Brenna Armfield Margaux Armfield Senior Division

Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources:

Clair Cameron Patterson (1922-1995). N.d. Photograph. Geochemsoc.org. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. This picture is a primary source that shows viewers what Patterson looked like. Ethyl Advertisements. Vintage Oil and Gas Advertisements. Phillip Lenssen, 2006. Web. 9 Jan. 2013. These vintage advertisements are primary sources because they were made by Ethyl Corporation. They are very beneficial to our project because they show viewers how Ethyl marketed its gasoline to the public. George Tilton with His Solid Source Mass Spectrometer at University of California at Santa Barbara. N.d. Photograph. What-when-how.com. Web. 7 Jan. 2013. This picture is a primary source that demonstrates to viewers what George Tilton and a mass spectrometer looked like. "Lead's Role in Pollution Will Be Probed." Oil and Gas Journal (1965): 58-59. Print. This article is primary source written during Pattersons campaign, and describes the upcoming Muskie Senate Hearings. McKenzie, V. G. "Air Pollution- Whose Problem?" Panel Discussion on Air Pollution. Board of Directors Meeting, Washington, D. C. 20 Sept. 1965. Address. In this address, McKenzie describes why air pollution is so detrimental and supports the Clean Air Act. Muskie, Edmund S. Air and Water Pollution. Letter to Clair Patterson. 27 Oct. 1965. Edmund S. Muskie Archives. N.p.: Edmund S. Muskie Archives, n.d. N. pag. Print. The letter from Senator Muskie to Dr. Patterson showed the Senators response to Pattersons letter about the dangers of lead. Needleman, Herbert. "The Removal of Lead from Gasoline: Historical and Personal Reflections." Environmental Research Section. (2000): n. page. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. This is a primary source because Needleman witnessed the events he refers to. This article supplemented our knowledge of the battle to remove lead from gasoline. Paul H. Patterson. N.d. Photograph. Pasadena. Patterson Lab Home Page. Aug. 2008. Web. 10 May 2013. We used this photograph on our Interviews webpage. Patterson, Clair. California Technical Institute of Technology. Letter to Senator Muskie. 7 Oct. 1965. Edmund S. Muskie Archives. N.p.: Edmund S. Muskie Archives, n.d. N. pag. Print. This letter from Clair Patterson to Senator Muskie showed the foundations for the Muskie Senate hearing, and what Patterson wanted to accomplish in them.

Patterson, Clair. Interview by Shirley K. Cohen. Pasadena, California, March 5, 6 and 9, 1995. Oral History Project, California Institute of Technology Archives. 15 Dec. 2013. Web. This primary source was crucial to our project because Clair Patterson himself speaks about his life and work. We gleaned significant understanding and detailed, first-hand information about our subject. It also provided us with two useful pictures of Patterson.

Patterson, Clair C. "Contaminated and Natural Lead Environments of Man." Archive of Environmental Health 11 (1965): n. pag. Print. This article was written by Clair Patterson, showing why he thought lead pollution was such a serious problem. The evidence stated in this article would be restated during the Muskie Senate hearings. Patterson, Laurie. Interview with Laurie Patterson. E-mail interview. 30 Mar. 2013. As the wife of Dr. Clair Patterson, Laurie Patterson gave us first-hand information about Clair Patterson. Mrs. Patterson had a unique and insightful perspective on Clair Pattersons life and work. Patterson, Paul H., Dr. Interview with Dr. Paul Patterson. E-mail interview. 28. Mar. 2013. This primary source is a useful interview with Dr. Paul Patterson. Dr. Patterson is the nephew of Clair Patterson, and he provided insightful, firsthand knowledge of Clair Pattersons experiences. Peterson, Lawrence, and Matthew Hermes. "Charles Kettering and Thomas Midgley."Charles Kettering and Thomas Midgley. Kennesaw State Unversity, n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. The picture we used from this website was a primary source showing Thomas Midgley Jr. in his lab. Tilton, George R. Clair Cameron Patterson. Nap.edu. National Academy Press, 1998. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. This primary source was written by a colleague of Patterson who knew him personally and witnessed events in Pattersons life firsthand. This lengthy article provides bountiful information about Clair Patterson and also has a long list of helpful sources. What is the Unnamed Special Ingredient in Ethyl Gasoline (Lead)?. 1955. Film. 7 Jan 2013. This commercial is a primary source because it was produced by the Ethyl Corporation as an advertisement for their fuel. This film was beneficial to our website for its visual representation of Ethyls view of their fuel. It also shows viewers what advertisements in the 1950s looked like.

Secondary Sources:
Barton, Greg. American Environmentalism. San Diego: Greenhouse Press, 2002. Print. This book is a secondary source because it is a publication that wasnt written in our projects time period. Articles from this book helped us examine the historical context of environmentalism during the time and place Patterson lived.

Bryson, Bill. A Short History of Nearly Everything. New York: Broadway, 2003. Print. This book is a secondary source because it was written about Patterson by someone who did not know him personally. Pages 149-160 refer to Pattersons studies and campaign to remove lead from gasoline and pertained to our project. Clair Patterson. Notable Scientist from 1900 to Present. Ed. Brigham Narins. Detroit: Gale Group, 2008. Gale Science in Context. Web. 31 Oct. 2012. This website is a secondary source because it is the authors interpretation of Pattersons life and research. This article was beneficial to our NHD project due to information on Pattersons achievements and awards. Clair Patterson-20th Century Geologist Iowa Pathways. Clair Patterson-20th Century Geologist Iowa Pathways. N.p. Web. 31 Oct. 2012. This website is a secondary source because it was written after Pattersons time. Material found on this website informed us about Pattersons contributions to the environment, especially the Clean Air Act. Dicke, William. Clair C. Patterson, Who Established Earths Age, Is Dead At 73. New York Times, 8 Dec 1995. Gale Student Resources In Context. Web. 31 Oct. 2012. This article was written about Patterson after his death by someone who did not know him, so it is a secondary source. Dickes article contributes to our project because it focuses on Pattersons discovery of Earths age, which led him to find out about pollution of the environment. "Ethyl-Octel Family Tree." The Nation 20 Mar. 2000: 40. General OneFile. Web. 28 Dec. 2012. This article is a secondary source because it is the authors explanation of events that he did not witness. It discusses Ethyl Corporations involvement in Europe, which is something none of our other sources discuss.

Goodwin, Susan and Becky Bradley. 1960-1969. American Cultural History. Lone Star CollegeKingwood Library, 1999. Web. 27 Nov 2012. Though this website was written by someone who lived during the 1960s, the author did not witness all the events that are mentioned. Therefore, the website is a secondary source. This website helped us understand the historical context of our project. "THE HALL OF FAME." The Nation 20 Mar. 2000: 21. General OneFile. Web. 28 Dec. 2012. This article is a secondary source since it was written in 2000 by someone who did not know Patterson personally. It gave us addition information about Pattersons contributions to science and humanity. "THE HALL OF SHAME." The Nation 20 Mar. 2000: 17. General OneFile. Web. 28 Dec. 2012. The author was not a witness to the events he wrote about, so this article is a secondary source. In the article, the author summarizes several of the key players for Ethyl Gasoline Corporation. The article gave us information about the companys efforts in manufacturing and selling tetraethyl lead additives, as well as the corporations main operatives.

Kitman, Jamie Lincoln. "The Secret History of Lead." The Nation 20 Mar. 2000: 11. General OneFile. Web. 28 Dec. 2012. This is a secondary source since the author was not present to the events he wrote about. This article about leads history that was exceedingly helpful. This lengthy article gave us information about lead, Ethyl Corporation, Thomas Midgley Jr., Clair Patterson, and almost everything in our project. "The Lead Files." The Nation 20 Mar. 2000: 5. General OneFile. Web. 28 Dec. 2012. This article is a secondary source because the author is writing about events she did not experience. The article gave us useful information about the effects of lead poisoning, as well as a describing the corporate greed involved the selling of tetraethyl. "Lead Kills Cars, Too." The Nation 20 Mar. 2000: 24. General OneFile. Web. 28 Dec. 2012. The fact that this source is an article written to explain events not experienced by the author shows that this article is a secondary source. This source was beneficial to our project because it identifies an additional reason why leaded fuel was detrimental; it damages cars. Logden, Tom. Patterson, Claire. The Des Moines Register. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Oct. 2012. This website is a secondary source because it was not written during Pattersons lifetime. This article gave a background on Pattersons early life and a summary of his scientific and environmental achievements. McGrayne, Sharon Bertsch. Prometheans in the Lab: Chemistry and the Making of the Modern World. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001. Print. This book is a secondary source, because it was written by someone who did not know Clair personally. It gave a detailed description of lead poisoning symptoms, Thomas Midgley Jr., and Clair Pattersons campaign against lead. Psillakis, Lucas. Clair Cameron Patterson. Psill.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. This article is a secondary source because it was written about Patterson by someone who didnt know him personally. This article was very useful because it includes charts, pictures, and sources that provide insight for our project. Radiometric Dating: Clair Patterson" Understanding Evolution. University of California Museum of Paleontology. 8 Jan 2013. This website was a secondary source because it is not original information. It gave us information about Clair Pattersons process of dating the age of the earth and contained a picture of Clair Patterson. Scientific Pioneer Clair C. Patterson Dies| Caltech. The California Institute of Technology. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2012. This article is a tribute to Patterson after he dies, so it is a secondary source. It shows the numerous awards and honors that were bestowed on him because of his pioneering discoveries. Shoddy Science. The Nation 20 Mar. 2000. General OneFile. Web. 28 Dec. 2012. This article is a secondary source because it is a publication discussing the events of people in the past by an author who did not have fist-hand experience in the matter. This article talks about the lead additives industrys attempts to denounce any claims made by researchers that the lead levels in

humans had gone up in urban areas. This ties closely in with our topic of Clair Patterson because he was a researcher trying to prove just that. "Special Timeline: Leaded Gasoline." Environmental History Timeline. WordPress, 18 Nov. 2011. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. This timeline is a secondary source because it is the authors compilation of information on events that took place throughout time. This is an important source for our project because it gives perspective on how lead has been used in ancient and modern times. "8,500 Years of Lead - 79 Years of leaded gasoline." The Nation 20 Mar. 2000: 13. General OneFile. Web. 28 Dec. 2012. This is a secondary source that summarized the past 8500 years of lead. It was extremely useful for learning about the historical background of lead throughout the ages.