Objective

The objective of this experiment is : 1. 2. 3. 4. To understand the stage that is involved in the creep test. To experimentally obtain the creep curve. To identify the properties of material while subjected to a tensile load. To measure the rate of deformation of the material to stress at a constant temperature.

Theory
Creep is defined as time-dependent plastic deformation (elongation) of the metal at a constant tensile load. It is also defined as high temperature progressive deformation at constant stress. "High temperature" is a relative term dependent upon the materials involved. Creep rates are used in evaluating materials for boilers, gas turbines, jet engines, ovens, or any application that involves high temperatures under load. Understanding high temperature behavior of metals is useful in designing failure resistant systems. A creep test can be studied by measuring the permanent extension, after various time intervals, of test-pieces maintained at a constant temperature. Measurements of strain are then recorded over a period of time as in Figure 1. After the initial instantaneous extension, it shows that creep occurs in three stages : Stage 1 (Primary creep) : This stage occurs at the beginning of the tests, and creep is mostly transiently, not at a steady rate. Resistance to creep increases until stage 2 (secondary creep) is reached. Stage 2 (Secondary creep) : The rate of creep becomes roughly steady. This stage is often referred to as steady state creep. Stage 3 (Tertiary creep) : The creep rate begins to accelerate as the cross sectional area of the specimen decreases due to necking or internal voiding decreases the effective area of the specimen. If stage 3 is allowed to proceed, fracture will occur. In many cases, the three parts of the curve are not clearly distinguishable. To obtain a complete picture of the creep properties of a material, it is necessary to construct creep curves for a range of stresses over a range of temperature. Such curves as shown in Figure 2 usually show that, as the applied stress decreased the primary creep is also decreases, secondary creep is prolonged, and the possible extension during tertiary creep tends to increase. Very low applied stress may mean that tertiary creep dies not occur even after lengthy service life.

Figure 1 : Typical creep curve of strain versus time at constant stress and elevated temperature

Figure 2 : Influence of stress and

temperature T on creep behavior

Specimen and Equipment

1. 2. 3. 4. Creep measurement apparatus Vernier caliper Stopwatch Specimens - plastic

Procedures
1. The original gauge length, thickness and width of the gauge length of the specimen was measured and recorded in the table. 2. Then, the maximum load that can be stand by the specimen was measured . 3. The force that lower than maximum load of the specimen was used in the creep test. 4. After that, specimen was placed to the creep test machine to obtain the result 5. The force-time graph of creep test been observed on the monitor of the tests equipment 6. Step 3 until 5 was repeated until the typical creep curve of strain versus time at constant stress was obtained 7. When the typical creep curve of strain versus time at constant stress was obtained, the machine was been stopped. 8. The result and graph obtained had been saved and recorded. 9. Analysis had been done.

RESULTS
Specimens number Load, m [kg] Specimen thickness, h [mm] Specimen width of the gauge length, d [mm] Initial gauge length, l0 [mm] Final gauge length, l [mm] 10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 10.78 mm 10.78 mm 10.78 mm Specimen 1 Load 87N 8.869 kg 0.17 mm Specimen 2 Load 90 N 9.174 kg 0.17 mm Specimen 3 Load 93 N 9.48 kg 0.17 mm

14.1 mm

14.1 mm

13.8 mm

Specimen 1 Load 87N

time (s) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 79.2

elongation (mm) 1.5 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8 2.83 1.85 1.9 1.95 1.97 1.99 2.1 2.3 2.5 4

strain 0.15 0.16 0.165 0.17 0.175 0.18 0.283 0.185 0.19 0.195 0.197 0.199 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.4

Specimen 1 Load 90 N

time (s) 5 10 15 20 22.8

elongation (mm) 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 4

strain 0.13 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.4

Specimen 1 Load 93 N

time (s) 5 10 15 20 25 26.4

elongation (mm) 1.4 1.6 1.65 1.8 2.2 3.8

strain 0.14 0.16 0.165 0.18 0.22 0.38

Discussion
1. From the experiment result, how is the shape of obtained creep rate curves?

Figure 1: Creep curve graph for plastic

Following the loading strain , the creep rate (slope of strain vs time curve), is high but decreases as the material deforms during the primary creep stage. At sufficiently large strains, the material creeps at a constant rate. This is called the secondary or steady-state creep stage. Ordinarily this is the most important stage of creep since the time to failure tf is determined primarily by the secondary creep rate. In the case of tension creep, the secondary creep stage is eventually interrupted by the onset of tertiary creep, which is characterized by internal fracturing of the material, creep acceleration, and finally failure. 2. How is the results compared to the theory? A typical creep curve for a plastic specimen is shown in Figure 1. The initial part of the characteristic shows the three stages of creep. The strain has been calculated by dividing the different in length (4.1mm) over original length (10mm), which gives an elastic strain of 0.41. For the theory calculation which is 669.6E (E=Modulus of elasticity), there might be a slight different from the result obtained from the experiment. The higher the load being applied to the specimen the faster the time taken for the specimen to reach fracture period. However, this result is for a higher stress and very much shorter creep time than would normally be used for material testing

3. How do you summarize the occurred errors, and discuss the factors affected to the experimental results? One of the error occurred when doing the experiment is that the size measure and the real size of the specimen is not precise, thus making the error happen. Another factor that most likely to cause the experiment to has an error from the theory result is that the specimen is not carefully cut from its required shape. It make the specimen have a small unnecessary cut that make the specimen comes to fracture stage faster than usual. Moreover, temperature of the surrounding also affects the experimental result. This is because at high temperatures the entire creep process can occur in a matter of seconds. The last error that might occurred is the apparatus or equipment used showed error before the experiment or the placing of the specimen onto the universal testing machine is not correct or slightly misplace.

Conclusion
As a conclusion, we know that the creep test is conducted using a tensile specimen which a constant stress is applied, often by the simple method of suspending weights from it. Deformation is recorded at specified time intervals and a creep vs. time diagram is plotted. Slope of curve at any point is creep rate. If failure occurs, it terminates test and time for rupture is recorded. If specimen does not fracture within test period, creep recovery may be measured. Creep is generally divided into three stages. The primary creep starts at a rapid rate and slows with time. The secondary creep has a relatively uniform rate and the tertiary creep has an accelerated creep rate and terminates when the material breaks or ruptures. If creep recovery is measured, the test will determine the stress-relaxation. The rate of decrease in deformation that takes place when the load is removed. Creep is also sometimes referred to as Stress-Relaxation testing.

Reference
Hashemi, S. Foundations of materials science and engineering, 2006, 4th edition, McGraw Hill, ISBN 007-125690-3 Dieter, G.E., Mechanical metallurgy, 1988, SI metric edition, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07100406-8.

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