Chng 4

B PHN CUN DY V
DN HNG DY
Khi nim chung
Tang: b phn cun dy trong CCN, bin
chuyn ng quay thnh chuyn ng tnh
tin nng/h vt.
Rng rc: b phn dn hng dy.
Palng: b phn gm cc rng rc, c nh
v di ng, lin kt vi nhau bng dy, dng
gim lc cng dy hoc tng vn tc.
4.1. Tang cun cp
Cu to chung
Tang thng c dng ng tr, hai u c moay
lp vi trc, chuyn ng quay.
Vt liu tang: gang hoc thp.
B mt lm vic c th nhn (tang trn) hoc ct
rnh dng ren trn c bc ln hn ng knh
cp trnh cp ch xt vo nhau (tang x rnh).
Tang c th dng cun 1 lp hoc nhiu lp
cp chng ln nhau.
Tang trn
Khi cun nhiu lp
cp, tang cn c g
chn. Chiu cao g
tnh t lp cp trn
cng cn ti thiu 1,5
ng knh cp trnh
cp tut khi tang.

D


o

g

g = 1,5.d
c
t = d
c

d
c
o

L
Tang x rnh
Kch thc rnh cp
t
d

c A
o

D

D


1

D


o

R = 0,55d

c
t = d

c
+
A
I
D



o

I
L

Cc kch thc c bn
ng knh danh
ngha Do.
Chiu di ti thiu
phn cun cp trn
tang L.
Chiu dy thnh
tang o.
D


o

g

g = 1,5.d
c
t = d
c

d
c
o

L
ng knh danh ngha
ng knh o theo tm lp cp di cng.
Xc nh t iu kin tng bn lu cho cp:
D
0
h
1
.d
c

vi d
c
ng knh cp
h
1
h s, tra trong tiu chun theo CLV ca
c cu nng.
TCVN 5864-1995 quy nh gi tr ti thiu ca h
1
.
Lu : vi CCN dn ng bng /c, ng knh
tang cn tnh li, m bo vn tc nng cho trc.

4-8
Chiu di cun cp
Tnh t s vng cp trn 1 lp (Z) v khong cch
gia cc vng cp (bc cun cp - t): L Z.t
Bc cun cp t d
c
vi tang trn; t 1,1.d
c
vi tang x
rnh.
S vng cp khi cun 1 lp tnh theo cng thc:
Z = Z
1
+ Z
2
+ Z
3

vi Z
1
= a.H/(t.D
0
) s vng lm vic (H chiu cao nng;
D
0
ng knh tang; a bi sut ca palng)

Z
2
= 1,5..2 s vng cp d tr trn tang
Z
3
= 0..2 s vng phc v c nh cp ln tang.
Khi cun n lp cp trn tang c th ly Z Z
1
/n.
Chiu dy thnh tang
Chiu dy o thng chn trc theo vt liu tang:
Thp: o = 0,001.D
0
+ 3 (mm)
Gang: o = 0,002.D
0
+ (610) 12 (mm)
vi D
0
ng knh tang, tnh bng mm.
Kim tra tang vi kch thc chn v bn:
Vi tang ngn (L/D
0
3) ch cn kim nghim
bn nn: tang c tnh nh ng dy chu p sut
ngoi do dy vi lc cng S
max
xit ln tang sinh ra.
Khi tang di (L/D
0
> 3) cn tnh n nh hng
ca c un v xon.
Xem chi tit
C nh cp ln tang
Bulng v tm kp
A
A - A
A
Cp
Vt chn
Cp
4.2. Rng rc v a xch
Cu to
Vi rng rc cp, ng knh danh
ngha D
0
o theo tm cp, xc nh t
iu kin tng bn lu cho cp:
D
0
h
2
.d
c
vi rng rc thng
D
0
h
3
.d
c
vi rng rc cn bng
vi d
c
ng knh cp
h
2
, h
3
h s, tra trong tiu chun
theo CLV ca CCN.
Cc kch thc khc theo kt cu:
R=0,6d
c
h=(1,5-2,0)d
c
b=(2-2,25)d
c
60
b
h

D




0

4.2. Rng rc v a xch
Cu to (tip)
Vi rng rc cho xch hn,
ng knh danh ngha D
0
xc
nh theo ng knh dy thp
lm xch (d), bc xch (t) v s
rng (s hc) trn a xch (z):


D



0

d
z s hc, min = 5-6
D

0
=
(
t
sin(90/z)
)
2
+
(
d
cos(90/z)
)
2
Lc cn v hiu sut rng rc
Khi cha quay: S
2
= S
1
Khi quay theo chiu trn
hnh v, do lc cn W
nn S
2
> S
1
hay
S
2
= S
1
+ W
Cc loi lc cn chnh:
Lc cn do cng
dy (Wc)
Lc cn do ma st trong
trc (Wo)
S
1
2
S
n
W
Lc cn do cng dy
Do cng nn khi
cun vo v khi nh
khi rng rc dy b
lch so vi trng hp
l tng cc khong b
v c nh trn hnh v

S
2
= S
1
+ Wc
Kt hp phng trnh
cn bng mmen tnh
c lc cn do
cng dy W
c
= S
1
.
S
1
(D
0
/2+b) = S
2
(D
0
/2-c)
S
1
(D
0
/2+b) = (S
1
+W
c
)(D
0
/2-c)
W
c
= S
1
(b+c)/(0,5D
0
- c) = S
1
.

b
c
S
1
S
'
2
= S
1
+W
c
Lc cn do ma st trong
Gi s rng rc ng
knh D
0
lp trn trt
c ng knh ngng d.

S
2
= S
1
+ Wo vi Wo l
lc cn do ma st trong
.
T mmen cn quay T
c

tnh c lc cn do ma
st trong
W
o
= T
c
/ 0,5D
0
= S
1
.
= 2sin(o/2).f.d/D
0
S
''
2
=S
1
+W
o
S
1
Lc tc dng ln :
S = S
1
+ S
''
2

=> S ~ 2S
1
.sin
o
2
Lc ma st trong : F = S.f
To mmen cn quay: Tc = F.d/2
Hiu sut rng rc
Hiu sut = cng sut c ch / cng sut b ra

* Trng hp rng rc
c nh:
C.s. c ch P
ci
= Q.v
n
C.s. b ra P
br
= S
2
.v
0
Lc cng dy S
1
= Q
Vn tc dy v
0
= v
n
Hiu sut q = S
1
/S
2

(l t s gia lc cng dy trn
nhnh cun S
1
v nhnh nh S
2
)
S
Q,
1
2
S ,
v
0
n
v
S
Q,
1
2
S , v
0
n
v
n
n
Hiu sut rng rc (tip...)
Hiu sut = cng sut c ch / cng sut b ra

* Trng hp rng rc
di ng:
C.s. c ch P
ci
= Q.v
n
C.s. b ra P
br
= S
2
.v
0
Lc cng dy S
1
+S
2
= Q
Vn tc dy v
0
= 2.v
n
Hiu sut q
d
> S
1
/S
2

S
Q,
1
2
S ,
v
0
n
v
S
Q,
1
2
S , v
0
n
v
n
n
* Trong tnh ton thng ly:
q
d
= q = 0,94...0,98 vi rng rc cp;
q = 0,94...0,96 vi rng rc xch (a xch)
4.3. Palng
Khi nim chung
H thng rng rc c nh v di ng, lin kt vi
nhau bng dy.
Tu cng dng, palng c phn lm 2 loi:
Palng li lc (hnh a)
Palng li vn tc (hnh b)
Q
tang
S

2
... ... S

a
S
''
1
S
'
1
S

1
(a)
Q, v

n
...
P, v

P
S

1 S

2
S

a
(b)
4.3.1. Palng li lc
Bi sut (a): s ln gim lc
cng dy so vi khi treo vt trc
tip trn 1 dy xt trng thi
ng im (cc rng rc khng
quay).
C th xc nh bi sut a qua
s nhnh dy treo vt.
Trn hnh v l palng c bi
sut a = 4.
Trong tnh ton, palng c
th hin di dng khai trin...
Tnh ton palng li lc
Cho s khai trin
palng. Xc nh lc cng
dy ln nht S
max
=? nm
u? Khi nng hay h? Hiu
sut ca c h thng q
p
=?
Phng php: da vo
cc quan h lc cng dy
trn cc nhnh ca rng rc
v hiu sut q = S
cun
/S
nh
T , xt ln lt tng
rng rc trong h thng
palng...
Q
tang
S

2
... ... S

a S
''
1
S
'
1
S

1
(a)
Tnh ton... (tip)
Q
tang
S

2
... ... S

a-1
S

a S
''
1
S
'
1
S

1
Khi h th th no?
Khi nng vt
Cc rng rc quay theo chiu nh
hnh v. Lc cng dy trn nhnh
cun vo rng rc b hn trn
nhnh nh ra nn suy ra Smax =
S
1
= S
tang
. Lc cng ln nht nm
nhnh cun vo tang.
Tng lc cng dy cn bng vi Q:
Q = S
1
+ S
2
+ ... + S
a
T quan h hiu sut rng rc:
S
1
= S
1
= S
1
.1
S
2
= S
1
.q

= S
1
.q
1
......
S
a
= S
a-1
.q

= S
1
.q
a-1
Q = S
i
= S
1
. (1+ q+ ... + q
a-1
)
S
max
= S
1
/ q
t
= Q.(1-q) / [(1-q
a
)q
t
]

Hiu sut palng: q
p
= Q / (a.S
max
)


Palng kp
Bi sut palng kp k
hiu l "2a" v bng s
nhnh dy treo vt
(trn s : 2a = 4)
Rng rc trung gian
khng quay, ch ng vai
tr cn bng nn trong
tnh ton Smax c th
thay th bng palng
n vi bi sut
a' = 2a/2 v ti Q' =
Q/2.
Hiu sut ca palng
q
p
=Q' / (a'.S
max
).

Q
A
Q
Palng n
Palng kp
A
= 0
4.3.2. Palng li vn tc
S
1
= S
1
= S
1
.1
S
2
= S
1
.q = S
1
.q
1
......
S
a
= S
a-1
.q = S
1
.q
a-1
P = S
i
= S
1
. (1+ q+ ... + q
a-1
) (1)
S
max
= S
1
; (2)
S
a
= Q / q => Q = S
1
.q
a
(3)

T (1) (2) (3) tm c quan h
gia P, Q, S
max

Q,
v

n
...
P, v

P
S

1
S

2
S

a
Cc lu chung v palng
Lc cng cp

Palng kp

Bi sut k hiu l 2a. Rng rc cn bng khng quay.
Tnh ton coi nh palng n vi a = 2a/2 v Q=Q/s
S rng rc t

Ch tnh s rng rc
pha tang cun cp
S c bit

Trng hp gp s
c bit cn thit
lp cng thc tnh
lc cng cp ln nht.
Q
S
1
S
1
S
2
S

next
Nhm CLV
c

a c c

u

M1

M2

M3

M4

M5

M6

M7

M8

h
1

11,2

12,5

14,0

16,0

18,0

20,0

22,4

25,0

h
2

12,5

14,0

16,0

18,0

20,0

22,4

25,0

28,0

h
3

11,2

12,5

12,5

14,0

14,0

16,0

16,8

18,0

GHI CH:

1.

ng knh danh ngha c

a tang: D
0

>
h
1
.d
c

2.

ng knh c

a rng r

c d

n h

ng: D
2

>
h
2
.d
c

3.

ng knh c

a rng r

c cn b

ng: D
3

>
h
3
.d
c

4. V

i c

n tr

c t

hnh: h
1
= 16; h
2
= 18; h
3
= 14 v

i CCN t

i

h
1
= 14; h
2
= 16; h
3
= 12,5 v

i CCN c

n

5.

ng knh rng r

c ma st trong thang my: D

>
40.d
c

(TCVN 6395:1998)

H s ng knh vi tang v rng rc
(TCVN 5864-1995)
Back
Kim tra tang cun cp v bn
Back
Vi tang ngn (L/D
0
3) ch cn kim nghim bn
nn: tang c tnh nh ng dy chu p sut ngoi
do dy vi lc cng S
max
xit ln tang sinh ra:
o
n
= k.S
max
/(t.o) [o]
k = 1; 1,28; 1,37; 1,45; 1,52; 1,53 ty s lp cp t 1..6
[o] = 7090 MPa vi gang; 100120 MPa vi thp.
Khi tang di, cn tnh n un v xon:
| |

+
=
s + =
E
u
u
t
n t n
W
T M
2 2
2 2
75 , 0
o
o o o o
S
max
khi h vt
Q
tang
S

2
... ... S

a-1
S

a S
''
1
S
'
1
S

1
Khi h vt, cc rng rc
quay theo chiu ngc li.
Cc nhnh cun/nh i
vai tr cho nhau. Lc cng
ln nht s nm trn
nhnh xa tang nht.
Tng lc cng dy vn
cn bng vi Q:
Q = S
1
+ S
2
+ ... + S
a
T d dng suy ra:

S
*
max
= S
a
= Q.(1-q) / (1-q
a
)


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