c pht trin trn c s phi hp chun ISO/IEC 11172.
S dng tn s ly mu ca CD-DA, vi f
s
=32;44.1;48kHz, m ho 16bits/mu tn
hiu.
Tc bt: 32 - 768 kbps/channel.
Cc kiu: Mono, dual-mono, dual-stereo, joint-stereo.
Xc nh cc tham s khc nhau v tc , dng s sau khi nn, s mu trong
header cho mt knh, cu trc thi gian khung, phng php m ho d on v cc
ch lm vic.
MPEG-1
Lp I Lp II Lp III
Mono v Stereo
32, 44.1, 48kHz
MPEG
MPEG
-
-
1
1
c tnh
Lp I Lp II Lp III
Dng cho thit b dn dng Dng cho thit b chuyn
dng, a mi trng
Dng cho thit b chuyn
dng, a mi trng
Tc dng s liu t 32-
448kbps
Tc dng s liu t 32-
384kbps
Tc dng s liu t 32-
320kbps
384mu/khung/knh 1152mu/khung/knh 1152mu/khung/knh
32 bng con u nhau, mi
bng con gm block 12 mu
32 bng con u nhau, mi
bng con gm block 36 mu
32 bng con ti hnthnh
18 MDCT
Chu k mt khung 8ms cho
knh c f
s
=48kHz
Chu k mt khung 24ms
cho knh c f
s
=48kHz
Chu k mt khung 24ms
cho knh c f
s
=48kHz
H s t l 6 bits/bng, phn
phi bit theo phng thc ng
trc.
H s t l 6 bits/bng,
phn phi bit theo phng
thc ng trc.
H s t l 6 bits/bng,
phn phi bit theo phng
thc ng trc.
MPEG
MPEG
-
-
1
1
Khung lp I : 12x32 =384.
Khung lp II, III: 12x32x3=1152.
Lc bng con 0
Lc bng con 1
Lc bng con 31
Lc bng con 2

Cc mu
Audio
ng vo
12 mu 12 mu 12 mu
12 mu 12 mu 12 mu
12 mu 12 mu 12 mu
12 mu 12 mu 12 mu
Khung
lp I
Khung lp II
v lp III
MPEG
MPEG
-
-
1
1
Kin trc
Bng lc
phn tch a
pha 32 knh
Lng t
ho
M ho
M
U
X
FFT
LI: 512
LII: 1024
Phn tch
tm sinh l
m hc
Phn phi
bit ng
32
D liu
Thng
tin thm
SMR
Lng t
32
s(n)
knh
D liu
SMR: T s tn
hiu/ngng che
Bng lc
phn tch a
pha 32 knh
MDCT
M
U
X
FFT
Phn tch
tm sinh l
m hc
SMR
32
s(n)
knh
Vng lp ch nh bit
Lng t ho
M ho Huffman
M thng
tin thm
32
MPEG1 lp 1,2
MPEG1 lp 3
Thng
tin thm
MPEG
MPEG
-
-
1
1
Thut ton c bn
Tin hnh chia ng vo thnh 32 bng con bi cc bng lc.
Ly 32 mu PCM trong cng mt thi im, kt qu l 32 h s tn s ng ra.
Trong MPEG-1 lp I th tp 32 gi tr PCM c kt hp vo trong khi gm
12 nhm 32 mu ny.
MPEG-1 lp II v lp III th gm 3 khi 12 nhm ny.
Phn b bit m bo rng mi nhiu lng t nm di cc ngng che.
Vi mi bng con, xc nh mc bin v mc nhiu bng m hnh tm sinh
l nghe. SMR (signal-mask rate) c s dng xc nh s bit cho qu trnh
lng t ho i vi mi bng con vi mc ch gim thiu dung lng.
MPEG
MPEG
-
-
1
1
V d: Sau khi phn tch, mc ca 16 bng con u l:
Band 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Level (db) 0 8 12 10 6 2 10 60 35 20 15 2 3 5 3 1
Nu mc ca bng con th 8 l 60 th n che 12 dB bng con th 7 v 15 dB
bng con th 9.
Bng con 7 c mc 10dB<12dB: loi. Bng con 9 c mc 35dB>15dB: gi i.
Ch c cc mc ln hn mc che l c gi i thay v dng 6 bits m ho, ta
ch dng 4 bits.
MPEG-Layer I: B lc DCT 1 khung v tn s bng phng trong mi bng con.
M hnh tm sinh l nghe s dng che tn s.
MPEG-Layer II: C 3 khung trong b lc (trc, hin ti v k), tng l 1125
mu. S dng vi bits che thi gian.
MPEG-Layer III: S dng b lc ti hn p ng tt hn. M hnh tm sinh l
nghe s dng che thi gian, che tn s, tnh ton d tha stereo v m ho
Hufman.
MPEG
MPEG
-
-
1
1
Cu trc khung
Header Info: Gm 12 bits ng b; 20 bis thng tin h thng ch th tc bit,
tn s ly mu, dng nhn; 16 bits CRC vi a thc sinh x
16
+x
15
+x
2
+1.
Side Info: Gm phn b bit: lp 1 vi 4 bits tuyn tnh cho cc bng con, lp
II 4 bits cho cc bng con tn thp, 3 bit tn trung v 2 bits tn cao; h s t l
l 6 bits/bng con kt hp vi phn b bits v cc bits m ha cho bng con
xc nh gi tr, lp III m ha m thanh ni.
Subband Samples: 32x12 mu i vi lp I v 32x36 mu i vi lp II v lp
III.
Aux Data: D liu b sung
Header Info Side Info Subband Samples Aux Data
MPEG
MPEG
-
-
2
2
M rng MPEG-1 cho cc ng dng mi.
C kh nng p dng nhiu tc khc nhau, t 32 n 1066kbps. Tn s ly mu
c th gim 1 na so vi MPEG-1 (16; 22,05; 24kHz).
Kh nng a knh, tc bits m rng c th ln n 1 Mbps cho cc ng dng
tc cao. Cho php nn ng thi nhiu knh.
Cht lng m thanh tu thuc ng dng.
H tr kh nng lng ting, bnh lun nhiu ngn ng trong phn bits m rng.
MPEG-2 s dng m ho cng cao, gim xuyn m, m ho d on lin
knh v m ho o nh knh trung tm nhn c tc bit kt hp 384 kbps.
Khung MPEG-2 c chia thnh 2 phn, phn u l MPEG-1stereo, phn m
rng MPEG-2 cha tt c nhng d liu surround khc.
MPEG
MPEG
-
-
2
2
Mono-stereo
MPEG-1
32;44.1;48kHz
MPEG-2
Layer I
Layer II
Layer III
Mono-stereo
MPEG-2
16;22,05;24kHz
Layer I
Layer II
Layer III
5 channels
MPEG-2
multi channel
32;44.1;48kHz
Layer I
Layer II
Layer III
MPEG
MPEG
-
-
2
2
M ho v gii m MPEG-2
Matrix
MPEG-1
encoder
MPEG-2
Extension
encoder
L
C
R
LS
RS
L0
R0
T3
T4
T5
+
MPEG-1
decoder
MPEG-2
Extension
decoder
L0

R0

T3

T4

T5

Inverse
Matrix
L

LS

RS

channel
MPEG
MPEG
-
-
2
2
Trong :
Vi R: phi, L: tri, C: trung tm, LS:tri vm v RS: phi vm.
T d dng trong m ha thun nghch
Cu trc khung

= = = = =
+
=
+ + =
+ + =
0 ; 1
2
1
;
2 1
1
,
) ( 0
) ( 0



or
RS C R R
LS C L L
MPEG1 header MPEG-1 Data MPEG-1 Auxillary Data
MPEG2 header MPEG2 Data
Khung MPEG-1/2
AC
AC
-
-
3 (DOLBY DIGITAL)
3 (DOLBY DIGITAL)
Chuyn ti m thanh a knh trong cc ng dng nh DVD-Video, DTV v DBS.
Pht trin t AC-1 v AC-2.
M ho m thanh t 1 n 6 knh, thng thng cung cp m thanh 5.1 knh: tri,
phi, trung tm, tri vm, phi vm v 1 knh hiu ng tn s thp.
6 knh yu cu 6x48kHzx18bits=5.184Mbps cha nn c th c m ho ti thiu
vi tc 384kbps (t l 13:1).
Tuy nhin, AC-3 h tr tc t 32 n 640kbps.
Cung cp kh nng t chn mc m thanh cho thnh gi.
Cho php gim d liu bng qu trnh lng t biu din trong min tn s ca tn
hiu m thanh.
B m ho s dng bng lc phn tch chuyn cc mu PCM thnh cc h s trong
min tn s. Mi h s biu din k hiu m nh phn gm phn s m v phn
nh tr. Cc tp s m c m ho th qua ph tn hiu v xem nh l ng bao
ph. S dng phn phi bt xc nh s bits cn m ho mi nh tr da vo ng
bao ph. ng bao ph v cc nh tr c lng t cho 6 khi m thanh (1536
mu m thanh) c nh dng thnh khung ri chuyn i.
AC
AC
-
-
3 (DOLBY DIGITAL)
3 (DOLBY DIGITAL)
Qu trnh gii m hon ton ngc li, y ch xt qu trnh m ho
Bng lc
phn tch
M ho
ng bao
Ch nh bit
Lng t ho
phn nh tr
nh dng khung AC-3
Thng tin ch nh bit
Phn nh tr
S
m
ng bao ph
c m ho
Phn nh tr c
lng t ho
Cc mu
PCM
Dng bit
AC-3
APT
APT
-
-
X100
X100
APT-X100 cho t l nn 4:1.
S dng truyn dn, lu tr cc tn hiu audio mono, stereo hay a knh cht
lng cao.
Khng hn da vo m hnh tm sinh l nghe, cng khng trc tip loi cc thnh
phn khng thch hp trong tn hiu audio, m n ngm hiu mt m hnh p ng
nghe bng vic phn phi t bit tn s cao.
Thut ton hon ton trong min thi gian s dng m ho d on tuyn tnh trong
cc bng con.
Hot ng vi bt k tn s ly mu vi ng ra 16 bits/t mu.
Tn hiu audio c chia thnh 4 bng con vi bng thng u nhau s dng cc b
lc QMF.
Tn hiu c phn tch trong min thi gian: s dng m ho d on tuyn tnh
ADPCM lng t mi bng theo ni dung v loi b d tha trong cc bng
con.
M ho s khc bit ca mu hin thi v mu trc.
Gii m c tin hnh mt cch ngc li.
M H
M H

A M THANH N
A M THANH N

I
I
mthanh a knh
L
R C C
L
R
L
R
S
S
C
L
R
LS
RS
C
L
R
LS
RS
LFE
S: Surround.
LFE : Low Frequency
Enhancement (Woofer)
15 120Hz
C th t bt k.
2/0 Stereo 3/0
3/1
3/2 3/2 vi siu trm (5.1)
M HO
M HO

M THANH N
M THANH N

I
I
M ha Tri phi (LR)
Khng loi b d tha.
Cc knh ring bit c m ho c lp.
Ngng che khng lin quan.
Hiu qu vi m thanh rt khc bit gia knh tri v knh phi.
N
1
N2
LR
RL
+
+
L
R
Ngun
M HO
M HO

M THANH N
M THANH N

I
I
Joint Stereo Midle-Side
Khuynh hng ca Joint Stereo khng ch l kt hp cc nh dng ca
chun nn mp3 (MPEG1 lp III) m cn kt hp cc dng khc: MPEG v AAC.
Middle-Side Stereo xt hai knh d liu theo hai phng din khc nhau.
Thay v lu tr mt d liu m thanh theo hai knh Left v Right, ta c th ch cn lu
tr mt chui tng t s trung bnh Average (ca Left v Right) v s sai bit
Difference (gia Left v Right).
dng Middle-Side, ta c th lu tr cc gi tr Middle v Side nh sau:
Middle=(L+R)/2, Side=(L-R)/2.
Du ca Side l rt quan trng, nu Side >0 ngha l tn hiu L ln hn tn
hiu R.
Ta hon ton c th ti to hai knh L, R nh sau:
L=Middle+Side, R=Middle-Side.
u im l s khc bit tng i ca cc tn hiu audio ca cc knh L v
R. Kt qu l knh Middle ln hn nhiu so vi knh Side. Vic m ho knh Side s
dng t bt hn gii phng ti nguyn m c th c s dng trin khai hu hiu
hn trn knh Middle. Khi ti nh dng li L, R th kt qu s th hin tn hiu gc ng
vo thc hn.
M HO
M HO

M THANH N
M THANH N

I
I
Tnh cht
Knh side s dng s bit rt t.
Loi b d tha cho tn hiu mono trong thc t.
C th c p dng trong min thi gian ln tn s.
li m ho cao ph thuc tn hiu.
Bin i ngc: tng/hiu chun ho.
M HO
M HO

M THANH N
M THANH N

I
I
Stereo ghp cng cao (Intensity Stereo):
Mc ch: Ti thiu ho thng tin stereo nhn c tc bit thp nht nu c th.
M ho tn hiu tng cc knh + cc hng ca cc knh. Truyn ng bao, sau
t l theo cc knh.
Kim chng da trn vic cm nhn ca con ngi km i vi tn s trn 3kHz.
Khng lin quan n k thut suy gim.
Bin v pha l khng quan trng.
Gim gn 50% d liu.
Khng m bo thng tin v pha ca tn hiu.
Mt vi s mo c th nhn bit c.
S dng trong cc ng dng tc bit thp.
M HO
M HO

M THANH N
M THANH N

I
I
Chnh pha
Chnh pha

o bin
o bin

o bin o bin
Hng knh L
Hng knh R
L+R
L
R
X
X
L+R
Hng knh L
Hng knh R
L
R