1. Lexical categories 1.1 Paninian view <pada (word)> ::= <subanta (nominal)> | <tianta(verb)> ; A 1.4.

14 <avyaya (indeclinable)> ::= <svardi (sun etc.)> ; A 1.1.37-41 | < nipta (particles) > ; A 1.1.56 | <upasarga (preverb)> ; A 1.4.58 | <gati > ; A 1.4.60 (=upasarga) <subanta> ::= <prtipadika> *<sUP>+ ; Panini has only two main word classes. He includes avyayas in subanta, adding endings and then deleting them again in A 2.4.82! This is described above by <sUP> being optional. ; Yska, who preceded Panini, made the following categorization of word classes: <padajta> ::= <khyta (finite verb)> | <nman (nominal> | < nipta > | <upasarga (preverb)> 1.2. Relation to modern/English lexical categories <subanta> ::= <NOUN> | <ADJECTIVE> | <PRONOUN> | <ADVERB> | <CONJUNCTION> | <PREPOSITION> < nipta> ::= <CONJUNCTION> | <PREPOSITION> <ADVERB> ::= < svardi > | <kriy-vieana> ; as listed in gaapha ; derived, e.g. by taddhita

; P does not clearly differentiate between adjectives (vieaa) and nouns. Only in A 2.1.57 does he talk about vieaa (qualifying) and vieya (qualified). Adjectives were not recognized as a separate lexical category until very late. Even in latin, they were not really separated. ; According to Gombrich (He cooks softly: Adverbs in Sanskrit Grammar), words which appear to as to be adverbs, or used adverbially, are heterogeneously classified by P. All come into the category of subanta. Certain simple adverbs are listed as avyaya in the Gaapha. The term kriy-vieana is first used by Patanjali, and seems to be referring to derived words.

2. Morphology <pada> ::= <subanta> | <tianta> ; A 1.4.14 <prakti (base word)> ::= <dhtu> | <prtipadika> <vibhakti> ::= <sUP> | <tiN> ; A 1.3.104 <pada> ::= <prakti> [<pratyaya>] [<vibhakti>] <pratyaya (affix)> ::= ; A 3.1.1 <kt (primary)> ; A 3.1.93 | < taddhita (secondary)> ; A 4.1.76 | <sandi (verb derivation)> | <str (feminine)> | <sUP>| <tiN> | <vikaraa> ; tiN, sUP and vikaraa are formally pratyayas according to Panini. <dhtu-pratyaya (verbal affix)> ::= <kt> | <tiN> | <vikaraa> ; can be added to verbs

<prtipadika-pratyaya (nominal affix)> ::= <taddhita> | <sUP>| <str> ; can be added to nominals < dhtu-sdhita (verbal derivative)> ::= ; can be derived from verbs <kdanta> | <sannanta> | <yaanta> | <nijanta> < prtipadika-sdhita (nominal derivative)> ::= ; can be derived from nominals <taddhitanta> | <stranta>| <nmadhat > Derivation From: prtipadika dhtu To: prtipadika taddhitanta, stranta kdanta To: dhtu nmadhat sannanta etc

; Yska gives the following general morphology: <pada> ::= <abda (basic word)> <pratyaya> <vibhakti> ; This means that <abda> == <prakti> ??

2.1 Tinanta morphology <tianta > ::= {<upasarga>} <dhtu> <vikaraa> (<lakra> => <tiN>) ; According to Paninis derivation method, lakra is first added, and then later replaced by tiN <dhtu (verbal base)> ::= < mla dhtu (primitive)> | < sandyanta dhtu (derived)> < mla dhtu> ::= <bhvdaya dhtu> ; from dhtupha, A 1.3.1

<sandyant dhtu> ::= <sannanta (desiderative)> | <yaanta (intensive)> | <nijanta (causative)> | <nmadhat (verbal noun)> <upasarga> ::= ; A 1.4.59 pra | par | apa | sam | anu | ava | ni | du | vi | | ni | adhi | api | ati | su | ut | abhi | prati | pari | upa <vikaraa (infix)> ::= ; conjugation class, tense and mood markers | aP | LUK | LU | yaN | nu | a | naM | u | n | NiC ; A.3.1.68 ff | CLI | sIC| sya| yaK | ysU| ; for lU, l etc <tiN> ::= "tiP" | | "mahiN" ; A 3.4.77 <lakra> ::= <lA> | <lI> | <lU> | <l> | <lO> | <lA> | <lI> | <lU> | <l> | <lE> 2.2 Subanta morphology <subanta> ::= <prtipadika > [<sUP>] <sUP> ::= "sU" | ... | "suP" ; A 4.1.2 < prtipadika (nominal base)> ::= < mla prtipadika (primitive nom.base)> | <vyutpanna prtipadika (derived nom.base)> < mla prtipadika)> ::= < gaapha prtipadika> | <sarvanman (pronouns) | <sakhy (numbers)> ; A 1.2.45 ; A1.1.27 ; varttamna (present tense) A 3.2.123 ; bhta-anadyatana paroka ( perfect) A 3.2.115 ; bhaviya-anadyatana (periph. future) A 3.3.15 ; bhaviyati (simple future) A 3.3.13 ; (imperative) A 3.3.162 ; anadyatana-bhta (imperfect) A 3.2.111 ; (optative) A 3.3.161 ; bhta (aorist) A 3.2.110 ; (conditional)A 3.3.139 ; subjunctive

<vyutpanna prtipadika> ::= <kdanta> | <taddhitanta> | <samsa (compounds)> <kdanta> ::= <dhat> <kt> <taddhitanta> ::= <prtipadika> <taddhita> <kt> ::=

; A 1.2.46

; A 3.1.93 a | | ana | man | as | ti ; forming noun/adjectives | <ktya (gerundive)> ; yaT, anyaR, tavya, tavyaT, KyaP ; A 3.1.96 | <tvanta/lyabanta (gerund)> ; Ktv ; A 5.1.119 | <tumanta (infinitive)> ; tumUN ; A 3.3.10 | <nih (past participles)> ; Kta, KtavatU ; A 1.1.26 | <sat (present participles)> ; at, naC (active, passive) ; A 3.2.124-127 | <mna (pres. middle part)> ; A 7.2.82 ; A 4.1.76

<taddhita> ::= mat | vat | in | vin ; indicating posession | ya | tva | t ; abstraction | eya ; descent, pertaining to | ka | ika ; relating to, dimunitive | maya | may ; made of, filled with | tara | tama ; comparative, superlative | vat ; adverb: like as | tas ; adverb: from | as | a ; adverb: manner <samsa > ::= ; A 2.1.3 <avyayibhva (indecliable)> ; A 2.1.5 | <bahuvrhi (unmentioned)> ; A 2.3.23 | <tatpurusa (case-determining)> ; A 2.1.22 | <dvandva (pair)> ; A 2.2.59 <tatpurusa> ::= <dvigu> ; A 2.1.52 | <karmadhrya (descriptive)>

3. Other grammatical elements <purusa (person> ::= | <prathama (third)> | <madhyama (second)> | <uttama (first)> <vacana (number)> ::= | <ekavacana> | <dvivacana> | <bahuvacana> <vyakti/liga (gender)> ::= | <pulinga (masc.)> | <strliga (fem.)> | <napusakaliga (neut.)> <kraka > ::= ; A 1.4.23 syntactic-semantic categories <kart (agent)> ; A 1.4.54-55 | <karma (object)> ; A 1.4.49-53 | <karaa (instrument)> ; A 1.4.42-44 | <sampradna (indir.object)> ; A 1.4.32-41 | <apdna (separation)> ; A 1.4.24-31 | <upapada-vibhakti (posession)> | <adhikaraa (location)> ; A 1.4.45-48 ; corresponding subanta case ; nominative ; accusative ; instrumental ; dative ; ablative ; genitive ; locative ; A 1.4.101

; A 1.4.102-3

<sUP-vibhakti> ::= <pratham> |<dvity> |<tty> |<caturth> |<pacam> |<ah> |<saptam>