2

Rudiments and Theory of Music

FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE ONLY

Myanmar e-Book
(www.myanmarfamily.org/)

Rudiments and Theory of Music

by

Harry Lwin

Commercial use of this book is strictly prohibited

DDD EEE

DDD e-Book EEE

Harry Lwin

Harry Lwin

DD (www.myanmarfamily.org/) DD

Rudiments and Theory of Music

............................................................................................................. 6
Rudiments of Music ............................................................................................ 7
Staff ...................................................................................................................................... 7
Clef Signs .............................................................................................................................. 7
Treble Clef (G Clef) ................................................................................................................. 8
Bass Clef (F Clef) .................................................................................................................... 8
C- Clef ................................................................................................................................... 9

Notes ...............................................................................................................10
Treble Staff Notes ...................................................................................................10
Bass Staff Notes ......................................................................................................11
Middle C Leger Line ....................................................................................................11

......................................................................................................13

Note ...........................................................15
Note ....................................................................................................15
Note (Value) ...................................................................................................15
Note staff ..........................................................................................16
Note .................................................................................................................17
Rhythm ................................................................................................................................19
Tie, Legato (Slur) and Staccato ...............................................................................................20

Tie.................................................................................................................................................20
Legato...........................................................................................................................................21
StaccatoandTenuto.....................................................................................................................22
Dotted Notes and Rests .........................................................................................................22

Tones and Intervals ...........................................................................................24

Accidentals ...........................................................................................................................24
Time Signature......................................................................................................................27

Rudiments and Theory of Music

Tablature

Tablature

Music

Theory

Pucca Notation International Notes

notes Rudiments of Music


(http://www.myanmarfamily.org)

(http://www.harrylwin.blogspot.com/) International Note

email harry.lwin@gmail.com

Rudiments of Music

C-D-E-F-G-A-B () Piano ()
(Note)

Staff
Note Staff ()

() Staff

(Notes)

Clef Signs
Staff Staff
Staff Clef
Clef Sign Staff Clef Sign

O o p
Clef Sign

Treble Clef (or) G-Clef

O o

Bass Clef (or) F-Clef

Rudiments and Theory of Music

Alto Clef, Tenor Clef, Soprano Clef (or) C-Clef

Clef Staff
Staff Clef Treble Clef Treble Staff Clef Sign Staff Notes
Clef Clef
Treble Clef

Bass

Clef

C-Clef Wind
Instrument Trombone, Bassoon String instrument Viola, Violincello
Clef Neutral Clef
Tablature Neutral Clef Percussion Instrument
Note Clef G, F, C -Clef

Tablature

Treble Clef (G Clef)

Clef Treble Clef (G-Clef)
G line
G line
G-Clef Notes

G Clef Wind Instrument bagpipes, violin, flutes, oboe, English horn, all clarinets, all
saxophones (baritone sax ), horn, euphonium (), trumpet String instrument
guitar, vibraphone, xylophone handbells keyboard instruments
piano, organ, harp, harpsichord
Clef

Bass Clef (F Clef)

Bass Clef (F Clef) F line
F line F Clef
()

Bass Clef (F Clef)

Bass Clef (F Clef) bass guitar, cello, euphonium, double bass,
bassoon, contrabassoon, trombone, tuba timpani keyboard instruments piano,
organ,

marimba

harpsichord

horn

C- Clef
C- Clef

line

C- Clef () Alto Clef Tenor Clef

p
Alto Clef

Tenor Clef

C- Clef Baritone Clef, Mezzo-soprano Clef Soprano Clef

Clef Sign Staff Notes

Clef Sign Clef Staff Note

10

Rudiments and Theory of Music

Notes
Clef Staff Notes
Staff Notes
Treble Clef (G Clef) Notes

Treble Staff Notes

Notes Line Notes Notes
Note E, G, B, D, F
Every Good Boy Does Fine
Space Notes Space Notes
Notes Space Note Space F, A,
C, E Face

N
E

Space notes

Line notes

Line Notes Space Notes E, F, G, A, B, C, D, E, F

()
D E

N
E

G A B C

Line Notes Space Notes

E Line, F Space G Line
B Line
C

Space
Staff Notes Staff D A
Staff Notation
1, 2, 3, 4
Notes Tablature Notes
A B C D E F G Sequence A
Notes
B C D E F G Octave (Otava)

11

Notes One Octave (Frequency)

A Note Frequency 220 Hz
(one octave higher) A Note 440 Hz

Bass Staff Notes

Treble Clef (G Clef) Notes Bass Clef Notes Line Notes
G, B, D, F, A Good Boy Does Fine Always Space Notes
A, C, E, G All Cows Eat Grass

o
G

Line notes F Clef

Space notes F Clef

Line Notes Space Notes G, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, A

()
F G

o
G

B C D E

Middle C Leger Line

G Clef F Clef G F Staff

Clef Line Space Clef ()

G Clef Line E Note D

E Line D Space Note
( ) D

12

Rudiments and Theory of Music

D Note C D Space Note C Line Note

Staff Line () Line Note

Ledger Line (or) Leger Line
C Note "Middle C" F Clef Line Note A Note
Line Note C C Note Middle C
Note Middle C Frequency
256 Hz Clef

Treble Clef Bass Clef Great Stave or Grand Staff Staff

Staff Pinao Note

C D E

G A B C D E

N
o
G

B C D E F G

A B C

Great Stave or Grand Staff

Treble Clef Bass Clef Great Stave

() Staff
Line
() Treble Clef
() Bass Clef

Leger Line Clef Great Stave

Note

"Middle

C"

N
C

Treble Clef Line Note F Note

Note Leger Line Middle C

13

Treble

Clef

Bass

Clef

Note
(Open String) Note Note
E

Open String: 6

( note One Octave

Range
Leger Line

()
G-Clef
() Line Note E )





A - B C - D - E F - G - A
"-" note ()
Note () B C E F
() ()

() (open string) G Guitar Machine Head Key

G A ()

0 () ()
(2nd fret) A A B ()
() (4th fret) B B C

(5th

fret)

(9th fret) E D
Machine Head () (7th fret) D
() Tablature

14

Rudiments and Theory of Music

G

10

12

10

12

N
Fret:
T
A
B
Strings 1
3
6

Staff Note Note
(Value) (Duration)

15

Note
Note
Note Note head Stem Flag
Note
Flag
Stem
Note head

Note (Value)
Note (Value) (Duration)

Rest Note Note

Note Rest
Duration (silent)
Note

Equivalent

Name

Rest

Longa (Long) = 2 Breves 16 beats

Breve (Double Whole Note) 8 beats
Semi-breve (Whole Note) 4 beats
Minim (Half Note) 2 beats
Crochet (Quarter Note) 1 beat

m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m

Quaver (Eighth Note) beat

Semi-quaver (16th Note) beat
Demi-semi Quaver (32nd Note) 1/8 beat
Hemi-demi-semi Quaver (64th Note) 1/16 beat
Quasi Hemi-demi-semi Quaver (128th

Note) 1/32

beat

Semi-breve 4 beats Semi-breve

Beat - -
Note (sustain ) Minim
Minim Rest Rest
2 beats ( - ) (stop or silent
)

Rudiments and Theory of Music

16

1 Semi-breve = 2 minims = 4 crochets = 8 quavaers Quaver

8th Note Semi-breve () ()
Longa - Maxima Large Longa, Double-Longa Duplex Longa
32 beats duration beat
note note

Maxima Longa

Note & Rest Values

email

Note staff
Note staff single line music Melody (Harmony )- (B line)
Note stem Note
(B line) Note stem Note
Note (Treble staff B
note) Note
Note B note
C C Lead Guitar Solo, Violin solo
Bass Guitar Note Note

Multi-line music Note -

Harmony Note Melody line (or Melody part)
Harmony line (Harmony part)
Classical Guitar Music

Flag Note ( Quaver

) Flag Bar (or) Beam

17

Note Time Signature

Note

Note
music (count)
Crochet one beat 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 1 .. 2 .. 3 .. 4
..

1, 2, 3, 4 "on-beat"

(one beat) (Tempo)
Tempo Crochet

Tempo

Quaver (one beat ) Crochet

Beat
"1"
"&" Quaver
"&" off-beat

&

&

&

&

Semi-quaver (one beat ) Quaver

Beat
()
"1e"
"&a"

1 e & a 2 e & a 3 e & a 4 e & a

Beat Quaver Semiquaver combination

1 e & a 2 e & a 3 e & a 4 e & a

18

Rudiments and Theory of Music

1 e & a 2 e & a 3 e & a 4 e & a

1 e & a 2 e & a 3 e & a 4 e & a

Note Staff
Measure Bar
One Measure One Bar
Time Signature 4/4 Time
(Time Singature
)
Time Signature
Beat 1

2 &

12 3 4

12 3 4

N4
4
Count

4 &

Note 1 C Minim
2 3
C (Crochet) 4 D 1 E 2 D & C 3 B 4 A & G
(silent)
1 A 2 Crochet Rest
3 G (Crochet) 4 A 1 B Minim
2
3 D (Crochet) 4 Crochet Rest
(silent)
beat 1 C Semi-breve

4/4 | 1 - 1 2 | 3 21 7 65 | 6 0 5 6 | 7 - 2 0 | 1 - - -||

Staff

Note

Note staff
international note

19

Rhythm
Staff note Rhythm
(Rhythm)
(Rhythm Melody
Staff Note
)
4
4

Rhythmic Pattern melody Note

Rhythmic Pattern Rhythm
Rhythm Rhythm Guitar
Beat (cha cha, slow, 6/8, country ) Rhythm Guitar
style Rhythm Accompaniment
Rhythm Note Value

N4
4
Piece A

N4
4

m
Piece B

Piece A B Note C - CD - E - C | D - ED - C -||

Rhythm
4
4
Piece A Rhythm
4
4

m
Piece B Rhythm

Rhythmic pattern

()

20

Rudiments and Theory of Music

N4
4
Piece C

N4
4
Piece D

Piece C D Rhythm

4
4
Piece C Rhythm
4
4
Piece D Rhythm

Rhythm

Rhythm

Tie, Legato (Slur) and Staccato

Note

Tie Legato

Tie
Tie Note ()
Note Note Note
Crochet () Tie Crochet
Beat Beat Crochet Beat
( ) Tie
Note Note ()

Tie

Note Minim ()
Tie Semi-breve ... Crochet () Tie
Minim

21

=
=
Tie Crochet () Tie Minim

Tie

Crochet Crochet
Minim
bar Tie
Time Signature -
Tie Note
Tie Rest Tie

Legato
Legato ( Legado Guitar Slur )
Note ()
Note Note Note


(slide or gliss) (hammer-on)
()
( )
(pull-off) Piano
Legato
Beat 1 2 Tie Beat 3 4 Legato
1

Beat

1 2

1 2

N4
Count

Note

3&

4 &

3 A note & G A
(pull-off) 4 A note & B Note

(Hammer-on) A B Note
(slide or gliss) 1 C
2-3-4

22

Rudiments and Theory of Music

Staccato and Tenuto

Staccato Note
Note
(dot)
(dash) Tenuto Note ()
(stress or emphazie) Sostenuto

N4
4
Q

Dotted Notes and Rests

(Dot) note note Dotted Note
Dot note
note ( ) () Minim
Dot Minim Crochet Dot Minim
Crochet
Crochet note
Rest
( Q
=

Q =

= 3 beats

= 1 beats

Dot Line Note Note Head Line Space

Space Note Note Head Space
Dotted Note

Beat 1

N4
4
Count

2
Q

1 2 3 4

4
Q

1 2 & 3 & 4e &a

Q
1 2 3 4

23

Beat 1

12 3 4

N4
4
1 2 & 3 & 4e &a 1 2 3 4

Count

Dot Dot
Note (%) Minim
Double Dot Minim Crochet Dot Minim
Crochet Dot Dot Quaver

Crochet

Quaver

Quaver

Minim Crochet note Rest

QQ

={

Q Q ={

(Q
=

(
+{ Q =

+{ ( Q =

) +(Q =

)}

)} =

= 3 beats

= 1 beats

Triple Dot Dotted Rest

Compound Time 6/8 9/4

Dotted Note Rest

24

Rudiments and Theory of Music

Tones and Intervals

Tone
Definition
Note = (symbolic expression of a sound)
Pitch = () (how high or low a sound (note) is)
Tone = Pitch (difference in pitch - unit)
Interval = Note Pitch (difference in pitch between two notes)
One semitone (or half-step) = tone (smallest tone) -
(S )
Two semitones = One Whole tone (whole step) (W )

B
W

C
S

D
W

E
W

W = Whole tone

F
S

G
W

A
W

S = Semitone

Note Piano
A B one tone two semitone
C D D E F G G A one semitone
Piano Note
Accidental

Accidentals
Accidental Sharp, Flat, Natural, Double Sharp Double Flat

Raise One semitone

= Sharp

= Flat
= Natural

Lower One semitone

Eliminate "one" sharp or flat

25

= Double Sharp

Ii

Raise Two semitone

= Double Flat

Ii

Lower Two semitone

Ii

'#' note (one semitone) Double sharp

(two semitones or one whole tone) Flat 'b' note
(one semitone) Double flat (two semitones or one
whole tone) Sharp () Flat note Natural
Natural Sign Sharp () Flat "" Effect
Double sharp Double flat Natural Sign "" Accidental
note

Piano

keyboard

()

Db Eb

Gb Ab Bb

C# D#

F# G# A#

Frets: 1

C D E F G A B C

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

E F

Ab
Db
Eb
Gb
C#
D#
F#
G#
Notes on 2nd String of a Guitar

Notes on Piano

B C

A
Bb
A#

Staff Accidental note

Natural note Accidental
#A Natural #A A
Accidental Sign (within one measure) (
Accidental ) Accidental
Natural

NI
Eb

I
D

C#

Eb

Eb

Same Pitch Octave Middle C

Accidental one octave Space C

26

Rudiments and Theory of Music

N
C#

C# C

C#

Note Accidental

I
N I I II I I
Eb Db Cb Bbb Cb Bb C# D

I I
Eb Db

B Double Flat B Flat

Flat
Double Flat Single Flat (
) Flat C #
C Flat
C# ( ) Flat D Natural

D ( )
E Flat E Flat

Flat

Accidental Note Tie Accidental

Tie Value (Duration) Accidental
Note
Accidental

27

Accidental (#) Note

Accidental Octave
Courtesy Accidental

I
Eb

( )
D

C#

C Eb

Eb

Natural

Courtesy

Accidental

Eb E

Natural

C# Db Scale
C Flat

Cb B Enharmonic

Accidental

Time Signature
Time Signature Simple Time Compound time
() Duple, Triple & Quadruple
() 1) Simple Duple
2) Simple Triple
3) Simple Quadruple
4) Compound Duple
5) Compound Triple, and
6) Compound Quadruple

Duple Time () Triple Time ()

Quadruple Time ()

Rudiments and Theory of Music

28

Time Signature
2/4, 3/4, 4/4, 6/8
(one measure or one bar) () (no. of beats)

3

No. of beats in a measure

Value of each beat

(Value of
note)
2 = Minim or Half Note
4 = Crochet or Quater Note
8 = Quaver or Eighth Note
16 = Semi-quaver or Sixteenth Note

Simple Time Compound time

2, 4, 8 or 16

Simple Time Signature Note Minim,

Crochet, Quaver & Semi-quaver Duple 2 Triple 3
Quadruple 2, 4, 8, 16
Simple Duple - 2/2, 2/4, 2/8, 2/16
Simple Triple - 3/2, 3/4, 3/8, 3/16
Simple Quadruple - 4/2, 4/4, 4/8, 4/16
Simple Time Signature ()

2/2 Minim
2
2

29

2/4 Crochet
2
4
3/4 Crochet
3
4
4/4 Crochet ..
4
4

2/4 |1 .. 2 ..| 1 .. 2 .. |
3/4 |1 .. 2 .. 3 ..| 1 .. 2 .. 3 .. |
4/4 1. 2. 3. 4
Duple

Time

Triple

Time

Accent

) (First Beat) Quadruple

Time Accent (First Beat) (Third Beat)

Compound Time Signature Note Dotted Note

Dotted Minim, Dotted Crochet, Dotted Quaver & Dotted Semi-quaver
2, 4, 8, 16
6, 9 12
Duple 6 (3+3), Triple 9 (3+3+3), Quadruple 12 (3+3+3+3)
Note Dot Note
Note () ( Dotted
Notes and Rest ) Note
Compound Duple - 6/2, 6/4, 6/8, 6/16
Compound Triple - 9/2, 9/4, 9/8, 9/16
Compound Quadruple - 12/2, 12/4, 12/8, 12/16
Time Signature () 6/8 8
Quaver 6 () Quaver ()

Duple

Quaver () () Quaver ()
Dotted Crochet Dotted Crochet ()
Quaver 1 a a, Quaver 2 a a

30

Rudiments and Theory of Music

1 a a 2 a a 1 .. 2 .. 3 .. 4
.. 5 .. 6
6/8 Dotted Crochet () (Quaver () )

6
8

Q
1

Q
a 2

1 a

2 a

6/4 Dotted Minim () (Crochet () )

6
4

Q
1

Q
2 4

1 2

4 5 6

9/8 Dotted Crochet () (Quaver () )

9
8

Time Signature Compound Time Dotted Note

Accent
Time Signature

Simple

Compound

Duple

Triple

Quadruple

Duple

Triple

Quadruple

2
2

3
2

4
2

6
2

9
2

12
2

2
4

3
4

4
4

6
4

9
4

12
4

2
8

3
8

4
8

6
8

9
8

12
8

2
16

3
16

4
16

6
16

9
16

12
16

31

Note beat
note beat flag (beam)
note
4
4

4
4

flag





beat
quaver semiquaver Triple time
beam Quadruple time

3
4
4
4

5/4

7/4

( 5/4
Crochet Crochet () 1.2.3.4.5
)

Simple

Time

Compound

Time

Broken

Time

Time Signature
Rudiments of Music

Note