,

: .
.

: .
.


1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

Simplex . . . . . . . . . . .
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.3 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.4 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.5 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.6 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.7 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
{ . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.1 1 . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.2 2 . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.3 3 . . . . . . . . . .

4
6
10
13
13
18
21
24
27
32
36

41
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41
42
49
51
51
54
57

 1

1.1
...
z = max c0 x
A x ; =; b
x0

x=

x1
x2
..
.
xn

Mn1 ;

c=

c1
c2
..
.
cn

A=

0


0

0=
.. Mn1 ;
.

0

Mn1 ;

a11 a12
a21 a22
..
..
.
.
am1 am2

a1n
a2n
. . . ...
amn

b=

b1
b2
..
.
bm

Mm1 ;

Mmn :

O 1 ...
() max(c1 x1 + c2 x2 + + cn xn )

(1.1)

a11 x1 + a12 x2 + + a1n xn = b1

a21 x1 + a22 x2 + + a2n xn = b2
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + + amn xn = bm
x1 ; x2 ; : : : ; xn 0:

cj ; bi ; aij bi 0; i = 1; 2; : : : ; m. ,
:
z = max c0 x
Ax=b
x0

c; x Mn1 , b Mm1 b 0.
... .
i.

min f (x) = max(f (x)):

ii.
,
(-1).
iii.
,
.
ai1 x1 + ai2 x2 + + ain xn bi ;
aj 1 x1 + aj 2 x2 + + ajn xn bj

ai1 x1 + ai2 x2 + + ain xn + xr = bi ; xr 0
aj 1 x1 + aj 2 x2 + + ajn xn xs = bj ; xs 0:

iv.
xi xi 0, xi R,
xi = x0i x00i , x0i ; x00i 0. xj , xj = x0j ,
x0j 0.

1.2 Simplex
Simplex
... Simplex,
i. ... .
ii. () x0 .
Simplex
tableau Simplex. Simplex
m m ,
. b
. .

max (15x1
1
x
4 1
5
x
4 1
x1
x1

+ 10x2 )
+ x2
+ 12 x2
+ x2
,
x2

65
90
85
0

, Simplex. ,
b > 0. ,
.


max (15x1
1
x
4 1
5
x
4 1
x1
x1

+ 10x2 )
+ x2 + x3
= 65
+ 12 x2
+ x4
= 90
+ x2
+ x5 = 85
,
x2
, x3 , x4 , x5 0

3 3
x1 = 0; x2 = 0; x3 = 65; x4 = 90; x5 = 85.
Simplex :

, P3 ; P4 P5 .
,
(c3 ; c4 c5
0). , b.
tableau
.
(z0 ) zk ck ,
, cB , k- , Pk ,
ck (. c0B Pk ck ). .. z0 = 0 65 + 0 90 + 0 85 = 0, z1 c1 = (0 14 + 0 54 + 0 1) 15 = 15.
tableau
15

10

P2 P3 P4 P5 

B cB

P1

P3

65

1
4

P4

90

5
4

1
2

P5

85

-15 -10

1 zk ck
0.
, zk ck .
7

i. zk ck 0 k, .
ii. zj cj < 0 j xij 0 i = 1; 2; : : : ; m, ...
.
iii. , j
zj cj < 0 xij > 0 i.
b
P j . P i P j .
, zk ck .
.
( -15), P 1 . ,
tableau ( ) b
P 1 , .. 1 = 651 = 4 65.
4
, . P 1 
. 1 = 260; 2 = 72 3 = 85.
2 45 .
15

10

P2 P3 P4 P5

B cB

P1

P3

65

1
4

P4

90

5
4

1
2

90 45 =72 2

P5

85

85/1=85 3

-15 -10

465

tableau ,
, tableau.
. P 4 (
) P 1 (
). tableau P 3 ; P 1 ; P 5 .
P 1 P 4
. 1
8

 P 1 . i0
i tableau (i ) (i0 = i =xij ).
s (s0 ) tableau, s tableau (s )
i0 s xsj
(s0 = s xsj i0 ).
,
20 = 2 =(5=4).
tableau. .. 10 , 0
14 , (20 ) 41
1 . 10 = 1 41 20 .
tableau ( ).
tableau, (
zk ck ). . ,
( , ...)
tableau. .
15

10

P2 P3 P4 P5

B cB

P1

P3

65

1
4

P4

90

5
4

1
2

90 45 =72 2

P5

85

85/1=85 3

47

9
10

- 15

47 109

10 = 1 14 20

P1 15

72

2
5

4
5

72 52

20 = 45 2

13

3
5

- 45

13 53

30 = 3 20

1572

-4

12

55
2

100 = 10 109 300

P1 15

190
3

200 = 20 25 300

P2 10

65
3

- 43

5
3

300 = 35 30

3500
3

20
3

20
3

400 = 40 + 4300

P3
P5
P3

-15 -10

465

40 = 4 + 1520

 tableau
. Simplex
x1 = 190
; x2 = 653 ; x3 = 552 ; x4 = 0; x5 = 0.
3

2 ...
, Simplex.
.
...
( ) .
0.
,
( ).

1.3 ...
O 2 ...
() max c0 x

Ax b
x0

c; x Mn1 ; b Mm1 A Mmn .

O 3 ... ( ())
() max c0 x

Ax b
x0

(), ...

10

() min b0 w

A0 w c
w0

w Mm1 A0 Mnm .
..., ,
.

i. ,
.
ii. ,
.
`' `'
.
...
max (15x1
1
x
4 1
5
x
4 1
x1
x1

+ 10x2 )
+ x2
+ 12 x2
+ x2
,
x2

65
90
85
0

... ,
. 3 w1 ; w2 ; w3
. ,
w1 ; w2 ; w3
b. w = min(65w1 + 90w2 +
85w3 ).
x1 .
x1 .
11

x1 0,
(`'). , ()
1
w + 54 w2 + w3 15.
4 1
(). ,
()
. `'
. () .
()

min (65w1 + 90w2 + 85w3 )

1
w + 54 w2 + w3 15
4 1
w1 + 21 w2 + w3 10
w1
, w2 ,
w3 0

1 :
1. x () w () c0 x b0 w.
2. () , ()
.
3. () , () .
4. x () w ()
i. c0 x = b0 w .
ii. xi (a1i w1 + a2i w2 + + ami wm ci ) = 0; i = 1; 2; : : : ; n:
iii. wi (ai1 x1 + ai2 x2 + + ain xn bi ) = 0; i = 1; 2; : : : ; m:
, (
), Simplex
...

3 4ii 4iii .
12

1.4 {
1.4.1 1
.
10 gr 15euro,
10euro.

, :
10 gr
10 gr
...*

C
0.25
1
65

B
1.25
0.5
90

1
1
85

...= .
:
) ...
) .
) ... .
) Simplex.
) ...
) .

)
x1 ; x2 , ,
13

 .

max (15x1
1
x
4 1
5
x
4 1
x1
x1

+ 10x2 )
+ x2
+ 12 x2
+ x2
,
x2

65
90
85
0

)

: 15x1 + 10x2 = 60
1
x1 + x2 = 65
4
1
5
x1 + x2 = 90
:
4
2
: x1 + x2 = 85

1 :
2
3

1 , 2 3
. .

.
2

x2

B 6

+
B
A BB
3 AAAA B
AAA B
=

1 X@
AAB
AB
XAAX
X@
=

@AAX
B XXXX
A@
ABA
XXX
AA@
XXX
A
B
AAA@
ABA @
ABB @

x1

2 3 . x1 = 53 13
x2 = 190
.
3
14

)
...
max (15x1
1
x
4 1
5
x
4 1
x1
x1

+ 10x2 )
+ x2 + x3
= 65
+ 12 x2
+ x4
= 90
+ x2
+ x5 = 85
,
x2
, x3 , x4 , x5 0

) Simplex
3 3
x1 = 0; x2 = 0; x3 = 65; x4 = 90; x5 = 85.
Simplex:
15

10

P2 P3 P4 P5

B cB

P1

P3

65

1
4

P4

90

5
4

1
2

90 45 =72 2

P5

85

85/1=85 3

47

9
10

- 15

47 109

10 = 1 14 20

P1 15

72

2
5

4
5

72 52

20 = 54 2

13

3
5

- 45

13 53

30 = 3 20

1572

-4

12

55
2

100 = 10 109 300

P1 15

190
3

200 = 20 25 300

P2 10

65
3

- 43

5
3

300 = 35 30

3500
3

20
3

20
3

400 = 40 + 4300

P3
P5
P3

-15 -10

465

40 = 4 + 1520

tableau
.
Simplex x1 = 190
; x2 = 653 ; x3 = 552 ; x4 = 0; x5 = 0.
3
15

)
min (65w1 + 90w2 + 85w3 )
1
w + 54 w2 + w3 15
4 1
w1 + 21 w2 + w3 10
w1
, w2 ,
w3 0
)
.
2 3
, 1 . w1 = 0.

min (90w2 + 85w3 )
5
w + w3 15
4 2
1
w + w3 10
2 2
w2
,
w3 0
1 x1 = 0,
. . 2.

min (90w2 + 85w3 )
5
w + w3 = 15
4 2
1
w + w3 = 10
2 2
w2
,
w3 0
2 w2 =
20
= w3 ...
3

20
3

w3 . w1 = 0; w2 =

.
...
tableau Simplex. 33

16

 (3 ; 4 ; 5 ).
w1 = (z3 c3 ) + c3
w2 = (z4 c4 ) + c4
w3 = (z5 c5 ) + c5

(zi ci ) i = 3; 4; 5 tableau
Simplex.
w1 = (0) + 0
20
3
20
= ( )+0
3

w2 = ( ) + 0
w3

17

1.4.2 2
1 2 .
6 4 .
1 6 2 2,
72 .
1 0,75KW 2 1,5KW
12KW.
12 .
() ..
.
( ) .
;

:
() xi i, i = 1; 2.
6x1 + 4x2 .
..

min

(6x1

+ 4 x2 )

0.75 x1
6 x1
x1
x1

1.5 x2
+ 2 x2
+ x2
, x2
+

12 ( )
72 ( )
= 12 ( )
0

Simplex.

.
18

 :
max

(6x1

4x2 )

0.75 x1
6 x1
x1
x1

1.5 x2 + x3
+ 2 x2
x4
+ x2
, x2
, x3 , x4
+

= 12
= 72
= 12
0

,
3 3
Simplex. .

(M <<).
:
max

(6x1

4x2

x 5 + M x6 )
+
x3

x4
+ x5

0.75 x1 + 1.5 x2
6 x1 + 2 x2
x1
+
x2
x1
,
x2

x6
x6

x3

x4

x5

= 12
= 72
= 12
0.

Simplex:
-6

-4

M M

B cB

P1

P2

P3

P4

P5 P6

12

0.75

1.5

P5 M

72

-1

72/6=12

P6 M

10

10/1=10

82M

7M + 6

3M + 4

4.5

0.75

10 = 1 0:7530

P5 M

12

-4

-1

20 = 2 630

P1 -6

10

30 = 3

75M 6

4M 2

40 =4 (7M +6)30

P3

P3

19

12/0.75=16 1

 tableau
.
(x5 = 12). .

.
6x2

>

A
A
A

A 6 x1 + 10 x2 = 72
A
A
A
A
A
x1 + x2 = 10
A
@
A
@X
A
XXX
+

@XXXAX
0:75 x1 + 1:5 x2 = 12
@
A XXXX
XXX
@
A
XX
x1
@ A
@
A
@

x1 + x2 = 10
.
.
( )
.
:
max (12w1 + 72w2 + 10w3 )
0.75w1 + 6w2 +
w3 6
1.5w1 + 2w2 +
w3 4
w1

0, w2

0.
.

20

1.4.3 3
...
max (15x1 + 10x2 )
x2 50
23 x1 +
x2 -20
x1
,
x2 0
:
) .
) ... .
) Simplex.
) ...
) .

)
...
: 15x1 + 10x2 = 60
1 : x2 = 50
3
2

2 : x1 + x2 = 20

1 2
. .

.

.
21

x2

A A
A A
A A
A
A
A A
A A
A A A A
1
A A
A A
?
A A
A A

A
A
A A

A A
A A

A
A A
A
2
Q
Q
s

x1

... ,
.
)
...
max (15x1 + 10x2 )
x2 + x3
x1
- 32 x2
x1
,
x2
, x3 ,

= 50
= 403

x
x4

2
3 4

) Simplex
2 2
x1 = 403 ; x2 = 0; x3 = 50; x4 = 0.
Simplex:
15 10

B cB

P1 P2 P3 P4

50

50 1

40
3

- 23

- 23

400
3

-20

-10

P2 10

50

10 = 1

P1 15

140
3

2
3

- 23

20 = 2 + 23 10

1200

P3

P1 15
z

20 -10


2
3

30 = 3 + 2010

tableau
.
22

Simplex .
)
min (50w1 - 20w2 )
- 32 w2 15
w1 + w2 10
w1
,
w2 0
)
32 w2 15 w2 10. w2 0.
.

23

1.4.4 4
...
max (15x1 + 10x2 )
x1 + x2 50
3
x
x2 20
2 1
x1
,
x2 0
:
) .
) ... .
) Simplex.
) ...
) .

)
...
: 15x1 + 10x2 = 60
1 : x1 + x2 = 50
2 :

3
x1 x2 = 20
2

1 2
. .

.

.
24

x2

A A
@ A A
A
A
@A A
A A
A A
@
A@ A A A
A@A
A A
A @
A
A A

A
A
A A

@
A A @ A A

A A @ A A
2
@
?

x1

... ,
.
)
...
max (15x1 + 10x2 )
x1 + x2 - x3
= 50
3
x
x2
- x4
= 20
2 1
x1
,
x2 , x3 , x4 0
) Simplex
2 2
.
max (15x1 + 10x2
+
x1 + x2 - x3
+
3
x
- x2
- x4
2 1
x1
, x2 , x3 , x4 ,

x1 = x2 = x3 = x4 = 0; x5 = 50; x6 = 20.

25

x5 + x6 )
x5
+ x6
x5 ,
x6

= 50
= 20
0

 Simplex:
15

10

M M

B cB

P1

P2

P3

P4

P5 P6

P5 M

50

-1

50 1

P6 M

20

3
2

-1

-1

40
3

-10

-M

-M

70M

5
2

M-15

2
3

P5 M

110
3

5
3

-1

2
3

10 = 1 20

P1 15

40
3

- 32

- 23

20 = 23 2

-10

30 = 3 ( 52 15)20

110
3

+ 200

5
3

20 -

2
3

P2 10

550

- 53

2
5

P1 15

1140
3

- 52

- 25

20 = 20 + 23 100

100 112

-12

-2

300 = 30 ( 35 20)100

100 = 53 10

tableau
.
Simplex .
)
min (50w1 + 20w2 )
w1 + 23 w2 15
w1
w2 10
w1
,
w2 0
)
w1 + 32 w2 15 32 w1 + w2 10. w1 w2 10.
53 w1 20.
w1 0. .

26

1.4.5 5
...
min

( x1

x1

x1

2 x2 ) +

3 x3

x2
x2
+ x2
, x2

1
2 3

x3
x3

1
2

2x4

2x4

x4

-8
= -10
0

() ... Simplex. ;
.
( ) .

:
() Simplex
. , -1
bi 0; i = 1; 2; 3
.
:
max (x1

x1
x1

2 x2 )

3x3

x2

x2
x2
, x2

1
2 3

x5

+ 2 x4
+

x3
x3

=
+

+ 2 x4

27

x4

, x5 ,

x6

1
2

x6 = 8
= 10
0

 Simplex:
-1

-3

P1 P2

P3

P4 P5 P6

cB

P5

1
2

12

P6

8/2=4

10

10/2=5 3

10

P5

1
2

12

10 = 1

P4

1
2

1
2

20 = 2

30 = 3 220

40 = 4 + 220

P1 1

P1 1
z


1
2

tableau
. x1 = 2; x4 = 4; x5 = 21
0. x1 = (2; 0; 0; 4; 12 ; 0).
( ) z =
(2) = 2. tableau
0 ( P2 ).

Simplex . tableau
:
1
2

P5

1
2

12

P4

1
2

1
2

1 2

30

P1 1

1
4
1
2

1
2

10

=8

20

40

P2

1
2

12

100 = 10

P4

15
4

1
4

1 12

1
2

200 = 20 12 100

300 = 30 + 2100

P1 1
z

28

400 = 40

 x2 = (3; 12 ; 0; 154 ; 0; 0)
.
.
x = x1 + (1 )x2 ;  [0; 1].
( ) .
max

w1 8w2 10w3 )

w3
w1 w2 +
w3
21 w1

w3
2w2
2w3
w1 0, w2

( 12

3
0

0.

.
1

: tableau Simplex

wj = (zj cj ) + cj j
tableau .
w1 = (z5 c5 ) + c5 = 0 + 0 = 0; w2 = (z6 c6 ) + c6 = 1 + 0 = 1 w3 = (z1 c1 ) + c1 =
0 1 = 1.
w = 12 0 8 1 10 (1) = 2 = z .
2

: w0 = c0B B 1

1 tableau,
tableau .

1
0
0

1
1 = P5T P6T P1T =
0 2 0

0 1 1

29

 c0B = (0 0 1), tableau Simplex.

1
0
0

w0 = c0B B 1 = (0 0 1) 0 21 0 = (0 1 1):

0 1 1
w1 = 0; w2 = 1; w3 = 1 .
:
tableau Simplex .
1

= PT
5

P6T P1

= 12

0
1
0
2
1 1

c0B = (2 0 1).
3

x w

wi (bi A0i x) = 0; i = 1; : : : ; m
(w0 Aj cj )xj = 0;

j = 1; : : : ; n

k k- .
,
,

.
.
x1 6= 0 x4 6= 0.
, . w3 = 1 2w2 2w3 = 0.
w3 = 1 w2 = 1.
30

 , .
, w1 = 0.
.
, .

31

1.4.6 6
.
22euro , 30euro
25euro .
, , :



1
2
3

2
2
0

2
1
1

H 100 . :
) ...
) ... .
) Simplex.
) ...
) .

)
xi i = 1; 2; 3 .

max (22x1
2x1
2x1
x1
x1

+ 30x2 + 25x3 )
+ 2x2
+ x2 + x3
+ 2x2 + 2x3
, x2 ,
x3

100
100
100
0

32

)
...
max (22x1
2x1
2x1
x1
x1

+ 30x2 + 25x3 )
+ 2x2
+ x4
+ x2 + x3
+ x5
+ 2x2 + 2x3
+ x6
, x2 ,
x3
, x4 , x 5 , x6

100
100
100
0

) Simplex
3 3
x1 = 0; x2 = 0; x3 = 0; x4 = 100; x5 = 100; x6 = 100.
Simplex:
B cB

22

30

25

P1

P2

P3 P4 P5 P6

P4

100

P5

100

P6

100

P2 30

50

1
2

10 = 12 1

P5

50

- 12

20 = 2 10

P6

-1

-1

30 = 3 210

1500

-22 15

40 = 4 + 3010

-22 -30 -25

100
2

100 2
100
2

Simplex .
0 x6
.
x1 = 0; x2 =

33

50;

x3 = 0; x4 = 0; x5 = 50; x6 = .

22 30 25

B cB

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6

P2 30

50

1
2

10 = 12 1

P5

50

- 12

50

20 = 2 10

P6

-1

-1

30 = 3 210

1500

-22 15

P2 30

50

1
2

50

50- 2

3
2

- 12

100
3 3

- 12

- 12

1
2

1500+ 253

- 92

5
2

25
2

P5

P3 25
z
P2 30

50
3

+ 3

P1 22

100
3

P3 25

50
3

+ 3

1650+11

40 = 4 + 3010

100 = 10
200 = 20 300
300 = 12 30
400 = 40 + 25300
1000 = 100 2000

2
3

- 13

2000 = 23 20
3000 = 300 + 12 300

5
2

13
2

400 = 40 + 92 300

tableau
.
Simplex x1 = 100
; x2 = 503 ; x3 = 503 ; x4 = 0; x5 = 0; x6 = 0.
3
)
100min (w1 + w2
2w1 + 2w2
2w1 + w2
w2
w1 , w2

+ w3 )
+ w3
+ 2w3
+ 2w3
, w3

22
30
25
0

)
...
tableau Simplex. 33
34

 (4 ; 5 ; 6 ).
w1 = (z4 c4 ) + c4
w2 = (z5 c5 ) + c5
w3 = (z6 c6 ) + c6

(zi ci ) i = 4; 5; 6 tableau
Simplex.
5
2
= (3) + 0
13
= ( )+0
2

w1 = ( ) + 0
w2
w3

35

1.4.7 7
1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4
1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 .
,
.

1 2 3 4

Y1

Y2

Y3

() ..
.
( ) .
; ;

:
() xi : i , i = 1; 2; 3; 4. ...
:
max (3x1
3x1
2x1
3x1

x1

+ 4 x2

+ 2 x3

+ 5 x4 )

x2
+ 2 x2
+ 2 x2
, x2

+ 2 x3

+ 4 x4

+ 3 x3

+ 4 x3

x3

x4
+ x4
, x4

3
2
4
0

.
:

36

max (3x1

4 x2

2 x3

5 x4 )

x2
+ 2 x2
+ 2 x2
, x2

2 x3

4 x4

3 x3

4 x3

x3

3x1

2x1
3x1

x1

x4
+ x4
, x4

x5
+

x6
+

3
=2
=4
0
=

x5 ,

x6 ,

x7
x7

Simplex.
3

B cB

P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6 P7

P5

P6

P7

P4

3
4

3
4

1
4

1
2

1
4

P6

5
4

5
4

7
4

5
2

14

P7

13
4

9
4

7
4

7
2

14

15
4

3
4

11
4

1
2

5
4

40 = 4 + 510

P4

4
7

4
7

1
7

2
7

17

100 = 10 41 200

P2

5
7

5
7

10
7

17

4
7

200 = 47 20

P7

300 = 30 47 200

40
7

19
7

31
7

6
7

11
7

400 = 40 + 114 200

2 5


3
4

2
1

=2

4
1

=4

3
4

3=4
1=4

5=4
7=4

13=4
7=4

=3

10 = 14 1

5
7

20 = 2 10

13
7

30 = 3 10

x1 = 0; x2 = 57 ; x3 = 0 x4 = 47 .

, , 5/7 2
4/7 4 1 3 .

5
7

4
7

z = 3 0 + 4 + 2 0 + 5 =

37

40
:
7

 1
3x1 +x2 +2x3 +4x4 = 30+1 57 +20+4 74 = 3,
1 . 2
2x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 + x4 = 2 0 + 2 75 + 3 0 + 1 74 = 2 3
3x1 + 2x2 + 4x3 + x4 = 3 0 + 2 57 + 4 0 + 1 47 = 2.
1 2 3 4
2 .
( ) .
min (3w1

+ 2 w2

+ 4w3 )

3w1

+ 2 w2

3 w3

w1
2w1
4w1
w1

+ 2 w2

2 w3

+ 3 w2

4 w3

w2
w2

w3
w3

3
4
2
5
0.

,
1 , 2 3
.
,
.

. wi :
i , i = 1; 2; 3:
1 3 1 , 2
2 3 3
1 3
,
1 ,
3
38

 1 .
3w1 + 2w2 + 3w3 3.
.
.
.

3, 2 4 1 , 2 3 ,
min(3w1 + 2w2 + 4w3 ) .
.
6
6
7
7
11
11
=
+0=
7
7
=0+0=0

w1 = (z5 c5 ) + c5 = + 0 =
w2 = (z6 c6 ) + c6
w3 = (z7 c7 ) + c7

,
1 , 2 3 67 , 117 0 .
w = 3 67 + 2 117 + 4 0 =
40
,
7
, , .
,

1 2 3 67 +2 117 +30 = 407 > 3 2 76 +3 117 +40 = 457 > 2 .

. ,

2 4 ,
1 76 +2 117 +20 = 4 4 67 +1 117 +10 = 5.
, . 1
3
39

 . ,
2 4 .
3

, 3 .
3 ,
3 , w3 = 0.

40

 2


.

2.1
.
m A1 , A2 , : : :, Am 1 , 2 , : : :, m ,
. n B1 , B2 , : : :, Bn
1 , 2 , : : :, n , .
P
Pn
, m
i=1 i =
j =1 j .
,
Ai Bj cij .
, xij


.
Pm

> nj=1 j ,
, Bn+1
Pn
P
n+1 = m
i=1 i j =1 j > 0, ci n+1 .

4 ,

41

i=1 i

n
, m
i=1 i <
j =1 j ,
P
, Am+1 m+1 = nj=1 j
Pm
i=1 i > 0, cm+1 j .

M .

.
B1

B2

c11

c12

21

22

Bn
c1n

1 x x
x1 n
11
12
c
c
cn
A2 x x
x2 n
21
22
..
..
.. . . . ..
.
.
.
.
c

1
2

..
.

mn
m
m
m
Am x x
x
mn
m1
m2
1 2 n
1

5 m +
n 1 m + n 1 .
m + n 1 .

1 .

2.2
:
1. .
.
, ci0 j0
, xi0 j0 = min{i0 ; j0 }
42

(a) xi0 j0 = i0 ,
.
(b) xi0 j0 = j0 ,
.
(c) xi0 j0 = i0 = j0 ,
.
.
tableau
.

1
.
1

10

60

20

40

30

20

10

60

20

40
30
20

20

c23 = 2,

x23 = min{2 ; 3 } = {30; 20} = 20. x23 = 3 = 20
B3
. 2 20 3
10 = 30 20.

43

3
7

1
4

0
20

2
5

0
10

60

40

>
30

10

20

3
7

0
20

2
5

0
10

20

60

40
>

30

10

20

20

c22 = 4,

x22 = min{2 ; 2 } = {10; 60} = 10. x22 = 2 = 10
2 .
2 10 2
50 = 60 10.
1

1
2
3

3
7
4

10

1
4

0
20

2
5

0
10

>

60

5
6

10

10

10

>

60

10

>
30

20

7
4

10

>
60

0
20

2
5

20

40

10

>
30

>
20

10

1
4

0
20

2
5

0
10

0
50

40

20

50

0
0

5
6

40
10

4
9

10
>

30

20

0
0

5
6

10

10
>

60

0
20

2
5

> 20
50

40

10

>
30

>

20

10

0
0

0
20

2
5

10

10

>
60

20

10

10

50

40

5
6

10

10

40
10
10

50

40
10

>
30

>
20

10

20

3
7
4
9

0
20
0

2
5

40

10

>
30

10

>
20

10

>
50

20
>

60

. 3 + 3
1 = 5 .
44

2. , xij ,
. ui vj .
vj v1 v2 vn
ui
c
c
cn
u1
x11 x12 x1n
c
c
cn
u2
x21 x22 x2n
..
..
.. . . . ..
.
.
.
.
um

11

12

21

22

cm1

cm2

cmn

xm1 xm2 xmn

1 2 n

1
2

..
.
m

u1 = 0. ui vj :
, xij > 0
ui + vj = cij .

2 .
ui vj .
v v1 v2 v3
u
u1 + v2 = 7; x12 > 0
7
4
8
u1

40

0 40 0
u2 + v2 = 4; x22 > 0
4
5
2
u2

30
0 10 20
u2 + v3 = 2; x23 > 0
6
9
5
u3

20
u3 + v1 = 6; x31 > 0
10 10 0
u3 + v2 = 9; x32 > 0
u1 = 0

10

60

20

45

7
8

5
6

40
10

5
7
4
9

0
20

2
5

10

10

10

60

20

40

30

20

ij = ui + vj cij .

3 .
ij .
v 4
7
5

u
0
3
2

-4
-4

0
0

5
6

40
10

7 1
4
9 2

0
20

2
5

10

10

10

60

20

40

11 = u1 + v1 c11 = 4

30

13 = u1 + v3 c13 = 1

20

21 = u2 + v1 c21 = 4
33 = u3 + v3 c33 = 2

3. xij , ij .
(a) ij 0 .
ij < 0
.
(b) ij > 0
, 4.

4 .
13 33 .
4.

46

4. .
, (i0 ; j0 )
(i0 ; j0 ) : i0 ;j0 = max{ij : ij > 0} ,
,
(i0 ; j0 ) . ,
,
. +
+ (i0 ; j0 ), .

x0ij = xij + 0 +
x0ij = xij 0
x0ij = xij

0 = xi1 j1 = min{xij : (i; j ) } :

R1 = R0 0 i0 j0 , R0
P
xij , R0 = i;j xij cij .

5 .
u

v
0

3
2

4
-4
-4

7
8

0
0

40
+

5
7 1

10

10

60

10
9
10

20
0

5
+

40

30

20

20

(3; 3) (3; 2) (2; 2) (2; 3).
0 = min{xij : (i; j ) } = min{x23 ; x32 } = min{20; 10}.
47

 + 0 = 10 ,
0 = 10,
.
v
u
8

0
0

5
6

40
20

7
4

0
10

2
5

10

10

10

60

20

40

30

20

5. 2.

6 .
ui vj
ij .
v 6
v 6
7
5
7
5
u
u
0
3
0

0
0

5
6

40
20

7
4
9

0
10

2
5

10

10

10

60

20

40

30

20

-2
-2

0
0

40

5
6 -2

20

7 1
4
9

0
10

2
5

10

10

10

60

20

40

30

20

ij
. 4.

48

v
0

6
-2
-2

v
0

3
1

0
0

5
6 -2

40
+

20

5
7 1
4
9

4
+
2

10

10

10

10

60

20

-3
-3

0
0

5
6 -1

30
30

4 -1
9

10
0

2
5

10

10

10

60

20

40

30

20

0
0

5
6

30
30

4
9

10
0

2
5

10

10

10

60

20

40

30

20

7
7

0
0

5
6

30
30

4
9

10
0

2
5

10

10

10

60

20

40

30

20

40

30

20

tableau
.

6 tableau ,
ij = 0
,
.

2.3
p < m,
q < n, ,
.
,
,
. 0
.
49

 .

.

i0 = i + ; i = 1; 2; : : : ; m j =

j ;

j = 1; 2; : : : ; n 1

n + m;

j=n

 > 0 . ,
, tableau  = 0, .

50

2.4 {
2.4.1 1
.
1, 2 3 180,
170 150 , .
200 .

1 2 3
A

5 12 2

,
1, 2 3 6, 6 5, .

.

3j =1 bj = 180 + 170 + 150 = 500 > 400 = 200 + 200 = 2i=1 ai ,

. ,
a3 = 500 400 = 100.
1

12

200
200
100

180 170 150

51

1
8

3
9

30 170
5

50

100

12

150

200
170

50

200

100

170
150
180

130

30

m + n 1 = 5 .
R0 = 30 8 + 170 9 + 50 5 + 150 2 + 100 6 = 2920.
.
u

30

3
2

50

8
5
6

100

180

ij ,
9 1
4
13 = 1, .
+
200
170 0

-6 12
2

-
200
0 150
,
-1
6 -2
5

100
0
0 x13 . 0 = min{30; 150} = 30
tableau.

150
170

ij < 0
tableau tableau
5 -5 12
2

2
200
80 0 120 .
6 -2
6 -2
5

1
100
100 0
0 R1 = R0 0 13 = 2920 30 1 = 2890:
0

-1

9 1

170 30

200

180
170
150

170 30 2 3 .
80 120 1 3 .
52

100

100 .

53

1, 1

2.4.2 2
3 . 1
10.000 , 2 9000 3
6.000. 4 : (), (), ()
(). 1000
8000 .

( )


1

25

12

14

38

29

15

37

26

18

12

40

10000 + 9000 + 6000 = 1000 + 8000 + 8000 + 8000 = 25000.

25

12

14

38

29

15

37

26

18

12

40

10000
9000
6000

8000 8000 8000 1000

54


1
2
3

25

12

14

2000 8000 0
29

26

15

38

2000
10000

37

9000
1000

0 8000 1000
18

6000 0

12

40

6000

8000
8000
8000
1000

6000

. ,
m + n 1 = 3 + 4 1 = 6 .
(
).
R0 = 25 2000 + 12 8000 + 29 0 + 9 8000 +
37 1000 + 26 6000 = 411:000 4110 .
.
v 25 12 5 33
u
25
12 -9 14 -5 38
0
10000
2000 8000 0
0
ij > 0 (22 = 1). x22
29 1 15
9
37
4
9000
0 8000 1000
0

26 -5 18 -6 12 -6 40
1
6000
.
6000 0
0
0
8000 8000 8000 1000

v 25
25

12
12 -9

33
14 -5

38

10000
2000 8000 0
0
29 1 15
9
37
+
4 -
9000
0 8000 1000
0
26 -5 18 -6 12 -6 40
1
6000
6000 0
0
0
0

8000 8000 8000 1000

0 = min{0; 8000} = 0. x22

0 ,


.
55

0
3
1

v 25

12

25

12 -8

14 -4

2000 8000 0

-1

29

15

26 -5

6000 0

34
9

38

37

8000 1000

18 -5

12 -5

40

8000 8000 8000 1000

10000
9000
6000

tableau
ij < 0. ,
2000
8000 ,
8000 1000
6000 .
, 0 = 0
R0 .

56

2.4.3 3
200,
400 400 . 4 . ,
120 1, 240 2, 450 3
190 4. .
:

1 2 3
1

5 2 1

4 3 4

2 4 7

3 3 6

200 + 400 + 400 = 120 + 240 + 450 + 190 = 1000.

1
1
2
3
4

120
240
450
190

200 400 400

57

1
5

2
3

4
2

120

210 30
4

200

190

250

120

240

30

450
250

190

R0 =
1120+3210+430+2200+7250+3190 = 3590.

.

400
200
400

u
0

v 4
-9

280
210

5 -2

1
2

120

0 120
-5
4
3
4
+ 240
3
0 210 30
2 2
4
7
+
- 450
6
200 0 250
3

-4

3 -2

190

190

ij > 0 (32 =

2). 0 = min{210; 250} = 210. ,
tableau x32
.

200 400 400

ij 0.
R1 = R0 32 0 = 3590 2 210 =
-9
5 -4
2
1
0
120
0
0 120
3170. 120 1
-5
4 -2
3
4
3
240
3, 210 2
0
0 240
2
4
7
2 30 3, 200
6
450
200 210 40
3 1 250
-4
3
3 0
6
5
190
0 190 0
3 190 4
200 400 400
2.
ij = 0 (43 = 0)
ij = 0.
x43 ,
ij > 0, tableau.
R1 .
u

v 4 2

58

u
0
3

v 4 2
-9
-5

5 -4

0
0

4 -2

1
1

120

120
240

240
2
4
7
+
- 450
6
200 210 40
-4
3
3 0
6
+ 190
5
0 190 0
200 400 400

0
0

4
2

0
0

3
4

200 250
3

120

120

240

240

450

4
7

150 40

200 400 400

59

190